Chapter 1: Hardware

You need to know:

A computer follows a set of instructions (a program) to input, process, store and output data and information.
Hardware is equipment, e.g. a PC and its component parts, e.g. a keyboard, monitor and mouse.
Computers are desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, hand-held computers, games consoles, embedded computers,
mainframe computers or supercomputers.
Input devices include the keyboard and pointing devices, e.g. a mouse or trackpad.
Output devices include monitors, printers and speakers.

What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that inputs data, processes it under the control of a stored program,
and outputs information. While the data is being processed, data can be retrieved from or saved on backing
storage.
Data is raw, unprocessed information. Information is data that people understand. In order to understand
data, you may have to interpret it:
The number 30112012 is data that can be interpreted as:

Chapter 1: Hardware
A date 30/11/2012
A sum of money $301,120.12
The interpreted data, that is the date or the sum of money, is the information.

Input data is entered into the computer.

Process a computer is controlled by a program, Data Program instructions
that is, a sequence of instructions. It processes the input and data
input data automatically following these
instructions.

Store the program and data are stored, e.g. on a

hard disk, for later retrieval. Process
Data is retrieved
Output the computer communicates to the user, or saved
e.g. it displays graphics on the screen.

Data output

Figure 1.1 Flow of data

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 Types of computer
Computers can be:

PCs (personal computers) a microcomputer for individual use.

Mainframe computers large computer, with huge processing power.
Minicomputers smaller version of a mainframe.
Supercomputers very large mainframe.
Different types of PC
Desktop has these basic components: monitor, keyboard, system unit and mouse.
Laptop a portable computer slightly larger than A4 size.
Tablet (or pad) a very small portable computer with a touch-sensitive screen and no keyboard.
Notebook a small laptop computer.
Netbook very small laptop optimised for Internet and email access.
Hand-held computer, e.g. smart phone fits into one hand and has a touch-sensitive screen. Can be
temporarily attached to a keyboard.

Games console a PC designed for playing games, e.g. Xbox. Has these features:
Graphics displayed very quickly
Chapter 1: Hardware

Large hard disk

Game controller, e.g. joysticks, buttons
Internet connection for online games.
Embedded computer designed for and built into equipment to perform specialised functions, e.g. a
single microchip that controls a DVD player.

Processors
A processor or microprocessor is built into a microchip that also has memory and other components built
into it. The microchip itself is often referred to as the processor. If there is more than one processor built
into the microchip, then the microchip is referred to as the processor and processors built into it are
referred to as cores.
An important feature of a processor is the speed at which it processes
instructions. If you have more and faster cores, with a larger on-board
cache, applications will run more quickly.
Here is a microprocessor description: Intel Core 2 Duo E8600 Processor
(3.33GHz, 1333MHz FSB, 6MB cache). This has two cores and their speed
is 3.33GHz. The front side bus (FSB) transfers data between the processor
and memory at a speed of 1333MHz. A 6MB cache of RAM memory is
built into the microprocessor.

Figure 1.2 An Intel Core 2 Duo

microprocessor

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 The processor you need depends on what you are going to do. For occasional word processing and email, an
Intel Pentium Dual Core processor might be sufficient but for playing online multimedia games a faster Intel
Pentium Quad Core processor is needed.

Input and output devices

The peripheral devices attached to a computer system are for input, output or storage.
An input device is for putting in data to the computer.
An output device displays information from the computer.
Input device Output device
Keyboard Monitor
Mouse Printer
Scanner Speakers and headphones

Input devices

Keyboards
A QWERTY keyboard is used with most PCs and laptops. To use a
keyboard efficiently, you need to know the layout and be able to touch-
type. Numeric keyboards only have keys to input numbers and special

Chapter 1: Hardware
characters. An example of a numeric keypad is an automated teller
machine (ATM), also known as a cashpoint.
Figure 1.3 An automated teller
Pointing devices machine (ATM) or cashpoint showing
the numeric keypad
Compared with a keyboard, pointing devices make it easier to point and
click but are harder to use to input text.

Mouse an optical mouse detects movement using light but some do

this using a small rubber ball.

Joystick a lever that gives you similar control to a mouse. Joysticks

are built into game consoles, which are mainly used for input but may
have limited output, e.g. they vibrate.

Tracker ball like an upside-down ball mouse with the ball on the
top. Move the ball with your thumb.

Trackpad a pad below the space bar on a laptop. Move your fingers Figure 1.4 Graphics tablet and puck
across its surface and the pointer moves on the screen. being used to trace a drawing

Graphics tablet a flat rectangular pad 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 inches)

wide. Move a stylus along its surface to produce line drawings. Mainly
used for computer-aided design.

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 Scanners
A scanner converts printed images on paper into electronic form:

Hand-held scanner reads the image while being dragged over it.
Flatbed scanner the image is laid flat on the scanners surface.
Sheet-fed scanner reads the image as the paper goes through the
sheet feeder.
Scanners may read only particular types of image, e.g. a bar code
scanner.
Figure 1.5 A bar code scanner

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

An OMR reader recognises a mark made on paper so there is no need to type in the data. The marks
position determines its meaning. Marks must be very clear, or they may not be recognised.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

OCR is used to input printed or handwritten characters without typing in the data. The characters are
converted to text that can be word processed. This text needs to be checked carefully as character recognition
is not always accurate.

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

Chapter 1: Hardware

MICR is used to input specially shaped characters printed in magnetic ink. Forms can be pre-printed with
data which can be read by a computer, but printing in magnetic ink is more expensive.

OCR vs MICR
OCR and MICR both read printed characters.
TOP TIP
When you describe the
difference between two
OCR uses reflected light while MICR uses magnetic field patterns.
technologies, each point you
OCR recognises handwriting and different types of printed text but make should mention both
MICR only recognises specially shaped characters. technologies.

Figure 1.6 MICR uses uniquely shaped characters printed in magnetic ink
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 Magnetic stripe cards
Information is stored on a magnetic stripe on a plastic card. The data recorded on the magnetic stripe
can be input directly into a computer. Stripe cards can be used to control access. A disadvantage of stripe
cards is that the data may be affected by electromagnetic radiation and data can also be copied or edited.

Smart cards
A smart card is a plastic card with a microprocessor chip embedded in it.
Bank and credit cards are usually smart cards, i.e. Chip and PIN (personal identification number) cards.
They are used to pay for goods in shops and to withdraw cash at cashpoints. Cashpoints are specialised
computer terminals with a small screen, numeric keyboard and smart card reader.

Oyster cards are smart cards in widespread use in London to pay for travel. They are preloaded with cash

credits online.

Smart cards can also be affected by electronic radiation and can be copied or edited but they are generally
more secure than data recorded on a magnetic stripe.

Digital cameras, digital video cameras and webcams

A digital camera stores pictures on a memory card. These can be transferred to a computer or TV. Digital
cameras have a small LCD screen or traditional viewfinder. The camera forms pictures from a mass of very
small dots of different colours. Picture quality is related to the density of the dots.

A digital video camera or camcorder records moving images with sound. Recordings can be saved on a

Chapter 1: Hardware
memory card or built-in hard disk, and input to a computer.

A webcam is a digital video camera used to view a remote location over the Internet. This may be for
security purposes, interest or communication. Recordings can be made. Simple webcams have a fixed
position but some webcams allow the user to turn them.

Digital photos and videos can be:

Saved on a computer, so backup is easier and more reliable.
Sent by email.
Displayed on a wide variety of devices, such as smartphones and TV screens.
Broadcast over the Internet, e.g. on-demand TV programmes.
Disadvantages:
Users store more photos and longer videos so more backing storage is
needed.
High-quality photos and videos can be very large files. Sent by email or
broadcast over the Internet they use more bandwidth and slow the network.

Biometric scanners
A biometric scanner reads a persons unique physical characteristics to
identify them, e.g. face recognition. Biometric scanners can be used to
control entry to buildings and used in place of car keys. Although
identification is not entirely accurate, the use of biometric scanners
Figure 1.7 A biometric scanner using
minimises the risk of fraud and theft. fingerprints
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 Sensors
Sensors are used to input environmental data.
Examples of uses include recording light intensity, pressure and temperature.
Each sensor only detects one type of data.
Sensors usually produce a low analogue voltage which must be converted to a digital signal for the
computer using an ADC (analogue-to-digital converter).
Sensors are used extensively for data logging and control as data can be continuously and reliably recorded
in a form that can be processed by a computer, e.g. in weather stations and robotics. They can be placed in
dangerous locations where people would be hurt and can record data that people do not sense accurately,
e.g. humidity. Data can be collected frequently over networks from sensors in remote locations.

Audio input devices and technologies

Computer input of sound has a variety of uses:

A touch-tone telephone makes a different beep depending on the button pressed. On the other end of
the line, a computer inputs the beep and determines which button has been pressed. You may then listen
to a voice response from the computer.

