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A2 - Computer Networking Problems PDF

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A2 - Computer Networking Problems PDF

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You are on page 1/ 43

9 Figure 6 shows the topology of a particular computer network that is divided up into

segments.

Figure 6

File Server
Segment
192.168.0
Wireless
Access Point

Router 1
Segment
192.168.1

Segment
A B 192.168.2
Router 2 Switch

Router and 157.44.12.3

Internet
Firewall

9 (a) Suggest suitable IP addresses for:

9 (a) (i) the Router 2 port labelled A: ............................................................................................

9 (a) (ii) the Router 2 port labelled B: ...........................................................................................

9 (a) (iii) the computer network interface card labelled C: ...............................................................

(3 marks)

9 (b) What physical network topology is used within segment 192.168.2 to connect the
computers to the switch?

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
9 (c) When the computers in segment 192.168.2 were configured on the network, they were
programmed with a subnet mask.

What is the purpose of a subnet mask, and what would the subnet mask be in this
case?

Purpose: ............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Subnet mask: .....................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

9 (d) Laptop computers connect to the network wirelessly using Wi-Fi. Wireless
communication is less secure than communication using cables.

Explain two measures that the Wireless Access Point could use to improve the security
of the network.

Measure 1: ..........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Measure 2: .........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

Question 9 continues on the next page

9 (e) The computers in segment 192.168.1 use Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) to determine when to transmit data.

Explain how the CSMA/CD method is used, including what happens in the event of a
collision occurring.

In this question you will also be assessed on your ability to use good English and to
organise your answer clearly in complete sentences, using specialist vocabulary where
appropriate.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(6 marks)
____
14
9 (a) (i) 192.168.0.x where x is not 0 or 255; 1

9 (a) (ii) 192.168.2.x where x is not 0 or 255 1

9 (a) (iii) 192.168.2.y where y is not 0 or 255 and the IP address is 1

different to the one in (ii)

9 (b) Star; 1

9 (c) Identify which other computers are on same segment // can have
packets/data sent directly to them;
Identify which other computers are on a different segment // must have
packets/data sent to them via the router;
R network for subnet
MAX 1
255.255.255.0 / FFFFFF00 / 11111111111111111111111100000000; 2

9 (d) Use of WEP/Wired Equivalent Privacy/WPA/WiFi Protected Access;

(Strong) encryption of transmitted data; R encoding
User/computer must enter/send a passphrase/certificate at start of
communication before laptop allowed to connect; A key for passphrase
A only allow password if used in correct context;
Access point checks MAC/hardware address of laptop and only allows
computers with a MAC/hardware address in a list of approved
addressed to connect; R IP address
Disable broadcast of SSID/identity;
Reduce / limit power of transmitter;
MAX 2 2

15
Computing COMP3 - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2010 June series

9 (e) Subject-related points:

(Applies to) bus (topology);
Computer monitors/listens to (data signal on cable/bus);
If (data) signal present // if cable/bus busy continue to wait;
When no (data) signal present // when cable/bus idle start to transmit;
Whilst transmitting, computer monitors cable/bus to check for collision //
to check if signal is identical to what it is sending;
Collision occurs if two computers (start) sending at same time // if two
packets/frames in transit at same time;
If collision detected, jamming signal/signal warning of collision sent;
To ensure other (transmitting) computers aware of problem // to stop
other computers sending data;
Computer that detected collision also stops sending data;
Then waits a random period before attempting to retransmit/repeating
transmission/this process;
Period is random to reduce likelihood of collision recurring (between
computers that caused collision);
If a collision occurs again then waits a longer random time before
attempting to transmit again;
Use of exponential back-off algorithm to determine wait time;

Mark Bands and Description

5-6 To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet
the subject criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of
written communication criteria (QWCx).
SUB Candidate has produced a detailed description
of how CSMA/CD works, including what
happens if there is a collision (at least 5 points).
QWC1 Text is legible.
QWC2 There are few, if any, errors of spelling,
punctuation and grammar. Meaning is clear.
QWC3 The candidate has selected and used a form
and style of writing appropriate to the purpose
and has expressed ideas clearly and fluently.
QWC4 Sentences and paragraphs follow on from one
another clearly and coherently.
QWC5 Appropriate specialist vocabulary has been
used.
3-4 To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet
the subject criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of
written communication criteria (QWCx).
SUB Candidate has produced a reasonable
description which may or may not cover what
happens in the event of a collision (at least 3
points).
QWC1 Text is legible.
QWC2 There may be occasional errors of spelling,
punctuation and grammar. Meaning is clear.
QWC3 The candidate has, in the main, used a form and
style of writing appropriate to the purpose, with
occasional lapses. The candidate has
expressed ideas clearly and reasonably fluently.
QWC4 The candidate has used well-linked sentences
and paragraphs.
QWC5 Appropriate specialist vocabulary has been
16
8 Figure 5 shows the topology of a particular computer Local Area Network (LAN) that is
divided up into segments.

