BRITISH STANDARD BS EN

15377-3:2007

Heating systems in
buildings Design of
embedded water based
surface heating and
cooling systems
Part 3: Optimizing for use of renewable
energy sources

The European Standard EN 15377-3:2007 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 91.140.10

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 15377-3:2007

National foreword

This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15377-3:2007.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
RHE/24, Central heating installations.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.

This British Standard was Amendments issued since publication

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee Amd. No. Date Comments
on 31 October 2007

BSI 2007

ISBN 978 0 580 55971 6

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 15377-3
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM October 2007

ICS 91.140.10

English Version

Heating systems in buildings - Design of embedded water based

surface heating and cooling systems - Part 3: Optimizing for use
of renewable energy sources

Conception des systmes de chauffage et refroidissement Heizungsanlagen in Gebuden - Planung von eingebetteten
par le sol, le mur et le plafond - Partie 3 : Optimisation pour Flchenheiz- und -khlsystemen mit Wasser als
l'usage des sources d'nergie renouvelable Arbeitsmedium - Teil 3: Optimierung fr die Nutzung
erneuerbarer Energiequellen

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 August 2007.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 15377-3:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Contents Page

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6
3 Terms, definitions and symbols...........................................................................................................6
3.1 Data referred to the circuit:...................................................................................................................7
3.2 Data referred to the room geometry and the boundary conditions: ................................................7
3.3 Data referred to the slab and its partitions: ........................................................................................8
3.4 Data referred to the initial temperature profile ...................................................................................8
3.5 Calculation of the temperature profile and the heat fluxes in the generic time-step n ..................9
4 Relation to other EPBD standards .......................................................................................................9
5 Optimisation of systems for facilitating the use of renewable energy sources .............................9
6 The concept of Thermo-Active-Building-Systems (TABS) ..............................................................11
7 Calculation methods ...........................................................................................................................16
7.1 General..................................................................................................................................................16
7.2 Rough sizing method ..........................................................................................................................16
7.3 Simplified sizing method using diagrams.........................................................................................16
7.4 Simplified model based on finite difference method (FDM)............................................................23
7.4.1 Cooling system ....................................................................................................................................23
7.4.2 Hydraulic circuit...................................................................................................................................23
7.4.3 Slab .......................................................................................................................................................23
7.4.4 Room.....................................................................................................................................................23
7.4.5 Limits of the method ...........................................................................................................................25
7.5 Dynamic building simulations program ............................................................................................26
8 Input for computer simulations of energy performance .................................................................26
Annex A (informative) Simplified diagrams .................................................................................................27
Annex B (normative) Calculation method ....................................................................................................31
B.1 Pipes level ............................................................................................................................................31
B.2 Subdivision of the slab .......................................................................................................................31
B.3 Choice of the calculation time step: ..................................................................................................35
B.4 Calculations for the generic n-th time step.......................................................................................35
B.5 Sizing of the system ............................................................................................................................38
Annex C (informative) Tutorial guide for assessing the model ................................................................39
Annex D (informative) Computer program...................................................................................................43
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................72

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 15377-3:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 228 Heating
systems in buildings, the secretariat of which is held by DS.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by April 2008.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association (Mandate M/343), and supports essential requirements of EU Directive
2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD). It forms part of a series of standards aimed at
European harmonisation of the methodology for calculation of the energy performance of buildings. An
overview of the whole set of standards is given in prCEN/TR 15615.

The subjects covered by CEN/TC 228 are the following:

- design of heating systems (water based, electrical etc.);

- installation of heating systems;

- commissioning of heating systems;

- instructions for operation, maintenance and use of heating systems;

- methods for calculation of the design heat loss and heat loads;

- methods for calculation of the energy performance of heating systems.

Heating systems also include the effect of attached systems such as hot water production systems.

All these standards are systems standards, i.e. they are based on requirements addressed to the system as a
whole and not dealing with requirements to the products within the system.

Where possible, reference is made to other European or International Standards, a.o. product standards.
However, use of products complying with relevant product standards is no guarantee of compliance with the
system requirements.

The requirements are mainly expressed as functional requirements, i.e. requirements dealing with the function
of the system and not specifying shape, material, dimensions or the like.

The guidelines describe ways to meet the requirements, but other ways to fulfil the functional requirements
might be used if fulfilment can be proved.

Heating systems differ among the member countries due to climate, traditions and national regulations. In
some cases requirements are given as classes so national or individual needs may be accommodated.