A microphone is used to input sound.

Voice recognition software enables the computer to know who is talking but not what has been said.
Speech recognition is often used for voice command systems. The speaker is identified and spoken
Chapter 1: Hardware

words recognised as commands.

Natural language processing uses speech recognition to interpret natural language, e.g. spoken
English. You could use natural language processing to dictate a letter or give instructions to a computer.

Advantages of audio input:

People speak to the computer and do not need to learn to operate a keyboard.
Disadvantages:
Voice and speech recognition software has to be trained to recognise each persons speech. This can be a lengthy
process.
Voice and speech recognition is not accurate because people pronounce words differently.

Remote control
Remote controls are used to control TVs and garage doors and
inaccessible or hidden devices. However, if the handset is lost or damaged,
the device may not be useable.

A remote control handset will

The remote control technology used in
often have two LEDs. One LED is the home is usually infrared. The
the infrared transmitter and the transmitter built into the handset sends
light from this is invisible. The out a coded pulse of infrared light when Figure 1.8 The LEDs built into a
other emits a visible light to remote handset
a button is pressed. A transmitter is often
reassure the user that the remote
a light-emitting diode (LED). A receiver
control is working.
built into the device being controlled inputs the code and passes it to a
6 microprocessor that carries out the command.
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 Output devices

Monitors
Monitors or visual display units (VDUs) come in different styles with different screen resolutions, colour
quality and clarity.

LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors have flat screens and are more compact than CRT (cathode ray tube)
monitors. They consume less power than CRTs.

A monitor screen is made up of many dots (pixels or picture elements). The dots are so tiny you do not
usually see them. A screen has a resolution of 1280 by 1024 if there are 1280 dots across the screen,
and 1024 from top to bottom. Higher quality screens display more dots.

The graphics card (or video card) is housed in the system unit and controls the screen display. Higher
quality cards have more colours and produce clearer graphics more quickly.

Touch screen
A touch screen is used for output and input. You touch the screen to control the computer. Touch screens
are mainly used with tablets and smartphones. There is no need for a keyboard but inputting text is slower.

Multimedia projector
A multimedia projector projects the image displayed on a computer screen onto a larger, separate screen,
which can be seen more clearly by a large audience. Interactive whiteboards are large, touch-sensitive
panels used as screens for multimedia projectors. This technology is used in school classrooms and at home

Chapter 1: Hardware
to watch movies and play computer games.

Printers
Printed output is called printout or hard copy.

An impact printer strikes through an inked ribbon onto paper.

A non-impact printer uses a non-striking method to form the image on the paper.

Some dot-matrix printers are impact printers with a print head that is
a matrix of steel pins. The pins strike a carbon ribbon making patterns
of dots on the paper.

Inkjet printers spray tiny dots of ink onto the paper. Inkjet printers
are non-impact dot matrix printers and are quieter. They produce high-
quality output in monochrome or colour.
Figure 1.9 Enlarged dot-matrix
Laser printers are widely used but are more expensive to buy than printing produced by an inkjet printer
showing how the dots form characters
inkjet printers. Quality is excellent and they print quickly in
monochrome or colour.

Thermal printers use heated wires to mark dots on the surface of a heat-sensitive paper.
Printers use different types of paper, for example:

Single sheets of A4 paper.

Continuous paper is perforated and can be easily separated into single pages.
Pre-printed stationery has information on the paper before computer printing. For example, the name 7
and address of the company.
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 Print quality
Printers use very small dots to produce text and pictures. A measure of print quality is the dpi (number
of dots per inch). The higher the dpi, the better the print quality.

Photo-printers
Photo-printers are used to print digital photographs. A digital camera is connected to the printer or the
cameras memory card is read in the printer. Pictures can be printed without using a computer.

Advantages of printers:
A printout is useful if no computer is available.
Disadvantages:
Printing is slow and expensive compared with electronic communications.
Paper is bulky and deteriorates in storage.
Printed materials are more difficult to access and distribute, e.g. digital photos can be emailed and viewed on a
multimedia projector.

Plotters
A plotter draws lines on paper using coloured pens. A flatbed plotter holds the paper still while the
Chapter 1: Hardware

pensmove. Other plotters move the pens from left to right while the paper moves forwards and
backwards.An upright plotter uses very long sheets of paper. Plotters are used in computer-aided
design. Plotters are usually more expensive to buy and slower than printers, but much larger sheets
canbe printed.

Figure 1.10 An upright plotter

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 Multi-function devices (MFD)
MFDs combine a printer, scanner and communications link to function as a printer, scanner, photocopier
or fax machine. MFDs are much less expensive to buy than all the individual devices and use less space on
the desktop. It is cost effective to replace them more frequently with modern technology. However, if part
of the device is faulty, all the functions may be unavailable. If one function is being used, then the other
functions are unavailable for other users.

Speakers
Many computers have speakers. Headphones are two small speakers built into a headset. Sound is needed,
for example, to play music and for speech synthesis.

Sound cards
A sound card controls all input and output of audio. Audio input through a microphone and output
through speakers are usually analogue and the sound card handles their conversion into digital signals
processed by the computer. It also handles digital audio input, e.g. from multimedia applications.
Sound cards have features such as:

Polyphony plays more than one sound or voice independently at the same time.
Output through one or more sound channels, e.g. mono, stereo (2 channels), or quadraphonic
(4channels).

Surround sound or 3D audio.

Chapter 1: Hardware
Improves the clarity of compressed audio files, e.g. mp3.
Built-in memory for faster sound processing. Sound cards are built into or
USB, optical and other ports to connect to DVD recorders and other plugged into the motherboard of
a PC, or can be external devices
devices.
that plug into a USB port.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) to connect to electronic
instruments.

Actuators
In control applications, computers make events happen using actuators, e.g. heaters and motors. A buzzer
is an actuator that, for example, warns when the microwave has cooked our dinner. Actuators can perform
physical tasks such as controlling a robot or operating a digger. This can be dangerous for people if their
presence is not detected by the computer.

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 Worked Example

A desktop PC is used for office work at an Estate Agent.
a) State one input device needed and explain why it is needed. TOP TIP
b) State one output device needed and explain why it is needed. Relate your answers to the
context, i.e. the Estate Agent.
c) The office is cramped and the manager purchases an MFD to replace
the photocopier.
i. Name three other hardware devices an MFD replaces.
ii. State one advantage and one disadvantage of purchasing the MFD.

Answers
a) There are several correct answers, e.g. a digital camera is used to take digital pictures of houses for sale to
upload to the Estate Agents website.
b) There are several correct answers, e.g. a colour printer is used to print details of houses for sale to be
given to customers.
c) i. Printer; scanner; fax machine.
ii. There are several correct answers. For example: Advantage: MFDs are more compact than the
individual devices replaced. Disadvantage: If the MFD breaks down this has more impact on office
work than if an individual device is not working.
Chapter 1: Hardware

Exam-Style Questions

1. A printer is a type of: 5. Other than the keyboard, name an input device you
A processor would use to:
B input device a) Select from a menu. (1 mark)
C software b) Convert a page of printed text to a file that can
be word processed. (1 mark)
D output device (1 mark)
6. State whether each of the following is used for
2. Which of these devices is not used to control a
input or output or both. Explain your answers.
screen pointer?
a) Printer (2 marks)
A a mouse
b) Game console (2 marks)
B a trackpad
C a webcam 7. Smart phones have touch screens.
D a joystick (1 mark) a) Explain why a smart phone has a touch
screen. (1 mark)
3. Which type of computer is the most portable?
b) State two uses of a smart phone other than
A supercomputer making phone calls. (2 marks)
B desktop c) Explain why some smart phones connect to
C mainframe external keyboards. (1 mark)
D tablet (1 mark) 8. The resolution of a monitor screen is changed from
4. A biometric scanner controls access to a secure 1280x1024 to 800x600. State one change you
warehouse. One advantage is: would see on the screen display. (1 mark)
A No one can get into the warehouse 9. A student owns a desktop computer and a tablet
B No need to carry a swipe card computer. Explain why. (3 marks)
C Biometric scanners always recognise banned
users
D Identity theft is difficult (1 mark)
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 Chapter 2: Backing storage and memory
You need to know:
The size of memory, backing storage and files are measured in bytes:
1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes
1 megabyte = 1024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 1024 megabytes
1 terabyte = 1024 gigabytes.
RAM is main memory (random-access memory). Data and programs in main memory are lost when the
computer is turned off.
ROM (read-only memory) stores data permanently.

Chapter 2: Backing storage and memory

Backing storage saves your data when the computer is turned off.
Backing storage media includes: hard disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, memory cards and memory sticks.
Flash memory is used for memory cards and memory sticks.
Backups are copies of files and help prevent data loss.

