3rd Generation Partnership Project;

3GPP TR 38.900
Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;
V14.1.0 (2016-09)
Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz
Technical Report
(Release 14)

The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP.
The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented.
This Report is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification.
Specifications and Reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.
Release 14 2 3GPP TR 38.900 V14.1.0 (2016-09)

Keywords
New Radio

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3GPP
Release 14 3 3GPP TR 38.900 V14.1.0 (2016-09)

Contents
Foreword..........................................................................................................................................................
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................
2 References..............................................................................................................................................
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations..................................................................................................
3.1 Definitions...........................................................................................................................................................
3.2 Symbols...............................................................................................................................................................
3.3 Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................................
4 Introduction............................................................................................................................................
5 General...................................................................................................................................................
6 Status/Expectation of existing information on high frequencies...........................................................
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP.......................................................................................................
6.2 Scenarios of interest...........................................................................................................................................
6.3 Channel measurement capabilities....................................................................................................................
6.4 Modelling objectives.........................................................................................................................................
7 Channel model(s) for >6GHz...............................................................................................................
7.1 Coordinate system.............................................................................................................................................
7.1.1 Definition.....................................................................................................................................................
7.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems...........................................................................................................
7.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS.........................................................................................................
7.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only..................................................................
7.2 Scenarios............................................................................................................................................................
7.3 Antenna modelling............................................................................................................................................
7.4 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling.......................................................................................
7.4.1 Pathloss........................................................................................................................................................
7.4.2 LOS probability...........................................................................................................................................
7.4.3 O-to-I penetration loss.................................................................................................................................
7.4.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading................................................................................................................
7.5 Fast fading model..............................................................................................................................................
7.6 Additional modelling components.....................................................................................................................
7.6.1 Oxygen absorption.......................................................................................................................................
7.6.2 Large bandwidth and large antenna array....................................................................................................
7.6.2.1 Modelling of the propagation delay.......................................................................................................
7.6.2.2 Modelling of intra-cluster angular and delay spreads............................................................................
7.6.3 Spatial consistency.......................................................................................................................................
7.6.3.1 Spatial consistency procedure................................................................................................................
7.6.3.2 Spatially-consistent UT mobility modelling..........................................................................................
7.6.3.3 LOS/NLOS, indoor states and O2I parameters......................................................................................
7.6.4 Blockage.......................................................................................................................................................
7.6.4.1 Blockage model A..................................................................................................................................
7.6.4.2 Blockage model B..................................................................................................................................
7.6.5 Correlation modelling for multi-frequency simulations..............................................................................
7.6.6 Time-varying Doppler shift..........................................................................................................................
7.6.7 UT rotation...................................................................................................................................................
7.7 Channel models for link-level evaluations........................................................................................................
7.7.1 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models...........................................................................................................
7.7.2 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) models...............................................................................................................
7.7.3 Scaling of delays..........................................................................................................................................
7.7.4 Spatial filter for generating TDL channel model.........................................................................................
7.7.4.1 Exemplary filters/antenna patterns.........................................................................................................
7.7.4.2 Generation procedure.............................................................................................................................
7.7.5 Extension for MIMO simulations................................................................................................................
7.7.5.1 CDL extension: Scaling of angles..........................................................................................................
7.7.5.2 TDL extension: Applying a correlation matrix......................................................................................

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7.7.6 K-factor for LOS channel models................................................................................................................

7.8 Channel model calibration.................................................................................................................................
7.8.1 Large scale calibration.................................................................................................................................
7.8.2 Full calibration.............................................................................................................................................
7.8.3 Calibration of additional features.................................................................................................................
8 Map-based hybrid channel model (Alternative channel model methodology)......................................
8.1 Coordinate system.............................................................................................................................................
8.2 Scenarios............................................................................................................................................................
8.3 Antenna modelling............................................................................................................................................
8.4 Channel generation............................................................................................................................................

Annex A: (Informative) Change history.............................................................................................

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Foreword
This Technical Report has been produced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:

Version x.y.z

where:

x the first digit:

1 presented to TSG for information;

2 presented to TSG for approval;

3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.

y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.

z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.

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1 Scope
The present document captures the findings of the study item, Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6
GHz [2]. The purpose of this TR is to help TSG RAN WG1 to properly model and evaluate the performance of
physical layer techniques using the above-6GHz channel model(s).

This document relates to the 3GPP evaluation methodology and covers the modelling of the physical layer of both
Mobile Equipment and Access Network of 3GPP systems.

This document is intended to capture the channel model(s) for frequencies above 6 GHz up to 100GHz.

This document is a living document, i.e. it is permanently updated and presented to TSG-RAN meetings.

2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.

- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or
non-specific.

- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.

- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including
a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same
Release as the present document.

[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".

[2] 3GPP TD RP-151606: "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz ".

[3] 3GPP TR 36.873 (V12.2.0): "Study on 3D channel model for LTE".

[4] 3GPP RP-151847: Report of RAN email discussion about >6GHz channel modelling, Samsung

[5] 3GPP R1-163408: Additional Considerations on Building Penetration Loss Modeling for 5G
System Performance Evaluation, Straight Path Communications

[6] METIS channel model, METIS 2020,ICT-317667-METIS/D1.4, Feb, 2015

[7] A S. Glassner, An introduction to ray tracing. Elsevier, 1989

[8] J. W. McKown, R. L. Hamilton. Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks, Network, IEEE,
1991(6): 27-30.

[9] T. Kurner, D. J. Cichon, W.Wiesbeck, Concepts and results for 3D digital terrain-based wave
propagation models: An overview, IEEE J.Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, pp. 10021012, 1993.

[10] M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and
diffraction of light. CUP Archive, 2000

[11] H. Friis, A note on a simple transmission formula, proc. IRE, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 254256, 1946

[12] R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak, A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a
perfectly conducting surface, Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 14481461, Nov. 1974.

[13] P. Pathak, W. Burnside, and R. Marhefka, A Uniform GTD Analysis of the Diffraction of
Electromagnetic Waves by a Smooth Convex Surface, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 631642, 1980

[14] IST-WINNER II Deliverable 1.1.2 v.1.2, WINNER II Channel Models, IST-WINNER2, Tech.
Rep., 2007 (http://www.ist-winner.org/deliverables.html).

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[15] 3GPP TR36.101: User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception

[16] 3GPP TR36.104: Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception

[17] H. Asplund et al., A simplified approach to applying the 3GPP spatial channel model, in Proc. of
PIMRC 2006

[18] ITU-R Rec. P.1816: "The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile
services using UHF and SHF bands"

3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations

3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A
term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905 [1].

3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:

d2D 2D distance between Tx and Rx

d3D 3D distance between Tx and Rx
f frequency
fc center frequency / carrier frequency

Frx,u, Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector

Frx,u, Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector

Ftx,s, Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector

Frx,s, Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
hBS antenna height for BS
hUE antenna height for UE
rrx , n , m spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for receiver
rtx , n , m spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for transmitter
bearing angle
downtilt angle
slant angle
cross-polarization power ratio in linear scale
lgASA mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASD mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgDS mean value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgZSA mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSD mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgASA standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASD standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgDS standard deviation value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgZSA standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSD standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
SF standard deviation of SF
azimuth angle
zenith angle
spherical basis vector (unit vector) for GCS

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spherical basis vector (unit vector) for LCS

3dB horizontal 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to , for GCS
spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to , for LCS
3dB vertical 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
Angular displacement between two pairs of unit vectors

3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An
abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in
TR 21.905 [1].

2D two-dimensional
3D three-dimensional
AOA Azimuth angle Of Arrival
AOD Azimuth angle Of Departure
AS Angular Spread
ASA Azimuth angle Spread of Arrival
ASD Azimuth angle Spread of Departure
BF Beamforming
BS Base Station
BP Breakpoint
BW Beamwidth
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDL Clustered Delay Line
CRS Common Reference Signal
D2D Device-to-Device
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DS Delay Spread
eNB eNodeB
GCS Global Coordinate System
IID Independent and identically distributed
InH Indoor Hotspot
IRR Infrared Reflecting
ISD Intersite Distance
K Ricean K factor
LCS Local Coordinate System
LOS Line Of Sight
MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
MPC Multipath Component
MS Mobile Station
NLOS Non-LOS
O2I Outdoor-to-Indoor
O2O Outdoor-to-Outdoor
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
PAS Power angular spectrum
PL Path Loss
PRB Physical Resource Block
RCS Radar cross-section
RMa Rural Macro
RMS Root Mean Square
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
Rx Receiver
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SSCM Statistical Spatial Channel Model

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SF Shadow Fading
SLA Sidelobe Attenuation
TDL Tapped Delay Line
TOA Time Of Arrival
TRP Transmission Reception Point
Tx Transmitter
UE User Equipment
UMa Urban Macro
UMi Urban Micro
UT User Terminal
UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
XPR Cross-Polarization Ratio
ZOA Zenith angle Of Arrival
ZOD Zenith angle Of Departure
ZSA Zenith angle Spread of Arrival
ZSD Zenith angle Spread of Departure

4 Introduction
At 3GPP TSG RAN #69 meeting the Study Item Description on Study on channel model for frequency spectrum
above 6 GHz was approved [2]. This study item covers the identification of the status/expectation of existing
information on high frequencies (e.g. spectrum allocation, scenarios of interest, measurements, etc), and the channel
model(s) for frequencies above 6 GHz up to 100 GHz. This technical report documents the channel model(s). The new
channel model is observed not always consistent with earlier channel models for <6 GHz such as the 3D SCM model
(3GPP TR 36.873) or IMT-Advanced (ITU-R M.2135). Comparisons across frequency bands using different models are
discouraged.

The channel model is applicable for link and system level simulations in the following conditions:

- For system level simulations, supported scenarios are urban microcell street canyon, urban macrocell, indoor
office, and rural macrocell.

- Bandwidth is supported up to 10% of the center frequency but no larger than 2GHz.

- Mobility of one end of the link is supported

- For the stochastic model, spatial consistency is supported by correlation of LSPs and SSPs as well as
LOS/NLOS state.

- Large array support is based on far field assumption and stationary channel over the size of the array.

5 General

6 Status/Expectation of existing information on high

frequencies

6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP

This section summarized the Channel Modelling works outside of 3GPP based on the input from companies.

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Groups and projects with channel models:

METIS (Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information
Society)
MiWEBA (MIllimetre-Wave Evolution for Backhaul and Access)
ITU-R M
COST2100
IEEE 802.11
NYU WIRELESS: interdisciplinary academic research center
Fraunhofer HHI has developed the QuaDRiGa channel model, Matlab implementation is
available at http://quadriga-channel-model.de

Groups and projects which intend to develop channel models:

5G mmWave Channel Model Alliance: NIST initiated, North America based

mmMAGIC (Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for Fifth Generation
Integrated Communications): Europe based
IMT-2020 5G promotion association: China based

METIS Channel Models:

- Identified 5G requirements (e.g., wide frequency range, high bandwidth, massive MIMO, 3-D and accurate
polarization modelling)

- Performed channel measurements at various bands between 2GHz and 60 GHz

- Provided different channel model methodologies (map-based model, stochastic model or hybrid model). For
stochastic model, the proposed channel is focused on outdoor square, Indoor cafeteria and indoor shopping mall
scenarios.

MiWEBA Channel Models:

- Addressed various challenges: Shadowing, spatial consistency, environment dynamics, spherical wave
modelling, dual mobility Doppler model, ratio between diffuse and specular reflections, polarization

- Proposed Quasi-deterministic channel model

- Performed channel measurements at 60 GHz

- Focused on university campus, street canyon, hotel lobby, backhaul, and D2D scenarios.

ITU-R M Channel Models:

- Addressed the propagation loss and atmospheric loss on mmW

- Introduced enabling antenna array technology and semiconductor technology

- Proposed deployment scenarios, focused on dense urban environment for high data rate service: indoor shopping
mall, indoor enterprise, in home, urban hotspot in a square/street, mobility in city.

COST2100 and COST IC1004 Channel Models:

- Geometry-based stochastic channel model that reproduce the stochastic properties of MIMO channels over time,
frequency and space. It is a cluster-level model where the statistics of the large scale parameters are always
guaranteed in each series of channel instances.

NYU WIRELESS Channel Models:

- Conducted many urban propagation measurements on 28/38/60/73 GHz bands for both outdoor and indoor
channels, measurements are continuing.

- Proposed 3 areas for 5G mmWave channel modeling which are small modifications or extensions from 3GPPs
current below 6GHz channel models

- 1) LOS/NLOS/blockage modeling (a squared exponential term); 2). Wideband power delay profiles (time
clusters and spatial lobes for a simple extension to the existing 3GPP SSCM model); 3). Physics-based path loss
model (using the existing 3GPP path loss equations, but simply replacing the floating optimization parameter

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with a deterministic 1 m close-in free space reference term in order to provide a standard and stable definition
of path loss exponent across all different parties, scenarios, and frequencies).

802.11 ad/ay Channel Models:

- Conducted ray-tracing methodology on 60 GHz band indoor channels, including conference room, cubicle,
living room scenarios

- Intra cluster parameters were proposed in terms of ray excess delay and ray power distribution

- Human blockage models were proposed in terms of blockage probability and blockage attenuation

5G mmWave Channel Model Alliance:

- Will provide a venue to promote fundamental research into measurement, analysis, identification of physical
parameters, and statistical representations of mmWave propagation channels.

- Divided into six collaborative working groups that include a Steering Committee; Modeling Methodology
Group; Measurement Methodology Group; and groups that focus on defining and parameterizing Indoor,
Outdoor, and Emerging Usage Scenarios.

- Sponsored by Communications Technology Research Laboratory within the NIST.

mmMAGIC:
- Brings together major infrastructure vendors, major European operators, leading research institutes and
universities, measurement equipment vendors and one SME.

- Will undertake extensive radio channel measurements in the 6-100 GHz range.

- Will develop and validate advanced channel models that will be used for rigorous validation and feasibility
analysis of the proposed concepts and system, as well as for usage in regulatory and standards fora.

IMT-2020 5G promotion association

- Jointly established by three ministries of China based on the original IMT-Advanced promotion group

- Members including the main operators, vendors, universities and research institutes in China

- The major platform to promote 5G technology research in China and to facilitate international communication
and cooperation

QuaDRiGa (Fraunhofer HHI)

- QuaDRiGa (QUAsi Deterministic RadIo channel GenerAtor) was developed at the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz
Institute within the Wireless Communications and Networks Department to enable the modeling of MIMO radio
channels for specific network configurations, such as indoor, satellite or heterogeneous configurations.

- Besides being a fully-fledged 3D geometry-based stochastic channel model (well aligned with TR36.873),
QuaDRiGa contains a collection of features created in SCM(e) and WINNER channel models along with novel
modeling approaches which provide features to enable quasi-deterministic multi-link tracking of users (receiver)
movements in changing environments. QuaDRiGa supports Massive MIMO modeling enabled through a new
multi-bounce scattering approach and spherical wave propagation. It will be continuously extended with features
required by 5G and frequencies beyond 6 GHz. The QuaDRiGa model is supported by data from extensive
channel measurement campaigns at 10 / 28 / 43 / 60 / 82 GHz performed by the same group.

6.2 Scenarios of interest

Brief description of the key scenarios of interest identified1:

(1) UMi (Street canyon, open area) with O2O and O2I: This is similar to 3D-UMi scenario, where the eNBs are
mounted below rooftop levels of surrounding buildings. UMi open area is intended to capture real-life scenarios
such as a city or station square. The width of the typical open area is in the order of 50 to 100 m.

Example: [Tx height:10m, Rx height: 1.5-2.5 m, ISD: 200m]

(2) UMa with O2O and O2I: This is similar to 3D-UMa scenario, where the eNBs are mounted above rooftop levels
of surrounding buildings.
1 The scenarios of interest are based on the plenary email discussion and different from the supported scenarios in section 7

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Example: [Tx height:25m, Rx height: 1.5-2.5 m, ISD: 500m]

(3) Indoor: This scenario is intended to capture various typical indoor deployment scenarios, including office
environments, and shopping malls. The typical office environment is comprised of open cubicle areas, walled
offices, open areas, corridors etc. The eNBs are mounted at a height of 2-3 m either on the ceilings or walls. The
shopping malls are often 1-5 stories high and may include an open area (or atrium) shared by several floors.
The eNBs are mounted at a height of approximately 3 m on the walls or ceilings of the corridors and shops.

Example: [Tx height: 2-3m, Rx height: 1.5m, area: 500 square meters]

(4) Backhaul, including outdoor above roof top backhaul in urban area and street canyon scenario where small cell
BSs are placed at lamp posts.

(5) D2D/V2V. Device-to-device access in open area, street canyon, and indoor scenarios. V2V is a special case
where the devices are mobile.

(6) Other scenarios such as Stadium (open-roof) and Gym (close-roof).

6.3 Channel measurement capabilities

The measurement capability as reported by each company is summarized in the table below.

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Table 6.3-1: Channel measurement capabilities

6 - 20 GHz 20 - 30 GHz 30 - 60 GHz >60 GHz

Urban CMCC Nokia/Aalborg NYU

macro Nokia/Aalborg

Urban Aalto University AT&T AT&T AT&T

micro CMCC Aalto University Huawei Aalto University
Ericsson CMCC Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Huawei
Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Huawei NTT DOCOMO Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Nokia/Aalborg Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Qualcomm NYU
NTT DOCOMO Nokia/Aalborg CATT
Orange NTT DOCOMO ETRI
NYU ITRI/CCU
Qualcomm ZTE
Samsung
CATT
KT
ETRI
ITRI/CCU
ZTE
Indoor Aalto University AT&T AT&T AT&T
CMCC Alcatel-Lucent Ericsson Aalto University
Ericsson Aalto University Huawei Huawei
Huawei BUPT Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Intel/Fraunhofer HHI CMCC NTT DOCOMO NYU
Nokia/Aalborg Huawei NYU
NTT DOCOMO Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Qualcomm
Orange Nokia/Aalborg CATT
NTT DOCOMO ETRI
NYU ITRI/CCU
Qualcomm ZTE
Samsung
CATT
KT
ETRI
ITRI/CCU
ZTE
O2I Ericsson AT&T AT&T AT&T
Huawei Alcatel-Lucent Ericsson Huawei
Intel/Fraunhofer HHI Ericsson Huawei Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
Nokia/Aalborg Huawei Intel/Fraunhofer HHI
NTT DOCOMO Intel/Fraunhofer HHI NTT DOCOMO
Orange NTT DOCOMO
NYU
Samsung
KT

6.4 Modelling objectives

The requirements for >6 GHz channel modelling are as follows.

- Channel model SI should take into account the outcome of RAN-level discussion in the 5G requirement study
item

- Complexity in terms of Description, Generating channel coefficients, development complexity and Simulation
time should be considered.

- Support frequency range up to 100 GHz.

- The critical path of the SI is 6 100 GHz

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- Take care of mmW propagation aspects such as blocking and atmosphere attenuation.

- The model should be consistent in space, time and frequency

- Support large channel bandwidths (up to 10% of carrier frequency)

- Aim for the channel model to cover a range of coupling loss considering current typical cell sizes, e.g. up to km-
range macro cells. Note: This is to enable investigation of the relevance of the 5G system using higher frequency
bands to existing deployments.

- Accommodate UE mobility

- Mobile speed up to 500 km/h.

- Develop a methodology considering that model extensions to D2D and V2V may be developed in future SI.

- Support large antenna arrays

7 Channel model(s) for >6GHz

Applicability of the channel model to frequency range 0.5-6GHz was discussed but consensus was not reached.

7.1 Coordinate system

7.1.1 Definition
A coordinate system is defined by the x, y, z axes, the spherical angles and the spherical unit vectors as shown in Figure
7.1.1. Figure 7.1.1 defines the zenith angle and the azimuth angle in a Cartesian coordinate system. Note that
0 points to the zenith and 900 points to the horizon. The field component in the direction of is given by
F and the field component in the direction of is given by F .

Figure 7.1.1: Definition of spherical angles and spherical unit vectors in a Cartesian coordinate
system, where n is the given direction, and are the spherical basis vectors

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7.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems

A Global Coordinate System (GCS) is defined for a system comprising multiple BSs and UTs. An array antenna for a
BS or a UT can be defined in a Local Coordinate System (LCS). An LCS is used as a reference to define the vector far-
field that is pattern and polarization, of each antenna element in an array. It is assumed that the far-field is known in the
LCS by formulae. The placement of an array within the GCS is defined by the translation between the GCS and a LCS.
The orientation of the array with respect to the GCS is defined in general by a sequence of rotations (described in clause
7.1.3). Since this orientation is in general different from the GCS orientation, it is necessary to map the vector fields of
the array elements from the LCS to the GCS. This mapping depends only on the orientation of the array and is given by
the equations in clause 7.1.3.
Note that any arbitrary mechanical orientation of the array can be achieved by rotating the LCS with respect to the
GCS.