In cases where the standards contradict with national regulations, the latter should be followed.

prEN 15377 Heating systems in buildings Design of embedded water based surface heating and cooling
systems consists of the following parts:

Part 1: Determination of the design heating and cooling capacity

Part 2: Design, dimensioning and installation

Part 3: Optimizing for use of renewable energy sources

3
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

4
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Introduction
The aim of the present standard is to give a guide for the design of water based embedded heating and
cooling systems to promote the use of renewable energy sources and to provide a method for actively
integrating the building mass to reduce peak loads, transfer heating/cooling loads to off-peak time periods and
to decrease systems size.

A section in the present standard describes how the design and dimensioning can be improved to facilitate
renewable energy sources.

Peak loads can be reduced by activating the building mass using pipes embedded in the main concrete
structure of the building (Thermo-Active-Building-Systems, TABS). For this type of systems, the steady state
calculation of heating and cooling capacity (part 1 of this standard) is not sufficient. Thus, several sections of
this standard describe methods for taken into account the dynamic behavior.

The proposed methods are used to calculate and verify that the cooling capacity of the system is sufficient
and to calculate the cooling requirements on the water side for sizing the cooling system.

The energetic assessment of surface heating and cooling systems may also be carried out according to
national guidelines accomplishing the goal of this standard.

5
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

1 Scope
This document is applicable to water based surface heating and cooling systems in residential, commercial
and industrial buildings.

The methods apply to systems integrated into the wall, floor or ceiling construction without any open air gaps.

The methods do not apply to heated or chilled ceiling panels or beams.

This standard is part 3 of a series of standards:

Part 1: Determination of the design heating and cooling capacity;

Part 2: Design, dimensioning and installation;

Part 3:Optimizing for use of renewable energy sources.

The aim of the present standard is to give a guide for the design to promote the use of renewable energy
sources and to provide a method for the use of Thermo-Active-Building-Systems (TABS).

The method allows calculation of peak cooling capacity of a thermo-active system, based on heat gains (solar,
internal loads, ventilation).

This method also allows calculation of the energy demand on the water side (system) to be used for sizing of
the cooling system, e.g. chiller, fluid flow rate.

Steady state heating capacity is calculated according to method B or E of prEN 15377-1 (part 1 of this series
of standards).

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 15251, Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of
buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics

EN 15255, Thermal performance of buildings Sensible room cooling load calculation General criteria and
validation procedures

EN 15265, Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy needs for space heating and cooling using
dynamic methods - General criteria and validation procedures

prEN 15377-1:2005, Heating systems in buildings Design of embedded water based surface heating and
cooling systems Part 1: Determination of the design heating and cooling capacity

prEN 15377-2, Heating systems in buildings Design of embedded water based surface heating and cooling
systems Part 2: Design, dimensioning and installation

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15377-1:2005 and the following
symbols apply.

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

3.1 Data referred to the circuit:

2
m& H , sp specific water flow, calculated on the area covered by the circuit kg/ (m s) ;

cw specific heat capacity of the water J/ (kg K) ;

T pipe spacing m ;

da external diameter of the pipe m ;

sr thickness of the pipe wall m ;

r thermal conductivity of the material of the pipe wall W/ (m K) ;

2
AFloor area cooled/heated by the circuit m ;

LR length of the circuit m ;

PWMax maximum cooling (<0) or heating (>0) power for a conditioning plant W ;

w0 supply water temperature at the beginning of the simulation C ;

wlim minimum (in the cooling case) or maximum (in the heating case) supply water temperature
obtainable by the machine C .

3.2 Data referred to the room geometry and the boundary conditions:
2
AWalls overall area of vertical walls, external facade excluded m ;

Fv Floor-Ext Wall view factor floor-external wall;

Fv Floor-Ceiling view factor floor-ceiling;

Fv Floor-Walls view factor floor-walls;

2
Radd Floor additional resistance covering the upper side of the slab (m K)/W ;
2
Radd Ceiling additional resistance covering the lower side of the slab (m K)/W ;
2
RWalls resistance of the surface layer of internal walls (m K)/W ;
2
hAir-Floor convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and the floor W/(m K) ;
2
hAir-Ceiling convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and the ceiling W/(m K) ;
2
hAir-Walls convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and the internal walls W/(m K) ;
2
hFloor-Walls radiant heat transfer coefficient between the floor and the internal walls W/(m K) ;
2
hFloor-Ceiling radiant heat transfer coefficient between the floor and the ceiling W/(m K) ;
2
hCeiling-Walls radiant heat transfer coefficient between the ceiling and the internal walls W/(m K) ;
2
CWalls average specific thermal inertia of the internal walls J/(m K)

t calculation time step s .