Bits and bytes

Bit (binary digit) patterns in memory and on backing storage represent, e.g. characters, numbers,
graphics and sounds. A byte stores 8 bits, each of which can be either 1 or 0. Different computers access
one, two, four or more bytes of data at a time. If a computer can read/write four bytes at once, this is 32-bit
computing.

Memory
A computers main memory is RAM and ROM.
Flash memory in the computer
Comparison of RAM and ROM
RAM ROM Flash memory is a type of ROM
that can be written to and read
Can be written to and read from. Can only read from. from and is used for the BIOS
Holds programs being run and data Stores programs and data permanently. (basic input/output system) in
being processed. PCs. This makes sure the computer
starts up as it should and that all
Volatile it is cleared when the Non-volatile it retains what is stored the parts of the computer work
computer is switched off. when the computer is turned off. together.
RAM microchips are supplied as a ROM microchips are installed in the
module (several chips on a small motherboard.
board) plugged into the motherboard.

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 Backing storage devices and media
Backing storage saves your files when the computer is turned off.

Backing storage media is a DVD, for example.

A backing storage device is the DVD drive used to read the DVD, for example.

Flash memory
Memory sticks store up to 32 GB of data and plug into the USB port on a computer. Memory sticks are
sometimes called USB sticks, pen drives and USB pens. They are:

Inexpensive
Small
Lightweight
Chapter 2: Backing storage and memory

A convenient way of moving data from one computer to another.

Memory cards store up to 256 GB of data. There are many types,
Read/write
head
including SD (Secure Digital) and mini and micro SD. They are used in, e.g.
digital cameras and mobile phones.

Hard disks
A magnetic hard disk stores 500 GB of data or more. On each surface,
the data is stored in concentric tracks and there is a read/write head that
moves in/out to the track where the data is saved.
Types of hard disk:
Figure 2.1 The inside of fixed hard
disk with moveable heads Internal hard disks are built into computers.
External hard disks are portable and often connected to a computer by
TOP TIP
Do not confuse the hard disk
USB.

and RAM memory. The hard Optical disks

disk stores your work when
the computer is switched off
CDs, DVDs, HD DVD and Blu-ray are optical disks and are read and
whereas RAM is cleared. written by a laser.

CDs (Compact disks) Compatibility problems

A CD stores around 700 MB. Data read/write is slower than a hard disk. Many drives cannot read all types
CDs are easily damaged but inexpensive. of CD and DVD, e.g. some CD
players do not play MP3 files.
DVDs (Digital versatile disks)
A single-sided, single-layer DVD stores around 4.7 GB. A dual-layer, two-
sided DVD stores 18 GB. Data read/write is slower than a hard disk.
There are many different types of CD and DVD, for example:

Data can be read from but not written to CD-ROM and DVD-ROM. Often used for movies.
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CD-RW and DVD-RW can be rewritten repeatedly up to 1000 times.
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 DVD-RAM may be sealed in a cartridge and can be rewritten more
than 100 000 times. Used to store data for up to 30 years.

HD DVD is similar to a DVD but with sufficient capacity for high

definition movies.

A dual-layer Blu-ray disk can store 50 GB. Used for high-definition

movies.
Figure 2.2 An external hard drive
Magnetic tapes
A magnetic tape stores a great quantity of data but read/write is slow
because it is serial access the tape is read from the beginning to find the
data needed. Magnetic tape cartridges are often used for backup.

Backup Make regular backups so you have

a recent copy in case your work is
A backup is a copy of a file. Backup a file each time you edit it (e.g. save it corrupted or lost, e.g. due to a

Chapter 2: Backing storage and memory

on the internal hard disk in your PC and save a backup on an external hard drive crash.
hard disk), and backup all your files every month (e.g. to DVDs).
Keep backups of your personal files:

Next to the computer for convenient use.

In a fireproof safe nearby in case the building burns down.
In another location far away in case local backups are all destroyed.
Backups of large ICT systems with networked hard disks:

Usually done every day automatically over the network.

Can be saved anywhere in the world.
Backing storage devices can be enclosed in fireproof, waterproof and bombproof containers.
Software keeps track of when backups were taken and where they are stored.
When a file is lost and needs to be recovered, the backup software searches for the most up-to-date
version.

Worked Example
TOP TIP
You need to make backups
of your own work and do
1. Give one reason why a backup is taken. this systematically. Apply the
2. Name two types of backing storage media used for backup. theory to your practice.

3. Describe three places you would store a backups.

Answers
1. So you have a copy in case your work is corrupted or lost.
2. Magnetic tape cartridge, external hard disk.

3. In an accessible location near to the computer, in a fireproof safe in the same building, in another city.

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 Exam-Style Questions

1. Which of these provides the largest storage 6. Describe two differences between
capacity? RAM and ROM. (2 marks)
A 5 GB 7. Describe two differences between a USB memory
B 128 MB stick and a hard disk. (2 marks)
C 1 TB
D 20Kb (1 mark)
2. A memory stick stores 2 GB of data. How many CDs
TOP TIP
When you are asked to describe the differences
are needed to store the same data? between two technologies, each point you make
A 4 should mention both technologies.
B 3
C 6
8. Many people think main memory and the hard disk
D 2 (1 mark)
are the same. Describe how they are similar, and
3. A DVD is an example of: how they are different. (4 marks)
Chapter 2: Backing storage and memory

A a hard disk
B RAM
C an optical disk
TOP TIP
Many people wrongly use the term memory
D flash memory (1 mark) when referring to both the hard disk and main
memory. Try to avoid such misconceptions and
4. Which of the following is storage media?
demonstrate you understand why they arise.
A CD
B DVD drive
C a kilobyte 9. Why is a hard disk with fixed read/write heads likely
D printer (1 mark) to access data faster than a hard disk with moveable
heads? (1 mark)
5. Preparing backup storage media so that it can store
your files is known as:
A formatting
B optical storage
C backup
D storage capacity (1 mark)

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 Chapter 3: Software
You need to know:
Software is the computer programs that control the computer.
Applications software includes:
Office productivity software, presentation software and project management software.
Web browser software, communications software and web authoring software.
Image and sound editing software.
Control software.
Educational software.
Operating System (OS) software controls the computer so that applications software can run. The OS provides a
user interface, handles files and provides system software tools.
Software is copyrighted. It is illegal to use it without a software licence.

Applications software

Chapter 3: Software
Office productivity software, presentation software and project Integrated software has several
management software applications bundled into one
package (e.g. Microsoft Office).
Office productivity software helps you do office tasks and includes: Data is transferred more easily
between the different applications,
Word processing software, e.g. Microsoft Word. Helps you prepare e.g. an Excel spreadsheet can be
documents that include text and pictures. You can edit the text, change copied into a Word document.
the font and size, check your spelling and grammar, print, and save and
retrieve documents.

Desktop publishing (DTP) software, e.g. Microsoft Publisher. Handles

page layout better than word processing software.

Spreadsheet software, e.g. Microsoft Excel. Performs calculations on

tables of numbers arranged in rows and columns with related headings
and charts. If a number is changed, the spreadsheet automatically
recalculates.

Database software, e.g. Microsoft Access. Used to maintain records, e.g.

a library stores the name, address and membership number of
borrowers. A database can search these records and print reports.

Presentation software, e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint, helps you prepare

and give a multimedia presentation to an audience. This could include:
slides with text, graphics, hyperlinks and notes for the speaker.

Project management software, e.g. Microsoft Project, is used to track

the timelines of all the tasks that have to be done to complete a project,
e.g. when constructing a building. Timelines are displayed in a Gantt
chart.
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 Web browser software, communications software and web authoring software
Using web browser software, e.g. Mozilla Firefox, you can access websites by entering their web address
or URL (uniform resource locator) or clicking on hyperlinks.

Using a search engine, e.g. Google, you can search the Web by entering keywords.
Email is accessed using:
an email client running on your own computer, e.g. Microsoft Outlook.
webmail, that is, email accessed using a web browser.
Web authoring software, e.g. Adobe Dreamweaver, is used to create and update websites. A website is a
structured collection of web pages written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).

Image and sound editing software

Graphics software, e.g. Adobe Photoshop, is used to create and retouch, crop and resize images.
Video editing software, e.g. Microsoft Movie Maker, is used to edit videos imported from digital cameras
and camcorders. You can insert titles, transitions, voiceovers and sound effects, and save the video in
different formats, e.g. mp4.

Audio editing software, e.g. Audacity, is used to create and edit music and sounds. You can record live
music and input digital sound files, insert voiceovers, and change pitch and tempo.