7.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS

A GCS with coordinates (x, y, z, , ) and unit vectors ( , ) and an LCS with "primed" coordinates (x, y, z,
' , ' ) and "primed" unit vectors ( ' , ' ) are defined with a common origins in Figures 7.1.3-1 and 7.1.3-2.
Figure 7.1.3-1 illustrates the sequence of rotations that relate the GCS (gray) and the LCS (blue). Figure 7.1.3-2 shows
the coordinate direction and unit vectors of the GCS (gray) and the LCS (blue). Note that the vector fields of the array
antenna elements are defined in the LCS. In Figure 7.1.3-1 we consider an arbitrary 3D-rotation of the LCS with respect
to the GCS given by the angles , , . The set of angles , , can also be termed as the orientation of the array
antenna with respect to the GCS.

Note that the transformation from a LCS to a GCS depends only on the angles , , . The angle is called the bearing
angle, is called the downtilt angle and is called the slant angle.

Figure 7.1.3-1: Orienting the LCS (blue) with Figure 7.1.3-2: Definition of spherical
respect to the GCS (gray) by a sequence of 3 coordinates and unit vectors in both the GCS
rotations: , , . and LCS.

Let A' ( ' , ' ) denote an antenna element pattern in the LCS and A( , ) denote the same antenna element
pattern in the GCS. Then the two are related simply by

A( , ) A' ( ' , ' ) (7.1-1)

with ' and ' given by (7.1-7) and (7.1-8).

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Let us denote the polarized field components in the LCS by F ' ( ' , ' ) , F ' ( ' , ' ) and in the GCS by
F ( , ) , F ( , ) . Then they are related by equation (7.1-11).

Any arbitrary 3-D rotation can be specified by at most 3 elemental rotations, and following the framework of
Figure 7.1.3-1, a series of rotations about the z, y and x axes are assumed here, in that order. The dotted and double-
dotted marks indicate that the rotations are intrinsic, which means that they are the result of one () or two ()
intermediate rotations. In other words, the y axis is the original y axis after the first rotation about z, and the x axis
is the original x axis after the first rotation about z and the second rotation about y . A first rotation of about z sets the
antenna bearing angle (i.e. the sector pointing direction for a BS antenna element). The second rotation of about y
sets the antenna downtilt angle. Finally, the third rotation of about x sets the antenna slant angle. The orientation of
the x, y and z axes after all three rotations can be denoted as x , y and z
. These triple-dotted axes represents the
final orientation of the LCS, and for notational purposes denoted as the x, y and z axes (local or "primed" coordinate
system.

In order to establish the equations for transformation of the coordinate system and the polarized antenna field patterns
between the GCS and the LCS, it is necessary to determine the composite rotation matrix that describes the
transformation of point (x, y, z) in the GCS into point (x, y, z) in the LCS. This rotation matrix is computed as the
product of three elemental rotation matrices. The matrix to describe rotations about the z, y and x axes by the angles
, and respectively and in that order is defined as

cos sin 0 cos 0 sin 1 0 0

R RZ RY R X sin cos 0 0 1 0 0 cos sin
0 0 1 sin 0 cos 0 sin cos
(7.1-2)

The reverse transformation is given by the inverse of R, which is also equal to the transpose of R since it is orthogonal.

R 1 R X RY RZ R T (7.1-3)

The simplified forward and reverse composite rotation matrices are given by

cos cos cos sin sin sin cos cos sin cos sin sin

R sin cos sin sin sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
sin cos sin cos cos
(7.1-4)

and

cos cos sin cos sin

R 1 cos sin sin sin cos sin sin sin cos cos cos sin
cos sin cos sin sin sin sin cos cos sin cos cos
(7.1-5)

These transformations can be used to derive the angular and polarization relationships between the two coordinate
systems.

In order to establish the angular relationships, consider a point (x, y, z) on the unit sphere defined by the spherical
coordinates (=1, , ), where is the unit radius, is the zenith angle measured from the +z-axis, and is the azimuth
angle measured from the +x-axis in the x-y plane. The Cartesian representation of that point is given by

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x sin cos

y sinsin
z cos
(7.1-6)

The zenith angle is computed as arccos z and the azimuth angle as arg( x j y ) , where x
, y
and z
are the Cartesian unit vectors. If this point represents a location in the GCS defined by and , the corresponding
position in the LCS is given by R 1 , from which local angles and can be computed. The results are given in
equations (7.1-7) and (7.1-8).

0 T

' , , ; , arccos 0 R 1 acos cos cos cos sin cos cos sin sin sin

1
(7.1-7)

1 T
cos sin cos sin cos

', , ;, arg j R arg
1

jcos sin cos sin sin cos cos sin sin
0
(7.1-8)

These formulae relate the spherical angles (, ) of the GCS to the spherical angles (, ) of the LCS given the
rotation operation defined by the angles (, , ).

Let us denote the polarized field components F ( , ) , F ( , ) in the GCS and F ' ( ' , ' ) , F ' ( ' , ' )
in the LCS. These are related by

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F , , T R , , T R , F ,

F , , T R , , T R , F ,
(7.1-9)

In this equation, and represent the spherical unit vectors of the GCS, and and are the representations in
the LCS. The forward rotation matrix R transforms the LCS unit vectors into the GCS frame of reference. These pairs
of unit vectors are orthogonal and can be represented as shown in Figure 7.1.3-3.

Figure 7.1.3-3: Rotation of the spherical basis vectors by an angle due to the orientation of the LCS
with respect to the GCS

Assuming an angular displacement of between the two pairs of unit vectors, the rotation matrix of equation AAH can
be further simplified as:

, T R , , T R , cos cos 2 cos sin

, T R , , T R , cos 2 cos cos
sin (7.1-
10)

and equation (7.1-9) can be written as:

F , cos sin F ,

F , sin cos F ,
(7.1-11)

The angle can be computed in numerous ways from equation (7.1-10), with one such way approach being

arg( , R , j , R , )
T T
(7.1-12)

The dot products are readily computed using the Cartesian representation of the spherical unit vectors.
The general expressions for these unit vectors are given by

cos cos


cos sin
sin
(7.1-13)

and

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sin


cos
0
(7.1-14)

The angle can be expressed as a function of mechanical orientation (, , ) and spherical position (, ), and is given
by

sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos cos

arg
j sin cos sin cos sin (7.1-15)

It can be shown that cos and sin can be expressed as:

cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin cos

cos
1 cos cos cos sin cos cos sin sin sin
2
(7.1-16)

sin cos sin sin cos

sin
1 cos cos cos sin cos cos sin sin sin
2
(7.1-17)

7.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only

In this clause equations are provided for the transformation from LCS to GCS assuming that the orientation of the LCS
(with respect to the GCS) is such that the bearing angle =0, the downtilt angle is non-zero and the slant angle =0. In
other words the y-axis of the LCS is parallel to the y-axis of the GCS. Considering a BS antenna element the x-axis of
the GCS is aligned with the pointing direction of the sector. Mechanical downtilt is modelled as a rotation of the LCS
around the y-axis. For zero mechanical downtilt the LCS coincides with the GCS.

This transformation relates the spherical angles ( , ) in the global coordinate system to spherical angles ( ' , ' )
in the local (antenna-fixed) coordinate system and is defined as follows:

' arccos cos sin sin cos cos (7.1-18)

' arg cos sin cos cos sin j sin sin (7.1-19)

where is the mechanical tilt angle around the y-axis as defined in Figure 7.1.4. Note that the equations (7.1-7), (7.1-
8) reduce to equations (7.1-18), (7.1-19) if both and are zero.

The antenna element pattern A( , ) in the GCS is related to the antenna element pattern A' ( ' , ' ) in the LCS
by the relation

A( , ) A' ( ' , ' ) (7.1-20)

with ' and ' given by (7.1-18) and (7.1-19).

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z
'
z'

n

' '
' n

'
y'
'
y

x x'

Figure 7.1.4: Definition of angles and unit vectors when the LCS has been rotated an angle
around the y-axis of the GCS

For a mechanical tilt angle , the global coordinate system field components F ( , ) and F ( , ) , are
calculated from the field components F ' ( ' , ' ) and F ' ( ' , ' ) of the radiation pattern in the local (antenna-
fixed) coordinate system as:

F ( , ) F ' ( ' , ' ) cos F ' ( ' , ' ) sin

(7.1-21)

F ( , ) F ' ( ' , ' ) sin F ' ( ' , ' ) cos

(7.1-22)

where ' and ' are defined as in (7.1-18) and (7.1-19), and is defined as:
arg sin cos cos cos sin j sin sin . (7.1-23)

Note that the equation (7.1-15) is reduced to equation (7.1-23) if both and are zero.

As an example, in the horizontal cut, i.e., for 90 , equations (7.1-18), (7.1-19) and (7.1-23) become

' arccos cos sin (7.1-24)

' arg cos cos j sin (7.1-25)

arg cos j sin sin (7.1-26)

7.2 Scenarios
The detailed scenario description in this subsection can be used for channel model calibration.

UMi-street canyon and UMa

Details on UMi-street canyon and UMa scenarios are listed in Table 7.2-1.

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Table 7.2-1: Evaluation parameters for UMi-street canyon and UMa scenarios

Parameters UMi street canyon UMa

Hexagonal grid, 19 micro sites, 3 sectors Hexagonal grid, 19 macro sites, 3 sectors
Cell layout
per site (ISD = 200m) per site (ISD = 500m)
BS antenna height hBS 10m 25m
Outdoor/indoor Outdoor and indoor Outdoor and indoor
UT LOS/NLOS LOS and NLOS LOS and NLOS
location
Height hUT Same as 3D-UMi in TR36.873 Same as 3D-UMa in TR36.873
Indoor UT ratio 80% 80%
UT mobility (horizontal plane
3km/h 3km/h
only)
Min. BS - UT distance (2D) 10m 35m
UT distribution (horizontal) Uniform Uniform

Indoor-office

Details on indoor-office scenarios are listed in Table 7.2-2 and presented in Figure 7.2-1. More details, if necessary, can
be added to Figure 7.2-1.

Table 7.2-2: Evaluation parameters for indoor-office scenarios

Indoor office Indoor office

Parameters
open office mixed office

Room size
120mx50mx3m
Layout (WxLxH)

ISD 20m

BS antenna height hBS 3 m (ceiling)

LOS and NLOS

LOS/NLOS
UT location
Height hUT 1m

UT mobility (horizontal plane only) 3 km/h

Min. BS - UT distance (2D) 0

UT distribution (horizontal) Uniform

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Figure 7.2-1: Layout of indoor office scenarios.

RMa

The rural deployment scenario focuses on larger and continuous coverage. The key characteristics of this scenario are
continuous wide area coverage supporting high speed vehicles. This scenario will be noise-limited and/or interference-
limited, using macro TRPs. Details of RMa scenario is described in Table 7.2-3.

Table 7.2-3: Evaluation parameters for RMa

Parameters RMa
Carrier Frequency Up to 7Ghz
BS height hBS 35m
Layout Hexagonal grid, 19 Macro sites, 3sectors per site, ISD = 1732m or 5000m
UT height hUT 1.5m
UT distribution Uniform
Indoor/Outdoor 50% indoor and 50% in car
LOS/NLOS LOS and NLOS
Min BS- UT 35m
distance(2D)

UMi-open square
Details on UMi-open square scenario are listed in Table 7.2-4.

Table 7.2-4: Evaluation parameters for UMi-open square scenario

Parameters UMi open square

Cell layout Hexagonal grid, 19 micro sites, 3 sectors per site (ISD = 200m)
BS antenna height hBS 10m
Outdoor/indoor Outdoor for UTs in open square, outdoor and indoor otherwise
UT location LOS/NLOS LOS for links between UTs and BSs in open square; LOS and NLOS for other links
Height hUT Same as 3D-UMi in TR36.873
Indoor UT ratio 80% for UTs outside open square
UT mobility (horizontal plane
3km/h
only)
Min. BS - UT distance (2D) 10m
Uniform (the density of UTs inside open square can be different from that outside of
UT distribution (horizontal)
open square)

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Indoor - shopping mall

Indoor - shopping mall layout is defined in Figure 7.2-2, where large multiple-story building with open ceiling in the
middle; shops are arranged along the outer wall of the building; BS antennas are regularly placed with ISD = 20m.

Figure 7.2-2: Layout of the indoor shopping mall scenario

7.3 Antenna modelling

This subsection captures the antenna array structures considered in this SI for calibration.

BS antenna model is a uniform rectangular panel array, comprising MgNg panels, as illustrated in Figure 7.3-1.

- Mg is number of panels in a column

- Ng is number of panels in a row

- Antenna panels are uniformly spaced in the horizontal direction with a spacing of dg,H and in the vertical
direction with a spacing of dg,V.

- On each antenna panel, antenna elements are placed in the vertical and horizontal direction, where N is the
number of columns, M is the number of antenna elements with the same polarization in each column.

- Antenna numbering on the panel illustrated in Figure 7.3-1 assumes observation of the antenna array from
the front (with x-axis pointing towards broad-side and increasing y-coordinate for increasing column
number).

- The antenna elements are uniformly spaced in the horizontal direction with a spacing of dH and in the vertical
direction with a spacing of dV.

- The antenna panel is either single polarized (P=1) or dual polarized (P=2).

The rectangular panel array antenna can be described by the following tuple M g , N g , M , N , P .

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Figure 7.3-1: Antenna model

Antenna radiation pattern of each antenna element is generated according to Table 7.3-1.

Table 7.3-1: Antenna radiation pattern

Parameter Values
90
2

Antenna element vertical
AE ,V ( ) min 12 , SLAV , 3dB 65, SLAV 30 dB
3dB
radiation pattern (dB)


2

Antenna element
AE , H ( ) min 12 , Am , 3dB 65, Am 30 dB
3dB
horizontal radiation
pattern (dB)

A( , ) min AE ,V AE , H , Am
Combining method for 3D
antenna element pattern
(dB)
Maximum directional gain
of an antenna element 8 dBi
GE,max

7.4 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling

7.4.1 Pathloss
The pathloss models are summarized in Table 7.4.1-1 and the distance definitions are indicated in Figure 7.4.1-1 and
Figure 7.4.1-2. Note that the distribution of the shadow fading is log-normal, and its standard deviation for each
scenario is given in Table 7.4.1-1.

Figure7.4.1-1: Definition of d2D and d3D Figure 7.4.1-2: Definition of d2D-out, d2D-in
for outdoor UEs and d3D-out, d3D-in for indoor UEs.

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Note that

d 3D out d 3D in d 2D out d 2D in 2 hBS hUT 2 (7.4-1)

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Table 7.4.1-1: Pathloss models

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LOS/NLOS
Scenario

Shadow Applicability range,

Pathloss [dB], fc is in GHz and d is in meters (6) fading antenna height
std [dB] default values

PL1 10m d 2D d BP hBS 35m

PLRMa LOS , see note 5
PL2 d BP d 2D 10km hUT 1.5m
W 20m
LOS

PL1 20 log10 ( 40d 3D f c / 3) min(0.03h1.72 ,10) log10 ( d 3D ) SF 4 h 5m

min(0.044h 1.72
,14.77) 0.002 log10 ( h) d 3D h = avg. building height
W = avg. street width
PL2 PL1 ( d BP ) 40 log10 (d 3D / d BP ) SF 6
The applicability ranges:
RMa

NLOS )
PLRMa NLOS max( PLRMa LOS , PLRMa 5m h 50m
for 10m d 2D 5km 5m W 50m
SF 8
10m hBS 150m
NLOS 161.04 7.1 log10 (W )+7.5 log10 ( h)
PLRMa
NLOS

( 24.37 3.7( h / hBS ) 2 ) log10 ( hBS ) 1m hUT 10m

( 43.42 3.1 log10 (hBS ))(log10 ( d 3D ) 3)

20 log10 ( f c ) (3.2(log10 (11.75hUT )) 2 4.97)

PL1 10m d 2D d BP
PLUMa LOS
d 2D 5km , see note 1
PL2 d BP
1.5m hUT 22.5m
LOS

SF 4 hBS 25m
PL1 32.4 20 log10 (d 3D ) 20 log10 ( f c )
PL2 32.4 40 log10 (d 3D ) 20 log10 ( f c )
UMa

) 2 (hBS hUT ) 2 )
10 log10 ((d BP
NLOS )
PLUMa NLOS max( PLUMa LOS , PLUMa
for 10m d 2D 5km 1.5m hUT 22.5m
hBS 25m
NLOS

NLOS 13.54 39.08 log10 d 3D

PLUMa SF 6
Explanations: see note 3
20 log10 f c 0.6(hUT 1.5)
Optional PL 32.4 20 log10 f c 30 log10 d 3 D SF 7.8
SF 4 1.5m hUT 22.5m
LOS
UMi - Street Canyon

PL1 10m d 2D d BP
PLUMiLOS hBS 10m
d 2D 5km , see note 1
PL2 d BP

PL1 32.4 21log10 ( d 3D ) 20 log10 ( f c )

PL2 32.4 40 log10 ( d 3D ) 20 log10 ( f c )
) 2 ( hBS hUT ) 2 )
9.5 log10 ((d BP

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NLOS )
PLUMi NLOS max( PLUMiLOS , PLUMi
for 10m d 2D 5km 1.5m hUT 22.5m
SF 7.82 hBS 10m
NLOS

NLOS 35.3 log10 d3D 22.4

PLUMi Explanations: see note 4
21.3 log10 f c 0.3(hUT 1.5)
Optional PL 32.4 20 log10 f c 31.9 log10 d 3D SF 8.2
LOS

PLInHLOS 32.4 17.3 log10 ( d 3D ) 20 log10 ( f c ) SF 3 1m d 3D 100m

InH - Office

NLOS )
PLInH NLOS max( PLInHLOS , PLInH
SF 8.03 1m d 3D 86m
NLOS 38.3 log10 d 3D 17.30 24.9 log10 f c
NLOS

PLInH
- NLOS 32.4 20 log10 f c 31.9 log10 d 3D
Optional PLInH SF 8.29 1m d 3D 86m
InH - Shopping mall

LOS

PL 32.4 17.3 log10 (d 3D ) 20 log10 ( f c ) SF 2 1m d 3D 150m

Note 1: d'BP = 4 h'BS h'UT fc/c, where fc is the centre frequency in Hz, c = 3.0108 m/s is the propagation velocity in free space,
and h'BS and h'UT are the effective antenna heights at the BS and the UT, respectively. In UMi scenario the effective
antenna heights h'BS and h'UT are computed as follows: h'BS = hBS 1.0 m, h'UT = hUT1.0 m, where hBS and hUT are the
actual antenna heights, and the effective environment height is assumed to be equal to 1.0 m. In UMa scenario the
effective antenna heights h'BS and h'UT are computed as follows: h'BS = hBS hE, h'UT = hUT hE, where hBS and hUT are
the actual antenna heights, and the effective environment height hE is a function of the link between a BS and a UT.
In the event that the link is determined to be LOS, hE=1m with a probability equal to 1/(1+C(d2D, hUT)) and chosen
from a discrete uniform distribution uniform(12,15,,(hUT-1.5)) otherwise.
Note 2: The applicable frequency range of the PL formula in this table is 0.8 < fc < fH GHz, where fH = 30 GHz for RMa and fH
= 100 GHz for all the other scenarios. It is noted that RMa pathloss model for >7 GHz is validated based on a single
measurement campaign conducted at 24 GHz.
Note 3: UMa NLOS pathloss is from TR36.873 with simplified format and and PLUMa-LOS = Pathloss of UMa LOS outdoor
scenario.
Note 4: PLUMi-LOS = Pathloss of UMi-Street Canyon LOS outdoor scenario.
Note 5: Break point distance dBP = 2 hBS hUT fc/c, where fc is the centre frequency in Hz, c = 3.0 108 m/s is the propagation
velocity in free space, and hBS and hUT are the antenna heights at the BS and the UT, respectively.
Note 6: fc denotes the center frequency normalized by 1GHz, all distance related values are normalized by 1m, unless it is
stated otherwise.

7.4.2 LOS probability

The Line-Of-Sight (LOS) probabilities are given in Table 7.4.2-1.