Figure 5
File Server
Segment
192.168.0

Router 1
Segment
Segment
192.168.1
192.168.1

A B
Router 2
Segment
Segment
192.168.2
192.168.2

Router and 150.14.12.88

150.14.12.88
Internet
Internet
Firewall

8 (a) Suggest suitable IP addresses for:

8 (a) (i) the Router 2 port labelled A :.........................................................................................

8 (a) (ii) the Router 2 port labelled B : ........................................................................................

(2 marks)

8 (b) When the computers in segment 192.168.2 were configured on the LAN, they were
programmed with a subnet mask.

What subnet mask should have been used?

..........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
8 (c) The LAN has a bus topology and has been divided into segments.

Explain why the LAN has been segmented.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

8 (d) Alternatively, the LAN could have been constructed using a star topology.

8 (d) (i) State one advantage of using a bus topology and explain how the advantage is
achieved.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

8 (d) (ii) State one advantage of using a star topology and explain how the advantage is
achieved.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

Question 8 continues on the next page

8 (a) (i) 192.168.0.x where x is not 0 or 255; 1

8 (a) (ii) 192.168.2.x where x is not 0 or 255; 1

8 (b) 255.255.255.0; 1

8 (c) Reason: To reduce (network) congestion//improve throughput//to cut

the number of collisions*; A faster operation/transmission;
Explanation: by cutting the number of collisions*//by reducing the
number of stations/computers connected to each section of cabling//
because two computers in one segment can communicate at the same
time as two computers in another segment;
Note: * = Do not award two marks for cutting the number of collisions
only award one for either reason or explanation.

Reason: To improve security;

Explanation: by localising packet transmission to one segment;

Reason: To improve reliability;

Explanation: By limiting effect of cable failure to one segment;

Award marks for either:

one reason + explanation
two reasons Max
two explanations 2

8 (d) (i) Less expensive as reduced cabling requirement;

No reliance on central node as data does not all travel through one
node;
A less cabling required without reference to reduced cost if candidate
has explained why less cables are needed
A computer/station for node Max
Must have explanation as well as advantage for mark 1

8 (d) (ii) Improved security as: data only travels down one link // is not sent
throughout network // is not sent to all nodes;
Improved reliability as if one link fails the other links/nodes are not
affected;
Speed of link remains constant // speed not affected by number of
connections/collisions // faster connection as: no collisions/links not
shared;
A cable for link
R responses about terminal/computer failure Max
Must have explanation as well as advantage for mark 1
10 Do not write
outside the
box

5 A student is using her computer at school.

Figure 8 shows the physical topology of the Local Area Network (LAN) to which her
computer is connected. The LAN is divided up into segments. It also shows a web
server that her computer connects to through the Internet.

The student is using computer C .

Figure 8

Segment
192.168.0 File
server

A B C D
Router 1
Segment 192.168.1

Segment
Router 2 Switch 192.168.2

Gateway Internet

Web server
5 (a) Suggest suitable IP addresses for:

5 (a) (i) the "Router 1" port labelled A ..........................................................................................

5 (a) (ii) the "Router 1" port labelled B ..........................................................................................

5 (a) (iii) the network adapter card in the students computer, labelled C

............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

5 (b) What physical network topology is used within segment 192.168.1?

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(10)
M/Jun13/COMP3
Do not write
11 outside the
box

5 (c) When the computers in segment 192.168.1 were configured on the network, they were
programmed with a subnet mask.

What subnet mask would have been used?

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

5 (d) The student has been accessing data from the file server computer that is labelled D
on Figure 8. This file server uses a server operating system.

Explain what a server operating system is.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

5 (e) Some other students using laptops are connected to the LAN by Wi-Fi through the
Wireless Access Point that is labelled E on Figure 8. Wireless communication is
less secure than communication using cables.

5 (e) (i) Describe one measure that could be implemented by the Wireless Access Point to
improve the security of the network.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

5 (e) (ii) Explain why Wi-Fi has been chosen for this connection rather than Bluetooth.