Control software
Chapter 3: Software

Control software is used to monitor and control external devices, e.g. robots, and ICT systems, for purposes
such as air conditioning in large buildings. Computers do this using sensors and actuators. Sensors are
devices that can measure variables such as pressure, temperature and humidity. Actuators make changes
under the control of the computer some examples are motors, pumps and heaters.

Educational software
A wide range of educational software supports teaching and learning, e.g. StarFrench helps you learn
French, and SpexClassic helps with teaching design and technology.

Operating System (OS) software

What is an operating system?
The operating system (OS) controls the computer so that applications software can run. An OS does many
tasks including:

Control of all input and output.

Error handling, e.g. if the printer is out of paper the OS displays a message on the screen.
Resource allocation. More than one application could be running on the computer and these may want to
use the same resource (e.g. the processor). If only one processor is being used, the OS interleaves the
different applications; if there are several cores, the OS decides which are used.

Providing a user interface so that you can interact with the computer.
File handling. File-handling software, e.g. Windows Explorer, enables you to format disks, create new files
and folders, and rename, save, open, delete and copy them.
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 An OS also includes system software tools (or utility programs) to help you maintain your computer, e.g.
a disk defragmenter. A file saved on a hard disk can become fragmented with different parts saved in
different places. A disk defragmenter will reassemble all the different parts to speed up access.

User interfaces
An OS can have a:

Command-line user interface. This can be

difficult to use because you have to remember the
exact instructions (format and syntax) to use.

Menu-driven user interface. You choose an

option from a menu. This is easier to use because
you dont have to remember the exact instruction.

Graphical user interface (GUI), e.g. Windows. Figure 3.1 A command-line user interface
GUIs are more user-friendly. You do not have to
remember complex instructions or menu options.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A GUI has:

Windows, icons and menus. You select icons

and menu options by pointing and clicking.

Toolbars, e.g. in Windows 7, in the Computer

Chapter 3: Software
window, the toolbar includes the File, Edit and
View menus. In the View menu, if you point at
Sort by, a sub-menu appears.

Scrollbars enable you to look at content not

currently shown on screen.

Dialog boxes convey messages to you and invite a

response. Figure 3.2 A graphical user interface (GUI)
Using a mouse with a GUI (e.g. Windows), you can:

Open (activate) a process, e.g. by pointing at an icon and double-clicking the left-hand mouse button.
Move an icon, e.g.by pointing at an icon, holding down the left button, dragging it to the required
location and releasing the button.

Close a process, e.g. by selecting Exit in the File menu.

A GUI (e.g. Windows) can be customised:

Window size and position can be adjusted, e.g. drag the bottom right-hand corner of a window to
change its size and drag the title bar to move it around the screen. The minimize button removes the
window from the screen but does not close it; the maximize button makes the window occupy the whole
screen.

Mouse settings, icon size and sound volume can be adjusted.

Desktop themes, colours, contrast and backgrounds can be personalised.

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 File handling
A filename has two parts: the name identifies the file and the extension identifies the type of file, e.g.
study.xls has the name study and the extension xls which means it is an Excel spreadsheet.

Files are grouped into folders. The route to a file is called its path, e.g. C:\Users\Documents\chapter3.
doc. This means that on the hard disk C: in the folder Users, in the sub-folder Documents there is a
file named chapter3 which is a word processor file.

TOP TIP
Do not format the hard disk
In Windows Explorer, to move or copy a file, select the file, drag it over
another folder and drop it. To delete a file, right-click on the filename
and select Delete.
in your computer as this will
delete all the files on it. You can set the properties of a file, e.g. read-only. A read-only file can
only be opened but cannot be altered.

Software licensing
Software is copyrighted. It is illegal to use it without a software licence. Types of license are:

Licensed software. Purchasers buy the right to use it.

Public domain software is free and has no restrictions on its use but you might not be given the source
code.

Open source. Licences are free and you have access to the source code and are allowed to modify it.
Shareware is licensed software that is initially free to try out. However, you must pay for a licence if you
Chapter 3: Software

decide to make regular use of it.

Creative Commons licences help software producers communicate the rights they keep for themselves
and the rights they give to others.

Worked Example

Steven has application software installed on his computer.

a) Name three types of application software.
b) Name one type of software that must be installed to run the applications.
c) Steven buys a computer game that includes a software licence. Explain why Steven needs a software licence.
d) Access to the software on Stevens hard disk becomes very slow. What could Steven do to speed up access?

Answers
a) Any reasonable answer, e.g. word processor, database, spreadsheet, email.
b) Operating system.
c) It would be illegal to play the game without a license that allows this. The license will tell Steven what use
he can make of the software, e.g. he can only install it on one computer and make one back up.
d) Any reasonable answer, e.g. run disk defragmenter.

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 Exam-Style Questions

1. What type of software is used to prepare a talk to 5. Which of the following would it be illegal to copy
be given to a large audience? and give to a friend?
A Spreadsheet A Software with a Creative Commons
B Desk Top Publishing Attribution licence
C Email B Public domain software
D Presentation (1 mark) C licensed software
D open source software (1 mark)
2. You receive an email from one friend and send it to
another friend. This is known as: 6. Describe two tasks that could be done using audio
A deleting editing software. (2 marks)
B attaching 7. a) Name one example of an integrated software
package. (1 mark)
C forwarding
b) Name two different applications integrated
D replying. (1 mark)
within the package. (2 marks)
3. Which of the following is not applications software:
8. Describe how you would format a USB memory
A operating system stick using a GUI. (4 marks)
B word processing
C video editing
D web authoring (1 mark)
TOP TIP
When you are asked to describe a process, make
4. Which of the following is false? sure each step in the process is in the right order
A A folder may contain sub-folders. and clearly described.
B A folder may contain files.

Chapter 3: Software
C mybudget.xls is a spreadsheet file. 9. a) Describe two tasks carried out by the operating
D A file contains folders. (1 mark) system. (2 marks)
b) Describe what the operating system would do if
five programs wanted to use at the same time a
processor with four cores. (1 mark)

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 Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the
Internet and email
You need to know:

Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

A local area network (LAN) is a collection of connected computers in a small geographical area.
Wide area networks (WAN) connect computers across large geographical areas.
The Internet is a network of networks and connects computers around the world.
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) connects subscribers computers to the Internet.
To communicate over the Internet, computers use TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
The World Wide Web consists of millions of web pages. You view these using a browser.
Services available on the Web are: search engines; email; news groups; forums, chatrooms and instant
messaging; uploading and downloading digital media, e.g. music, images and video; social networking.
Web 2.0 facilitates creativity, collaboration and sharing between users.
An intranet provides many of the features of the Internet for use within an organisation.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) provides especially secure remote access to an intranet.
Threats from the Internet include: spam; viruses; phishing; pharming; adware; access to inappropriate
information; cookies; and hacking. Ways to prevent these include: spam filters, antivirus software, pop-up
blockers, parental control or filter software, and usernames and passwords.

Networks
A network is two or more connected computers that can share resources and communicate.

Local area network (LAN)

A LAN:

Connects computers across a small to medium-sized geographical area, e.g. an office, school or campus.
Shares resources, e.g. hardware and data.
Enables communication between computers connected to it, e.g. using instant messaging.
Is administered centrally.
Most LANs are client/server networks. Client computers (or network stations) are the computers
connected to the network. Clients communicate with each other through the server. The server has a faster
processor, more RAM and more backing storage than client computers. A large LAN may have several
servers. For instance, a file server may look after the organisation of the files on the network; a database
server hosts a database management system and a database on the network.
A peer-to-peer LAN does not use a server. Every computer communicates directly with the other
computers on the network. Because of performance limitations, it is limited to small networks of fewer than
10 computers.

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 Advantages
The cost of software licences could be less as they may only be needed for the average number of concurrent
users, not for every computer.
Shared hardware can be better quality at a lower cost per user, e.g. a network printer.
Shared data allows more effective collaborative working, e.g. users can work on a single shared document.
Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Users access rights can be administered centrally, e.g. the marketing staff can access their own files, but not the
files of the human resources staff.
The network can be maintained from any network station, e.g. if a password has been forgotten, it can be reset.
Security can be administered centrally, e.g. automatic backups and virus protection.
Disadvantages
The initial set-up costs can be higher because a server and network cabling are needed.
Viruses are more easily spread across networks.

Cabled and wireless network connections

Cables can be used to connect all the components of a LAN. A computer is connected to a cabled LAN by
connecting a network cable from the computers network interface card (NIC) to a network hub or
switch, which in turn is connected to the other devices, hubs and switches that constitute the network.
Agateway connects networks and provides access from one network to another, e.g. a modem is a gateway
that connects a home network to the Internet.
A wireless LAN (WLAN) consists of:

Wireless NICs in each computer.

Wireless access points which broadcast to and receive signals from wireless NICs. These are usually
connected to a cabled network.

