Quantum Optics HW 2

Aaron Hillman
February 21, 2017

Problem 1

(a) We recall that for = 0

S ()a1 S() = a1 cosh r a2 sinh r

S )a1 S() = a1 cosh r a2 sinh r

and clearly we have hP i = hXi = 0 and so we focus on computing

1
hXj2 i = h0|S ()(aj + aj )(aj + aj )S()|0i
4
1 2
= h0|S ()a2j S () + S ()aj aj S() + S ()aj aj S() + S ()aj S ()|0i
4
We compute the following
1
h0|(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)|0i = 0
4
1 1
h0|(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)|0i = sinh2 r
4 4
1 1
h0|(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)|0i = cosh2 r
4 4
1
h0|(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)(a1 cosh r a2 sinh r)|0i = 0
4
And so
cosh r2 + sinh2 r
h(Xj )2 i =
4
and similarly we need to compute

1 h 2
i cosh r2 + sinh2 r
hPj2 i = h0|S () a2j aj aj aj a + a S()|0i =
4 4
and so
 2
2 cosh r + sinh r
h(Pj ) i =
2

we note that although the reasoning was explicitly for j = 1, by symmetry it holds
for j = 2 so we do not repeat the calculation.

1
 (b) We have

1 = a1 + a1 + a2 + a2
2 = a1 + a1 (a2 + a2 )
X X
2 2 2 2
(a1 a1 ) + (a2 a2 )

(a1 a1 ) (a2 a2 )

P1 = P2 =
i2 2 i2 2
Then we compute
1
h(X1 )2 i = h|(a1 + a1 + a2 + a2 )(a1 + a1 + a2 + a2 )|i
8
again using the result for multimode squeezing we get

(cosh r sinh r)2 (cosh r sinh r)2

h(X1 )2 i = h0|(a1 + a1 + a2 + a2 )(a1 + a1 + a2 + a2 )|0i =
8 4
then we perform similar analysis for
1
h(X2 )2 i = h|(a1 + a1 (a2 + a2 ))(a1 + a1 (a2 + a2 ))|i
8
(cosh r + sinh r)2
= h0|(a1 + a1 + a2 + a2 )(a1 + a1 + a2 + a2 )|0i
8
(cosh r + sinh r)2
=
4
Then
1
h(P1 )2 i = h|(a1 a1 + (a2 a2 ))(a1 a1 + (a2 a2 ))|i
8
(cosh r + sinh r)2
= h0|(a1 a1 + (a2 a2 ))(a1 a1 + (a2 a2 ))|0i
8
(cosh r + sinh r)2
=
4
and by symmetry we deduce the last and summarize

(cosh r sinh r)2 (cosh r + sinh r)2

h(X1 )2 i = h(X2 )2 i =
4 4
(cosh r + sinh r)2 (cosh r sinh r)2
h(P1 )2 i = h(P2 )2 i =
4 4

Problem 2
We begin with
Z
1 ? ?
W () = 2 d2 Tr[D()]e

We first note that

? = 0 i00
= 0 + i00
? ? = 0 ( ? ) i00 ( + ? )

2
 = 2i0 p 2i00 x
= 2i(0 p + 00 x )

Then the Glauber identity gives us

Z Z
1 0 00 00 0 0 00
d 2
dx hx|ei e2i X e2i P |xi e2i( p + x )
2
Z Z
1 0 0 00 00 0 00
= 2 d2 e2i p dx hx|ei e2i X e2i P |xi e2i x

Z Z
1 0 00 00 0
= 2 d2 e2i p dx hx|e2i X |x 0 i e2i (x + /2)

Z Z
1 2 2i0 p 00 0
= 2 d e dx hx||x 0 i e2i (xx /2)

Z
0
= 2 d0 dxe2i p hx||x 0 i (x x 0 /2)

Z
1 0
= d0 e2i p hx + 0 /2||x 0 /2i

relabelling
Z
1
W (x, p) = due2iup hx + u/2||x u/2i

this can also be written as
Z
1 ?
W () = due( )u h( + ? )/2 + u/2||( + ? )/2 u/2i

Z
1 ? ? ?
= due( )u hu/2|ei(+ )P ei(+ )P P|u/2i

Z
1 ? ? ? ?
= du hu/2|ei(+ )P ei(+ )X ei(+ )X ei(+ )P P|u/2i

Z
2
= du hu|D()D()P|ui

2
= Tr[D()D()P]

where we recognized the Glauber identity and then performed a simple change of inte-
gration variable and picked up a factor of 2. This is a complete set of states (the position
basis) and so it is a trace.
Problem 3

(a) We compute directly:

W () = Tr[D()D()P]
2
= Tr[(1)n D(2)]

2
= (1)n hn|D(2|ni

2 2
= (1)n e2|| Ln (4||2 )

3
(b) Using the result from (a) we see

2||2
X hnin 2
W () = e (1)n Ln (4||2 )
(hni + 1)n+1
2 n
2e2|| X

hni
= Ln (4||2 )
(hni + 1) n (hni + 1)

we then invoke the identity in the problem statement defining

z = 4||2
hni
w=
(hni + 1)

and we have
2
2e2|| 1
W () = ewz/(w1)
(hni + 1) 1 w

We have
1 1 hni + 1
= hni
=
1w 1 + (hni+1) 2 hni + 1
w hni
=
1w 2 hni + 1

combining this all we have

2
e2|| 2
W () = e4hni|| /(2hni+1)
(hni + 21 )

and so
1 ||2 /(hni+ 12 )
W () = 1 e
(hni + 2 )

(c) We are looking at

1
= [|i h| + |i h| (|i h| + |i h|)]
2(1 e2||2 )

we already have the Wigner function for a coherent state, so the only novel com-
putation is for the cross terms. It is necessary to compute

Tr[D()D() |0i h0| D()D()P]

= Tr[D()D() |0i h0| D()D()]

Then we use
? ? )/2
D()D() = e( D( + )

4
 and so in our case we have
? ? )/2
D()D() = e( D( )

and
? + ? )/2
D()D() = e( D( )

The phases cancel and we have

Tr[D( ) |0i h0| D( )]

X
= hn| i h |ni
n
2 /2 2 /2
X [( + )(? ? )]n
= e|+| e||
n
n!
|+|2 /2 ||2 /2 ||2 +||2 2iIm(? )
=e e e

similarly we will find

2 /2 2 /2 2 +||2 2iIm( ? )
Tr[D()D() |0i h0| D()D()P] = e|+| e|| e||

And then we get the full Wigner function


1 2 2 2 2 2 2
W () = 2|| 2 e2|| + e2|| e|+| /2 e|| /2 e|| +||
(1 e )
 ? ?

e2iIm( ) + e2iIm( )

This could be be simplified further if desired taking advantage of the properties of

complex numbers to get
1 h
2||2 2||2 2||2 ? ?
i
W () = e + e e 2 cos(2i( ))
(1 e2||2 )

Problem 4
We have from the Heisenberg equations of motion
i iX
a i = [H, ai ] = Mjk [aj ak , ai ]
~ ~
jk
iX iX
= Mjk [aj , ai ]ak = Mjk (ij )ak
~ ~
jk jk
iX
= Mik ak
~
k

and so we can write

d~a i
= M~a
dt ~  
it
~a(t) = exp M ~a(0)
~

5
in which case
X
aj (t) = Vjk ak (0)
k

for V = exp it~ M .