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

Question 5 continues on the next page

Turn over

(11)
M/Jun13/COMP3
12 Do not write
outside the
box

Figure 8 is repeated below so that you can answer question part 5 (f) without having to
turn back in the question paper booklet.

Figure 8 (repeated)

Segment
192.168.0 File
server

A B C D
Router 1
Segment 192.168.1

Segment
Router 2 Switch 192.168.2

Gateway Internet

Web server

The student now uploads a file from her computer to a web server over the Internet.

5 (f) Write a detailed description of how one packet of data that the student is uploading
to the web server will be routed from her computer in the United Kingdom to the web
server that is located in Chicago in the United States of America. You may assume
that the web browser software on the students computer has already looked up, using
a domain name server, the IP address of the web server.

Your description should cover:

how the packet will be routed within the LAN from the students computer to the
gateway and

how, once it has reached the gateway, the packet will be routed across the Internet
to the web server that the data is being uploaded to.

In your answer you will be assessed on your ability to use good English, and to
organise your answer clearly in complete sentences, using specialist vocabulary where
appropriate. (8 marks)

(12)
M/Jun13/COMP3
Do not write
13 outside the
box

............................................................................................................................................

Your answer to question 5 (f) may be continued on the next page

Turn over

(13)
M/Jun13/COMP3
14 Do not write
outside the
box

............................................................................................................................................

5 (g) The web server has a routable IP address.

The students computer has a non-routable IP address.

Explain two differences between routable and non-routable IP addresses.

Difference 1: ......................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Difference 2: ......................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
____
18

(14)
M/Jun13/COMP3
5 (a) (i) 192.168.0.x where x is not 0 or 255; 1
Must be a specific IP address
R. addresses that include port numbers

5 (a) (ii) 192.168.1.x where x is not 0 or 255; 1

Must be a specific IP address
R. addresses that include port numbers

5 (a) (iii) 192.168.1.y where y is not 0 or 255 and is not 1

the same as x in (ii);
Must be a specific IP address
R. addresses that include port numbers

8 of 24
MARK SCHEME A-level Computing COMP3 June 2013

5 (b) Bus (topology/network);

1
A Line

5 (c) 255.255.255.0 / FFFFFF00 /

1
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000;

5 (d) (An operating system that is optimised to)

provide (one or more specialised) services to
(network) clients;
A. description of examples of services e.g.
logging on, sharing printers, but just the example
of accessing files is not enough as this is in the 1
question there needs to be additional
explanation if files is used as an example, e.g.
managing quotas, security of files.
R. answers that imply that server does all
processing i.e. confusion with thin client.

5 (e) (i) Use of Wired Equivalent Privacy/WEP/

WPA/WPA2/WiFi Protected Access;
(Strong) encryption of transmitted data // use of
Advanced Encryption Standard/AES; R encoding
Use of Extensible Authentication Protocol/EAP;
User/computer must enter/send a
passphrase/certificate at start of communication
before laptop allowed to connect; A key for
passphrase A only allow password if used in
1
correct context ie for accessing network, not for
logging on to a sever or just having a password
Access point checks MAC/hardware address of
laptop and only allows computers with a
MAC/hardware address in a list of approved
addresses to connect; R IP address
Disable broadcast of SSID/identity;
Reduce / limit power of transmitter;
Use of two/multi-factor authentication;

5 (e) (ii) Longer range // faster transmission speeds //

higher bandwidth // more simultaneous
connections;
A. reverse of points e.g. "Bluetooth only has a 1
short range"
R. Bluetooth can only connect two devices at
once

9 of 24
MARK SCHEME A-level Computing COMP3 June 2013

5 (f) SUBJECT MARKING POINTS:

Internal:

Students computer uses subnet mask (and

destination/web servers IP address) to
determine if destination computer/web server
is on same subnet // identify not on same
subnet
Up to two marks from description (in separate
section below) of how subnet mask is used
Packet is sent (from students computer) to
Router (1)
Router 1 identifies that destination is outside
the LAN so forwards packet to Gateway

External:

Hierarchical organisation of routers

Example of hierarchical organisation of
routers e.g. passed up to a national router,
transferred internationally and then passed
back down a hierarchy
Path to take selected by each router (not
determined at start) NE passed from router to
router
Route may change as a result of e.g.
congestion, technical problems
8
Either:

(Possible) repackaging of packet to use

different protocol (e.g. Gateway may change
protocol)
Route determined using the (Network ID part
of the destination) IP address (Note: can infer
"IP address" if just "address" is stated, if
previously candidate has written about an IP
address)
Use of router tables / criteria to determine
next hop / (step of) path
Router decrementing "time to live" of packet
Source and destination MAC addresses
changed at each router // MAC addresses
used for each hop