Routers which enable several computers to communicate at the same time through a wireless access
point.
WLANs are slower than cabled LANs and are used where it is impractical to
use a cabled LAN, e.g. in the home. The range of a WLAN can be limited,
TOP TIP
Encryption is encoding data so
e.g. because of impenetrable walls. The range can be extended using a more that it cannot be understood
up-to-date wireless router or a wireless signal booster. by someone who does not
have the encryption key.
Connection to a WLAN is limited to authorised users by a WEP (Wired
Equivalent Privacy) key, which must be entered before connection. WEP encrypts data on the network, but
has been superseded by WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), which provides stronger encryption.
Wireless access points are installed in Bluetooth
public places, e.g. railways stations, Bluetooth is a form of wireless
enabling widespread access to the communication designed to
Internet. enable devices that are within 10
meters of each other, e.g. a laptop
and a smartphone, to
Wide area network (WAN)
communicate. Data is transferred
A WAN connects computers across a at a rate of 720 Kbps.
large geographical area, e.g. a city or
Figure 9.1 A bluetooth enabled watch
that connects to your smartphone internationally. Information is
transmitted in many ways; e.g. using fibre optic cables and satellites.
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 LAN Communication links LAN

LAN LAN
LAN

United States Caribbean

Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

LAN

LAN LAN

LAN

United Kingdom
Figure 9.2 A wide area network (WAN)

The Internet
The Internet consists of many linked but independently maintained and administered networks. Each
network on the Internet is responsible for formulating its own policies, procedures and rules.
To connect to the Internet using a PC, you need an Internet Service Provider (ISP). You also need a web
browser, email and other software that allows you to use the services and facilities available on the
Internet; and a modem (modulator/demodulator) which converts the digital signals from a computer into
analogue signals that can be transmitted over a telephone line.
Bandwidth is the volume of data that can be transmitted over a network connection.

Narrowband users dial up their ISP using a telephone. Data is transmitted at speeds up to 56 Kbps. This
is slow but inexpensive.

Broadband is data transmission using:

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), which provides speeds up to 100Mbps and a continuous
connection to the Internet;
Each computer on the Internet has
cable technology; a unique IP (Internet Protocol)
address, e.g. 196.161.232.4. The IP
mobile telephone networks, e.g. 3G. address could be static (it remains
the same every time you connect)
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of or it could be dynamic (it changes
rules used on the Internet to define how computers communicate with each each time you connect).
other. It is a universal standard that enables hardware and different operating
systems to communicate.

World Wide Web

TOP TIP
The Internet and the Web are
not the same. The Internet is
The World Wide Web (or the Web) is a collection of multimedia services
the network and the Web is
that run on the Internet. the multimedia services that
run on it.
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 Browser
A web browser, e.g. Google Chrome, is software that lets you access web pages stored on web servers and
download files, e.g. programs and video.
Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Figure 9.3 A web page accessed using the Microsoft Internet Explorer browser

Web address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

IP addresses (e.g. 202.168.3.34) are difficult for people to remember so web addresses are used instead,
e.g. http://www.edexcel.com/quals/Pages/default.aspx

http:// The type of resource the address refers to is a web page.

www.edexcel.com The web server is called www.edexcel and it is run by an international commercial
organisation.
/quals/Pages/ On the web server, the file that will be displayed is in the directory called quals in a
subdirectory called Pages.
The file is called default. The extension indicates the type of file. Here, .aspx indicates that it is
default.aspx a .NET Web form.
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 Services accessible on the Web
You can:

View web pages.

Use a search engine.
Send and receive email.

Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Upload and download digital media, e.g. music.
Share images with friends and family.
Use online shopping and banking.
Download software, e.g. Apps.
Use social networking to communicate with family and friends.
Chat online in chatrooms or using IM (Instant Messaging). Figure 9.4 Using Twitter for social
Publish an online personal diary (or blog) with narrative, pictures and networking
hyperlinks.

Access information and join discussions, e.g. using newsgroups and forums.
Watch TV and listen to the radio.
Access customer support, e.g. FAQs or download a service guide for a printer.
Build your own website.
Finding information on the Web
You can search for and access information by:

Surfing: navigate by clicking on hyperlinks, enter a web address or use a search engine.
Using a directory, e.g. Yahoo! Directory shows a list of broad categories available, e.g. Arts and
Humanities, broken down into subcategories. When you select a category, a list of subcategories is
displayed. You select deeper and deeper until you find the information you want.

Using a search engine, e.g. www.google.co.uk. Type in the address or use the search facilities built into
the browser, then enter keywords.

Using a web bot. Bot is short for robot, and a web bot is software that can run automatically on the Web
for searching and alerting you to items of interest.

Intranet
An intranet is a local version of the Internet used within an organisation. Intranets provide many of the
services available over the Internet, e.g. email, chat, websites and search, but only for authorised users
within the organisation.

If an organisation has an intranet and allows secure access by people working off site, e.g. at home, it is
referred to as an extranet.

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a private, secure connection that runs across the Internet. Its purpose is similar
to an extranet but network traffic will be encrypted and Internet protocols such as TCP/IP may not be used. It can be
thought of as a separate pipe inside the Internet.

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 Electronic mail (email)
Using email you can send electronic messages to an individual or contact group, and receive messages from
others.
Sending email is free (provided you already have the hardware and software and Internet access), is much
faster than mail delivered by post, and you can send as many emails as you like at any time.
To access your email, you can use:
Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Webmail, e.g Hotmail. This runs within a browser and you log on to a website to retrieve your email.
Access to email is slower than using an email client and there is a more restricted range of features,

An email client, e.g. Microsoft Outlook, is software that runs on your computer and enables you to send
and receive email. An email client tends to run more quickly than webmail and it will have a wider range
of customisable options, but it has to be installed and can be more complex to use.

Sending email
To create a new email message in Microsoft Outlook, with the Inbox open on screen, click on the New
button in the toolbar.

In the To... field, enter the email address of the person you are sending it to, or click on the To... field and
select an address from the Contacts.

In the Cc... field, enter the addresses of people the email will be copied to.
If you want to send a copy of the email to someone and want to hide this from the other recipients, enter
their email address in the Bcc... field.

In the Subject field, enter a phrase that describes what your email is about.
Enter your message.
Attach any files to be sent with the email, e.g. a spreadsheet file.
Press Send and your email is placed in the Outbox.
If you have a permanent connection to the Internet, the message will automatically be sent. Otherwise
click on the Send/Receive button in the toolbar.

Receiving and replying to an email message

Open Microsoft Outlook. Click on the Send/ Receive button in the toolbar. The email software connects to
the email server and downloads your email into the Inbox. If you have a permanent connection to the
Internet, this happens automatically and you will be alerted by a sound when an email arrives.
You could:

Read your email.

Open or save an attachment.
Click on Reply and a new message opens which is addressed to the person who sent you the email.
Click on Forward and a new email opens which includes the current message and attachments.
Delete the email.

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 Storing email messages
Microsoft Outlook sets up folders to store email messages:

Inbox. As emails are received, they are put in the Inbox.

Drafts. Emails you are working on are saved in this folder.
Sent Items. When email is sent, a copy is placed in this folder.

Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Deleted Items. Deleted emails are saved in this folder.
Outbox. Email that is ready to send is stored in the Outbox.
Personal. If you need to save email you have received, you can create your own personal folders.
Contacts
Contacts store information such as email address, full name and postal address. You can set up a group of
contacts and send an email to everyone in the Contact Group at the same time.

Online shopping
You can order goods online and pay for them using a credit or debit card. The goods are delivered by post to
the address you specify.
Online shopping can be convenient:

You can do your shopping at any time.

You do not have to leave your home.
A wider range of goods is available.
Specialist goods, which are not on sale locally, are available.
It is easier to compare prices and availability from different suppliers. Figure 9.5 Online shopping

But there are risks:

You cannot inspect the goods other than on screen.

If the goods are not satisfactory, you have to post them back and claim a refund.
If you do not have a debit or credit card you cannot shop online.
There is a risk of online fraud.
Internet banking
Many bank accounts can be accessed over the Internet. You do not need to visit a branch and some banks
have no branches, e.g. First Direct. Internet banking can have lower charges because the cost to the bank of
providing the service is much less.

Mailing lists, newsgroups, chatrooms and instant messaging (IM)

Mailing lists, newsgroups, chatrooms and instant messaging (IM) enable a group of people with common
interests to communicate with each other:

A mailing list uses email. Members send and receive messages from the list. Not all groups are open to
everyone.
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 A subscriber to a newsgroup logs on and posts a message. When other subscribers log on, they can read
the message and reply. A subscriber can look at a thread of related messages.

A chatroom is a group of people communicating with one another interactively in real time. Some
chatrooms discuss specific topics, but many chatrooms cover a range of subjects.

