PEMP
RMD510
Design of Hydraulic
Turbines
Session delivered by:
P f Q.
Prof. Q H.
H Nagpurwala
N l
Dept. of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1
PEMP
RMD510
Session Objectives
To understand the importance of various parameters involved in
the design
g of Pelton,, Francis and Kaplan
p turbines
To discuss the design guidelines and various empirical design
relations
To carry out design of a typical low power Pelton turbine, a
Francis turbine and a Kaplan turbine
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 2
PEMP
RMD510
Design of Pelton Turbine
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 3
PEMP
Schematic of Pelton Turbines
RMD510
Pelton turbine with single
g jjet
Pelton turbine with two jets
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 4
PEMP
Pelton Turbine Installation
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 5
PEMP
Net Head for Power Generation RMD510
In practice the penstock is
sized so that at rated power the
net head is usually 85-95% of
the total head
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 6
PEMP
Jet Velocity and Energy Transfer
RMD510
(Value of is 165-170
to avoid interference)
Jet impingement Double hemispherical shape of bucket
and from Euler turbine equation,
equation the
energy transferred to the wheel is
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 7
PEMP
Working Design Proportions
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 8
PEMP
Working Design Proportions
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 9
PEMP
Working Design Proportions
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 10
PEMP
Working Design Proportions
RMD510
M = 1.1 to 1.5d
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 11
PEMP
Working Design Proportions
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 12
PEMP
Vertical Pelton Wheel with Six Jets
RMD510
Fig 5.11 Vertical Pelton Turbine with 6 jets
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 13
PEMP
Jet Runner Interaction
RMD510
Time dependent flow visualization
visualization, taken by a high speed camera in
a typical model Pelton turbine
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 14
PEMP
RMD510
Design of a 1.5MW Pelton Turbine
Given:
Water head = 500 m
Generator power
po er output,
o tp t Pg = 1500 kW
Generator speed, Ng = 750 rpm
Generator efficiency, g = 0.8
Mechanical efficiency, m = 0.85
1. Brake power
p of turbine: 2. Absolute velocityy of jet:
j
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 15
PEMP
RMD510
Design of a 1.5MW Pelton Turbine
3. Velocity of bucket:
4. From Euler equation
Assume: K = 0.85, reduction of relative velocity due to friction
= 165,
165 vane angle
l
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 16
PEMP
RMD510
Design of a 1.5MW Pelton Turbine
5. Required flow rate, Q from 6. Nozzle dimensions:
power equation:
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 17
PEMP
RMD510
Design of a 1.5MW Pelton Turbine
7. Diameter of Pelton wheel: 8. Dimensions of bucket
B = 4 Dn = 4 x 0.08367 = 0.3347m
D = 0.9 Dn = 0.9 x 0.08367 = 0.0753m
M = 1.1Dn = 1.1 x 0.08367 = 0.092m
L = 2.4Dn = 2.4 x 0.08367 = 0.2008m
Number of buckets
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 18
PEMP
RMD510
Choice of Materials
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 19
PEMP
1. Manifold
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 20
PEMP
2. Nozzle
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 21
PEMP
3. Deflector
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 22
PEMP
4. Runner
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 23
PEMP
5. Turbine Shaft
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 24
PEMP
6. Housing
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 25
PEMP
RMD510
Design of Francis Turbine
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 26
PEMP
Francis Turbine
RMD510
Guide vanes
Runner blades
Rotation
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 27
PEMP
Work Done and Efficiency
RMD510
Euler Turbine Equation
If the flow at runner exit is without swirl then the equation reduces to
Hydraulic
y Efficiencyy
If c3 = 0, then
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 28
PEMP
Important Design Relations
RMD510
Ratio of width to diameter of the runner,
runner n = b2/D2 = 0.1
0 1 0.4
04
Flow ratio, ca2 /sqrt (2gH) = 0.15 0.3
Speed ratio, U2 /sqrt (2gH) = 0.6 0.9
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 29
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
The following data is given for a Francis turbine.