How subnet mask used (MAX 2 points):

AND operation of subnet mask with students

computers IP address
AND operation of subnet mask with web
servers IP address
Result (of AND operation) is the network ID;
Network IDs compared
If they are the same, then the computers are
on the same subnet

10 of 24
MARK SCHEME A-level Computing COMP3 June 2013

A interchangeable use of subnet ID and network

HOW TO AWARD MARKS:

Mark Bands and Description

7-8 To achieve a mark in this band,
candidates must meet the subject
criterion (SUB) and all 5 of the quality of
language criteria (QLx).
SUB Candidate has covered both
internal and external routing in
detail and has made at least
seven subject-related points.
QWC1 Text is legible.
QWC2 There are few, if any, errors of
spelling, punctuation and
grammar. Meaning is clear.
QWC3 The candidate has selected and
used a form and style of writing
appropriate to the purpose and
has expressed ideas clearly and
fluently.
QWC4 Sentences (and paragraphs)
follow on from one another clearly
and coherently.
QWC5 Appropriate specialist vocabulary
has been used.
5-6 To achieve a mark in this band,
candidates must meet the subject
criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of
language criteria (QLx).
SUB Candidate has covered both
internal and external routing,
although one may be in more
detail than the other and has
made at least five subject-related
points.
QWC1 Text is legible.
QWC2 There may be occasional errors
of spelling, punctuation and
grammar. Meaning is clear.
QWC3 The candidate has, in the main,
used a form and style of writing
appropriate to the purpose, with
occasional lapses. The candidate
has expressed ideas clearly and
reasonably fluently.
QWC4 The candidate has used well-
linked sentences (and
paragraphs).
QWC5 Appropriate specialist
vocabulary has been used.
1-4 To achieve a mark in this band,

11 of 24
MARK SCHEME A-level Computing COMP3 June 2013

candidates must meet the subject

criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of
language criteria (QLx).
SUB Candidate may not have covered
both internal and external routing,
but has covered at least one of
them. Up to four relevant points
have been made.
QWC1 Most of the text is legible.
QWC2 There may be some
errors of spelling, punctuation and
grammar but it should still be
possible to understand most of the
response.
QWC3 The candidate has used a
form and style of writing which has
many deficiencies. Ideas are not
always clearly expressed.
QWC4 Sentences (and
paragraphs) may not always be
well-connected.
QWC5 Specialist vocabulary has
been used inappropriately or not
at all.
0 Candidate has made no relevant points.

Note: Even if English is perfect, candidates can

only get marks for the points made at the top of
the mark scheme for this question.

If a candidate meets the subject criterion in a

band but does not meet the quality of language
criteria then drop mark by one band, providing
that at least 4 of the quality of language criteria
are met in the lower band. If 4 criteria are not
met then drop by two bands.

12 of 24
MARK SCHEME A-level Computing COMP3 June 2013

5 (g) Any two points from the list below. Candidate

only needs to make one side of point, the other
can be implied. Do not award marks for two
sides of same point.

Routable Non-Routable
(Globally) Many computers/devices
unique. may have same address.
Allocated by a Not allocated centrally //
central/regional allocated by a home
issuing authority user/company/ISP.
(A example).
Can be Difficult/impossible to
2
connected to connect to over Internet //
directly over the from outside of network.
Internet / from
outside private
network
Owner can be Owner cannot be looked
looked up using up using WHOIS protocol
WHOIS protocol
A. non-routable IP addresses more secure as
cannot be connected to over Internet/from
outside network
A. can identify location from a routable IP
address

13 of 24
C131901_CPT5 10/23/03 8:36 AM Page 14

Figure 6 below shows the local area network (LAN) of the supermarket chains head office.
It consists of three Ethernet bus segments with IP addresses 192.80.0, 192.80.1 and 192.80.2
connected together by routers.
IP addresses that begin with 192 are private addresses.
The head office hosts an on-line ordering service for customers on a Web server with public
IP address 213.97.56.21.
The Web server and the local area network are connected to the Internet through a router and
firewall.
The local area network is a server-based network.
There is one file server and domain controller and one print server.

