Scribd
Upload
255 views

History of Dbms

The document provides a history of database systems from early manual systems using paper records to modern database management systems. It describes the transition from manual systems to those using magnetic tapes and punched cards in the 1950s-1960s. File processing systems that allowed direct data access emerged in the late 1960s-1970s. Various database models were then developed, including hierarchical and network models in the 1960s-1970s and the relational model in the 1970s. Object-oriented and object-relational models arose in the 1990s. Modern database management systems are now large, complex software for efficient data management.

Uploaded by

anusrini23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
255 views

History of Dbms

The document provides a history of database systems from early manual systems using paper records to modern database management systems. It describes the transition from manual systems to those using magnetic tapes and punched cards in the 1950s-1960s. File processing systems that allowed direct data access emerged in the late 1960s-1970s. Various database models were then developed, including hierarchical and network models in the 1960s-1970s and the relational model in the 1970s. Object-oriented and object-relational models arose in the 1990s. Modern database management systems are now large, complex software for efficient data management.

Uploaded by

anusrini23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

History of Database Systems

By
Kaushalya Dharmarathna(030087)
Sandun Weerasinghe(040417)

Early Manual System

{ Before-1950s
z Data was stored as paper records.
z Lot of man power involved.

z Lot of time was wasted.

e.g. when searching


z Therefore inefficient.

1
Revolution began

{ 1950s and early 1960s:


z Data processing using magnetic tapes for
storage
z Tapes provide only sequential access
z Punched cards for input

{ Late 1960s and 1970s:


z Hard disks allow direct access to data
z Data stored in files
z Known as File Processing System

File based systems

{ Adequate for small applications

{ Drawbacks
z Separation and isolation of data
{ Each program maintains its own set of
data.
{ Users of one program may be
unaware of potentially useful data
held by other programs.

2
File based systems (contd.)

z Duplication of data
{ Same data is held by different
locations.
{ Wasted space and potentially different
values and/or different formats for the
same item.
z Data dependence
{ File structure is defined in the program
code.

File based systems (contd.)


z Incompatible file formats
{ Programs are written in different
languages, and so cannot easily access
each others files.

z Fixed Queries/Proliferation of
application programs
{ Programs are written to satisfy particular
functions.
{ Any new requirement needs a new
program.

3
Database Approach
{ Arose because:
z Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately
and independently.
z No control over access and manipulation of
data beyond that imposed by application
programs.

{ Result:
z The database and Database Management
System (DBMS).

Database Management Systems


(DBMS)

1960s Hierarchical Network

1970s Relational

1990s Object-oriented Object-relational

1995+ Java XML CMDB Mobile


IMDB Embedded

4
Hierarchical Model
{ Well suited for data which are in some
way related

{ Hierarchically begin with a strictly


defined tree of data nodes

{ Each node can contain some identifying


data, plus a set of subnodes of a specific
child type

Hierarchical Model (Contd.)

5
Network Model

{ Supported more complex relations


{ Physical file pointers were used to
model the relations between files
{ Relations had to be decide in
advance
{ Most suitable for large databases
with well defined queries and well-
defined applications.

Network Model (Contd.)

Authors

Subjects Books

Publishers

6
Relational Model (1970s)
{ E.F. Codd introduced the relational
model in 1970
{ Provides a conceptually simple
model for data as relations
(typically considered tables) with
all data visible.
{ DB2 from IBM is the first DBMS
product based on the relational
model

Relational Model (Contd.)

7
Relational Model (Contd.)

{ Other DBMS based on the relational


model were developed in the late
1980s

{ Today, DB2, Oracle, and SQL Server


are the most prominent commercial
DBMS products based on the
relational model

Object Oriented Data Model (1990s)

{ Goal of OODBMS is to store object-


oriented programming objects in a
database without having to
transform them into relational
format.
{ Extend the entity-relationship data
model by including encapsulation,
methods and object identity

8
Object-relational models
{ Extend the relational data model by
including object orientation and
constructs to deal with added data types.
{ Allow attributes of tuples to have complex
types, including non-atomic values such
as nested relations.
{ Preserve relational foundations, in
particular the declarative access to data,
while extending modeling power.

Modern Database Management


Systems
{ DBMS are large complex pieces of
software designed specifically for
the efficient management of data.
{ Examples:
z Oracle (Oracle Corporation)
z Ingres (Computer Associates)
z SQL Server (Microsoft Corporation)
z Access (Microsoft Corporation)
z IMS, DB2 (IBM)
z And many more

You might also like