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Table 7.4.2-1 LOS probability

Scenario LOS probability (distance is in meters)

RMa
1 , d 2 D 10m

PLOS d 10
exp 2 D ,10m d 2 D
1000
UMi Street Outdoor users:
canyon
1 , d 2 D 18m

PLOS 18 d 18
exp 2 D 1 ,18m d 2 D
d2D
36 d 2 D
Indoor users:
Use d2D-out in the formula above instead of d2D
UMa Outdoor users:
1 , d 2 D 18m

18
3
PLOS d 18 1 C hUT 5 d 2 D exp d 2 D
exp 2 D 1 ,18m d 2 D
d 63 d 2D
4 100 150
2D
where
0 , hUT 13m
1 .5
C (hUT ) hUT 13
,13m hUT 23m
10
Indoor users:
Use d2D-out in the formula above instead of d2D
Indoor - Mixed
office

1 , d 2 D 1.2m

d 1.2
PLOS exp 2 D ,1.2m d 2 D 6.5m
4 .7
d 2 D 6.5
exp 32.6 0.32 ,6.5m d 2 D

Indoor Open
office

1 , d 2 D 5m

d 5
Open _ office
PLOS exp 2 D ,5m d 2 D 49m
70.8
d 2 D 49
exp 0.54 ,49m d 2 D
211.7

Note: The LOS probability is derived with assuming antenna heights of 3m for indoor, 10m for UMi, and 25m
for UMa

7.4.3 O-to-I penetration loss

The pathloss incorporating O-to-I building penetration loss is modelled as in the following:

PL PL b PL tw PL in N 0, P2 (7.4-2)

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where PL b is the basic outdoor path loss given in Section 7.4.1. PL tw is the building penetration loss through the
external wall, PL in is the inside loss dependent on the depth into the building, and P is the standard deviation for
the penetration loss.

PL tw is characterized as:

N Lmaterial _ i

PL tw PL npi 10 log10 pi 10 10
i 1

(7.4-3)

PL npi is an additional loss is added to the external wall loss to account for non-perpendicular incidence;
Lmaterial _ i amaterial _ i bmaterial _ i f , is the penetration loss of material i, example values of which can be found in Table
N
7.4.3-1. pi is proportion of i-th materials, where p
i 1
i 1 ; and N is the number of materials.

Table 7.4.3-1. Material penetration losses

Material Penetration loss [dB]

Standard multi-pane glass Lglass 2 0.2 f
IRR glass LIIRglass 23 0.3 f
Concrete Lconcrete 5 4 f
Wood Lwood 4.85 0.12 f
Note: f is in GHz

Table 7.4.3-2 gives PL tw , PL in and P for two O-to-I penetration loss models. The O-to-I penetration is UT-
specifically generated, and is added to the SF realization in the log domain.

Table 7.4.3-2 O-to-I penetration loss model

Path loss through external wall: PL tw [dB] Indoor loss: Standard

PL in [dB] deviation: P
[dB]
Low-loss model Lglass Lconcrete
0.5d2D-in 4.4
5 10 log10 0.3 10 10 0.7 10 10

High-loss model LIIRglass Lconcrete

0.5d2D-in 6.5
5 10 log10 0.7 10 10 0.3 10 10

d2D-in is minimum of two independently generated uniformly distributed variables between 0 and 25 m for RMa, UMa
and UMi-Street Canyon. d2D-in shall be UT-specifically generated.

Both low-loss and high-loss models are applicable to UMa and UMi-Street Canyon.

Only the low-loss model is applicable to RMa.

The composition of low and high loss is a simulation parameter that should be determined by the user of the channel
models, and is dependent on the use of metal-coated glass in buildings and the deployment scenarios. Such use is
expected to differ in different markets and regions of the world and also may increase over years to new regulations and
energy saving initiatives. Furthermore, the use of such high-loss glass currently appears to be more predominant in
commercial buildings than in residential buildings in some regions of the world1.

The pathloss incorporating O-to-I car penetration loss is modelled as in the following:
1 One example survey for the US market can be found in [5]. The survey does not necessarily be representative for all the scenarios. Other
ratios outside of the survey should not be precluded.

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PL PL b , P2 (7.4-4)

where PL b is the basic outdoor path loss given in Section 7.4.1. = 9, and P = 5. Optionally, for metallized car
windows, = 20 can be used. The O-to-I car penetration loss models are applicable for at least 0.6-60 GHz.

7.4.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading

The long-term (log-normal) fading in the logarithmic scale around the mean path loss PL (dB) is characterized by a
Gaussian distribution with zero mean and standard deviation. Due to the slow fading process versus distance x
(x is in the horizontal plane), adjacent fading values are correlated. Its normalized autocorrelation function R(x) can
be described with sufficient accuracy by the exponential function ITU-R Rec. P.1816 [18]
x

R x e d cor (7.4-5)

with the correlation length dcor being dependent on the environment, see the correlation parameters for shadowing and
other large scale parameters in Table 7.5-6 (Channel model parameters). In a spatial consistency procedure in Section
7.6.3, the cluster specific random variables are also correlated following the exponential function with respect to
correlation distances in the two dimensional horizontal plane.

7.5 Fast fading model

The radio channel realizations are created using the parameters listed in Table 7.5-1. The channel realizations are
obtained by a step-wise procedure illustrated in Figure 7.5-1 and described below. It has to be noted that the geometric
description covers arrival angles from the last bounce scatterers and respectively departure angles to the first scatterers
interacted from the transmitting side. The propagation between the first and the last interaction is not defined. Thus, this
approach can model also multiple interactions with the scattering media. This indicates also that e.g., the delay of a
multipath component cannot be determined by the geometry. In the following steps, downlink is assumed. For uplink,
arrival and departure parameters have to be swapped.

Note: the channel generation in this section is enough for at least the following cases.

- Case 1: For low complexity evaluations

- Case 2: To compare with earlier simulation results,

- Case 3: When none of the additional modeling components are turned on.

For other advanced simulations, e.g., spatially consistency, large bandwidth and arrays, oxygen absorption, blockage,
etc., some of the additional modelling components of Section 7.6 should be considered.

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Figure 7.5-1 Channel coefficient generation procedure

x
Figure 7.5-2: Definition of a global coordinate system showing the zenith angle and the azimuth
angle . =00 points to zenith and =+900 points to the horizon.
The spherical basis vectors and shown above are defined based on the direction of
.
propagation n

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Table 7.5-1: Notations in the global coordinate system (GCS)

Parameter Notation
LOS AOD LOS,AOD
LOS AOA LOS,AOA
LOS ZOD LOS,ZOD
LOS ZOA LOS,ZOA
AOA for cluster n n,AOA
AOD for cluster n n,AOD
AOA for ray m in cluster n n,m,AOA
AOD for ray m in cluster n n,m,AOD
ZOA for cluster n n,ZOA
ZOD for cluster n n,ZOD
ZOA for ray m in cluster n n,m,ZOA
ZOD for ray m in cluster n n,m,ZOD
Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector Frx,u,

Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
Frx,u,

Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector Ftx,s,

Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
Frx,s,

Step 1: Set environment, network layout, and antenna array parameters

a) Choose one of the scenarios (e.g. UMa, UMi-Street Canyon, RMa or InH-Office). Choose a global coordinate
system and define zenith angle , azimuth angle , and spherical basis vectors , as shown in Figure 7.3-2.
Note: Scenario RMa is for up to 7GHz while others are for up to 100GHz

b) Give number of BS and UT

c) Give 3D locations of BS and UT, and determine LOS AOD ( LOS,AOD), LOS ZOD (LOS,ZOD), LOS AOA ( LOS,AOA),
and LOS ZOA (LOS,ZOA) of each BS and UT in the global coordinate system

d) Give BS and UT antenna field patterns Frx and Ftx in the global coordinate system and array geometries

e) Give BS and UT array orientations with respect to the global coordinate system. BS array orientation is defined
by three angles BS, (BS bearing angle), BS, (BS downtilt angle) and BS, (BS slant angle). UT array
orientation is defined by three angles UT, (UT bearing angle), UT, (UT downtilt angle) and UT, (UT slant
angle).

f) Give speed and direction of motion of UT in the global coordinate system

g) Specify system centre frequency f c and bandwidth B

Large scale parameters:

Step 2: Assign propagation condition (LOS/NLOS) according to Table 7.4.2-1. The propagation conditions for different
BS-UT links are uncorrelated.

Also, assign an indoor/outdoor state for each UT. It is noted that all the links from a UT have the same indoor/outdoor
state.

Step 3: Calculate pathloss with formulas in Table 7.4.1-1 for each BS-UT link to be modelled.

Step 4: Generate large scale parameters, e.g. delay spread (DS), angular spreads (ASA, ASD, ZSA, ZSD), Ricean
K factor (K) and shadow fading (SF) taking into account cross correlation according to Table 7.5-6 and using the
procedure described in section 3.3.1 of [14] with the square root matrix C MxM (0) being generated using the
Cholesky decomposition and the following order of the large scale parameter vector: sM = [sSF, sK, sDS, sASD, sASA, sZSD,
sZSA]T.

These LSPs for different BS-UT links are uncorrelated, but the LSPs for links from co-sited sectors to a UT are the
same. In addition, these LSPs for the links of UTs on different floors are uncorrelated.

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Limit random RMS azimuth arrival and azimuth departure spread values to 104 degrees, i.e., ASA= min(ASA ,104),
ASD = min(ASD ,104). Limit random RMS zenith arrival and zenith departure spread values to 52 degrees, i.e., ZSA =
min(ZSA,52), ZSD = min(ZSD,52).

Small scale parameters:

Step 5: Generate delays

Delays are drawn randomly from the delay distribution defined in Table 7.5-6. With exponential delay distribution
calculate

n ' r DS ln X n , (7.5-1)

Where r is the delay distribution proportionality factor, Xn ~ uniform(0,1), and cluster index n = 1,,N. With uniform
delay distribution the delay values n are drawn from the corresponding range. Normalise the delays by subtracting the
minimum delay and sort the normalised delays to ascending order:

n sort n ' min n ' . (7.5-2)

In the case of LOS condition, additional scaling of delays is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition
to the delay spread. The heuristically determined Ricean K-factor dependent scaling constant is

C 0.7705 0.0433K 0.0002 K 2 0.000017 K 3 , (7.5-3)

where K [dB] is the Ricean K-factor as generated in Step 4. The scaled delays

nLOS n / C , (7.5-4)

are not to be used in cluster power generation.

Step 6: Generate cluster powers.

Cluster powers are calculated assuming a single slope exponential power delay profile. Power assignment depends on
the delay distribution defined in Table 7.5-6. With exponential delay distribution the cluster powers are determined by
n
r 1
Pn exp n 10 10 (7.5-5)
r DS

where Z n ~ N 0,
2
is the per cluster shadowing term in [dB]. Average the power so that the sum power of all
cluster powers is equal to one, i.e.,

Pn
Pn (7.5-6)

N
n1
Pn

In the case of LoS condition an additional specular component is added to the first cluster. Power of the single LoS ray
is:

KR
P1, LOS
KR 1 (7.5-7)

and the cluster powers are not normalized as in equation (7.5-6) , but:

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1 Pn
Pn n 1 P1, LOS
K R 1 N Pn
n 1 (7.5-8)

where (.) is Diracs delta function and KR is the Ricean K-factor as generated in Step 4 converted to linear scale. These
power values are used only in equations (7.5-9) and (7.5-14), but not in equation (7.5-22).

Assign the power of each ray within a cluster as Pn / M, where M is the number of rays per cluster.

Remove clusters with less than -25 dB power compared to the maximum cluster power. The scaling factors need not be
changed after cluster elimination.

Step 7: Generate arrival angles and departure angles for both azimuth and elevation.

The composite PAS in azimuth of all clusters is modelled as wrapped Gaussian (see Table 7.5-6). The AOAs are
determined by applying the inverse Gaussian function (7.5-9) with input parameters Pn and RMS angle spread ASA

2( ASA / 1.4) ln Pn max Pn

n, AOA , (7.5-9)
C

with C defined as

CNLOS 1.1035 0.028K 0.002 K 2 0.0001K 3 , for LOS

C NLOS , (7.5-10)
C , for NLOS
NLOS
where C is defined as a scaling factor related to the total number of clusters and is given in Table 7.5-2:

Table 7.5-2: Scaling factors for AOA, AOD generation

# clusters 4 5 8 10 11 12 14 15 16 19 20
NLOS
C 0.779 0.860 1.018 1.090 1.123 1.146 1.190 1.211 1.226 1.273 1.289

In the LOS case, constant C also depends on the Ricean K-factor K in [dB], as generated in Step 4. Additional
scaling of the angles is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the angle spread.

Assign positive or negative sign to the angles by multiplying with a random variable Xn with uniform distribution to the

discrete set of {1,1}, and add component Yn ~ N 0, ASA 7
2
to introduce random variation
n , AOA X nn, AOA Yn LOS , AOA , (7.5-11)

where LOS,AOA is the LOS direction defined in the network layout description, see Step1c.

In the LOS case, substitute (7.5-11) by (7.5-12) to enforce the first cluster to the LOS direction LOS, AOA

n , AOA X nn, AOA Yn X 11, AOA Y1 LOS , AOA (7.5-12)

Finally add offset angles m from Table 7.5-3 to the cluster angles

n ,m , AOA n , AOA c ASA m , (7.5-13)

where cASA is the cluster-wise rms azimuth spread of arrival angles (cluster ASA) in Table 7.5-6.

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Table 7.5-3: Ray offset angles within a cluster, given for rms angle spread normalized to 1

Ray number Basis vector of offset angles m

m
1,2 0.0447
3,4 0.1413
5,6 0.2492
7,8 0.3715
9,10 0.5129
11,12 0.6797
13,14 0.8844
15,16 1.1481
17,18 1.5195
19,20 2.1551

The generation of AOD ( n , m , AOD ) follows a procedure similar to AOA as described above.

The generation of ZOA assumes that the composite PAS in the zenith dimension of all clusters is Laplacian (see Table
7.5-6). The ZOAs are determined by applying the inverse Laplacian function (7.5-14) with input parameters Pn and
RMS angle spread ZSA

ZSA ln Pn max Pn
n,ZOA , (7.5-14)
C

with C defined as

C

CNLOS 1.3086 0.0339 K 0.0077 K 2 0.0002 K 3 , for LOS
, (7.5-15)
NLOS
C , for NLOS
NLOS
Where C is a scaling factor related to the total number of clusters and is given in Table 7.5-4:

Table 7.5-4: Scaling factors for ZOA, ZOD generation

# clusters 8 10 11 12 19 20
NLOS
C 0.889 0.957 1.031 1.104 1.184 1.178

In the LOS case, constant C also depends on the Ricean K-factor K in [dB], as generated in Step 4. Additional
scaling of the angles is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the angle spread.

Assign positive or negative sign to the angles by multiplying with a random variable Xn with uniform distribution to the

discrete set of {1,1}, and add component Yn ~ N 0, ZSA 7
2
to introduce random variation
n ,ZOA X n n,ZOA Yn ZOA , (7.5-16)

where ZOA 90 0 if the BS-UT link is O2I and ZOA LOS , ZOA otherwise. The LOS direction is defined in the
network layout description, see Step1c.

In the LOS case, substitute (7.5-16) by (7.5-17) to enforce the first cluster to the LOS direction LOS,ZOA

n ,ZOA X n n,ZOA Yn X 11,ZOA Y1 LOS ,ZOA . (7.5-17)

Finally add offset angles m from Table 7.5-3 to the cluster angles

n ,m ,ZOA n ,ZOA cZSA m , (7.5-18)

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where cZSA is the cluster-wise rms spread of ZOA (cluster ZSA) in Table 7.5-6. Assuming that n , m , ZOA is wrapped
within [0,3600], if n ,m ,ZOA [180 ,360 ] , then n ,m ,ZOA is set to (360 n ,m ,ZOA ) .
0 0 0

The generation of ZOD follows the same procedure as ZOA described above except equation (7.5-16) is replaced by

n ,ZOD X n n,ZOD Yn LOS ,ZOD offset ,ZOD , (7.5-19)

where variable Xn is with uniform distribution to the discrete set of {1,1}, Yn ~ N 0, ZSD 7
2
, offset , ZOD is
given in Tables 7.5-6/7/8 and equation (7.5-18) is replaced by
lgZSD
n ,m ,ZOD n ,ZOD (3 / 8)(10 ) m (7.5-20)

where lgZSD is the mean of the ZSD log-normal distribution.

In the LOS case, the generation of ZOD follows the same procedure as ZOA described above using equation (7.5-17).

Step 8: Coupling of rays within a cluster for both azimuth and elevation

Couple randomly AOD angles n,m,AOD to AOA angles n,m,AOA within a cluster n, or within a sub-cluster in the case of two
strongest clusters (see Step 11 and Table 7.5-3). Couple randomly ZOD angles n ,m , ZOD with ZOA angles
n ,m ,ZOA using the same procedure. Couple randomly AOD angles n,m,AOD with ZOD angles n ,m , ZOD within a
cluster n or within a sub-cluster in the case of two strongest clusters.

Step 9: Generate the cross polarization power ratios

Generate the cross polarization power ratios (XPR) for each ray m of each cluster n. XPR is log-Normal distributed.
Draw XPR values as

n ,m 10 X / 10 , (7.5-21)

where X ~ N ( XPR , XPR

2
) is Gaussian distributed with XPR and XPR from Table 7.5-6

The outcome of Steps 1-9 shall be identical for all the links from co-sited sectors to a UT.

Coefficient generation:

Step 10: Draw initial random phases

Draw random initial phase n ,m , n ,m , n ,m , n ,m for each ray m of each cluster n and for four different
polarisation combinations (, , , ). The distribution for initial phases is uniform within (-).

In the LOS case, draw also a random initial phase LOS for both and polarisations.

Step 11: Generate channel coefficients for each cluster n and each receiver and transmitter element pair u, s.

The method described below is used at least for drop-based evaluations irrespective of UE speeds. Relevant cases for
drop-based evaluations are:

- Case 1: For low complexity evaluations

- Case 2: To compare with earlier simulation results,

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- Case 3: When none of the additional modeling components are turned on.

- Case 4: When spatial consistency and/or blockage is modeled for MU-MIMO simulations

- Other cases are not precluded

For the N 2 weakest clusters, say n = 3, 4,, N, the channel coefficients are given by:

Pn M Frx ,u , n ,m, ZOA , n ,m , AOA

T

exp j n ,m exp j
1
n ,m

H NLOS
(t )
m 1 Frx ,u , n ,m , ZOA , n ,m , AOA
n ,m

n ,m exp j
u , s ,n
M 1
exp j
n ,m n ,m
Ftx , s , n ,m ,ZOD , n ,m, AOD
exp
j 2 r .d rx ,u T
rx ,n ,m exp
j 2 r

T
.d tx ,s
tx ,n ,m exp

j 2
r T
.v
t
rx ,n ,m
F
tx , s , n ,m, ZOD , n ,m, AOD

0 0 0
(7.5-22)

where Frx,u, and Frx,u, are the field patterns of receive antenna element u according to (7.1-11) and in the direction of the
spherical basis vectors, and respectively, Ftx,s, and Ftx,s, are the field patterns of transmit antenna element s in
the direction of the spherical basis vectors, and respectively. Note that the patterns are given in the GCS and
therefore include transformations with respect to antenna orientation as described in Section 7.1. rrx , n , m is the
spherical unit vector with azimuth arrival angle n,m,AOA and elevation arrival angle n,m,ZOA, given by

sin n ,m,ZOA cos n ,m , AOA

rrx ,n ,m sin n ,m ,ZOA sin n ,m , AOA
cos n ,m ,ZOA
, (7.5-23)

where n denotes a cluster and m denotes a ray within cluster n. rtx , n , m is the spherical unit vector with azimuth
departure angle n,m,AOD and elevation departure angle n,m,ZOD, given by

sin n ,m ,ZOD cos n ,m , AOD

rtx ,n ,m sin n ,m ,ZOD sin n ,m , AOD
cos n ,m ,ZOD
, (7.5-24)

where n denotes a cluster and m denotes a ray within cluster n. Also, d rx , u is the location vector of receive antenna
element u and d tx , s is the location vector of transmit antenna element s, n,m is the cross polarisation power ratio in
linear scale, and 0 is the wavelength of the carrier frequency. If polarisation is not considered, the 2x2 polarisation

matrix can be replaced by the scalar exp j n ,m and only vertically polarised field patterns are applied.