192.80.1.5
Segment File server
192.80.0 192.80.1.2 192.80.1.3 192.80.1.4 & Domain
controller

Segment
192.80.0.1 Router 192.80.1.1 192.80.1

Print
Server

192.80.0.2 Segment
Router 192.80.2.1
192.80.2
192.80.2.2 192.80.2.3 192.80.2.4 192.80.2.5

Web server

213.97.56.21

Router
192.80.0.3 213.97.56.19 Internet
&
Firewall

Figure 6

M/0104/CPT5
C131901_CPT5 10/23/03 8:36 AM Page 15

LEAVE
15 MARGIN
BLANK

(d) Draw a diagram to show how segment 192.80.1 would be wired using a switch..

(2 marks)

(e) Why must the router-firewall and the Web server have public IP addresses?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(f) The computer with IP address 192.80.1.3 uses the TCP/IP protocol to send a document
to be printed to the print server. Describe how the TCP/IP protocol is used to route the
document to its destination. Your description should cover the role of the two routers
and network card addresses.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(5 marks)
C131901_CPT5 10/23/03 8:36 AM Page 16

LEAVE
16 MARGIN
BLANK

(g) State one purpose of the firewall in this local network.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(h) The local area network is a server-based network. What is meant by a server-based
network?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS

Copyright 2004 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved

(d) One mark for central hub and one mark for computers connected to
hub as shown
NB If hub incorrect answer scores zero
If hub correct but computers incorrect answer scores one mark
Router can be replaced by a computer labelled with router's IP address
Don't have to label
computers with
their IP addresses.
A. IP addresses in
place of computers
Router + router

Switch

(e) So that these are reachable from anywhere on the Internet//so that
can be seen/reached from the world outside;
R. So can be reached by another branch of supermarket 1
(f) Document split into smaller chunks; A. segments/packets/frames
Destination IP address doesnt match this segments IP address;
Document chunks sent to nearest router;
Using its network card address/MAC address;
Router sends chunks to router connected to print server segment;
Using its routing tables and;
This router's network card address;
This router sends chunks to print server;
to max 5

(g) To block access to/from the internal private network from/to the Internet;
To stop certain kinds of access to the Web server, e.g. telnet;
To close ports to prevent users from connecting to them;
To block connections on unwanted ports;
To prevent unauthorised access to the private computers;
A. Filtering
to max 1

(h) A network in which resource security/user authentication/

administration/resource allocation;
managed/controlled by/carried out by servers; 2

Total 15

Grand Total 65
C156474_CPT5_Jan_2008 5/10/07 09:24 Page 10

LEAVE
10 MARGIN
BLANK

6 The head office of an organisation consists of several large offices, each with many
computers linked as a local area network (LAN). The LAN also links to the Internet via a
router and firewall. In each office, the computers are linked as a segment as shown in
Figure 4.

Figure 4

Router
& Internet
(ii) Firewall (i)

Node A Node B Node C ............. Node X

Router
(iii) 172.31.15.3 172.31.15.4 Segment 172.31.15

Node A Node B Node C ............. Node Y

Router
172.31.19.4 Segment 172.31.19
..................

Segment 172.31.1

Node A Node B Node C ............. Node Z

Router
172.31.45.4 Segment 172.31.45

(a) IP addresses that begin with 172.31 are non-routable addresses. Why are these used
within the LAN?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) The network manager has registered IP address 212.99.34.23 with the Internet registrar.

Referring to Figure 4, write suitable IP addresses for

(i) ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) ....................................................................................................................................

(iii) ....................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

(10)
M/Jan08/CPT5
C156474_CPT5_Jan_2008 5/10/07 09:24 Page 11

LEAVE
11 MARGIN
BLANK

(c) Give two reasons for segmenting this LAN.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(d) (i) What would be a suitable subnet mask for this LAN?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(ii) Using addresses 172.31.15.3 and 172.31.19.5 explain how a subnet mask is used
to determine whether the computers are on the same subnet.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

(11)
M/Jan08/CPT5
6 (a) because machines do not need a direct presence on the Internet; 1
more secure; A private addresses;
R machines dont need access to the Internet
devices outside of the LAN cannot access them / route to them;

6 (b) (i) 212.99.34.23 1

6 (b) (ii) 172.31.1.1 1

6 (b) (iii) 172.31.1.x; where x can be any number between 2 and 254 1

6 (c) too much traffic if single network causing too many collisions

// network traffic too slow // to increase bandwith;

to restrict access; A to improve security; 2

to increase the number of addresses available // too many devices to
address on one subnet;
problems can be more easily isolated to one segment;

6 (d) (i) 255.255.255.0 // 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 ; 1

6 (d) (ii) 172.31.15.3 = 1010 1100 0001 1111 0000 1111 0000 0011 3 The binary
numbers are
172.31.19.5 = 1010 1100 0001 1111 0001 0011 0000 0101 provided so
you can
255.255.255.0 = 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 check the
answers
AND operation of subnet mask with each IP address; to isolate when a
subnet IDs/network address; (or by example) candidate
uses them to
subnet IDs compared; if same, then on same subnet; explain.
if matches NE They are not
worth marks
by
themselves.