Net head, H = 60 m
S d N = 700 rpm
Speed,
Shaft power = 294.3 kW
o = 84% ; h = 93%
Flow ratio = 0.20
0 20
Width ratio n = 0.1
Outer diameter of the runner = 2* inner diameter of runner. The thicknesses of
vanes occupy 5% of circumferential area of the runner, runner velocity of flow is
constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial at outlet. Determine:
(i) Guide blade angle
((ii)) Runner vane angles
g at inlet and outlet
(iii) Diameters of runner at inlet and outlet, and
(iv) Width of wheel at inlet
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 30
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 31
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 32
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 33
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 34
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 35
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 36
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 37
PEMP
Francis Turbine Design
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 38
PEMP
Choice of Material
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 39
PEMP
1. Spiral Casing, Stay Ring and Stay Vanes
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 40
PEMP
RMD510
2. Covers
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 41
PEMP
RMD510
3. Draft Tube Cone
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 42
PEMP
RMD510
4. Draft Tube
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 43
PEMP
RMD510
5. Guide Vanes
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 44
PEMP
RMD510
6. Runner
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 45
PEMP
RMD510
7. Labyrinth Seals
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 46
PEMP
RMD510
8. Turbine Shaft
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 47
PEMP
RMD510
Design of Kaplan Turbine
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 48
PEMP
RMD510
Definition of Heads of Kaplan Turbine
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 49
PEMP
RMD510
Design Specifications
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 50
PEMP
RMD510
Power and Specific Speed
Power
= 97.806
97 806 W = 98 kW
Specific Speed
H = Gross head
Hn = Net head
H
Hence, Correlation by
y F. Schweiger
g
and J. Gregory
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 51
PEMP
RMD510
Rotational Speed
E = Specific
p hydraulic
y
energy
This speed is optimal because it
is synchronous to the generator
Therefore
Therefore, speed Thus,
speed. Thus the turbine can be
directly coupled to the
generator.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 52
PEMP
RMD510
Runaway Speed
The runaway speed is the max. speed which the turbine can theoretically
attain. It is achieved during load rejection.
The following guideline can be used to determine the runaway speed.
Choosing double regulation for the turbine
turbine,
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 53
PEMP
RMD510
Runner Diameter
Hub Diameter
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 54
PEMP
Suction Head
RMD510
The suction
Th i head,
h d Hs, isi the
h head
h d where
h the h turbine
bi isi installed;
i ll d if the
h
suction head is positive, the turbine is located above the trail water; if it is
negative, the turbine is located under the trail water. To avoid cavitation,
the range of the suction head is limited. The maximum allowed suction
head can be calculated using the following equation:
Where:
patm atmospheric pressure [Pa]
pv water vapor pressure [Pa]
water density [kg/m3]
g acceleration of gravity
c4 outlet average velocity [m/s]
cavitation
it ti coefficient
ffi i t [-]
[]
Hn net head [m]
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 55
PEMP
Cavitation
RMD510
Given:
Suction head,
Therefore,
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 56
PEMP
Outlet Velocity
RMD510
The outlet velocity c4 can be established via the discharge and the
diameter at the outlet of the water ppassage.g Since the dimensions of
the water passage are not known, the outlet velocity has to be
assumed. An outlet velocity of 2m/s is chosen. Using this velocity, a
ddiameter
a ete ofo 1.38m
.38 would
wou d aarise
se at tthee outlet
out et oof tthee wate
water passage - a
quite realistic value.
As long as the chosen suction head is below the established suction
head, no cavitation occurs.