The Doppler frequency component depends on the arrival angles (AOA, ZOA), and the UT velocity vector v with
speed v, travel azimuth angle v, elevation angle v and is given by

rrxT ,n ,m .v
, where v v. sin v cos v sin v sin v cos v
T
vn , m
0 (7.5-25)

For the two strongest clusters, say n = 1 and 2, rays are spread in delay to three sub-clusters (per cluster), with fixed
delay offset. The delays of the sub-clusters are

n ,1 n
n , 2 n 1.28 cDS (7.5-26)
n ,3 n 2.56 cDS

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where cDS is cluster delay spread specified in Table 7.5-6. When intra-cluster delay spread is unspecified (i.e., N/A)
the value 3.91 ns is used; it is noted that this value results in the legacy behaviour with 5 and 10 ns sub-cluster delays

Twenty rays of a cluster are mapped to sub-clusters as presented in Table 7.3-5 below. The corresponding offset angles
are taken from Table 7.5-3 with mapping of Table 7.5-5.

Table 7.5-5: Sub-cluster information for intra cluster delay spread clusters

sub-cluster # mapping to rays Power delay offset

i Ri Ri M n ,i n
i 1 R1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,19,20 10/20 0

i2 R2 9,10,11,12,17,18 6/20 1.28 cDS

i3 R3 13,14,15,16 4/20 2.56 cDS

Then, the channel impulse response is given by:

2 3 N
H uNLOS
,s ( , t ) H uNLOS
, s , n ,m (t ) ( n ,i ) H u , s ,n (t ) ( n )
NLOS
(7.5-27)
n 1 i 1 mRi n 3

NLOS NLOS
where H u , s , n (t ) is given in (7.5-22) and H u , s ,n ,m ( t ) defined as:

Pn Frx ,u , n , m , ZOA , n , m , AOA

T
exp j n , m exp j
1
n, m


n, m
H NLOS
(t )
u ,s,n,m
M
F
rx , u , n , m , ZOA , n , m , AOA n , m exp j
1
n,m exp j
n, m
.
Ftx , s , n , m , ZOD , n , m , AOD
exp
j 2 r T
.d rx ,u
rx , n , m
j 2 r T
tx , n , m
.dtx , s
j 2
r T
.v
rx , n , m
t

F exp exp
tx , s , n , m , ZOD , n , m , AOD

0 0 0
(7.5-28)

In the LOS case, determine the LOS channel coefficient by:

Frx ,u , LOS ,ZOA , LOS , AOA exp j LOS Ftx ,s , LOS ,ZOD , LOS , AOD
T
0
H LOS
(t )
Frx ,u , LOS ,ZOA , LOS , AOA exp j LOS Ftx ,s , LOS ,ZOD , LOS , AOD
u , s ,1
0

. exp

j 2 rrxT , LOS .d rx ,u .exp
j 2 rtxT, LOS .d tx ,s .exp rrxT , LOS .v
t
0 0 j 2
0
(7.5-29)

where (.) is the Diracs delta function and KR is the Ricean K-factor as generated in Step 4 converted to linear scale.

Then, the channel impulse response is given by adding the LOS channel coefficient to the NLOS channel impulse
response and scaling both terms according to the desired K-factor K R as

1 KR
, s ( , t )
H uLOS H uNLOS
,s , t , s ,1 (t ) 1 .
H uLOS (7.5-30)
KR 1 KR 1

Step 12: Apply pathloss and shadowing for the channel coefficients.

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Table 7.5-6 Part-1: Channel model parameters for UMi-Street Canyon and UMa (for fc > 6 GHz)

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UMi Street Canyon UMa

Scenarios
LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS O2I
-0.24 log10 (1+ fc) - -0.24 log10 (1+ fc) -6.955 - 0.0963 -6.28 - 0.204
lgDS -6.62 -6.62
Delay spread (DS) 7.14 6.83 log10(fc) log10(fc)
lgDS=log10(DS/1s) 0.16 log10 (1+ fc) +
lgDS 0.38 0.32 0.66 0.39 0.32
0.28
-0.05 log10(1+ fc) + -0.23 log10(1+ fc) + 1.06 + 0.1114 1.5 - 0.1144
lgASD 1.25 1.25
AoD spread (ASD) 1.21 1.53 log10(fc) log10(fc)
lgASD=log10(ASD/1) 0.11 log10(1+ fc) +
lgASD 0.41 0.42 0.28 0.28 0.42
0.33
-0.08 log10(1+ fc) + -0.08 log10(1+ fc) + 2.08 - 0.27
lgASA 1.76 1.81 1.76
AoA spread (ASA) 1.73 1.81 log10(fc)
lgASA=log10(ASA/1) 0.014 log10(1+ fc) +
lgASA 0.05 log10(1+ fc) + 0.3 0.16 0.20 0.11 0.16
0.28
-0.1 log10(1+ fc) + -0.04 log10(1+ fc) + -0.3236 log10(fc)
lgZSA 1.01 0.95 1.01
ZoA spread (ZSA) 0.73 0.92 + 1.512
lgZSA=log10(ZSA/1) -0.04 log10(1+ fc) + -0.07 log10(1+ fc) +
lgZSA 0.43 0.16 0.16 0.43
0.34 0.41
Shadow fading (SF) [dB] SF See table 7.4.1-1 See table 7.4.1-1 7 See table 7.4.1-1 See table 7.4.1-1 7
K 9 N/A N/A 9 N/A N/A
K-factor (K) [dB]
K 5 N/A N/A 3.5 N/A N/A
ASD vs DS 0.5 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
ASA vs DS 0.8 0.4 0 0.8 0.6 0
ASA vs SF -0.4 -0.4 0.53 -0.5 0 0.53
ASD vs SF -0.5 0 0 -0.5 -0.6 0
DS vs SF -0.4 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5
Cross-Correlations ASD vs ASA 0.4 0 0 0 0.4 0
ASD vs -0.2 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ASA vs -0.3 N/A N/A -0.2 N/A N/A
DS vs -0.7 N/A N/A -0.4 N/A N/A
SF vs 0.5 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ZSD vs SF 0 0 0 0 0 0
ZSA vs SF 0 0 0.4 -0.8 -0.4 0.4
ZSD vs K 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ZSA vs K 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ZSD vs DS 0 -0.5 0 -0.2 -0.5 0
Cross-Correlations 1) ZSA vs DS 0.2 0 -0.53 0 0 -0.53
ZSD vs ASD 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0
ZSA vs ASD 0.3 0.5 0.42 0 -0.1 0.42
ZSD vs ASA 0 0 0 -0.3 0 0
ZSA vs ASA 0 0.2 0 0.4 0 0
ZSD vs ZSA 0 0 0 0 0 0
Delay distribution Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp

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AoD and AoA distribution Wrapped Gaussian Wrapped Gaussian

ZoD and ZoA distribution Laplacian Laplacian
Delay scaling parameter r 3 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2
XPR 9 8.0 9 8 7 9
XPR [dB]
XPR 3 3 5 4 3 5
Number of clusters N 12 19 12 12 20 12
Number of rays per cluster M 20 20 20 20 20 20
max(0.25, -3.4084 max(0.25,
Cluster DS ( cDS ) 5 11 11 log10 ( -3.4084 log10 ( 11
fc)+6.5622) fc )+6.5622)
Cluster ASD ( c ASD ) 3 10 5 5 2 5
Cluster ASA ( c ASA ) 17 22 20 11 15 20
Cluster ZSA ( cZSA ) 7 7 6 7 7 6
Per cluster shadowing std [dB] 3 3 4 3 3 4
DS 7 10 10 30 40 10
ASD 8 10 11 18 50 11
ASA 8 9 17 15 50 17
SF 10 13 7 37 50 7
Correlation distance in the
horizontal plane [m] 15 N/A N/A 12 N/A N/A
-4.95 log10 (1+fc)
ZSA 10 25 15 50 25
+12.65
-3.76 log10 (1+fc)
ZSD 10 25 15 50 25
+11.92
fc is carrier frequency in GHz; d2D is MS-BS distance in km.
NOTE 1: DS = rms delay spread, ASD = rms azimuth spread of departure angles, ASA = rms azimuth spread of arrival angles, ZSD = rms zenith spread of
departure angles, ZSA = rms zenith spread of arrival angles, SF = shadow fading, and K = Ricean K-factor.
NOTE 2: The sign of the shadow fading is defined so that positive SF means more received power at UT than predicted by the path loss model.
NOTE 3: All large scale parameters are assumed to have no correlation between different floors.
NOTE 4: The following notation for mean (lgX=mean{log10(X) }) and standard deviation (lgX=std{log10(X) }) is used for logarithmized parameters X.

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Table 7.5-6 Part-2: Channel model parameters for RMa (up to 7GHz) and Indoor-Office (fc > 6 GHz)

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RMa Indoor-Office
Scenarios LOS NLOS
LOS NLOS LOS NLOS
O2I O2I
- -7.43 - -7.43
Delay spread (DS) lgDS -0.01 log10 (1+fc)-7.79 -0.28 log10 (1+fc)-7.29
7.49 7.49
lgDS=log10(DS/1s)
lgDS 0.55 0.48 0.55 0.48 -0.16 log10 (1+fc)+0.50 0.10 log10 (1+fc)+0.11
AoD spread (ASD) lgASD 0.90 0.95 0.90 0.95 1.60 1.49
lgASD=log10(ASD/1) lgASD 0.38 0.45 0.38 0.45 0.18 0.17
AoA spread (ASA) lgASA 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 -0.19 log10 (1+fc)+1.86 -0.11 log10 (1+fc)+1.80
lgASA=log10(ASA/1) lgASA 0.24 0.13 0.24 0.13 0.12 log10 (1+fc) 0.12 log10 (1+fc)
ZoA spread (ZSA) lgZSA 0.60 0.88 0.60 0.88 -0.26 log10 (1+fc)+1.21 -0.15 log10 (1+fc)+1.04
lgZSA=log10(ZSA/1) lgZSA 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 -0.04 log10 (1+fc)+0.17 -0.09 log10 (1+fc)+0.24
See table
Shadow fading (SF) [dB] SF See note 4 See table 7.4.1-1.
7.4.1-1.
K 7 N/A 7 N/A 0.84 log10 (1+fc)+2.12 N/A
K-factor (K) [dB]
K 4 N/A 4 N/A -0.58 log10 (1+fc)+6.19 N/A
ASD vs 0 -0.4 0 -0.4
0.6 0.4
DS
ASA vs 0 0 0 0
0.8 0
DS
ASA vs 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.4
SF
ASD vs 0 0.6 0 0.6
0.4 0
SF
Cross-Correlations DS vs -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
0.8 0.5
SF
ASD vs 0 0 0 0
0.4 0
ASA
ASD vs 0 N/A 0 N/A
0 N/A

ASA vs 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A
DS vs 0 N/A 0 N/A -0.5 N/A
SF vs 0 N/A 0 N/A 0.5 N/A
Cross-Correlations 1) ZSD vs
0 0 0 0 0.2 0
SF
ZSA vs
-0.8 -0.4 -0.8 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1
SF
ZSD vs K 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A
ZSA vs K 0 N/A 0 N/A 0.1 N/A
ZSD vs
0 -0.5 0 -0.5 0.1 -0.1
DS
ZSA vs 0 0 0 0 0.2 -0.1
DS

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ZSD vs
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3
ASD
ZSA vs
0 -0.1 0 -0.1 0.2 0.2
ASD
ZSD vs
0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1
ASA
ZSA vs
0 0 0 0 0.3 0
ASA
ZSD vs
0 0 0 0 0.2 0.4
ZSA
Delay distribution Exp
AoD and AoA distribution Wrapped Gaussian
ZoD and ZoA distribution Laplacian
Delay scaling parameter r 3.8 1.7 3.8 1.7 2.15 1.84
XPR 12 7 12 7 15 12
XPR [dB]
XPR 4 3 4 3 3 7
Number of clusters 11 10 11 10 8 10
Number of rays per cluster 20 20 20 20 20 20
Cluster DS ( cDS ) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Cluster ASD ( c ASD ) 2 2 2 2 7 3
Cluster ASA ( c ASA ) 3 3 3 3 6.2 log 10(1 f c ) 16.72 13.0 log 10(1 f c ) 30.53
Cluster ZSA ( cZSA ) 3 3 3 3 3.85 log 10(1 f c ) 10.28
3.72 log 10(1 f c ) 10.25
Per cluster shadowing std [dB] 3 3 3 3 6 3
DS 50 36 50 36 8 5
ASD 25 30 25 30 7 3
ASA 35 40 35 40 5 3
Correlation distance in the
horizontal plane [m]
SF 37 120 37 120 10 6
40 N/A 40 N/A 4 N/A
ZSA 15 50 15 50 3 3
ZSD 15 50 15 50 3 3
fc is carrier frequency in GHz; d2D is MS-BS distance in km.
NOTE 1: DS = rms delay spread, ASD = rms azimuth spread of departure angles, ASA = rms azimuth spread of arrival angles, ZSD = rms
zenith spread of departure angles, ZSA = rms zenith spread of arrival angles, SF = shadow fading, and K = Ricean K-factor.
NOTE 2: The sign of the shadow fading is defined so that positive SF means more received power at UT than predicted by the path loss
model.
NOTE 3: The following notation for mean (lgX=mean{log10(X) }) and standard deviation (lgX=std{log10(X) }) is used for logarithmized
parameters X.
NOTE 4: For RMa LOS O-to-I and RMa NLOS O-to-I, the same shadow fading is used as for RMa LOS and RMa NLOS, respectively.

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Table 7.5-7: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for UMa

LOS/ NLOS/
Scenarios
LOS O-to-I NLOS O-to-I
max[-0.5, -2.1(d2D/1000) -0.01 (hUT - max[-0.5, -2.1(d2D/1000)-0.01(hUT -
ZoD spread (ZSD) lgZSD
1.5)+0.75] 1.5)+0.9]
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1)
lgZSD 0.40 0.49
ZoD offset offset,ZOD 0 e(fc)-10^{a(fc) log10(max(b(fc), d2D))+c(fc)}
Note: For NLOS ZOD offset:
a(fc) = 0.208log10(fc)- 0.782;
b(fc) = 25;
c(fc) = -0.13log10(fc)+2.03;
e(fc) = 7.66log10(fc)-5.96.

Table 7.5-8: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for UMi Street Canyon

LOS/ NLOS/
Scenarios
LOS O-to-I NLOS O-to-I
max[-0.21, -14.8(d2D/1000) + 0.01| max[-0.5, -3.1(d2D/1000) +
ZoD spread (ZSD) lgZSD
hUT-hBS| + 0.83] 0.01 max(hUT-hBS,0) +0.2]
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1)
lgZSD 0.35 0.35
ZoD offset offset,ZOD 0 -10^{-1.5log10(max(10, d2D))+3.3}

Table 7.5-9: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for RMa

LOS/ NLOS/
Scenarios
LOS O-to-I NLOS O-to-I
ZoD spread (ZSD) lgZSD 0.3 0.3
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1) lgZSD 0.40 0.49
arctan((35-5)/ d2D )- arctan((35-1.5)/
ZoD offset offset,ZOD 0
d2D )

Table 7.5-10: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for Indoor-Office

Scenarios LOS NLOS

ZoD spread (ZSD) lgZSD -1.43 log10(1+ fc)+2.25 1.37
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1) lgZSD 0.13 log10(1+fc)+0.15 0.38
ZoD offset offset,ZOD 0 0

Notes for Table 7.5-7, 7.5-8, 7.5-9, 7.5-10:

NOTE 1: fc is center frequency in GHz; d2D is MS-BS distance in m.

NOTE 2: hBS and hUT are antenna heights in m for BS and UT respectively.

NOTE 3: The following notation for mean (lgX=mean{log10(X) }) and standard deviation (lgX=std{log10(X) }) is
used for logarithmized parameters X.

7.6 Additional modelling components

The additional modelling components in this section are to support advanced simulations, such as simulations with very
large arrays and large bandwidth, simulations affected by oxygen absorption (frequencies between 53 and 67 GHz),
simulations in which spatial consistency is important (e.g. high number of closely located user), simulations of mobility,
and simulations of blockage effects. These modelling components affect some of the steps between Step 1 and Step 12
in Section 7.5.

These extensions are computationally more expensive and might not be required in all evaluation cases.

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7.6.1 Oxygen absorption

Oxygen absorption loss is applied to the cluster responses generated in Step 11 in Section 7.5. The additional loss,
OLn(fc) for cluster n at centre frequency fc is modelled as:

( fc ) [dB] (7.6-1)
OLn ( f c ) ( d 3 D c ( n ))
1000
where:

- (fc) is frequency dependent oxygen loss (dB/km) characterized in Table 7.6.1-1;

- c is the speed of light (m/s); and d3D is the distance (m);

- n is the n-th cluster delay (s) in Step 11 in Section 7.5;

- is 0 in the LOS case and min(n') otherwise, where min(n') is the minimum delay in Step 5.

For centre frequencies not specified in this table, the frequency dependent oxygen loss (fc) is obtained from a linear
interpolation between two loss values corresponding to the two adjacent centre frequencies of the centre frequency fc.

Table 7.6.1-1 Frequency dependent oxygen loss (f) [dB/km]

Frequency (f)
f (GHz) [dB/km]

0-52 0
53 1
54 2.2
55 4
56 6.6
57 9.7
58 12.6
59 14.6
60 15
61 14.6
62 14.3
63 10.5
64 6.8
65 3.9
66 1.9
67 1
68-100 0

For large channel bandwidth, first transform the time-domain channel response of each cluster (all rays within one
cluster share common oxygen absorption loss for simplicity) into frequency-domain channel response, and apply the
oxygen absorption loss to the clusters frequency-domain channel response for frequency fc + f within the considered
bandwidth. The oxygen loss, OLn(fc+ f) for cluster n at frequency fc+ f is modelled as:
( f c f )
OLn ( f c f ) (d 3 D c ( n
))
1000 [dB] (7.6-2)

where:

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- (fc+ f) is the oxygen loss (dB/km) at frequency fc+ f characterized in Table 7.6.1-1. Note that f is in [-B/2,
B/2], where B is the bandwidth. Linear interpolation is applied for frequencies not provided in Table 7.6.1-1.

The final frequency-domain channel response is obtained by the summation of frequency-domain channel responses of
all clusters.
Time-domain channel response is obtained by the reverse transform from the obtained frequency-domain channel
response.

7.6.2 Large bandwidth and large antenna array

7.6.2.1 Modelling of the propagation delay

The modelling in this section applies only when the bandwidth B is greater than c/D Hz, where

- D is the maximum antenna aperture in either azimuth or elevation (m)

- c is the speed of light (m/s)

Each ray within a cluster for a given u (Rx) and s (Tx) has unique time of arrival (TOA). The channel coefficient
generation step (step 11 in Section 7.5) is updated to model individual rays. In this case, the channel response of ray m
in cluster n for a link between Rx antenna u and Tx antenna s at delay at time t is given by:

Frx ,u , n ,m,ZOA ,n ,m , AOA exp j

n ,m n ,m exp j
n ,m

T 1

H NLOS
(t ; ) Pn ,m
Frx ,u , n ,m,ZOA ,n ,m , AOA

n ,m exp j
n ,m exp j
n ,m
u , s ,n ,m
1


Ftx ,s , n ,m,ZOD ,n ,m , AOD j 2 r T
.d rx ,u j 2 r .d tx ,s
T

F exp rx ,n , m
exp tx , n ,m

tx ,s , n ,m ,ZOD , n ,m , AOD

f


f

r T
.v
exp j 2 rx ,n ,m t n,m
0
(7.6-3)

B B
with f
is the wavelength on frequency f f c , f c , which can be implemented by users own method.
2 2
The delay (TOA) for ray m in cluster n for a link between Rx antenna u and Tx antenna s is given by:

u ,s ,n ,m n ,m 1c rrxT ,n ,m .d rx ,u 1c rtxT,n ,m .d tx ,s (7.6-4)

Note that Equation (7.6-3) only considers the delays n, m intentionally. If unequal ray powers are considered, Pn , m
are generated according to Section 7.6.2.2. Otherwise, ray powers are equal within a cluster, i.e., Pn , m Pn M for
all m.Note: this model is developed assuming plane wave propagation.

7.6.2.2 Modelling of intra-cluster angular and delay spreads

With large antenna arrays or large bandwidths, the angle and/or delay resolution can be larger than what the fast fading
model in Section 7.5 is designed to support. To model this effect, the following modifications to Step 7 in Section 7.5
can be optionally used.