8
C150995_CPT5 6/12/06 13:35 Page 10

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10 MARGIN
BLANK

6 A school Local Area Network (LAN) uses the TCP/IP protocol to communicate between
computers.

(a) What is a protocol?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) Complete the diagram of the TCP/IP protocol stack below:

Application Layer

(i)
(1 mark)

(ii)
(1 mark)

Data Link Layer

(iii) Give one example of a type of application found in the Application Layer.

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(c) This LAN uses the Ethernet protocol as its Data Link Layer, which uses Ethernet MAC
(Media Access Control) addressing to route Ethernet frames. What is an Ethernet
MAC address?

.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(d) The school now wants to connect to the Internet. Every computer in the LAN is given
an IP address with a network ID of 192.168.4 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.

(i) Give one example of an IP address for this LAN.

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(ii) How many different host IDs are there?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

M/Jan07/CPT5
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(iii) What could the school do if it needs more host IDs?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(iv) IP addresses starting with 192.168 are private addresses. Why were private
addresses chosen for the individual computers on the network?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(e) The school registers the IP address 222.125.105.15 with the Internet registrar. How can
this IP address be used to connect to the Internet?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

M/Jan07/CPT5 Turn over

6 (a) a set of rules/procedures; 1

(b) (i) Transport (Layer); 1

(ii) Network (Layer); 1

(iii) telnet;
http (client) // web server // IRC Client Server;
email; internet/web browser;
FTP; snmp;
TFTP; A instant messaging / VoIP;
SMTP; https; max 1 3

(c) a (unique) address / identifier assigned to network card

// (unique) hardware address/identifier; A code R name instead of address 1

(d) (i) any IP address in the range 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.254

A 192.168.4.255 or 192.168.4.0

(ii) 254 A 256, 255, 253 1

(iii) change the subnet mask // get another network ID // get class A or B
network ID;
split the network into subnets; R segments max 1

(iv) for security reasons; not accessible/addressable from outside the

LAN;
avoids massive use of public addresses; max 1

Total 4

(e) use a router // use a gateway address;

assign registered IP address (222.125.105.15) to the Internet-facing NIC of
router/gateway;
assign local IP address (192.168.4.1) to LAN-facing NIC of router;
local computer sends message to (LAN-facing NIC of) router/gateway;
router/gateway sends message to Internet using registered IP address
(222.125.105.15);
router/gateway sends reply from Internet to local computers private IP
address; max 2
Total 11

10
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6 A small organisation, Acme Consultants, with four stand-alone computers in an office, want
to set up a peer-to-peer network in order to share the printer connected to one of the
computers.

(a) What is peer-to-peer networking?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) If an Ethernet switch is used to set up the network, draw a labelled diagram of the
physical layout of the network.

(2 marks)

(i) The following IP addresses were used for the computers:

Computer A: 192.168.5.2
Computer B: 192.168.5.3
Computer C: 192.168.4.4
Computer D: 192.168.5.5

Why is this not satisfactory?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(ii) What should be the network ID of this network?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(iii) What possible values could the host IDs take?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
M/Jan06/CPT5
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(d) Acme Consultants now want to connect their network to the Internet using an ADSL
line. A router is used to connect the network switch to the ADSL modem.

(i) What is the purpose of the router?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(ii) The IP addresses 192.168.5.1 and 222.125.105.15 are assigned to the router.
Which of the IP addresses needs to be registered with the Internet registrar and why?

IP address: ...................................................................................................................

Reason...........................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

Figure 4

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties ? X

General
You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports
this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for
the appropriate IP settings.

Obtain an IP address automatically

Use the following IP address:
IP address: 1925 . 21685 . 255 . 22

Subnet mask: 2555 . 22555 . 255 . 20

Default gateway: 1925 . 21685 . 255 . 22

(iii) Figure 4 above shows part of the TCP/IP configuration window displayed on the
monitor of computer A. What IP address should be entered for the Default
gateway?