Instant messaging enables you to chat privately with another person. Messages are sent immediately.
Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Video conferencing
Video conferencing enables users to see and speak to each other at a distance, e.g. using Skype. It can be
one to one or involve several people communicating at the same time. Video camera systems can be simple
webcams or may be able to zoom in and out. The display could be on one or more monitors or a large screen.

Web 2.0
Web 2.0 describes a trend towards collaboration and sharing between web users. These web services are
associated with Web 2.0:

Social networking where you can interact with a circle of friends, those with similar interests or a
wider community, e.g. Facebook.

YouTube enables members to upload videos and allows anyone to view and comment on them.
Worldisround encourages world travellers to upload and share pictures and add commentary to make a
record of their experiences for friends and family at home.

iTunes and Spotify sell digital music which can be downloaded. Users can organise and browse their
music collections.

Blogs are online diaries with narrative, pictures and hyperlinks. Anyone can set up a blog on almost any
topic, e.g. hollywoodlife.com is a celebrity news blog.

Wikis enable you to describe and comment on topics in collaboration with other web users, e.g.
Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia. Anyone can contribute but this is moderated so that what is
available is often written by experts.

Internet security
There are many threats from the Internet.

Threat Protection
Hacking is unauthorised access to your computer or Use a username and password. Dont give these to
files and to your personal information, e.g. email and anyone and dont write them down.
bank accounts.

Use a firewall. This is a combination of hardware and

software that controls network traffic between a secure
computer or network and the Internet.
Use WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) or WPA (Wi-Fi
Protected Access) codes which prevent unauthorised
connection to a wireless network.

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 Threat Protection
Encrypt data. Encrypted data cannot be understood by
someone without the encryption key. This prevents
hackers understanding data on the ICT systems they
access.
Use a transaction log to track use of the system. This can
show hackers activities and help identify them.

Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

Hacking is often by authorised users accessing ICT systems
they should not. Restrict users file access rights to prevent
this.
Spam is unsolicited email. There is so much spam that it Use a spam filter to scan incoming email and remove
can swamp legitimate email. unwanted email messages.

A virus is malicious software installed on a computer Use antivirus software which checks for viruses and
without the users consent. Viruses can be attached to removes them, e.g. McAfee VirusScan. Treat files from
emails and downloaded with software. unknown sources with caution.
Phishing is an attempt to find out personal information Look for spelling and grammar errors, which are unlikely
in order to carry out identity theft and fraud, e.g. you in an email from a bank.
receive an email asking you to access your online bank by Suspect a phishing attack when you receive an email
clicking on a hyperlink in the email. However, the link claiming to be from a bank, as they do not usually send
takes you to a fraudulent website where you enter your unsolicited emails.
username and password. These are stolen and used to
take money from your bank account. Check that you have an account with the bank.
If you are worried your bank is really trying to contact
you, break the connection with the email then contact the
bank directly.
Remember that you are unlikely to win a competition you
havent entered!
Pharming is an attempt to collect personal information Detect and destroy spyware using antivirus software and
when users connect to legitimate websites. Spyware specialised programs, e.g. Spybot Search & Destroy.
installed on a users computer logs their personal
information as they enter it.
Adware is unsolicited advertising which often generates Block adware and pop-ups in a browser or using antivirus
pop-up adverts. software and specialised programs, e.g. Spybot Search &
Destroy.

Access to inappropriate information, e.g. children Use parental control (or filter) software to restrict
accessing pornography. childrens access to inappropriate information, e.g.
CYBERsitter. Features are:
Access to some web addresses, searches on some
keywords and sending some personal information are
blocked.
The URLs visited are recorded.
Parents are notified by email that blocking is occurring.
Parents are able to change filter settings over the Internet.
Cookies are saved on your hard disk by websites and Use a cookie manager to block cookies or remove them
contain personal information that can be accessed by the using a browser.
website.

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 27 March 2013

Dear Brintons Bank User,

We recently have determined that your Brintons Bank account, needs to

be updated again. This update will help us in making our database more
secure. This procedure has become the standard and must follow way for
any Bank providing Online Banking services. activity. This new security
Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

statement will helps us continue to offer Brintons Bank as a secure

Online Banking Service. We appreciate your cooperation and assistance.

Please click on continue, to the verification process and ensure your

Account information is entered correctly to get verified.
Continue to Internet Banking
http://www.navyhovik.no/images/kaz/www/brintonsbank.com/customer.ibc/
online/banking/Update/brintonbank%20online%20-%20Welcome.index.htm

Sincerely,
Brintons Bank Online Account Security.

Brintons Bank plc and Brintons Bank Scotland plc are authorised and
regulated by the Financial Services Authority and signatories to the
Banking Codes. FSA authorization can be checked on the FSAs Register at
www.fsa.gov.uk/register. Brintons Bank plc and Brintons Bank Scotland
plc are members of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme and the
Financial Ombudsman Service. Brintons Bank plc.

Figure 9.6 A phishing email

What you see on the Web is not always what it seems. To be safe and sure that information is reliable, you should
always ask yourself:
Can I trust the source of the information?
Is the evidence from a primary source or are they reporting someone elses account?
Is the source sufficiently knowledgeable?
Is the information likely to be biased or unreliable in some way? Why?
Why am I being asked for personal information?
Will providing this information put me at risk?

Worked Example

Julie has a dog called Fido. At work she logs on to the

company network. Her password is Fido. Answers

a) Explain why using Fido as a password is not good a) Fido is not a strong password as it could
security. easily be guessed by someone who knows
Julie.
b) Give an example of a stronger password and
explain why it is stronger. b) F2i8D67o would be a stronger password
because: it includes upper case and lower
c) Describe two precautions Julie should take to case alphabetic characters and numbers; and
protect her password. it is much longer.
c) Julie should not tell anyone else her
password and she should not write it down.

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 Exam-Style Questions

1. A company has four workstations linked by network 6. You receive an email asking you to connect to an
cables to a server. What type of network is this? online bank by clicking on a link in the email. What
A client/server could you do to protect yourself from this phishing
attack? (2 marks)
B extranet
C WAN 7. A home network provides Internet access for two
laptops and a desktop PC.

Chapter 9: Communications, networks, the Internet and email

D wireless LAN (1 mark)
a) What is needed so that all of these can connect to
2. What could parents use to prevent their children the Internet? (4 marks)
accessing inappropriate websites?
b) Describe two benefits of a home network.
A spam filter
(2 marks)
B cookies
C filter software
D antivirus software (1 mark) TOP TIP
Describe two very different benefits.
3. A company has an intranet. Which of these
statements must be true?
A Employees can access the intranet from
c) A mobile phone can connect to the home network.
home.
Why would this be done? (2 marks)
B At work, employees cannot send email to
other employees. 8. A search engine is used to find information on
C An intranet must include Internet access. theWeb.
D Employees can access the intranet at work. a) Describe how you would use a search engine to
(1 mark) find information. (1 mark)

4. What information is needed to connect to a b) Describe another way to find information on

wireless network? theWeb. (1 mark)
A URL 9. Describe two ways of communicating online while
B WEP or WPA key you are using a computer. (2 marks)
C fax number 10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online
D email address (1 mark) shopping. (4 marks)
5. Which of the following statements is not an
advantage of using a LAN?
A sharing data
TOP TIP
Give examples to illustrate each point you make.
B viruses are spread more easily
C software licensing can be less expensive
D instant messaging (1 mark)

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 Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT
You need to know:
How ICT systems are used in various industries: company payroll, airline booking, supermarket stock
control, banking, engineering and manufacturing, weather forecasting, logistics, education and libraries, law
enforcement, healthcare, and entertainment and leisure.
The social impact of widespread use of ICT: the availability and type of employment; the impact on employees
health; privacy concerns; and computer crime.
Security is ensured by physical safeguards, software safeguards and individual responsibility.

ICT systems

Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Payroll
Every company or business has to pay its employees. An example of a payroll system is shown in Figure
12.1.

Employees each have their own swipe card and their unique employee number is recorded on it. The
amount of hours they work is recorded on the swipe card by recording
when they arrive (clock in) and when they leave (clock out). All this
information is input into the ICT system each day.
TOP TIP
Validation checks help ensure
that data is reasonable.
Validation checks are made on all the data input and the validated data
is written to the unsorted transaction file. Data
Employee
that does not change every week is saved on the old swipe cards
master file.