1. The offset angles m (7.12), (7.17), and (7.19) are generated independently per cluster and ray using:

n , m , AOA,AOD, ZOA,ZOD ~ unif 2,2 (7.6-5)

where unif a, b denotes the continuous uniform distribution in the interval a, b . These random variables may
further be modelled as spatially consistent with correlation distance equal to the cluster-specific random variable
correlation distance of Table 7.6.3.1-2.

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2. The relative delay of m-th ray is given by n , m n, m min n, m , where n is a cluster index,
m 1,..., M

n, m max X n , m , the cluster DS cDS is given in Table 7.5.6These random variables may further be
modelled as spatially consistent with correlation distance equal to the cluster-specific random variable
correlation distance of Table 7.6.3.1-2. In this case, the sub-cluster mapping according to (7.25) and Table 7.5-5
shall not be applied.

3. Ray powers are determined unequally by the following process:

Pn,m
Pn ,m Pn M
The power of m-th ray in n-th cluster is given by for m = 1,,M, where
P
m 1
n ,m

2 n,m , AOA 2 n,m , AOD

Pn,m exp n ,m exp exp
c DS c ASA c ASD

(7.6-6)
2 n,m , ZOA 2 n,m ,ZOD
exp exp
cZSA c ZSD

and cDS , cASA , cASD , and cZSA are respectively the intra-cluster delay spread and the corresponding intra-
cluster angular spread that are given in Table 7.5.6. The cluster zenith spread of departure is given by

3 lgZSD
cZSD 10 , (7.6-7)
8

with lgZSD being defined in Tables 7.5-7, 7.5-8, 7.5-9, and 7.5-10.

4. The number of rays per cluster shall be calculated as follows:

M min max M t M AOD M ZOD ,20 , M max (7.6-8)

where:

-- M t 4kcDS B

- M AOD 4kcASD Dh 57.3

- M ZOD 4kcZSD Dv 57.3

- M max is the upper limit of M , and it should be selected by the user of channel model based on the trade-off
between simulation complexity and accuracy.

- Dh and Dv are the array size in m in horizontal and vertical dimension, B is bandwidth in Hz

- k is a sparseness parameter with value 0.5.

It is noted that each MPC may have different AOD, ZOD, and delay.

7.6.3 Spatial consistency

7.6.3.1 Spatial consistency procedure

A new procedure, namely a spatial consistency procedure, can be used for both cluster-specific and ray-specific random
variables to be generated in various channel generation steps in Section 7.5, so that they are spatially consistent for
drop-based simulations. Alternatively, this can be used together with Procedure B described in Section 7.6.3.2 for
spatially consistent mobility simulations.

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The procedure can be considered as a 2D random process (in the horizontal plane) given the UT locations based on the
parameter-specific correlation distance values for spatial consistency, specified in Table 7.6.3.1-2. The cluster specific
random variables include:

- Cluster specific random delay in step 5;

- Cluster specific shadowing in step 6; and

- Cluster specific offset for AoD/AoA/ZoD/ZoA in step 7.

- Cluster specific sign for AoD/AoA/ZoD/ZoA in step 7.

- Optionally in case of large bandwidth as described in Section 7.6.2.2 the procedure may apply as well for the
parameters of rays within a cluster.

The procedure shall apply to each cluster before sorting the delay. Cluster specific sign for AoD/AoA/ZoD/ZoA in step
7 shall be kept unchanged per simulation drop even if UT position changes during simulation. The ray specific random
variables include:

- Random coupling of rays in step 8;

- XPR in step 9; and

- Random phase in step 10.

Table 7.6.3.1-2 Correlation distance for spatial consistency

Correlation distance RMa UMi UMa Indoor

in [m]

LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS O2I

Cluster specific random 50 60 15 12 15 15 40 50 15 10

variables

LOS/NLOS state 60 50 50 10

Indoor/outdoor state 50 50 50 N/A

7.6.3.2 Spatially-consistent UT mobility modelling

For mobility simulation enhancement, two alternative spatial consistency procedures Procedure A and Procedure B
are described as follows. The procedures presented below consider the downlink direction same as in Section 7.5.

Procedure A:

For t0=0 when a UT is dropped into the network, spatially consistent powers/delays/angles of clusters are generated
according to Section 7.6.3.1.

At t0+t, update channel cluster power/delay/angles based on UT channel cluster power/delay/angles, moving speed
moving direction and UT position at t0.

Cluster delay is updated as:

rrx , n t0 v t0
T

n t0 t n t0 t (7.6-9)
c

v t0 v cos v t0 sin v t0 0
T
where c is the speed of light, is the UT velocity vector on the

horizontal plane, is the speed of the UT, and v is UT moving direction on the horizontal plane. Also,

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sin n , ZOA (t0 ) cosn , AOA (t0 )

rrx , n t0 sin n , ZOA (t0 ) sin n , AOA (t0 ) . (7.6-10)
cos n , ZOA (t0 )

where n,ZOA and n, AOA are cluster specific arrival and departure angles.

Cluster power is updated using Step 6 with cluster delay .

Cluster departure angles ( n,ZOD and n, AOD ) and arrival angles ( n,ZOA and n, AOA ) are updated as

vt sin v (t0 ) n , AOD (t0 ) n, AOD 180

n , AOD (t0 t ) n , AOD (t0 ) (7.6-11)
d 2D (t0 )

vt cosv (t0 ) n , AOD (t0 ) n, ZOD 180

n , ZOD (t0 t ) n , ZOD (t0 ) (7.6-12)
d 3D (t0 )
and

vt sin v (t0 ) n , AOA (t0 ) n, AOA 180

n , AOA (t0 t ) n , AOA (t0 ) (7.6-13)
d 2D (t0 )

vt cosv (t0 ) n , AOA (t0 ) n, ZOA 180

n , ZOA (t0 t ) n , ZOA (t0 ) (7.6-14)
d3D (t0 )
ZOD , n,
where d 2 D is 2D distance between Tx/Rx; is 3D distance between Tx/Rx; n, AOD , n,
ZOA and
n,
AOA are cluster specific reflection surface angles. These angles equal 0 for LOS path and are generated using
spatially consistent random numbers with uniform distribution U(-180o, 180o) and 50m correlation distance for and ;
and U(-90o, 90o) and 100m correlation distance for and .

Procedure B:

Modify Steps 5, 6, and 7 to include the following procedure:

Step 5: Generate delays , with n 1, N .

N delays are drawn randomly from a uniform distribution.

n ~ unif 0, 2 10
lgDS lgDS
(7.6-15)

Step 6: Generate N arrival angles and departure angles for both azimuth and elevation.

unif 1,1
lgASA lgASA
n, AOA ~ 2 10 (7.6-16)

with n 1, N . This step is repeated independently for AOD, AOA, ZOD, and ZOA with corresponding maximum
angles.

The autocorrelation distances are for AOD, and ZOD, while they are fixed to 50m for AOA, and ZOA.

Offset angles etc are applied as before but not until cluster powers have been calculated

Step 7: Generate cluster powers

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Cluster powers are calculated assuming a single slope exponential power profile and Laplacian angular power profiles.
The cluster powers are determined by

n 2 n ,AOA 2 n,AOD
Pn exp exp exp
DS ASA ASD

(7.6-17)
2 n,ZOA 2 n,ZOD Zn
exp exp 10 10
ZSA ZSD

where Z n ~ N (0, ) (autocorrelation distance same as for shadow fading) is the per cluster shadowing term in [dB].
2

Delay spread DS and angular spreads ASA , ASD , ZSA , ZSD are generated in Step 4 of Section 7.5.

7.6.3.3 LOS/NLOS, indoor states and O2I parameters

The LOS state can be determined according to the spatial consistency procedure for random variables as mentioned in
Section 7.6.3.1, by comparing a realization of a random variable generated with distance-dependent LOS probability. If
the realization is less than the LOS probability, the state is LOS; otherwise NLOS. Decision of LOS and NLOS status
should be used in Step 2 in Section 7.5 if this advanced simulation is performed.

The same procedure can be applied for determining the indoor state, with the indoor probability instead of the LOS
probability.

The correlation distance for LOS state and indoor/outdoor is specified in Table 7.6.3.1-2.

The indoor distance can be modeled as the minimum of two spatially consistent uniform random variables within (0,
25) meters with correlation distance 25m.

Note in case the UT is in an indoor state, the pathloss model changes and a penetration loss is considered. For details on
the model, see Section 7.4.3. Here, the focus is on modeling aspects with respect to spatial consistency. As described in
Section 7.4.3, the penetration loss deviation p represents variations within and between buildings of the same type. For
spatial consistency this can be modeled as a spatially consistent random variable with correlation distance 10m, see
Section 7.6.3.1. The building type is determined using a spatially consistent uniform random variable with correlation
distance 50 m. The building type is determined by comparing the random variable with P1, where P1 is the probability of
the building type with low loss penetration. If the realization of the random variable is less than P 1, the building type is
low loss; otherwise the building type is high loss.

The cluster-specific and ray-specific random variables as defined in Section 7.6.3.1 on the same floor are generated in
the spatial consistency modeling; otherwise, these variables across different floors are uncorrelated.

In case there is a transition from LOS to NLOS due to UT mobility, there will be a hard transition in the channel
response. This is because pathloss and LS parameters are different for these states, leading automatically to very
different channel realizations. To circumvent such hard transitions the optional soft LOS state can be considered to
determine the PL and the channel impulse responses containing characteristics of both LOS and NLOS. Soft LOS state
is generated by floating numbers between 0 (NLOS) and 1 (LOS) in the spatial consistency modeling. The value of is
determined by

1 1 20
LOSsoft arctan G F d , (7.6-18)
2

where:

- is a spatially consistent Gaussian random variable with correlation distance according to Table 7.6.3.1-2;

- ; and

- is the distance dependent LOS probability function.

After is obtained, Steps 2-12 of the channel coefficient generation described in Section 7.5 are performed twice, once
with the propagation condition in step 2 set as LOS and once with the propagation condition in Step 2 set as NLOS. The
resulting channel coefficients are denoted as H LOS and H NLOS respectively, where H LOS is generated with the
LOS path loss formula and channel model parameters while is H NLOS generated using the NLOS path loss formula

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and channel model parameters. The channel matrix H with soft LOS state is determined from a linear combination of
H LOS and H NLOS as:

H LOSsoft H LOS LOSsoft H NLOS 1 LOSsoft

2
(7.6-19)

It is noted that soft indoor/outdoor states are not modeled in this TR. The model thus doesnt support move between
indoor/outdoor states in mobility simulations.

7.6.4 Blockage
Blockage modelling is an add-on feature to the channel model. The method described in the following applies only
when this feature is turned on. In addition, the temporal variability of the blockage modelling parameters is on-demand
basis. It is also noted that the modeling of the blockage does not change LOS/NLOS state of each link.

When blockage model is applied, the channel generation in section 7.5 should have several additional steps between
Step 9 and 10 as illustrated in Figure 7.6.4-1.

Figure.7.6.4-1 Channel generation procedure with blockage model

Two alternative models (Model A and Model B) are provided for the blockage modelling. Both approaches have their
own use cases. Model A is applicable when a generic and computationally efficient blockage modelling is desired.
Model B is applicable when a specific and more realistic blocking modelling is desired.

7.6.4.1 Blockage model A

Model A adopts a stochastic method for capturing human and vehicular blocking.

Step a: Determine the number of blockers

Multiple 2-dimensional (2D) angular blocking regions, in terms of centre angle, azimuth and elevation angular span are
generated around the UT. There is one self-blocking region, and K = 4 non-self-blocking regions, where K may be

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changed for certain scenarios (e.g., higher blocker density). Note that the self-blocking component of the model is
important in capturing the effects of human body blocking.

Step b: Generate the size and location of each blocker

For self-blocking, the blocking region in UT LCS is defined in terms of elevation and azimuth angles, ( 'sb , 'sb )
and azimuth and elevation angular span ( xsb , ysb ).

y sb y x x
' , ' 'sb ' 'sb sb , 'sb sb ' 'sb sb (7.6-20)
2 2 2 2

where the parameters are described in Table 7.6.4.1-1.

Table 7.6.4.1-1: Self-blocking region parameters.

sb
xsb 'sb ysb
o o o
Portrait mode 260 120 100 80o
Landscape mode 40o 160o 110o 75o

For non-self-blocking k = 1, , 4, the blocking region in GCS is defined by

yk yk xk xk
, k k , k k (7.6-21)
2 2 2 2

where the parameters are described in Table 7.6.4.1-2, as well as the distance r between the UT and the blocker.

Table 7.6.4.1-2: Blocking region parameters.

Blocker index (k = 1, , 4) k xk k yk r
InH scenario Uniform in Uniform in 90o Uniform in 2m
[0o, 360o] [15o, 45o] [5o, 15o]
UMi, UMa, RMa scenarios Uniform in Uniform in 90o 5o 10 m
[0o, 360o] [5o, 15o]

Step c: Determine the attenuation of each cluster due to blockers

The attenuation of each cluster due to self-blocking corresponding to the centre angle pair ( ' sb , 'sb ), is 30 dB
provided that and Otherwise, the attenuation is 0 dB.

The attenuation of each cluster due to the non-self-blocking regions (k=1, , 4) is given by

LdB 20 log10 1 FA1 FA2 FZ1 FZ 2 (7.6-22)

provided that and . Otherwise, the attenuation is 0 dB. The terms in the above equation are given as

1
tan 1 r 1
2 cos A1 | A2 | Z1 | Z 2 (7.6-23)
FA1 | A2 | Z1 | Z 2

where

x
A1 AOA k k , (7.6-24)
2

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x
A2 AOA k k , (7.6-25)
2

y
Z1 ZOA k k , (7.6-26)
2

y
Z 2 ZOA k k . (7.6-27)
2

In the above formula for FA1 | A2 |Z1 |Z 2 , is the wavelength. The appropriate signs ( )within the tan 1 term are
described in Table 7.6.4.1-3.

Table 7.6.4.1-3: Description of signs

yk yk y yk
yk ZoA k ZoA k k ZoA k yk
2 2 2 2
xk
AOA k xk
(-, +) for A1 , A2 (-, +) for A1 , A2 (-, +) for
(-, +) for
2 (+, -) for Z1 , Z 2 (+, +) for Z1 , Z 2
xk x (+, +) for A1 , A2 (+, +) for A1 , A2 (+, +) for
AOA k k (-, +) for
2 2 (+, -) for Z1 , Z 2 (+, +) for

xk (+, -) for (+, -) for (+, -) for

xk AOA k (+, -) for (+, +) for (-, +) for
2

Step d: Spatial and temporal consistency of each blocker

The centre of the blocker is generated based on a uniformly distributed random variable, which is temporally and
spatially consistent. The two-dimensional autocorrelation function can be described with sufficient accuracy by the
exponential function

R x , t exp x t (7.6-28)

d corr tcorr
The spatial correlation distance for the random variable determining the centre of the blocker is given in Table 7.6.4.1-4
for different scenarios.

Table 7.6.4.1-4: Spatial correlation distance for different scenarios.

UMi UMa RMa InH

LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS

Spatial correlation 10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 5 5 5
distance d corr in [m]
for the random
variable determining
the centre of the
blocker

The correlation time , where is the speed of the moving blocker.

Note: The rectangular blocker description is chosen for self-blocking region with the specific choices of assumed here.
Generalization of this description to other choices should be done with care as the rectangular description may not be
accurate.

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7.6.4.2 Blockage model B

Model B adopts a geometric method for capturing e.g., human and vehicular blocking.

Step a: Determine blockers

A number, K , of blockers are modelled as rectangular screens that are physically placed on the map. Each screen has
the dimension by height ( hk ) and width ( wk ), with the screen centre at coordinate xk , yk , zk .

Note:

- The number of blockers ( K ), their horizontal and vertical extensions ( hk and wk ), locations xk , yk , zk ,
density, and movement pattern (if non-stationary) are all simulation assumptions, to allow different blocking
scenarios to be constructed depending on the need of the particular simulation study.

Recommended parameters for typical blockers are provided in Table 7.6.4.2-5.

- The blocking effect diminishes with increasing distance to the blocker. For implementation purposes it may be
sufficient to consider only the K nearest blockers or the blockers closer than some distance from a specific UT.

Table 7.6.4.2-5: Recommended blocker parameters

Typical set of blockers Blocker dimensions Mobility pattern

Indoor; Outdoor Human Cartesian: w=0.3m; Stationary or up to 3 km/h
h=1.7m
Outdoor Vehicle Cartesian: w=4.8m; Stationary or up to 100 km/h
h=1.4m

Step b: Determine the blockage attenuation for each cluster

Attenuation caused by each blocker to each of clusters is modelled using a simple knife edge diffraction model and is
given by

LdB 20 log10 1 Fh1 Fh2 Fw1 Fw2 (7.6-29)

where , and , account for knife edge diffraction at the four edges, and are given by

tan
1
D1h1 |h2 |w1 |w2 D2h1 |h2 | w1 | w2 r
2 , for direct path in LOS

Fh1 |h2 | w1 | w2 (7.6-30)

tan 1 D1
2 h1 | h2 | w1 | w2 r

, for all other paths

where is the wave length. As shown in Figure 7.6.4.2-2, are the projected distances between the receiver and four
edges of the corresponding blocker, and are the projected distances between the transmitter and four edges of the
corresponding blocker. For each cluster, the blocker screen is rotated around its centre such that the arrival direction of
the corresponding path is always perpendicular to the screen. It should be noted that different rotations are required for
each individual sub-path. As the screen is perpendicular to each sub-path, r is the distance between the transmitter and
receiver for direct path in LOS, and is the distance between the blocker screen and receiver for all the other paths. In the
equation of Fh1 |h2 |w1 |w2 , the plus and minus signs are determined in such a way that, as shown in Figure 7.6.4.2-2,

- if the inner angle between D1h1 (or D1h2 ) and h (i.e., hk for k-th blocker) is acute, plus sign is applied to
Fh1 (or Fh2 ); otherwise minus sign is applied.

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- if the inner angle between D1w1 (or D1w2 ) and w (i.e., wk for k-th blocker) is acute, plus sign is applied
to Fw1 (or Fw2 ); otherwise minus sign is applied.

For the case of multiple screens the total loss is given by summing the losses of each contributing screen in dB units.

The model according to option B is consistent in time, frequency and space, and is more appropriate to be used for
simulations with arbitrarily designated blocker density.

Figure 7.6.4.2-2(a): Illustration of the geometric relation among blocker, receiver and transmitter for
LOS path

Figure 7.6.4.2-2(b): Illustration of the geometric relation between blocker and receiver for non-LOS
path

7.6.5 Correlation modelling for multi-frequency simulations

This section describes how to generate parameters to reflect correlation across different frequencies for a BS-UT link,
for simulations involved with multiple frequencies.

For those simulations, the steps in Section 7.5 should be revised according to the following:

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- The parameters generated in Step 1 are the same for all the frequencies, except for antenna patterns, array
geometries, system center frequency and bandwidth.

- Propagation conditions generated in Step 2 are the same for all the frequencies. It is noted that soft LOS states
may be different due to frequency dependent function.

- The parameters generated in Step 4 are the same for all the frequencies, except for possibly frequency-dependent
scaling of e.g. delay spread and angular spreads according to the LSP tables.

- The cluster delays and angles resulting from steps 5-7 are the same for all frequency bands

- Per-cluster shadowing (n in step 6) are independently generated for the frequency bands.

- Cluster powers in step 6 may be frequency-dependent.

- Steps 8-11 are independently applied for the frequency bands.

In addition, when blockage is modeled according to 7.6.4, the positions of blockers are the same across all the
frequencies.

7.6.6 Time-varying Doppler shift

The Doppler shift generally depends on the time evolution of the channel as it is defined as the derivative of the
channels phase over time. It can be the result from Tx, Rx, or scatterer movement. The more general form of the
exponential Doppler term as used in Equation (7.5-22) is given by

rrxT ,n ,m ( t ) v t ~
t ~ ~

exp j 2 dt . (7.6-31)

t 0 0
Here, rrx , n , m (t ) is the normalized vector that points into the direction of the incoming wave as seen from the Rx at

time t . v t denotes the velocity vector of the Rx at time t , while t 0 denotes a reference point in time that defines
the initial phase, e.g. t 0 0 .

Note that Equation (7.5-22) only holds for time-invariant Doppler shift, i.e. rrx ,n ,m (t ) v t rrx ,n ,m v .
T T

7.6.7 UT rotation
UT rotation modelling is an add-on feature. When modelled, step 1 in Section 7.5 shall consider UT rotational motion.

Step 1:

Add: h) Give rotational motion of UT in terms of its bearing angle, downtilt angle and slant angle.