A suction head of 0.45m is chosen.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 57
PEMP
Blade Shape
RMD510
Two different views of a blade
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 58
PEMP
Velocity Triangles
RMD510
u tangential velocity [m/s]
c absolute velocity [m/s]
w relative
relati e velocity
elocit [m/s]
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 59
PEMP
Spanwise Blade Sections
RMD510
To define the twist of the blade, the velocity triangles at six different radii
of the blade are determined. The angle of each radius gives information
on the twist of the blade.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 60
PEMP
RMD510
Analysis of Velocity Triangles
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 61
PEMP
RMD510
Analysis of Velocity Triangles
Therefore,
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 62
PEMP
RMD510
Analysis of Velocity Triangles
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 63
PEMP
Analysis of Velocity Triangles
RMD510
Velocity triangle information at 6 radial locations from hub to tip
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 64
PEMP
RMD510
Procedure for Blade Characteristics
Step-1
Lift coefficient at each radius is determined by the following equation:
Where
w2 relative velocity at blade exit [m/s] s efficiency of the energy change [-]
[]
w medial relative velocity [m/s] c3 velocity after the runner [m/s]
patm atmospheric pressure [m] c4 outlet velocity [m/s]
Hs suction head [m] K profile characteristic number
pmin minimal water pressure [m]
The values of the following parameters are assumed as per the guidelines:
pmin = 2 - 2.5, s = 0.88 - 0.91, K = 2.6 - 3
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 65
PEMP
RMD510
Procedure for Blade Characteristics
Step-2
The ratio l/t is determined using the following relation:
Where:
g acceleration of gravity [m/s2] The angle of slip has to be assumed;
h hydraulic efficiency [-] the range for the assumption is as
H gross head [m] follows:
cm meridian velocity [m/s2]
= 2.5
2 5 - 3
3
angle of slip []
u tangential velocity [m/s2] Using this assumption, an approximate
(180-) inflow angle [] value of the ratio l/t can be established.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 66
PEMP
RMD510
Procedure for Blade Characteristics
Step-3
The ratio of the lift coefficients
a/A can
a/ ca be read
ead off
o from
o thet e
given chart.
Using this ratio the lift coefficient
A can be
b established.
bli h d
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 67
PEMP
RMD510
Procedure for Blade Characteristics
Step-4
This figure gives
information on the drag
coefficient W of the
different profiles.
Each of the curves
represents one of the
profiles which are listed
beside the chart.
First, it has to be decided
which of the profiles
should be chosen;
following this, the drag
coefficient of this profile
can be determined by y
using the chart.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 68
PEMP
RMD510
Procedure for Blade Characteristics
Step-5
The angle of slip can be calculated using the following equation:
Check whether the assumed angle of slip and the calculated angle of slip are
similar or not.
If the difference is too great, repeat the procedure using the angle of slip
calculated from the above equation.
Steps
p 2 to 5 must be repeated
p until the angles
g of slipp do not change
g anymore;
y
however, it is necessary to always choose the same profile in Step 4.
When the angle is fixed, it can be assumed that the last calculated values of
Steps 2 to 5 are accurate enough.
Thus, the ratio l/t and the profile are determined.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 69
PEMP
RMD510
Procedure for Blade Characteristics
Step-6
The angle of attack of the chosen profile
can now be established using the given
figure.
The Steps 1-6 are to be followed for all the
six radial sections of the blade.
blade
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 70
PEMP
RMD510
Calculation of Blade Characteristics
Lift Coefficient
and
Therefore
Therefore, and = 0.08
0 08
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 71
PEMP
RMD510
Calculation of Blade Characteristics
Ratio 1/t
Reciprocal
ec p oca of
o l/t
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 72
PEMP
RMD510
Lift Coefficient
From the graph
Therefore,
h f the
h lif
lifting
i coefficient,
ffi i A
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 73
PEMP
RMD510
Drag Coefficient
From the graph
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 74
PEMP
Angle of Slip,
RMD510
A l off slip
Angle li
It can be seen that the calculated value (= 2.7o) of angle of slip is fairly close to
the assumed value (= 3o).
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 75
PEMP
RMD510
Angle of Attack and Angle of Twist
Angle of attack
A l off ttwist
Angle it
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 76
PEMP
RMD510
Radial Variation of Blade Parameters
The listed values in the Table are obtained using the profile 430
To get the accurate angle of distortion, the angle has to be subtracted from the
angle (180-).
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 77
PEMP
Choice of Materials
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 78
PEMP
1. Spiral Casing
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 79
PEMP
2. Stay Ring and Stay Vanes
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 80
PEMP
3. Guide Vanes
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 81
PEMP
4. Runner
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 82
PEMP
5. Draft Tube Cone
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 83
PEMP
6. Turbine Shaft
RMD510
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 84
PEMP
Session Summary RMD510
Constructional features of hydraulic turbines are briefly
discussed.
Design guidelines and typical working design proportions of
Pelton Francis and Kaplan turbines are explained.
Pelton, explained
Design examples of the three types of turbines are presented.
Typical materials used in different components of hydraulic
turbines are listed.
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 85
PEMP
RMD510
Th k you
Thank
Session-15 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 86