The payroll program matches an employees Validation

Errors

transaction file record with the corresponding

old master file record. The hours worked are Unsorted
calculated from the clock in and clock out times on transaction file

the sorted transaction file. The hourly rate of pay is

found on the old master file so that gross pay can be Sort
calculated. Tax details on the old master file are
used to calculate deductions from the gross pay to
Sorted
arrive at net pay. The cumulative totals on the transaction file
master file are amended (updated); e.g. the tax
paid will be added to the total tax paid this year,
Sorted old
and a new master file record is created. Payroll master file
program

Backups of files are automatically generated so

that corresponding copies of the sorted transaction
Wage
files and old master files can be used to restore the slips Sorted new
master file
current files. The ancestral backup system can be To employees
bank accounts
used to provide three levels of backup.
Figure 12.1 An ICT system for payroll processing

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 Payroll is a batch processing system because:
All the data to be processed is available before processing begins.
There is no need to process the data immediately.
The system can be run off line.
Travel agent

Airline booking system

Terminal
A large airline uses an ICT system to store details of
flight schedules and passenger bookings.

The airlines mainframe computer supports Direct booking from home

multi-access as a large number of travel agents
want to make enquiries at the same time. The
flight information and booking file is direct
Ticket
Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

access for high-speed data retrieval so that the printer

information requested can be kept up to date and
displayed instantaneously.
Communication controller
When the flight information and booking file is
being accessed, to avoid double booking, all other
attempts to book a seat must be locked out. Once Mainframe computer Hot standby

a seat has been booked the flight information and Flight information
and booking program
booking file must be updated immediately so that
further enquiries show the seat is booked.

The ICT system is online 24 hours a day and Flight information

and booking file
Fingerprint of
flight information
must not be out of action at any time. This is and booking file

avoided by having two identical computers: the

Figure 12.2 An airline booking system
main one in use and an additional computer
available as a hot standby to use if the main computer breaks down.

Data backup is provided by having two hard disks with the flight information and booking file saved on
both of them. Any changes made to one file are made to the other at the same time. This ensures the file is
available if one disk becomes faulty. This technique is known as disk mirroring.

An online booking system is a real-time processing system because the data input must be processed
before any further input and the output will influence further input.

Supermarket stock control

Supermarkets use general purpose ICT systems for a range of
applications, including stock control. Checkouts or point of sale
(POS) terminals are connected to the supermarkets main computer
and there are terminals in the warehouse and elsewhere.

Checkouts have a laser scanner which

reads the bar code. If the bar code
TOP TIP
The name of a product and its

cannot be read, the number under the price are not stored in the bar
bar code can be entered manually. code.
The bar code contains the product
code, which is sent to the main computer where it is used to find the
corresponding record in the product information file.
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 A record on the product Checkouts
information file includes the
product code to identify the Bar codes
Warehouse

product, the name of the

Bar codes
product, the price, the quantity Scanner
in stock and the reorder level.
Scanner
The name of the product and POS terminal
its price are sent from the main
computer to the POS terminal Printed Screen
and printed on the customers receipt

receipt. Beeper

The sales made at each

checkout are recorded in the
product information file as the Mainframe Product

Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Daily sales
goods are sold and stock levels files computer information
file
go down. Those goods that have
a lower number in stock than
their reorder level may need to Sales Modem
reports
be reordered. The supplier is
contacted and requested to
send more of them. The ICT Modem
system may do this
automatically. Automatic
reordering

As goods arrive at the Figure 12.4 A supermarket stock control system

supermarkets warehouse,
thequantity delivered is entered at a terminal and added to the product
information file. If a maximum stock level is set for each product then the
quantity reordered can be adjusted so that this level is not exceeded when
new supplies arrive at the warehouse.

Other uses of a stock control system

Performance of staff can be monitored by checking the number of items
sold at each checkout.
Rate of sales can be used to increase stock of popular goods.
Pattern of sales can show what needs to be stocked at certain times of the
year.
Extent of theft from the supermarket can be calculated.
Figure 12.5 An ATM
Banking
ICT systems are used in banking in:

Internet banking systems

automatic teller machines (ATMs) for cash withdrawals
electronic funds transfer (EFT), which businesses use to transfer
funds from one bank account to another. For example, it is used when
customers pay for goods with their debit or credit card. This process is Figure 12.6 Paying with a credit card
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 Engineering and manufacturing
Computer-aided design (CAD) software is used to design products, buildings and parts. It provides sets
of standard components and basic design elements. Designs can be produced faster and changes to the
original design are easier because the full drawing doesnt need to be redone.

Computer-aided manufacture (CAM) is the use of a computer to control manufacture. CAM software
generates instructions for the control of CNC (Computerised Numerical Control) machines, e.g.
computerised lathes for turning and drilling.

CAD/CAM systems combine computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
Engineers use CAD/CAM to create product designs, and then to control the manufacturing process so
products are more consistent.

Computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems analyse engineering designs produced by CAD systems,
and simulate a variety of conditions to see if the design actually works. CAE features are found in many
CAD packages.
Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Process control is the use of computers to monitor manufacturing processes and to take corrective
action to prevent malfunction; for example, ensuring the temperature is at the right level using sensors.

Robots can be used for assembling cars and welding and can perform physical tasks that could be
dangerous for humans. Robots can be programmed to do tasks using programming languages or using
teach and learn methods,
where the robot is Projection screen
physically moved through
the actions you want it to Projectors
do, and the computer
Cockpit
converts these into a
program, which enables
Trainee pilots seat
the task to be repeated.

Flight simulators are

used to train pilots to fly
aircraft, without risk to
themselves or to an
aircraft. The simulator is
mounted on legs, which
move when the pilot
moves the simulators
controls. The trainee pilot
feels the simulator move
in the way a real aircraft
would move. Figure 12.7 A flight simulator

Weather forecasting
Weather forecasts are based on data collected using weather stations, weather balloons and satellites:

Weather stations are groups of sensors that collect information about the current weather. They may
have sensors for wind speed and direction, air pressure, temperature and rainfall. The data that is logged
is collected on a computer over a network. As well as being used for forecasting, they can also help
councils and motorists plan for bad weather conditions.

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 Satellites orbiting the earth allow meteorologists to observe cloud
formation throughout the world.
Data from weather stations, weather balloons and satellites are
automatically collected and stored. This is an example of data logging.
A supercomputer uses mathematical models of the atmosphere to predict
what weather conditions will be like in the near future. The models used
are constantly being improved and forecasts are increasingly accurate and
timely.

Logistics
Logistics software is used to plan and control the effective delivery and
storage of goods and services between the point of origin and the point Figure 12.8 A roadside weather
of consumption in order to meet customer requirements. station

Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Logistics could involve the organisation of information, transport,
materials handling, packaging, stock control, warehousing and security.

Education and libraries

Virtual learning environments (VLEs) help teachers teach and support students studies by providing
learning resources at all times where there is web access. VLEs enable resources to be organised and
shared easily, with digital drop boxes to store and submit students work, access to wikis, blogs and
podcasts, and information about grades so progress can be assessed.

Computer-assisted learning (CAL) software helps students learn. CAL provides immediate feedback;
enables students to recognise their weaknesses and improve; displays encouraging messages; and can be
accessed using a VLE. Drill and practice programs help students consolidate learning. Tutorial
software introduces and teaches new material to students. Simulations model real-life situations so the
software can be used in the classroom without risk or wastage.

School information and management systems (SIMS) are widely used to help with the day-to-day
running of schools. They can produce class lists, create timetables, provide automatic reporting, improve
communications quality, provide fast access to information and produce statistics and accounting
information automatically.

Libraries use ICT systems to: keep records of books that have been borrowed; provide online searchable
catalogues; provide access to electronic books; keep records of borrowers; and send reminders to
borrowers who have not returned books.

Law enforcement
The police use ICT systems to help fight crime. National databases help the police identify offenders.
Other uses of ICT by the police include: managing cases and preparing reports; analysing statistics;
tracking criminals who have been tagged; developing contacts with police worldwide; profiling of
potential criminals; and accessing information remotely through wireless network links on police cars.

Law firms use ICT to create legal document templates, find information about past judgements, and
obtain information about legislation in other countries.

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 Healthcare and medicine
Computerised patient records contain notes from all the doctors
and institutions that a patient has attended. These are available
wherever a patient is being treated. Research based on these records
can lead to improved treatments for everyone.

Patient monitoring systems continuously monitor very ill patients.

Sensors connected to a computer record vital signs, such as heart rate, Figure 12.9 An MRI scan
and sound an alarm if there are problems.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer axial tomography (CAT) scanners produce
images that can be viewed in 3-D.

Medical expert systems analyse questions input by a practitioner and provide decision-making support
and suggest alternative diagnosis or treatment.
Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Using telemedicine, patients can visit a doctor online and doctors can treat their patients at a distance.
Entertainment and leisure
The Internet can be used to communicate with friends and family with webcams and video calls.
Computer games of all genres provide entertainment and can be used on a PC or on a games console.
Using media streaming, you can listen to music, watch TV and watch videos on desktop PCs and mobile
devices.

Personal performance during sport can be monitored by mobile devices using satellite navigation, and
recorded for later analysis.