7.7 Channel models for link-level evaluations

7.7.1 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models
The CDL models are defined for the full frequency range from 0.5 GHz to 100 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 2
GHz. CDL models can be implemented by e.g., coefficient generation Step 10 and Step 11 in Section 7.5 or generating
TDL model using spatial filter from section 7.7.4. Three CDL models, namely CDL-A, CDL-B and CDL-C are
constructed to represent three different channel profiles for NLOS while CDL-D and CDL-E are constructed for LOS,
the parameters of which can be found respectively in Table 7.7.1-1, Table 7.7.1-2 , Table 7.7.1-3, Table 7.7.1-4 and
Table 7.7.1-5.

Each CDL model can be scaled in delay so that the model achieves a desired RMS delay spread, according to the
procedure described in 7.7.3. Each CDL model can also be scaled in angles so that the model achieves desired angle
spreads, according to the procedure described in 7.7.5.1.

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For LOS channel models, the K-factor of CDL-D and CDL-E can be set to a desired value following the procedure
described in 7.7.6.

For modeling effect of beamforming in a simplified way, a brick-wall window can be applied to a delay-scaled CDL
model. The power shall be normalized after applying the window. A TDL model for simplified evaluations can be
obtained from the CDL model, according to this method.

Table 7.7.1-1. CDL-A

Clusters
Cluster Normalized Power AoD AoA ZoD ZoA
# delay dB
1 0.0000 -13.4 -178.1 51.3 50.2 125.4
2 0.3819 0 -4.2 -152.7 93.2 91.3
3 0.4025 -2.2 -4.2 -152.7 93.2 91.3
4 0.5868 -4 -4.2 -152.7 93.2 91.3
5 0.4610 -6 90.2 76.6 122 94
6 0.5375 -8.2 90.2 76.6 122 94
7 0.6708 -9.9 90.2 76.6 122 94
8 0.5750 -10.5 121.5 -1.8 150.2 47.1
9 0.7618 -7.5 -81.7 -41.9 55.2 56
10 1.5375 -15.9 158.4 94.2 26.4 30.1
11 1.8978 -6.6 -83 51.9 126.4 58.8
12 2.2242 -16.7 134.8 -115.9 171.6 26
13 2.1718 -12.4 -153 26.6 151.4 49.2
14 2.4942 -15.2 -172 76.6 157.2 143.1
15 2.5119 -10.8 -129.9 -7 47.2 117.4
16 3.0582 -11.3 -136 -23 40.4 122.7
17 4.0810 -12.7 165.4 -47.2 43.3 123.2
18 4.4579 -16.2 148.4 110.4 161.8 32.6
19 4.5695 -18.3 132.7 144.5 10.8 27.2
20 4.7966 -18.9 -118.6 155.3 16.7 15.2
21 5.0066 -16.6 -154.1 102 171.7 146
22 5.3043 -19.9 126.5 -151.8 22.7 150.7
23 9.6586 -29.7 -56.2 55.2 144.9 156.1
Per-Cluster Parameters
Parameter cASD cASA cZSD cZSA XPR
Unit dB
Value 5 11 3 3 10

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Table 7.7.1-2. CDL-B

Clusters
Cluster Normalized Power AoD AoA ZoD ZoA
# delay dB
1 0.0000 0 9.3 -173.3 105.8 78.9
2 0.1072 -2.2 9.3 -173.3 105.8 78.9
3 0.2155 -4 9.3 -173.3 105.8 78.9
4 0.2095 -3.2 -34.1 125.5 115.3 63.3
5 0.2870 -9.8 -65.4 -88.0 119.3 59.9
6 0.2986 -1.2 -11.4 155.1 103.2 67.5
7 0.3752 -3.4 -11.4 155.1 103.2 67.5
8 0.5055 -5.2 -11.4 155.1 103.2 67.5
9 0.3681 -7.6 -67.2 -89.8 118.2 82.6
10 0.3697 -3 52.5 132.1 102.0 66.3
11 0.5700 -8.9 -72 -83.6 100.4 61.6
12 0.5283 -9 74.3 95.3 98.3 58.0
13 1.1021 -4.8 -52.2 103.7 103.4 78.2
14 1.2756 -5.7 -50.5 -87.8 102.5 82.0
15 1.5474 -7.5 61.4 -92.5 101.4 62.4
16 1.7842 -1.9 30.6 -139.1 103.0 78.0
17 2.0169 -7.6 -72.5 -90.6 100.0 60.9
18 2.8294 -12.2 -90.6 58.6 115.2 82.9
19 3.0219 -9.8 -77.6 -79.0 100.5 60.8
20 3.6187 -11.4 -82.6 65.8 119.6 57.3
21 4.1067 -14.9 -103.6 52.7 118.7 59.9
22 4.2790 -9.2 75.6 88.7 117.8 60.1
23 4.7834 -11.3 -77.6 -60.4 115.7 62.3
Per-Cluster Parameters
Parameter cASD cASA cZSD cZSA XPR
Unit dB
Value 10 22 3 7 8

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Table 7.7.1-3. CDL-C

Clusters
Cluster Normalized Power AoD AoA ZoD ZoA
# delay dB
1 0 -4.4 -46.6 -101 97.2 87.6
2 0.2099 -1.2 -22.8 120 98.6 72.1
3 0.2219 -3.5 -22.8 120 98.6 72.1
4 0.2329 -5.2 -22.8 120 98.6 72.1
5 0.2176 -2.5 -40.7 -127.5 100.6 70.1
6 0.6366 0 0.3 170.4 99.2 75.3
7 0.6448 -2.2 0.3 170.4 99.2 75.3
8 0.6560 -3.9 0.3 170.4 99.2 75.3
9 0.6584 -7.4 73.1 55.4 105.2 67.4
10 0.7935 -7.1 -64.5 66.5 95.3 63.8
11 0.8213 -10.7 80.2 -48.1 106.1 71.4
12 0.9336 -11.1 -97.1 46.9 93.5 60.5
13 1.2285 -5.1 -55.3 68.1 103.7 90.6
14 1.3083 -6.8 -64.3 -68.7 104.2 60.1
15 2.1704 -8.7 -78.5 81.5 93.0 61.0
16 2.7105 -13.2 102.7 30.7 104.2 100.7
17 4.2589 -13.9 99.2 -16.4 94.9 62.3
18 4.6003 -13.9 88.8 3.8 93.1 66.7
19 5.4902 -15.8 -101.9 -13.7 92.2 52.9
20 5.6077 -17.1 92.2 9.7 106.7 61.8
21 6.3065 -16 93.3 5.6 93.0 51.9
22 6.6374 -15.7 106.6 0.7 92.9 61.7
23 7.0427 -21.6 119.5 -21.9 105.2 58
24 8.6523 -22.8 -123.8 33.6 107.8 57
Per-Cluster Parameters
Parameter cASD cASA cZSD cZSA XPR
Unit dB
Value 2 15 3 7 7

Table 7.7.1-4. CDL-D.

Cluster Normalized Power AoD AoA ZoD ZoA

Cluster PAS
# Delay dB
Specular(LOS path) 0 -0.2 0 -180 98.5 81.5
1
Laplacian 0 -13.5 0 -180 98.5 81.5
2 Laplacian 0.035 -18.8 89.2 89.2 85.5 86.9
3 Laplacian 0.612 -21 89.2 89.2 85.5 86.9
4 Laplacian 1.363 -22.8 89.2 89.2 85.5 86.9
5 Laplacian 1.405 -17.9 13 163 97.5 79.4
6 Laplacian 1.804 -20.1 13 163 97.5 79.4
7 Laplacian 2.596 -21.9 13 163 97.5 79.4
8 Laplacian 1.775 -22.9 34.6 -137 98.5 78.2
9 Laplacian 4.042 -27.8 -64.5 74.5 88.4 73.6
10 Laplacian 7.937 -23.6 -32.9 127.7 91.3 78.3
11 Laplacian 9.424 -24.8 52.6 -119.6 103.8 87
12 Laplacian 9.708 -30.0 -132.1 -9.1 80.3 70.6
13 Laplacian 12.525 -27.7 77.2 -83.8 86.5 72.9
Per-Cluster Parameters
Parameter cASD cASA cZSD cZSA XPR
Unit dB
Value 5 8 3 3 11

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Table 7.7.1-5. CDL-E.

Cluster Cluster Normalized Power AoD AoA ZoD ZoA

# PAS Delay dB
Specular (LOS path) 0.000 -0.03 0 -180 99.6 80.4
1
Laplacian 0.000 -22.03 0 -180 99.6 80.4
2 Laplacian 0.5133 -15.8 57.5 18.2 104.2 80.4
3 Laplacian 0.5440 -18.1 57.5 18.2 104.2 80.4
4 Laplacian 0.5630 -19.8 57.5 18.2 104.2 80.4
5 Laplacian 0.5440 -22.9 -20.1 101.8 99.4 80.8
6 Laplacian 0.7112 -22.4 16.2 112.9 100.8 86.3
7 Laplacian 1.9092 -18.6 9.3 -155.5 98.8 82.7
8 Laplacian 1.9293 -20.8 9.3 -155.5 98.8 82.7
9 Laplacian 1.9589 -22.6 9.3 -155.5 98.8 82.7
10 Laplacian 2.6426 -22.3 19 -143.3 100.8 82.9
11 Laplacian 3.7136 -25.6 32.7 -94.7 96.4 88
12 Laplacian 5.4524 -20.2 0.5 147 98.9 81
13 Laplacian 12.0034 -29.8 55.9 -36.2 95.6 88.6
15 Laplacian 20.6419 -29.2 57.6 -26 104.6 78.3
Per-Cluster Parameters
Parameter cASD cASA cZSD cZSA XPR
Unit dB
Value 5 11 3 7 8

7.7.2 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) models

The TDL models for simplified evaluations, e.g., for non-MIMO evaluations, are defined for the full frequency range
from 0.5 GHz to 100 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 2 GHz.

Three TDL models, namely TDL-A, TDL-B and TDL-C, are constructed to represent three different channel profiles for
NLOS while TDL-D and TDL-E are constructed for LOS, the parameters of which can be found respectively in Table
7.7.2-1, Table 7.7.2-2 , Table 7.7.2-3, Table 7.7.2-4 and Table 7.7.2-5. For TDL-D/E the first tap has a Ricean fading
distribution with a K-factor of K1 [dB].

The Doppler spectrum for each tap is characterized by a classical (Jakes) spectrum shape and a maximum Doppler shift
fD where f D v 0 . For the taps with Ricean fading distribution, the Doppler spectrum additionally contains a peak
at the Doppler shift fS = 0.7 fD with amplitude such that the resulting fading distribution has the specified K-factor.

Each TDL model can be scaled in delay so that the model achieves a desired RMS delay spread, according to the
procedure described in 7.7.3.

For LOS channel models, the K-factor of TDL-D and TDL-E can be set to a desired value following the procedure
described in 7.7.6.

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Table 7.7.2-1. TDL-A

Tap Normalized Power

# delay dB
1 0.0000 -13.4
2 0.3819 0
3 0.4025 -2.2
4 0.5868 -4
5 0.4610 -6
6 0.5375 -8.2
7 0.6708 -9.9
8 0.5750 -10.5
9 0.7618 -7.5
10 1.5375 -15.9
11 1.8978 -6.6
12 2.2242 -16.7
13 2.1718 -12.4
14 2.4942 -15.2
15 2.5119 -10.8
16 3.0582 -11.3
17 4.0810 -12.7
18 4.4579 -16.2
19 4.5695 -18.3
20 4.7966 -18.9
21 5.0066 -16.6
22 5.3043 -19.9
23 9.6586 -29.7

Table 7.7.2-2. TDL-B

Tap Normalized Power

# delay dB
1 0.0000 0
2 0.1072 -2.2
3 0.2155 -4
4 0.2095 -3.2
5 0.2870 -9.8
6 0.2986 -1.2
7 0.3752 -3.4
8 0.5055 -5.2
9 0.3681 -7.6
10 0.3697 -3
11 0.5700 -8.9
12 0.5283 -9
13 1.1021 -4.8
14 1.2756 -5.7
15 1.5474 -7.5
16 1.7842 -1.9
17 2.0169 -7.6
18 2.8294 -12.2
19 3.0219 -9.8
20 3.6187 -11.4
21 4.1067 -14.9
22 4.2790 -9.2
23 4.7834 -11.3

Table 7.7.2-3. TDL-C

Tap Normalized Power

# delay dB
1 0 -4.4
2 0.2099 -1.2
3 0.2219 -3.5

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4 0.2329 -5.2
5 0.2176 -2.5
6 0.6366 0
7 0.6448 -2.2
8 0.6560 -3.9
9 0.6584 -7.4
10 0.7935 -7.1
11 0.8213 -10.7
12 0.9336 -11.1
13 1.2285 -5.1
14 1.3083 -6.8
15 2.1704 -8.7
16 2.7105 -13.2
17 4.2589 -13.9
18 4.6003 -13.9
19 5.4902 -15.8
20 5.6077 -17.1
21 6.3065 -16
22 6.6374 -15.7
23 7.0427 -21.6
24 8.6523 -22.8

Table 7.7.2-4. TDL-D.

Tap Normalized Power Fading distribution

# delay dB
1 0 0 Rice, K1 = 13.3 dB
2 0.035 -18.8 Rayleigh
3 0.612 -21 Rayleigh
4 1.363 -22.8 Rayleigh
5 1.405 -17.9 Rayleigh
6 1.804 -20.1 Rayleigh
7 2.596 -21.9 Rayleigh
8 1.775 -22.9 Rayleigh
9 4.042 -27.8 Rayleigh
10 7.937 -23.6 Rayleigh
11 9.424 -24.8 Rayleigh
12 9.708 -30.0 Rayleigh
13 12.525 -27.7 Rayleigh

Table 7.7.2-5. TDL-E.

Tap Normalized Power Fading distribution

# delay dB
1 0 0 Rice, K1 = 22 dB
2 0.5133 -15.8 Rayleigh
3 0.5440 -18.1 Rayleigh
4 0.5630 -19.8 Rayleigh
5 0.5440 -22.9 Rayleigh
6 0.7112 -22.4 Rayleigh
7 1.9092 -18.6 Rayleigh
8 1.9293 -20.8 Rayleigh
9 1.9589 -22.6 Rayleigh
10 2.6426 -22.3 Rayleigh
11 3.7136 -25.6 Rayleigh
12 5.4524 -20.2 Rayleigh
13 12.0034 -29.8 Rayleigh
14 20.6519 -29.2 Rayleigh

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7.7.3 Scaling of delays

The RMS delay spread values of both CDL and TDL models are normalized and they can be scaled in delay so that a
desired RMS delay spread can be achieved. The scaled delays can be obtained according to the following equation:
n ,scaled n ,model DSdesired (7.7-1)

in which
n , model is the normalized delay value of the nth cluster in a CDL or a TDL model

n ,scaled is the new delay value (in nsec) of the nth cluster

DSdesired is the wanted delay spread (in nsec)

The example scaling parameters are selected according to Table 7.7.3-1 where the values have been chosen such that the
RMS delay spreads span the range observed in measurements corresponding to the typical 5G evaluation scenarios. For
information purposes, examples of such RMS delay spreads for the different scenarios are given in Table 7.7.3-2 where
the short-delay profile corresponds to the 50th percentile of LOS RMS delay spread, the normal-delay profile
corresponds to the median, and the long-delay profile corresponds to the 90th percentile of the NLOS RMS delay
spread of the channel parameter models in Table 7.5-6. It can therefore be understood that a particular RMS delay
spread in Table 7.7.3-1 may occur in any scenario; however certain values may be more likely in some scenarios than in
others.

The example parameters given in Table 7.7.3-1 does not preclude the use of other scaling values if this is found
appropriate, for instance if additional scenarios are introduced or if e.g. the effect of beamforming needs to be captured
in a TDL. Both of these examples can potentially result in an increased range of experienced rms delay spreads.

Table 7.7.3-1. Example scaling parameters for CDL and TDL models.

Model DSdesired
Very short delay spread 10 ns
Short delay spread 30 ns
Nominal delay spread 100 ns
Long delay spread 300 ns
Very long delay spread 1000 ns

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Table 7.7.3-2. Scenario specific scaling factors -- for information only

Proposed Scaling Frequency [GHz]

Factor
( DSdesired [ns]) 2 6 15 28 39 60 70
Short-delay
20 16 16 16 16 16 16
profile
Indoor Normal-delay
39 30 24 20 18 16 16
office profile
Long-delay
59 53 47 43 41 38 37
profile
Short-delay
65 45 37 32 30 27 26
profile
UMi
Normal-delay
Street- 129 93 76 66 61 55 53
profile
canyon
Long-delay
634 316 307 301 297 293 291
profile
Short-delay
93 93 85 80 78 75 74
profile
Normal-delay
UMa 363 363 302 266 249 228 221
profile
Long-delay
1148 1148 955 841 786 720 698
profile
Short-delay
32 32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
profile
RMa & Normal-delay
37 37 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
RMa O2I profile
Long-delay
153 153 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
profile
Normal-delay
240
UMi / UMa profile
O2I Long-delay
616
profile

7.7.4 Spatial filter for generating TDL channel model

The TDL models described in Section 7.7.2 are generated from the CDL models assuming ideal isotropic antennas at
both Tx and Rx. It is also possible to generate TDL models by assuming non-isotropic antennas like directive horn
antennas or array antennas.

The basic idea to generate a TDL model based on a filtered CDL model is shown in Figure 7.7.4-1 below.

Figure 7.7.4-1 The basic idea for filtering the CDL model to TDL model.

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7.7.4.1 Exemplary filters/antenna patterns

Note that any filter/pattern can be applied on a CDL to derive a TDL for evaluating directional algorithms.

Example 1: Isotropic pattern

F{tx ,rx} , 1 (7.7-2)

Example 2: Rectangular mask

BW BW
1, 90 &
F{tx ,rx} , , BW 2 2 (7.7-3)
0, otherwise.

with BW denotes beamwidth.

Example 3: Simplified antenna pattern given in [ITU-R M.2135]

Figure 7.7.4-2 Simplified antenna pattern [ITU-R M.2135].

7.7.4.2 Generation procedure

1. The following steps are needed to generate tapped delay line (TDL) models:Choose a CDL model (e.g. CDL-A).
Note that the models may be scaled according to Section 7.7.5.1 prior to the filtering in order to represent
different angular spreads.

2. Choose spatial filters Ftx and Frx

defined in LCS

3. Transform the spatial filter into GCS to obtain Ftx and Frx such that the pointing direction p , p is
centered within the filter. The pointing direction may be defined

a. by the dominant path ( P , P ) ( i , i ) with , where Pn

CDL
denotes the CDL cluster power values

b. Or an arbitrary direction

4. Calculate TDL cluster power values given the following equation

PnTDL PnCDL Frx n ,n Ftx n ,n

2
(7.7-4)

7.7.5 Extension for MIMO simulations

Extended MIMO link-level channel models can be constructed according to two alternative methods described in the
following subsections.

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7.7.5.1 CDL extension: Scaling of angles

The angle values of CDL models are fixed, which is not very suitable for MIMO simulations for several reasons; The
PMI statistics can become biased, and a fixed precoder may perform better than open-loop and on par with closed-loop
or reciprocity beamforming. Furthermore, a CDL only represents a single channel realization. The predefined angle
values in CDL models can be generalized by introducing angular translation and scaling. By translation, mean angle can
be changed to and angular spread can be changed with scaling. The translated and scaled angles can be obtained
according to the following equation:

n ,scaled
ASdesired
n,model ,model ,desired (7.7-5)
ASmodel

in which:
n ,model is the tabulated CDL angle

ASmodel is the rms angular spread of the tabulated CDL

, model is the mean angle of the tabulated CDL

,desired is the desired mean angle

ASdesired is the desired rms angular spread

n ,scaled is the resulting scaled cluster angle.

Typical angular spreads for different scenarios can be obtained from the system-level model.
Example scaling values are:
- AoD spread (ASD) for each CDL model: {5, 10, 15, 25} degrees.

- AoA spread (ASA) for each CDL model: {30, 45, 60} degrees.

- ZoA spread (ZSA) for each CDL model: {5, 10, 15} degrees.

- ZoD spread (ZSD) for each CDL model: {1, 3, 5} degrees.

The angular scaling and translation can be applied to some or all of azimuth and zenith AODs and AOAs.
Note: The angles may need to be wrapped around to be within 0-360 degrees in azimuth and clipped within 0-180 in
zenith angle.