......................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

M/Jan06/CPT5 Turn over

AQA GCE Mark Scheme, 2006 January series CPT5

6 a) in a peer-to-peer network there are no dedicated servers;

in a peer-to-peer network all computers are equal / have equal status;
each computer functions as both a client and a server;
user at each computer acts both as user and administrator;
user at each computer controls what is shared with other computers;
a user logged in at one peer computer is able to use resources on any other peer computer;
R each computer directly connected to each other, so can send to each other without a server

R all computers have same rights max 1

b)
Computer/PC Computer/PC
T.O. if a server included in diagram
I boxes
Switch I routers / modems

Computer/PC Computer/PC Printer

1 mark for switch with 4 computers/PCs connected; 1 mark for printer connected to computer; 2

c) i) Computer C is in a different subnet // network ID is different; A correct IP address 1

A there are two subnets R not on the same LAN

ii) 192.168.5; A 192.168.5.0; 1

R a specific
iii) 0-255; more correctly: 1-254; or any in the range 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.254 IP address

(since 0 means all addresses on subnet, and 255 is reserved as broadcast address) 1
d) i) a router is a device that receives datagrams/packets from one computer and uses the IP
addresses that they contain to pass on these packets, correctly formatted, to another computer;
a router is a device that uses IP addresses to route packets/datagrams;

router keeps LAN traffic segregated from connection to ISP; 1

ii) IP address: 222.125.105.15

Reason: router needs to have a presence on Internet so that it can be reached from anywhere;

Public address must be unique over whole Internet // must be visible on Internet // provides

identity on Internet; A because 192.168.5.1 is a private/non-routable address; 2

iii) 192.168.5.1
1 Total 10

7
C138312_CPT5 15/9/04 8:26 am Page 14

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10 Figure 4 shows the TCP/IP protocol stack applied to a LAN (Local Area Network).

Application
FTP protocol
FTP FTP
client server

Transport
TCP protocol
TCP TCP

Network
IP protocol
IP IP

Link
Ethernet protocol
Ethernet Ethernet
driver driver

Ethernet cable

Figure 4

(a) What is a protocol?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) What is the topology of this local area network?

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

M/0105/CPT5
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The IP protocol layer uses IP addressing to route packets.

(d) Give two examples of an IP address that could belong to the same LAN.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(e) Which part of your IP addresses identifies

(i) the LAN;

..................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(ii) the host on this LAN?

..................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(f) The Ethernet protocol layer uses Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) addressing to
route Ethernet frames. What is an Ethernet MAC address?

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(g) Describe two tasks performed by the TCP protocol layer

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

1 ........................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(h) Give one example of another type of application found in the Application layer.

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(i) If two local area networks are connected through the Internet each must have a
registered public IP address.
Name the type of organisation responsible for recording the allocation of public IP
addresses.

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

12
END OF QUESTIONS

M/0105/CPT5
Mark Scheme GCE - Computing

10. (a) A set of rules/procedures; 1

(b) Bus; R Ethernet on its own 1

(c) Twisted pair//coaxial (cable)//optical fibre//fibre optic; 1

(d) Need first octet or first and second octet or first, second and third octet to be
identical. Also must have four octets.
For example:
R without full stops
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.2
One mark for four octets;
One mark for same LAN; 2

(e) (Use candidates example from (d))

(i) 192.168.0; 1

(ii) 1 or 2; 1

(f) a (unique) address/identifier assigned to network card // (unique) hardware

address/identifier; 1

(g) Any two tasks @ one each

Allocation of port numbers;
Routing a packet/frame/segment to correct application/service;
Splitting messages/data into packets // Disassembling messages // Assembling
packets;
Adding TCP headers // Adding sequence nos;
Error handling // sets parity bits;
Checking that transmission successful;
Resending transmission if necessary;
A Sets packet size; 2

(h) Any one of the following applications for one mark;

Telnet;
Internet browser;
http (client) // web server;
email;
FTP;
TFTP;
SMTP;
R Non-networked applications such as word processor 1

(i) Internet Registry // Internet Registrar;

A I.P. Registry/Registrar 1

Total 12
141785_CPT5 12/13/04 11:39 AM Page 14

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Figure 4 shows the local area network(LAN) of the company.

It consists of three Ethernet bus segments with IP addresses 192.80.0.x, 192.80.1.x and
192.80.2.x connected together by routers.
IP addresses that begin with 192 are private addresses.
The business hosts its own web site on a Web server with public IP address 213.97.56.21.
The Web server and the local area network are connected to the Internet through a router and
firewall.
The local area network is a server-based network.
There is one file server and domain controller, and one database and application server.