Social impact
The widespread use of ICT has a significant impact on society, e.g. there is a digital divide because some
people have easy access to ICT while others do not.

Employment
Employment opportunities have changed:

There are fewer unskilled jobs, e.g. assembly lines with robots now assemble cars.
The skills needed for some jobs have changed, e.g. administrators previously used typewriters but
now use word processors. Workers in almost every industry at almost every level have experienced
changes in skill requirements.

Jobs have been created in the ICT industry, e.g. in programming, website design and manufacturing,
and jobs have been created indirectly, e.g. in video production.

How people do their jobs has changed, e.g. a teacher can have an entire class work through resources
on a VLE and provide much less input during the lesson, although considerably more planning and
preparation may be needed beforehand.

Teleworking is more common. Instead of going to the office, teleworkers can work from home and
communicate with the office online. They avoid the expense and time of commuting. However,
teleworkers can miss social interaction with colleagues, and being at home can be distracting. There is a
lack of access to the specialist facilities and advice available at work. Companies can employ teleworkers
who live a long way away, even in another country. Less floor space is needed at the office, and there is
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 reduced absence because telecommuters can work when the weather prevents travel. However, managers
may feel they do not have sufficient control over what workers are doing during working hours and
workers may not be available when the company tries to contact them.

Companies have improved global communications, both within their own organisations and with other
companies, to facilitate international trade. The use of online communication tools has minimised the
need for employees to travel overseas.
Employees health can be affected by intense and prolonged computer use. Possible problems are:

Repetitive strain injury (RSI), e.g. from using a keyboard.

Fatigue, headaches, and eye problems.
Backache and similar problems through sitting in an inappropriate posture.
Trip hazards due to trailing cables.
Injury from electric shock.

Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

These issues can also affect those who use computers for leisure purposes.
Ergonomics helps reduce health problems and injuries, and includes the following design and arrangement
of seating and equipment:

The operators chair should have an adjustable height and backrest.

Monitors should be positioned to avoid daylight reflection and interior lights should be shaded.
Larger monitor screens should be used.
Foot and wrist supports should be available.
To prevent trip hazards and electric shocks due to trailing cables, cabling should be in trunking or out of
reach. RCDs (residual current devices) should also be used. These are designed to turn off the power if the
user receives an electric shock. Rules governing the users behaviour also reduce the risk of health problems
and injuries. This includes taking regular breaks and having regular eye examinations.

Privacy
Privacy refers to the right of individuals to determine what information is stored about them and how that
information is used. Problems arise because businesses, organisations and governments hold personal
information which is easily copied and transmitted across international networks.
Different countries have different regulations. In the UK, the Data Protection Acts (1984 and 1998) set
out principles for handling personal information. Data must be:

Fairly and lawfully processed in line with subjects rights.

Used only for its intended purpose and not kept for longer than necessary.
Adequate for its intended purpose, relevant to it and not excessive.
Accurate, that is: up-to-date and complete.
Stored securely so unauthorised people do not have access to it.
Not transferred to countries that do not have similar laws to protect personal privacy.

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 Computer crime
Computer crime is possible because of the widespread use of ICT. Such crime would not exist if ICT systems
were not used and could not be exploited for financial gain. It includes:

Software piracy which is the copying, downloading, use or sale of software without an appropriate
license.

Copyright violation which occurs when, e.g. music or pictures, are copied or downloaded without an
appropriate licence.

Criminal hackers who gain unauthorised access to an ICT system in order to steal, alter or destroy data,
e.g. they might steal money by transferring it from one bank account to another. Ethical hackers are
employed by an organisation to attempt to gain access to an organisations ICT systems in order to alert
them to vulnerabilities that can be exploited by criminal hackers.

Identity theft where someone pretends to be you in order to commit fraud, e.g. buy goods in your name.
Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Phishing attacks involve sending unsolicited emails inviting you to a response which involves entering
your username, password and other personal details, e.g. you receive an email which seems to be from
your bank asking you to use a hyperlink in the email to access your bank account. You click on the link
and are directed to a fake website and are asked to enter your bank account details. Criminals use these
details to steal money from your bank account. To avoid this type of scam, do not use the link in the
email.

Security
Security is important in ensuring privacy, data integrity and preventing computer crime.
Physical safeguards include:

Access control to ICT rooms, e.g. use of swipe cards or biometrics.

Access monitoring, e.g. use of CCTV cameras.
Data security: e.g. storage of backups in a fireproof safe in another location.
Protection from fire, floods, theft and malicious damage: use buildings and areas where problems
are reduced, e.g. servers housed in a concrete underground bunker on top of a hill that is accessible only
through a well-guarded and narrow passage. Individual computers
should be clamped to desks; have burglar alarms in addition to those for
the building; and CCTV surveillance.

Contingency plans and disaster recovery arrangements so that

recovery is swift and ICT systems continue operating with a minimum
of disruption, e.g. make sure you can run your ICT systems elsewhere if
your own equipment is out of action.
Software safeguards include:

File access rights which allow access to particular files to those people
who need it and block others.

Transaction logs which track alterations to ICT systems and record

who accessed the data.

Data security: e.g. regular backups.

See Chapter 9 for software safeguards that prevent threats from the Figure 12.10 A popular virus scanner
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 Individual responsibility
How individuals use the Internet has considerable social impact. Behave sensibly to protect yourself and
others, as the openness and freedom of the Internet can be abused. You should:

Keep usernames and passwords secret. Do not write them down.

Change passwords regularly.
Only share your personal data (e.g. your name, age or telephone number) with people you trust.
Not publish anyone elses personal data unless you have their permission.
Make sure you know who stores your personal data and that it is correct.
Not copy someone elses work without acknowledging them; this is plagiarism.
Not download software or music unless it is copyright free or you have a licence.
Not attempt to hack ICT systems. Hacking is an illegal activity in many countries.

Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

Not believe everything you see or hear online.
Use virus scanners and other malware detection software. This protects you from others and keeps the
Web safe for everyone.

Be polite and reasonable. If you feel you are the victim of cyber bullying seek help. Dont bully others.
Use secure wireless networks wherever possible.

Worked Example

Virtual learning environments (VLEs) are widely used in education.

a) State two advantages of a VLE for a student.
TOP TIP
Make sure you discuss both
advantages AND disadvantages
b) State two advantages of a VLE for a teacher.
if the question asks you to do
c) Give two reasons why a teacher may prefer not to use a VLE in the so.
classroom.

Answers
a) For students, there are many advantages of using a VLE. Two of these are:
Students can access learning resources on the VLE at any time, at home or at school.
Students can view their grade profile so they can see the progress they are making.
b) For teachers, there are many advantages of using a VLE. Two of these are:
Learning resources are more organised and are more easily shared.
Students work submitted online can be marked and feedback given online.
c) Teachers may prefer not to use a VLE in the classroom because e.g.:
There is not always adequate network access.
Some activities do not require electronic resources, e.g. sport.

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 Exam-Style Questions

1. Which security precaution would help protect you 6. What information is stored in a bar code?
from a virus attached to an email? A The price
A username and password B The product code
B file access rights C The description
C virus scanner D The number of the checkout (1 mark)
D transaction log (1 mark)
7. ICT has had an impact on individuals and society.
2. Which technology is used when you pay for goods a) Describe the impact of ICT on people at home.
at a checkout using a credit card? (2 marks)
A VLE b) Describe the impact of ICT on education.
B CAD/CAM (2 marks)
C EFTPOS c) Describe the impact of ICT on people at work.
D ATM (1 mark) (2 marks)
Chapter 12: Applications and effects of ICT

3. An international airline stores flight booking

information. What type of computer would be used
to store this information?
TOP TIP
Describe what ICT has made possible that
A PC was not previously possible.
B mainframe
C tablet 8. Lesley works on a checkout at a large supermarket.
D laptop (1 mark) a) Describe how Lesley inputs data to the
supermarkets stock control system. (1 mark)
4. Customers of an online bank cannot do all their
banking online. Which task could NOT be done b) What type of application software does the
online? supermarket use for stock control? (1 mark)
A Deposit cash c) A customer is given an itemised receipt with a
brief description of each item they have bought
B Look at a statement
and its price. Describe the process that makes
C Transfer money between accounts this possible. (4 marks)
D Open a new account (1 mark) d) The supermarket manager asks Lesley to scan
5. What should you do to help keep your password customers shopping more quickly. Describe
secure? how the supermarket manager knows the speed
Lesley works, and why Lesley might be
A Tell your best friend
concerned about this. (2 marks)
B Keep it secret
e) The supermarket automatically reorders cans of
C Use your first name baked beans from the supplier. Describe the
D Write it down (1 mark) process that makes this possible. (4 marks)
f) The stock control system tells the manager that
sales of ice cream are higher than usual.
Describe how the manager could respond
tothis. (1 mark)

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