Starting with Linux

Feilke Tobias

 Table of Content

Linux?

File Structure

Users & Groups

Commands / Tools

Combining Commands

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 Linux?

Linux is an Operating System

Linux is based on Unix

Linux is Open Source

Linux is available in a lot of different Distributions

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 Linux?

Some facts:

Linux exists since April 1994 (Version 1.0)

Developed by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science

student

Linux is free available, can an should be copied

Worldwide hundreds of volunteer developpers

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 File Structure

There are only files on a Linux System

All devices are represented through files

Folders are files

All files can be mounted to every place in the System

Mounting doesnt depend on the physical location

The File system of one Linux machine can consist of

several devices and Computers

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 File Structure

Filenames are not limited by length

should be avoided

Special characters are not allowed up to a few exceptions

Files dont need special file extentions

Standard naming conventions should still be maintained

.c for C-Files
.cpp for C++ Files
.log for Logfiles

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 File Structure

Comparable to a Tree

etc/ dev/ mnt/ bin/ sbin/ usr/ home/

init.d/ X11/ passwd mkdir ls lib/ man/

shutdown halt sdd/ cwp/

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 Users & Groups

All users have an ID (UID)

User ID

All groups have an ID (GID)

Group ID

All users belong to at least one group

The initial group for all users is: users

All users can belong to more than one group

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 Users & Groups

User: root

Classification: Absolut System Administrator

Has control of all data

Has control of all processes

He is not subject of any restrictions

Has the group root

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 Users & Groups

User: default user

Classification: restricted user

Has control of his personal data

Has control of his processes

Has defined rights

Has a group

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 Short Break

Tea

Coffee

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 Commands

cd (change directory)
Changes your working folder

Examples:

cd /home/sdd/ change to folder sdd

cd .. change to upper directory
cd tools change to tools in lokal folder
cd - change to last folder
cd change to home folder

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 Commands

pwd (print working directory)

Shows local working folder

Example:
pwd
-> /home/sdd

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 Commands

ls (list)
Shows content of local folder

Parameter:

ls l shows file information (long)

ls a shows all files (even hidden/all)
ls al shows all files and information (all, long)
ls altr shows all files arranged by access time
ls lisa long, Inode, size, all
ls pr* shows all files starting with pr

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 Commands

mkdir (make Directory)

Creates a driectory

Example:
mkdir /home/sdd/pictures
Creates the directory pictures in folder /home/sdd

mkdir -p /Shortlog/SDD
Creates the directory Shortlog and in Shortlog, the folder
SDD

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 Commands

rm (remove)
Deleting files
rmdir (remove directory)
Deleting folders

Example:
rm SimpleFile delete Simplefile in local folder

rm Sim* delete all files in local folder

starting with Sim

rmdir SimpleDir delete directory Simpledir in local

folder

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 Commands

cp (copy)
Copy a file or folder

Example:
cp .bashrc mycopy creates a copy of .bashrc named
mycopy

cp -r <File> <Target> copy recursive

cp -rv <File> <Target> copy recursive and show log

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 Commands

mv (move)
Moves a file or folder

Example:
mv test /home move file test to /home

mv data/ incoming/ move local folder data to

local folder incoming
mv progA backup rename progA to backup

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 Commands

grep (Search content)

Searches in files for specific content.

Usage Example:
grep <text> <path>

grep -r date /log/* Searches for date in

folder log and its
subfolders

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 Commands

find (find)
Search for a specific file

Usage:
find <path> -name <filename>
Example:
find / -name services.cfg Searches for the file
services.cfg starting in the
base folder /.

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 Commands

chmod (change mode)

Change a files permissions

Usage:
chmod <parameters> <filename>
Example:
chmod 777 executeme.sh Changes the file
permissions, with 777
everyone can read write
and execute the file.

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 Commands

chgrp (change group)

Change the owner group of a file.

Usage:
chgrp <new group> <filename>
Example:
chgrp sdd log.txt Change the ownergroup of file
log.txt to sdd.

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 Commands

chown (change owner)

Change the owner of a file.

Usage:
chown <new owner> <filename>
Example:
chown sdd log.txt Change the owner of file
log.txt to sdd.

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 Commands

df ()
Display the amount of disk space available on the filesystem
containing each file name in the agrument.

Usage:
df <option> <filename>
Example:
df Displays the available space on all currently
mounted filesystems.

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 Commands

init (parent process)

Set a new runlevel.

Init 0 Reboot the system

Init S Single-User-Runlevel (Maintenance)
Init 1 Single-User-Runlevel minimal recourses
Init 2 Multi-User-Runlevel minimal recourses
Init 3 Multi-User-Runlevel without Xserver
Init 4 not defined
Init 5 Multi-User-Runlevel (normal)
Init 6 Reboot

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 Commands

mount ()
Make a storage device available to your system.

Usage:
mount <device> <mountpoint>
Example:
mount /dev/sdb1 /tmp/usb
Makes the storage device sdb1 available at the folder
/tmp/usb. For example a usb pendrive.

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 Commands

umount ()
Release a mount. Write changes to device.

Usage:
umount <mountpoint>
Example:
umount /tmp/usb
Release the mount of /tmp/usb. Now the device could be
removed secure.

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 Tools

vi (editor)
Simple editor available on all unix based distributions

Usage:
vi <file to edit> Open a file
Commands:
i Enter edit mode ESC to leave
:wq Save and exit
:q! Quit without saving
u Undo last action
/<txt> Searches in file for txt

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 Tools

less (reader)
Display content of a file

Usage:
less <file to view> Displays the file
Commands:
/<txt> Search and highlights txt
Arrowkeys to navigate
q Leave file

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 Tools

cat (print on std out)

Echos the filecontent

Usage:
Cat <file to view> Echos the file

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 Combining Commands

find /home/feilket/Lesson/* -name hosts.cfg

Searches all files named hosts.cfg in /home/feilket/Lessons

find /home/feilket/Lesson/* -name hosts.cfg |grep
nagios

Searches all files named hosts.cfg in /home/feilket/Lessons

and displays only files where nagios is contained in the path
The output from the first commant was is passed to the
second command as input

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 Combining Commands

cat $(find /home/feilket/Lesson/* -name hosts.cfg |

grep nagios)

The result of our search is now used as parameter for cat.

These hands the same result as these two commands:
cat /home/feilket/Lessons/CNMS/nagios/srv/hosts.cfg
cat /home/feilket/Lessons/CNMS/nagios/ws/hosts.cfg

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 Combining Commands

cat $(find /home/feilket/Lesson/* -name hosts.cfg |

grep nagios) | grep host_name

Now we used the filtered result of our search command to

display the files and afterwards we filtered the output from
cat

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 Combining Commands

cat $(find /home/feilket/Lesson/* -name hosts.cfg |

grep nagios) | grep host_name >> hostnames.txt

The entire result of our commands is now redirected to a

file.

>> leads output to a file appending

> leads output to a file overwriting

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 Training

Task 1
Go to the home directory.
Task 2
Create a textfile.
Task 3
Copy textfile to the desktop.
Task 4
Create a directory on the desktop.
Task 5
Move the textfile from the desktop to the new folder.
Task 6
Delete the file and the new Folder.

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 Training

Task 1
Find the file hosts.
Task 2
Get information about the file.
Task 3
List all files starting with z in the /sbin folder.
Task 4
Find the file which contains HelloWorld
Task 5
Copy the HelloWorld file to a usb pendrive.
Task 6
Output only the line containing the word solution from a
file named findme.txt on your local system.

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