Figure 4

M/0205/CPT5
141785_CPT5 12/13/04 12:46 PM Page 15

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(b) Draw a diagram to show how segment 192.80.2.x would be wired using a hub.

(2 marks)

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(d) The computer with IP address 192.80.2.4 uses the TCP/IP protocol to send a web page
to the Web server. Describe how the TCP/IP protocol is used to route the web page to
the Web server. Your description should cover the role of the two routers and network
card addresses.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(5 marks)
141785_CPT5 12/13/04 11:39 AM Page 16

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(e) State one purpose of the firewall in this local network.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(f) The local area network is a server-based network. What is a server-based network?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(g) What is a database server?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

END OF QUESTIONS

M/0105/CPT5
(b) One mark for central hub and one mark for computers connected to hub as shown
NB If hub incorrect answer scores zero
If hub correct but computers incorrect answer scores one mark Don't have to label
Router can be replaced by a computer labelled with router's computers with
IP address their IP addresses.
A. IP addresses in
place of computers
Router
+ router

Switch
Don't have to label
server if drawn as
shown

(c) So that these are reachable from anywhere on the Internet//so that can be seen/reached
from the world outside;
A. So that they can be uniquely identified.
R. So can be reached by another branch of company 1

13
(d) Document(Web page) split into smaller chunks; A. segments/packets/frames
Destination IP address doesnt match this segments IP address so document chunks
sent to nearest router/default router/gateway;
Using nearest router's network card address/MAC address;
Router sends chunks to router connected to web server segment using its routing tables;
And using network card address of router connected to web server;
This router sends chunks to Web Server;
Web server rebuilds document;
End to end connection established//port/socket connections made; max 5

(e) To block access to/from the internal private network from/to the Internet/world outside;
To stop/limit/block/restrict certain kinds of access to the Web server, e.g. telnet;
To close ports to prevent users from connecting to them;
To block connections on unwanted ports;
To prevent unauthorised access to the private computers;
A. Filtering
R To stop hackers (must state more than this = one of the above answers)
max 1
(f) A network in which resource security/user authentication/ administration/resource
allocation;
managed/controlled by/carried out by servers;
OR
A network in which servers provide specialist services (A. specific servers e.g. web
servers) ;
for client computers;
OR
Shared information stored on servers;
rather than individual PCs/client computers; 2

(g) A database server is software/computer that processes SQL requests from client
computers returning results to the clients across a network or using network protocols
Database (the data resides on the same machine as the database server);
server Client requests data from server, server responds with data (require request, data and
listens on response); max 1
a
particular
port for Total 15
client
requests.
TCP/IP
protocol
used.

14
C160020_CPT5_June_2008 24/8/07 15:49 Page 8

8 Areas outside
the box will
not be scanned
for marking

8 The diagram shows a Local Area Network consisting of two subnets. A, F and G are desktop
PCs.

Subnet L Subnet R

D
B E
C

F G
8 (a) (i) Name the networking devices labelled C and E.

C ................................................................................................................................

E ................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

8 (a) (ii) If the network ID of subnet L is 192.168.7 and the network ID of subnet R is
192.168.8, what are the IP addresses at ports B and D?

B ................................................................................................................................

D ................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

8 (a) (iii) What would be a suitable subnet mask for this network?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

8 (a) (iv) Give a suitable IP address for the desktop PC labelled G.

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

8 (b) (i) How many different host IDs does subnet L support?

....................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

8 (b) (ii) Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(08)
M/Jun08/CPT5
8 a (i) C Router; A Brouter; A Gateway;

E Switch/hub ; 2

8 a (ii) B 192.168.7.1

D 192.168.8.1 1 mark

A other numbers between 2 and 254 inclusive as last byte

(not 0 or 255) 1

8 a (iii) 255.255.255.0 R 255.255.255 R 255.255.255.x

(where x is anything else) 1

8 a (iv) any in the range 192.168.8.2 to 192.168.8.254

allow 192.168.8.1 if not used in (ii)
R if same as 8a(ii) for D 1

8 b (i) 1

8 b (ii) 2

(i) (ii)
253; Because only the final byte is available for hosts;*
But 0, 1 and 255 are reserved;
254; Because only the final byte is available for hosts;*
But 0 and 255 are reserved
// 1 and 255 are reserved
// 0 and 1 are reserved;
255; Because only the final byte is available for hosts;*
But 0/ 1 / 255 is reserved;
256; Because only the final byte is available for hosts;

*Because only the final byte is available for hosts is equivalent to there are 256 possible
combinations

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