7.7.5.2 TDL extension: Applying a correlation matrix

The TDLs and the spatial-filtered TDLs can be used with the correlation matrices for MIMO link-level simulations.
Typical correlation parameters can be derived from 1) delay & angular scaled CDLs with antenna array assumptions, 2)
system-level model with antenna array assumptions, or 3) by selecting extreme cases, e.g. uncorrelated, highly
correlated etc. For example, these following options can be considered:
1) Zero correlation (IID channel coefficients) can be used for any number of antenna elements

2) The correlation matrix construction method from 3GPP TS36.101/104 [15][16] can be used for linear and planar
(single- or dual-polarized) arrays.

- Other correlation parameters , , than those specified in 3GPP TS36.101/104 [15][16] and extensions to
larger antenna arrays can be considered. For typical scenarios, and will be in the range 0-1

- A representative set of values is {0,0.7,0.9,0.99}

Note: This approach can be applied to TDLs derived from spatially filtered CDLs to emulate hybrid BF system
Note: Other methodologies could also be developed, e.g.
- - extending the 3GPP TS36.101/104 [15][16] procedure to planar arrays or more elements

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- - using CDLs in combination with array assumptions to derive per-tap correlation matrices as in [17].

- - using the system-level model in combination with array assumptions to derive per-tap or per-channel
correlation matrices

7.7.6 K-factor for LOS channel models

For the LOS channel models of CDL/TDL-D and CDL/TDL-E, user can change the K-factor value. Typical K-factor
values can be found in Table 7.5-6.

When a new values of K-factor is set to be Kdesired [dB], the path powers except for the LOS path (i.e., all the paths
modelled by Laplacian) shall be scaled. For TDL-D/E, the K-factor of the first tap K1 [dB] shall also be scaled.

For CDL-D/E, the power scaling shall be performed according to Table 7.7.6-1.

Table 7.7.6-1. Power scaling according to the desired K factor: CDL-D/E

Model Table Equation for power scaling of all

scattered paths (including cluster
1 Laplacian part).
CDL-D 7.7.1-4 Pn,new[dB] = Pn,old[dB] Kdesired[dB] +
9[dB]
CDL-E 7.7.1-5 Pn,new[dB] = Pn,old[dB] Kdesired[dB] +
9.3[dB]

For TDL-D/E, the power scaling and the scaling of the K-factor of the first tap shall be performed according to Table
7.7.6-2.

Table 7.7.6-2. Power scaling according to the desired K factor: TDL-D/E

Model Table Equation for power scaling of all Equation for the K-factor of Tap #1 (K1)
delayed taps excluding tap#1.
TDL-D 7.7.2-4 Pn,new[dB] = Pn,old[dB] Kdesired[dB] + 9[dB] K1,new [dB] = K1,old [dB] + Kdesired[dB] - 9[dB]
-10log10((1013.3/10+10(-Kdesired[dB] + 9[dB])/10)/
(1+1013.3/10))
TDL-E 7.7.2-5 Pn,new[dB] = Pn,old[dB] Kdesired[dB] + 9.3[dB] K1,new [dB] = K1,old [dB] + Kdesired[dB] 9.3[dB]
-10log10((1022/10+10(-Kdesired[dB] + 9.3[dB])/10)/
(1+1022/10))

After scaling the powers, the delay spread needs to be re-normalized. This is done through the two steps below.

1) Calculate the actual RMS delay spread after the K-factor adjustment.

2) Apply the delay spread scaling to obtain DS = 1 second.

7.8 Channel model calibration

7.8.1 Large scale calibration
For large scale calibration, fast fading is not modeled. The calibration parameters can be found in Table 7.8-1. The
calibration results can be found in R1-165974.

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Table 7.8-1: Simulation assumptions for large scale calibration

Parameter Values
Scenarios UMa, UMi-Street Canyon, Indoor-office
Sectorization 3 sectors per cell site: 30, 150 and 270 degrees

BS antenna configurations Mg = Ng = 1; (M,N,P) = (10,1,1), dV = 0.5lambda

BS port mapping The 10 elements are mapped to a single CRS port
102 degrees for UMa and UMi Street Canyon
BS antenna electrical downtilting
110 degrees for indoor
DFT precoding according to TR 36.897 with application of panning and tilting
Antenna virtualization
angles
44 dBm for UMi-Street Canyon, 49 for UMa at 6GHz
BS Tx power 35 dBm at 30GHz and 70 GHz for UMa and UMi-Street canyon
24 dBm for Indoor for all carrier frequencies
Bandwidth 20MHz for 6GHz, and 100MHz for 30Ghz and 70 GHz
MS antenna configurations 1 element (vertically polarized), Isotropic antenna gain pattern
Handover margin (for calibration) 0dB
Following TR36.873 for UMa and UMi, (3D dropping)
UE distribution
uniform dropping for indoor with minimum distance (2D) of 0 m
UE attachment Based on pathloss considering LOS angle
UE noise figure 9 dB
Fast fading channel Fast fading channel is not modelled
O2I penetration loss 50% low loss and 50% high loss

Carrier Frequency 6 GHz, 30 GHz, 70GHz

Wrapping method for UMa and geographical distance based wrapping (mandatory)
UMi radio distance (optional)
Metrics 1) Coupling loss serving cell (based on LOS pathloss)
2) Geometry (based on LOS pathloss) with and without white noise

7.8.2 Full calibration

The calibration parameters for full calibration including the fast fading modeling can be found in Table 7.8-2.
Unspecified parameters in Table 7.8-2 are the same as those in Table 7.8-1. When P=2, X-pol (+/-45 degree) is used for
BS antenna configuration 1 and X-pol (0/+90 degree) is used for MS antenna configuration. The calibration results can
be found in R1-165975.

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Table 7.8-2: Simulation assumptions for full calibration

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMa, 3D-UMi-street Canyon, Indoor-office
Carrier Frequency 6 GHz, 30 GHz, 60GHz, 70GHz
Bandwidth 20MHz for 6GHz, and 100MHz for 30GHz, 60 GHz and 70 GHz
44 dBm for UMi-Street Canyon, 49 for UMa at 6GHz
BS Tx power 35 dBm at 30GHz, 60 GHz and 70 GHz for UMa and UMi-Street canyon
24 dBm for Indoor for all carrier frequencies
Config 1: M=4,N=4,P=2, Mg=1, Ng =2, dH = dV = 0.5lambda, dH,g=dV,g=2.5lambda calibration
BS antenna
metrics 1), 2), 3) are calibrated
configurations
Config 2: Mg=Ng=1, M=N=2, P = 1 calibration metrics 1), 2), 4) are calibrated
Config 1: all 16 elements for each polarization on each panel are mapped to a single CRS port;
panning angles of the two subarrays: (0,0) degs; same downtilt angles as used for the large-scale
BS port mapping
calibrations
Config 2: each antenna element is mapped to one CRS port
MS antenna Mg=Ng=1, M=N=1, P=2
configurations
Following TR36.873 for UMa and UMi, (3D dropping)
UE distribution
uniform dropping for indoor with minimum distance (2D) of 0 m
UE attachment Based on RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
Polarized antenna
Model-2 in TR36.873
modelling
UE array orientation UT, uniformly distributed on [0,360] degree, UT,= 90 degree, UT, = 0 degree
UE antenna pattern Omnidirectional
1) Coupling loss serving cell
2) Wideband SIR before receiver without noise
3) CDF of Delay Spread and Angle Spread (ASD, ZSD, ASA, ZSA) from the serving cell
(according to circular angle spread definition of TR 25.996)
4)
CDF of largest (1st) PRB singular values (serving cell) at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale
Metrics
CDF of smallest (2nd) PRB singular values (serving cell) at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale
CDF of the ratio between the largest PRB singular value and the smallest PRB singular
value (serving cell) at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale

Note: The PRB singular values of a PRB are the eigenvalues of the mean covariance matrix in the
PRB.

7.8.3 Calibration of additional features

The calibration parameters for the calibration of oxygen absorption, large bandwidth and large antenna array, spatial
consistency, and blockage can be respectively found in Table 7.8-3, 7.8-4, 7.8-5, and 7.8-6. Unspecified parameters in
these tables are the same as those in Tables 7.8-1 and 7.8-2. When P=2, X-pol (+/-45 degree) is used for BS antenna
configuration 1 and X-pol (0/+90 degree) is used for MS antenna configuration.

Table 7.8-3: Simulation assumptions for calibration for oxygen absorption

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMi-street Canyon
Carrier Frequency 60 GHz
BS antenna
M=4,N=4,P=2, Mg=1, Ng =2, dH = dV = 0.5lambda, dH,g=dV,g=2.5lambda
configurations
all 16 elements for each polarization on each panel are mapped to a single CRS port; panning
BS port mapping angles of the two subarrays: (0,0) degs; same downtilt angles as used for the large-scale
calibrations
Drop multiple users in the multiple cells randomly, and collect the following metrics for each user
Calibration method
after attachment.

1) CDF of coupling loss (serving cell)

Metrics 2) Wideband SINR before receiver determined from RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
3) CDF of Delay Spread from the serving cell

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Table 7.8-4: Simulation assumptions for calibration for large bandwidth and large antenna array

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMi-street Canyon
Carrier Frequency 30GHz
Bandwidth 2GHz
BS antenna
M=8,N=8,P=2, Mg=1, Ng =4, dH = dV = 0.5lambda, dH,g=dV,g=4lambda
configurations
all 64 elements for each polarization on each panel are mapped to a single CRS port; panning
BS port mapping angles of the two subarrays: (0,0) degs; same downtilt angles as used for the large-scale
calibrations
The number of rays
NMPC = 40
per cluster
Drop multiple users in the multiple cells randomly, and collect the following metrics for each user
Calibration method
after attachment.

1) CDF of coupling loss (serving cell)

Metrics 2) Wideband SINR before receiver determined from RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
3) CDF of largest (1st) PRB singular values (serving cell) at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale

Table 7.8-5: Simulation assumptions for calibration for spatial consistency

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMi-street Canyon
Carrier Frequency 30 GHz
BS antenna
M=4,N=4,P=2, Mg=1, Ng =2, dH = dV = 0.5lambda, dH,g=dV,g=2.5lambda
configurations
all 16 elements for each polarization on each panel are mapped to a single CRS port; panning
BS port mapping angles of the two subarrays: (0,0) degs; same downtilt angles as used for the large-scale
calibrations
Following TR36.873, 3D dropping
uniform dropping for indoor with minimum distance of 0 m
UE distribution
For Config1: 100% UE indoor and in the 1st floor
For Config2: 100% UE outdoor
Config1: UE is stationary
Mobility
Config2: UE is moving with random direction and fixed speed, e.g., 30 km/h
For Config1:
Drop multiple UEs in a single cell, determine all permutations of pairs of UEs, collect the variables
for each pair and bin them into certain distance ranges, e.g., 1m/2m/10m, to get enough samples.
Calibration method Collect the following metrics 1) 6).
For Config2:
Drop multiple users in the single cell, and collect metric 1)-2) and 7)-9) for each user after
attachment.
1) CDF of coupling loss (serving cell)
2) Wideband SINR before receiver determined from RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
3) Cross-correlation coefficient of delay for the third cluster between paired UEs*
4) Cross-correlation coefficient of AoA for the third cluster between paired UEs
5) Cross-correlation coefficient of LoS/NLoS status between paired UEs
Metrics 6) Cross correlation coefficient of the channel response in Step 11 on the first single
subcarrier in a first PRB in an OFDM symbol on antenna port 0 received on the first UE
antenna over multiple realizations between paired UEs
7) CDF of average varying rate of power for the third cluster**
8) CDF of average varying rate of delay for the third cluster
9) CDF of average varying rate of AoA for the third cluster
* For the UT pair at a certain distance range, the variables collected by two UEs can be denoted as X and Y,
respectively, then the cross-correlation coefficient can be written as [E(XY)-E(X)E(Y)]/sqrt([E(X^2)-E(X)^2]/
sqrt([E(Y^2)-E(Y)^2]).
** For the average varying rate, we assume the collecting interval, e.g., 100ms, and then get the samples for a
certain UE, the varying rate can be written as the standard variance of the samples / 100ms.

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Table 7.8-6: Simulation assumptions for calibration for blockage

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMi-street Canyon
Carrier Frequency 30 GHz
BS antenna
M=4,N=4,P=2, Mg=1, Ng =2, dH = dV = 0.5lambda, dH,g=dV,g=2.5lambda
configurations
all 16 elements for each polarization on each panel are mapped to a single CRS port; panning
BS port mapping angles of the two subarrays: (0,0) degs; same downtilt angles as used for the large-scale
calibrations
Calibration method For Model A:
Drop multiple users in the multiple cells, and collect the following metrics 1) 3) for each user
after attachment. Optional self-blocking feature is made mandatory in the Landscape mode only
for calibration purposes.
For Model B:
Drop a BS in (0,0,30) and a UE in (100,0,1.5),
Jump directly to step 11 and replace the channel with CDL-A.
Drop a blocking screen of size 10x2 m in (80,10,1.5)
Move the UE from (100,0,1.5) to (100,20,1.5) in small increments.
Collect metric 4)
1) CDF of coupling loss (serving cell)
2) Wideband SINR before receiver determined from RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
Metrics
3) CDF of ASA from the serving cell
4) RSRP as a function of UE position

8 Map-based hybrid channel model (Alternative

channel model methodology)
Map-based hybrid model is composed of a deterministic component following, e.g., METIS work [6] and a stochastic
component following mainly the model described in section 7. The channel model methodology described in this
section is an alternative to the methodology specified in section 7, and can be used if:
- The system performance is desired to be evaluated or predicted with the use of digital map to take into account
the impacts from environmental structures and materials.

The map-based hybrid model defined in this section is not calibrated and can be used per company basis.

Applicability of the channel model to frequency range 0.5-6GHz was discussed but consensus was not reached.

8.1 Coordinate system

The same coordinate system as defined in section 7.1 is applied.

8.2 Scenarios
The same scenarios as in section 7.2 can be applied.

8.3 Antenna modelling

The same antenna modelling as defined in section 7.3 can be applied.

8.4 Channel generation

The radio channels are created using the deterministic ray-tracing upon a digitized map and emulating certain stochastic
components according to the statistic parameters listed in Table 7.5-6 to Table 7.5-10 [Note: Not all parameters listed in
these tables are used in hybrid model].. The channel realizations are obtained by a step-wise procedure illustrated in

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Figure 8.4-1 and described below. In the following steps, downlink is assumed. For uplink, arrival and departure
parameters have to be swapped.

Figure 8.4-1: Channel coefficient generation procedure

Step-wise procedure:

Step 1: Set environment and import digitized map accordingly

a) Choose scenario. Choose a global coordinate system and define zenith angle , azimuth angle , and spherical
basis vectors , as shown in Figure 7.5-2.
b) Import digitized map according to the chosen scenario. The digitized map should at least contain the following
information:
- The 3D geometric information for each of major structures involving with buildings or rooms. The external
building walls and internal room walls are represented by surfaces and identified by the coordinates of the
vertices on each wall.

- The material and thickness of each wall as well as the corresponding electromagnetic properties including
permittivity and conductivity.

- Random small objects in certain scenarios (e.g, UMi outdoor)

The format of digitized map, including additional information besides above-mentioned, is per implementation wise
and out of scope of this description.

Step 2: Set network layout, and antenna array parameters

a) Give number of BS and UT.

b) Give 3D locations of BS and UT, and calculate LOS AOD (LOS,AOD), LOS ZOD (LOS,ZOD), LOS AOA (LOS,AOA),
LOS ZOA (LOS,ZOA) of each BS and UT in the global coordinate system

c) Give BS and UT antenna field patterns Frx and Ftx in the global coordinate system and array geometries

d) Give BS and UT array orientations with respect to the global coordinate system. BS array orientation is defined
by three angles BS, (BS bearing angle), BS, (BS downtilt angle) and BS, (BS slant angle). UT array
orientation is defined by three angles UT, (UT bearing angle), UT, (UT downtilt angle) and UT, (UT slant

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angle). Give rotational motion of UT in terms of its bearing angle, downtilt angle and slant angle if UT rotation
is modelled.

e) Give speed and direction of motion of UT in the global coordinate system for virtual motion.

f) Give system centre frequency/frequencies and bandwidth(s) for each of BS-UT links

If the bandwidth (denoted as B ) is greater than c/D Hz, where c is the speed of light and D is the maximum
antenna aperture in either azimuth or elevation, the whole bandwidth is split into K B equal-sized frequency
B
bins, where K B is a per-implementation parameter taking into account the channel constancy as well
c D
B
as other potential evaluation needs, and the bandwidth of each frequency bin is B . Within k-th
KB
frequency bin, the channel power attenuation, phase rotation, Doppler are assumed constant, whose
corresponding values are calculated based on the centre frequency of k-th frequency bin
K B 2k 1
f k fc B for 1 k K B , where f c is the centre frequency of the corresponding BS-UT
2
link.

Step 3: Apply ray-tracing to each pair of link ends (i.e., end-to-end propagation between pair of Tx/Rx arrays).

a) Perform geometric calculations in ray-tracing to identify propagation interaction types, including LoS,
reflections, diffractions, penetrations and scattering (in case the digitized map contains random small objects),
for each propagation path. In general, some maximum orders of different interaction types can be set.

The theoretical principles and procedures of geometric tracing calculations can be found in [6]~[10][12]. This
description does not intend to mandate new concepts and/or procedures to the conventional ray-tracing
algorithms; on the other hand, the implementation-based variations aiming to reduce computation complexity are
allowed within limits of acceptable calibration tolerances.

The same geometric calculation is shared among all K B frequency bins.

b) Perform electric field calculations over propagation path, based on identified propagation interaction types (LoS,
reflection, diffraction, penetration and scattering) and centre frequencies of frequency bins.

The details of electric field calculation can be found in [6]~[13].

The modelling algorithms in geometry and electric field calculations for different propagation interactions are
summarized in the table below.

Table 8.4-1 Principles applied in ray-tracing

Geometry calculation Electric field calculation

LoS Free space LoS Friis equation [11]
Reflection Snells law with image-based method [7] Fresnel equation [7]
Diffraction Fermats principle [12] UTD [13]
Penetration Snells law for transmission through slab [8] Fresnel equation [7]
Scattering (upon small Omni-directional scattering [6] RCS-based scattering coefficient [6]
objects)
Note: For reasons of simplicity and simulation speed, the maximum order of reflection on a path without
diffraction is configurable from {1,2,3}; the maximum order of diffraction on a path without reflection is
configurable from {1,2}; the path containing both reflection and diffraction has 1-order reflection and 1-
order diffraction, besides any potential penetrations; and the maximum order of penetration on a path is
configurable, with the recommended value equal to 5.

The outputs from Step 3 should at least contain following for each pair of link ends:

- the LoS/NLoS flag to indicate whether a LoS propagation mechanism exists;

- the number of deterministic propagation paths LRT (also referred as deterministic clusters in Step 8. To avoid the
unnecessary computation complexity, these LRT deterministic paths only include those paths whose powers are

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higher than 25dB below the maximum deterministic path power, where the path power is denoted as Pl RTRT , real
and defined below);

- for each deterministic path ( lRT -th path sorted in ascending order of path delay):

- the flag indicating whether the deterministic path is generated with scattering upon random small objects;

- the normalized path delay lRT lRT min

RT
l RT

lRT and the first arrival absolute delay min lRT
l RT
(with lRT to
be the real absolute propagation delay of the path);

angles of arrival and departure [ l RT , AOA , lRT ,ZOA , lRT , AOD , lRT , ZOD ];
RT RT RT RT
-

KB
1
- the power PlRTRT,k,real for k-th frequency bin, and the path power Pl RTRT , real
KB
P
k 1
RT , real
l RT , k

KB
1
- the XPR lRT
RT
of the path, where l RT
RT

KB

k 1
RT
l RT , k with lRT,k
RT
being the XPR for k-th frequency bin.

- to support for true motion, i.e. the case when a trajectory is specified for UT, a path ID is associated for each
deterministic path. The same ID is associated for a path across a number of UT locations as far as 1) it has
same interaction types in the same order and 2) its interactions occur in same walls or other surfaces.

The LRT deterministic paths are sorted by normalized path delay ( lRT ) in ascending order. That is to say, 1RT
RT

= 0.

If LRT =0 for a pair of link ends, the channel gain for this pair of link ends is assumed to be zero and the
remaining steps are skipped with none of random cluster.

Step 4: Generate large scale parameters e.g. delay spread, angular spreads and Ricean K factor for random clusters.

The generation of large scale parameters takes into account cross correlation according to Table 7.5-6 and uses
the procedure described in section 3.3.1 of [14] with the square root matrix C MxM (0) being generated using
the Cholesky decomposition and the following order of the large scale parameter vector: sM = [sK, sDS, sASD, sASA,
sZSD, sZSA]T. Limit random RMS azimuth arrival and azimuth departure spread values to 104 degrees, i.e., ASA=
min(ASA ,104), ASD = min(ASD ,104). Limit random RMS zenith arrival and zenith departure spread values
to 52 degrees, i.e., ZSA = min(ZSA,52), ZSD = min(ZSD,52). For the parameter selection from Table 7.5-6,
the LoS/NLoS condition determined in Step 3 is applied. For the parameter selection from Table 7.5-6, the
LoS/NLoS condition determined in Step 3 is applied.

Step 5: Generate delays (denoted as { RC ) for random clusters

Delays are drawn randomly according to the exponential delay distribution

n ' RC ln X n (8.4-1)

LRT
1
where = max{ ,
RC

LRT

l RT 1
RT
lRT with LRC
}, Xn ~ uniform(0,1), and cluster index n = 0,, LRC to

is the number of clusters given in Table 7.5-6.

be configurable. A recommended value for LRC

LRT 1 LRT

r DS
1
LRC
r DS
LRT
RT
l RT

, where r is the delay distribution proportionality factor given
l RT 1
in Table 7.5-6.

Normalise the delays by subtracting the minimum delay and sort the normalised delays to ascending order:

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n sort n ' min n ' C (8.4-2)

where C is the additional scaling of delays to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the delay
spread, and is depending on the heuristically determined Ricean K-factor [dB] as generated in Step 4:

0.7705 0.0433K 0.0002 K 2 0.000017 K 3 LoS condition

C (8.4-33)
1 NLoS condition

For the delay used in cluster power generation in Step 6, the scaling factor C is always 1.

The n-th random cluster is removed if n=0 or n l RT th for any of 1lRTLRT, where th is given by
RT

1
th RC ln , and p0 is the configurable probability for cluster inter-arrival interval to be
1 p0

less than th. For example, set p0 =0.2 to obtain th=0.223 RC .

Denote n
RC
for 1nLRC as the delays of the LRC random clusters that remain after the cluster removal.

Step 6: Generate powers (denoted as Pi RC ,real for 1iLRC) for random clusters.
Cluster powers for the random clusters are calculated assuming a single slope exponential power delay profile.
RC ,virtual
First, the virtual powers (denoted as Pi for 1iLRC) of random clusters and virtual powers (denoted as
PjRT ,virtual for 1jLRT) of deterministic clusters are calculated as following.

Denote:
i , RC
r 1
Vi RC
exp RC
10 10
(8.4-3)
r DS
i

j , RT
r 1
V RT
exp RT
10 10
(8.4-4)
r DS
j j

where i,RC and j,RT are the per cluster shadowing terms in [dB] and meet distribution of N(0,). Then,

1 Vi RC
Pi RC , virtual

A 1 LRC LRT
(8.4-5)
Vi RC V jRT
i 1 j 1

1 V jRT A
P j
RT ,virtual
j 1
A 1 LRC LRT
A 1 (8.4-6)
V
i 1
i
RC
V jRT
j 1

In the case of LoS condition, A=KR with KR being the Ricean K-factor obtained in Step 4 and converted to linear
scale; otherwise, A=0. The real power (including effects of pathloss) per random cluster in k-th frequency bin is
given by

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LRT

P
j 1
RT , real
j ,k

Pi ,RC
k
, real
LRT
Pi RC ,virtual (8.4-7)
P j 1
j
RT ,virtual

for 1iLRC and 1 k K B . Similar to path power of deterministic cluster, the path power of i-th random
cluster is calculated as
KB
1
Pi RC , real
KB
P
k 1
RC , real
i,k . (8.4-8)

Step 7: Generate arrival angles and departure angles for both azimuth and elevation, for each random cluster.

For azimuth angles of the n-th random cluster:

The composite PAS in azimuth of all random clusters is modelled as wrapped Gaussian (see Table 7.5-6). The
RC ,real
AOAs are determined by applying the inverse Gaussian function with input parameters Pn and RMS
angle spread ASA

2(ASA / 1.4) ln PnRC , real max Pi RC ,real , PjRT ,real

i, j (8.4-9)
n, AOA
C

with constant C defined as

CNLOS 1.1035 0.028K 0.002 K 2 0.0001K 3 , for LOS

C NLOS (8.4-10)
C , for NLOS
NLOS
where C is defined as a scaling factor related to the total number of clusters and is given in Table 7.5-2.

In the LOS case, constant C also depends on the Ricean K-factor K in [dB], as generated in Step 4.
Additional scaling of the angles is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the angle
spread.
Assign positive or negative sign to the angles by multiplying with a random variable Xn with uniform
distribution to the discrete set of {1,1}, and add component Yn ~ N 0, ASA 7 2
to introduce random
variation
n , AOA X nn, AOA Yn center , AOA (8.4-11)

where center , AOA is calculated as

LRT
center , AOA arg P l
RT , real
exp jlRT
, AOA (8.4-12)
l 1

Note that l , AOA shall be given in radians here.

RT

The generation of AOD (n,AOD) follows a procedure similar to AOA as described above.

For zenith angles of the n-th random cluster:

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The generation of ZOA assumes that the composite PAS in the zenith dimension of all random clusters is
Laplacian (see Table 7.5-6). The ZOAs are determined by applying the inverse Laplacian function with input
RC ,real
parameters Pn and RMS angle spread ZSA

ZSA ln PnRC , real max Pi RC , real , PjRT ,real

n, ZOA i, j (8.4-13)
C

with C defined as

C

CNLOS 1.3086 0.0339 K 0.0077 K 2 0.0002 K 3 , for LOS
, (8.4-14)
NLOS
C , for NLOS
NLOS
where C is a scaling factor related to the total number of clusters and is given in Table 7.5-4.

In the LOS case, constant C also depends on the Ricean K-factor K in [dB], as generated in Step 4.
Additional scaling of the angles is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the angle
spread.

Assign positive or negative sign to the angles by multiplying with a random variable Xn with uniform
distribution to the discrete set of {1,1}, and add component Yn ~ N 0, ZSA 7 2
to introduce random
variation

n , ZOA X n n, ZOA Yn ZOA (8.4-15)

where ZOA 90 0 if the UT is located indoors and ZOA center , ZOA if the UT is located outdoors, where
center , ZOA is calculated as

exp j lRT
, ZOA
LRT
center ,ZOA arg P l
RT , real
(8.4-16)
l 1

Note that l , ZOA shall be given in radians here.

RT

The generation of ZOD follows the same procedure as ZOA described above except equation (8.4-15) is
replaced by
n , ZOD X n n, ZOD Yn center , ZOD offset , ZOD (8.4-17)

where variable Xn is with uniform distribution to the discrete set of {1,1}, Yn ~ N 0, ZSD 7 2
,
offset , ZOD is given in Table 7.5-7 to Table 7.5-10.

Step 8: Merge deterministic clusters and random clusters.

RT , real
First, remove any deterministic or random cluster with less than -25 dB power compared to max{ Pj ,
Pi RC ,real } for all 1jLRT and 1iLRC. Then, simply put the remaining deterministic clusters and random
clusters into single set of clusters, and meanwhile maintain an attribute for each cluster to indicate whether the
cluster is a deterministic cluster or a random cluster.

Step 9: Generate ray delays and ray angle offsets inside each cluster, where the cluster can be either random or
deterministic.

Denote M as the number of rays per cluster, where M=1 if the cluster corresponds to n=1 in the LOS case,
otherwise the value of M is given in Table 7.5.6.

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When K B 1 :

The relative delay of m-th ray within n-th cluster is given by n , m 0 for m = 1,,M.

The azimuth angle of arrival (AoA) for the m-th ray in n-th cluster is given by
n ,m , AOA n , AOA c ASA m (8.4-18)

where c ASA is the cluster-wise rms azimuth spread of arrival angles (cluster ASA) in Table 7.5-6, and offset
angle m is given in Table 7.5-3. n, AOA equals to the AOA angle output from Step 3 if n-th cluster is
deterministic cluster, and equals to the AOA angle (8.4-11) in Step 7 if n-th cluster is random cluster.

The generation of AOD (n,m,AOD) follows a procedure similar to AOA as described above.

The zenith angle of arrival (ZoA) for the m-th ray in n-th cluster is given by
n ,m ,ZOA n ,ZOA cZSA m (8.4-19)

where cZSA is the cluster-wise rms spread of ZOA (cluster ZOA) in Table 7.5-6, and offset angle m is given
in Table 7.5-3. Assuming that n , m , ZOA is wrapped within [0,3600], if n ,m ,ZOA [180 ,360 ] , then
0 0

n ,m ,ZOA is set to (3600 n ,m ,ZOA ) . n,ZOA equals to the ZOA angle output from Step 3 if n-th cluster
is deterministic cluster, and equals to the ZOA angle (8.4-15) in Step 7 if n-th cluster is random cluster.
The zenith angle of departure (ZoD) for the m-th ray in n-th cluster is given by
lgZSD (8.4-20)
n ,m ,ZOD n ,ZOD (3 / 8)(10 ) m

where lgZSD is the mean of the ZSD log-normal distribution. n,ZOD equals to the ZOD angle output from
Step 3 if n-th cluster is deterministic cluster, and equals to the ZOD angle (8.4-17) in Step 7 if n-th cluster is
random cluster.

When K B 1 :

The relative delay of m-th ray within n-th cluster is given by

n , m sort n, m min n, m
1 m M
that are

sorted in ascending order, where n,m ~ unif 0,2cDS , with the cluster delay spread as given in Table 7.5.6.
unif a, b denotes the continuous uniform distribution on the interval a, b . Note that n,
m shall be the
independently generated.
The azimuth angles (AOA and AOD) and zenith angles (ZOA and ZOD) for the m-th ray in n-th cluster in each
frequency bin is given by
n ,m , AOA n , AOA n,m , AOA
n ,m , AOD n , AOD n,m , AOD
(8.4-21)
n ,m , ZOA n , ZOA n,m , ZOA
n ,m , ZOD n , ZOD n,m , ZOD

for m = 1,,M, where n ,{ AOA| AOD} and n ,{ ZOA| ZOD} equal to the {AOA,AOD} and {ZOA, ZOD} angle
outputs from Step 3 if n-th cluster is deterministic cluster, and equal to the {AOA,AOD} and {ZOA, ZOD}
angle in Step 7 if n-th cluster is random cluster; and

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Release 14 81 3GPP TR 38.900 V14.1.0 (2016-09)

n, m , AOA ~ 2cASA unif -1,1

n, m , AOD ~ 2cASD unif -1,1
(8.4-22)
n, m , ZOA ~ 2cZSA unif -1,1
n, m , ZOD ~ 2cZSD unif -1,1

with the respective cluster angular spreads as given in Tables 7.5.6 ~ 7.5. 10.

Assuming that n , m , ZOA is wrapped within [0,3600], if n ,m ,ZOA [180 ,360 ] , then n ,m , ZOA is set to
0 0

(360 0 n ,m ,ZOA ) .

Step 10: Generate power of rays in each cluster, where coupling of rays within a cluster for both azimuth and elevation
could be needed.

Given Pn , k as the real power in k-th frequency bin for the n-th cluster (either deterministic or random)
obtained from Step 8,
When K B 1 :

Couple randomly AOD angles n,m,AOD to AOA angles n,m,AOA within a cluster n. Couple randomly ZOD angles
n ,m , ZOD with ZOA angles n ,m , ZOA using the same procedure. Couple randomly AOD angles n,m,AOD with
ZOD angles n ,m , ZOD within a cluster n.

The power of m-th ray in n-th cluster and in k-th frequency bin is given by Pn , m , k Pn , k M for m = 1,,M.

When K B 1 :

Pn, m
Pn ,m ,k Pn ,k M
The power of m-th ray in n-th cluster and in k-th frequency bin is given by for
P
m 1
n ,m

m = 1,,M, where
2 n,m , AOA 2 n,m , AOD
Pn,m exp n ,m exp exp
c DS c ASA c ASD

(8.4-23)
2 n,m , ZOA 2 n,m ,ZOD
exp exp
cZSA c ZSD

and cDS , cASA , cASD , and cZSA are respectively the intra-cluster delay spread and the corresponding
intra-cluster angular spreads that are given in Table 7.5.6. The cluster zenith spread of departure is given by
3 lgZSD
cZSD 10 , (8.4-24)
8

with lgZSD being defined in Tables 7.5-7, 7.5-8, 7.5-9, and 7.5-10.

Step 11: Generate XPRs

Generate the cross polarization power ratios (XPR) for each ray m of each cluster n. XPR is log-Normal
distributed. Draw XPR values as
n ,m 10 X / 10 (8.4-25)

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Release 14 82 3GPP TR 38.900 V14.1.0 (2016-09)

where X ~ N ( , XPR
2
) is Gaussian distributed with XPR given from Table 7.5-6. If n-th cluster is a
deterministic cluster, 10 log10 lRT ; otherwise, XPR
RT
is given in Table 7.5-6.

Step 12: Draw initial random phases

Draw random initial phase n ,m , n ,m , n ,m , n ,m for each ray m of each cluster n and for four different
polarisation combinations (, , , ). The distribution for initial phases is uniform within (-).

In the LOS case, draw also a random initial phase LOS for both and polarisations.

Step 13: Generate channel coefficients for each cluster n and each receiver and transmitter element pair u, s.

In case of NLoS, the channel coefficients of ray m in cluster n for a link between Rx antenna u and Tx antenna s
at time t in k-th frequency bin can be calculated as

H u , s , n ,m , k t
Frx ,u , n ,m ,ZOA , n ,m , AOA
T


exp j
n ,m n,1m exp j
n ,m


Frx ,u , n ,m ,ZOA , n ,m , AOA

n,1m exp j
n ,m
exp j
n ,m
Ftx ,s , n ,m ,ZOD , n ,m , AOD

F ,
f
c

exp j 2 k rrxT ,n ,m .d rx ,u rtxT,n ,m .d tx ,s

(8.4-26)
tx ,s , n ,m ,ZOD n ,m , AOD
OLn , m f k BLn , m f k ,t

Pn ,m ,k 10 20 exp j 2 f k rrxT ,n ,m .v t
c

where Frx,u, and Frx,u, are the receive antenna element u field patterns in the direction of the spherical basis
vectors, and respectively, Ftx,s, and Ftx,s, are the transmit antenna element s field patterns in the direction
of the spherical basis vectors, and respectively. The delay (TOA) for ray m in cluster n for a link
between Rx antenna u and Tx antenna s is given by:

u , s ,n ,m n n ,m 1c rrxT ,n ,m .d rx ,u 1c rtxT,n ,m .d tx , s (8.4-27)

For the m-th ray within n-th cluster, rrx , n , m is the spherical unit vector with azimuth arrival angle n , m , AOA
and elevation arrival angle n , m , ZOA , given by

sin n ,m ,ZOA cos n ,m , AOA

rrx ,n ,m sin n ,m ,ZOA sin n ,m , AOA (8.4-28)
cos n ,m ,ZOA

rtx , n , m is the spherical unit vector with azimuth departure angle n , m , AOD and elevation departure angle
n ,m , ZOD , given by

sin n ,m ,ZOD cos n ,m , AOD

rtx ,n ,m sin n ,m ,ZOD sin n ,m , AOD (8.4-29)
cos n ,m ,ZOD

Also, d rx , u is the location vector of receive antenna element u and d tx , s is the location vector of transmit
antenna element s, n,m is the cross polarisation power ratio in linear scale. If polarisation is not considered, the

2x2 polarisation matrix can be replaced by the scalar exp j n ,m and only vertically polarised field patterns
are applied.

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The Doppler frequency component is calculated from the arrival angles (AOA, ZOA), and the UT velocity
vector v with speed v, travel azimuth angle v, elevation angle v and is given by

v v. sin v cos v sin v sin v cos v ,

T
(8.4-30)

In case of LOS, the channel coefficient is calculated in the same way as in (8.4-26) except for n=1:

Frx ,u , LOS ,ZOA , LOS , AOA exp j LOS Ftx ,s , LOS ,ZOD , LOS , AOD
T
0
H u ,s ,n1,k t
Frx ,u , LOS ,ZOA , LOS , AOA exp j LOS Ftx ,s , LOS ,ZOD , LOS , AOD

0
OLn , m 1 f k BLn , m 1 f k ,t


exp j 2
fk T
rrx ,LOS .d rx ,u rtx ,LOS .d tx ,s . P1,k 10
T 20 exp j 2 f k rrxT ,LOS .v t
c
c
(8.4-31)

where the corresponding delay (TOA) for cluster n=1 for a link between Rx antenna u and Tx antenna s is
given by u , s , n 1 n 1c rrxT , LOS .d rx ,u 1c rtxT, LOS .d tx , s .

In (8.4-26) and (8.4-31), the oxygen absorption loss, OLn,m(f), for each ray m in cluster n at carrier frequency f is
modelled as

OLn,m(f) = (f)/1000 c
min [dB]
n n , m l RT l RT
(8.4-32)

where:
- (f) is the frequency dependent oxygen loss per distance (dB/km) characterized in section 7.6.1;

- c is speed of light (m/s); and

- n is the delay (s) obtained from Step 3 for deterministic clusters and from Step 5 for random clusters.
min lRT is from the output of Step 3.
l RT

In (8.4-26) and (8.4-31), blockage modelling is an add-on feature. If the blockage model is applied, the
blockage loss, BLn,m(f,t) in unit of dB, for each ray m in cluster n at carrier frequency f and time t is modelled in
the same way as given in section 7.6.4; otherwise BLn,m(f,t)=0dB for all f and t.

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Release 14 84 3GPP TR 38.900 V14.1.0 (2016-09)

Annex A: (Informative) Change history

Change history
Date Meeting TDoc CR Rev Cat Subject/Comment New
version
2016-02 RAN1#84 R1-160587 Initial draft 0.1.0
2016-04 RAN1#84 R1-163488 Added contents in Section 7 based on the agreements in RAN1#84 0.2.0
bis and RAN1-channelmodel-adhoc
2016-05 RAN1#85 R1-165465 Added contents based on agreements in RAN1#84b 0.3.0
2016-05 RAN1#85 R1-165966 Added contents based on agreements in RAN1#85 0.4.0
2016-06 RAN#72 R1-165970 MCC clean-up for information to RAN#72 1.0.0
2016-06 RAN#72 RP-161108 One left comment removed for information to RAN#72 1.0.1
2016-06 RAN#72 RP-161301 RAN decision to approve it at RAN#72 2.0.0
2016-06 RAN#72 Approved by RAN#72 as Rel-14 TR decision to go under change 14.0.0
control
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0002 2 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations in section 3 of TR38.900 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0004 2 Clarifications and corrections to fast fading model in Sections 7.5 14.1.0
and 7.6 of TR38.900
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0009 - Correction to the TDL-E and CDL-E 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0012 - CR for capturing large-scale and full-scale calibration results 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0013 1 CR for TR38.900 for editorials and minor corrections 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0014 1 TR38.900_CR_Section_6 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0015 1 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.1 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0016 - TR38.900_CR_Section_7.2 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0017 1 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.3 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0019 - Correction to UMi O2I delay spread 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0020 - Correction for spatial consistency of indoor distance 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0022 1 Correction for RMa shadow fading 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0023 - Correction to MIMO extension of TDLs 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0024 - Correction for mean ZOA 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0025 1 Correction for K-factor scaling of TDL models 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0026 1 Correction for Doppler spectrum of TDLs 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0027 - TR38.900_CR_Section_7.4 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0029 1 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.6.2.1 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0030 1 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.6.2.2 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0031 2 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.6.3 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0032 2 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.6.4 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0033 - TR38.900_CR_Section_7.7.3 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0034 2 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.7.4 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0035 1 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.7.5 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0036 3 TR38.900_CR_Section_8.4 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0037 2 TR38.900_CR_Section_7.6.6 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0038 2 Applicability of TR38.900 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0039 - TR38.900_CR_Consistent_Equation_Numbering 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0040 - Corrections on spatial consistency across floors in TR 38.900 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0041 - CR on Oxygen Absorption 14.1.0
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0042 - CR on spatially consistent random variable clarification in 14.1.0
TR38.900
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0043 - CR on delay scaling parameters in LLS channel model in 14.1.0
TR38.900
2016-09 RAN#73 RP-161573 0044 - Correction on Calibration Simulation Assumption in 14.1.0
TR38.900

3GPP