The following data shall be known for all the day, and the values during the n-th time step from the beginning
of the simulation have to be defined:

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EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Tcomfort maximum operative temperature allowed for comfort conditions C ;

Q& Sun
n
solar gain in the room in the present calculation time step W ;

Q&Transm
n
incoming heat flux to the room from the external wall in the present calculation time step W ;

Q& Air
n
convective heat flux extracted by the air circuit W ;

Q& IntRad
n
internal radiant heat gain due to people or electrical equipment in the present calculation time
step W ;

Q& IntConv
n
internal convective heat gain due to people or electrical equipment in the present calculation
time step W ;

f rmn running mode (the value is 1 when the system is running and 0 when the system is switched
off) dimensionless ;

3.3 Data referred to the slab and its partitions:

s1 thickness of the upper part of the slab m ;

s2 thickness of the lower part of the slab m ;

J1 number of material layers constituting the upper part of the slab dimensionless ;

J2 number of material layers constituting the lower part of the slab dimensionless ;

As a consequence, J=J1+J2 represents the total number of material layers constituting the slab and J sets of
physical properties (j, cj, j, j, mj, Rj) shall be known or chosen, where:
3
j density of the material constituting the j-th layer kg/m ;

cj specific heat capacity of the material constituting the j-th layer J/ (kg K) ;

j thermal conductivity of the j-th layer W/ (m K) ;

j thickness of the j-th layer m ,

j = 0 if the layer is a mere thermal resistance;

mj number of partitions of the j-th layer dimensionless ;

2
Rj thermal resistance summarizing the j-th layer m K/W ,
Rj > 0 if the layer is a mere thermal resistance.

J1 J1 + J 2
For geometrical consistency: j = s1
j =1
and
j = J1
j = s2 .

3.4 Data referred to the initial temperature profile

The initial value of the supply water temperature ( w ) and the interface temperatures of partitions of the slab
0

( I ,i with 0 i i L ) shall be decided. As for the slab, a possible choice could be assigning the same value to
0

all the interfaces, equal to the mean temperature at the start of the simulation.

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

However, if the simulation covers more than one running cycle, the choice of the initial values is not decisive.
In fact, it will influence only the very first time steps of the simulation.

3.5 Calculation of the temperature profile and the heat fluxes in the generic time-step n

The temperature reached at a certain interface at the end of the previous time step is used for calculation of
the heat fluxes acting on the building structures and for calculation of the consequent temperatures at the end
of the time step in progress. These magnitudes are:

n
q&Conv global specific convective heat gains W/m ;
2

n
q& Rad global specific radiant heat gains W/m ;
2

Air
n
air temperature in the room in the present calculation time step C ;

Walls
n
mean temperature of the walls in the present calculation time step C ;

Op
n
operative temperature in the room in the present calculation time step C ;

wn 1 supply water temperature at the end of the previous time step C ;

wn exit
1
outlet water temperature at the end of the previous time step C ;

In,i 1 temperature of the i-th interface, with 0 i i L , at the end of the previous time step, C ;

The results obtained at every time step are:

wn supply water temperature at the end of the time step in progress C ;

Fn , sn temperature of the upper and lower sides of the slab at the end of the time step in progress C ;

In,i temperature of the i-th interface, with 0 i i L , at the end of the time step in progress, C .

4 Relation to other EPBD standards

The present standard requires input from the following standards: prEN 15377-1, EN 15251, EN 15255 and
EN 15265.

The present standard provides input data to the following standards: EN 15243 and EN ISO 13792.

5 Optimisation of systems for facilitating the use of renewable energy sources

Transporting energy by water uses less auxiliary energy for pumps and less installation space than carrying
the same amount of energy by air. A further optimizing is to use water at temperatures close to room
temperature for heating and cooling: low temperature heating - high temperature cooling.

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EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

For normal embedded radiant floor-, wall-, and ceiling heating/cooling systems, increasing the pipe spacing
and decreasing the difference between supply and return water temperature results in water temperatures
closer to room temperature, but this increases flow rates and pipe lengths leading to higher pressure losses.
This forces designers to choose between either increasing auxiliary energy use for pumps or applying pipes
with a larger diameter, both of which are undesirable options. This can partly be compensated by using more
circuits of shorter pipe lengths. These factors shall be optimized according to prEN 15377-2 (part 2 of this
series of standards).

For Thermo-Active-BuildingSystems, a further optimization regarding use of renewable energy sources is

made by reducing the peak load, transferring the load to off-peak time periods, downsizing of energy
generation systems, and increased efficiency of energy generation due to water temperature level. This
facilitates the possible use of energy sources such as solar collectors, ground source heat pumps, free cooling,
ground source heat exchangers, aquifers.

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

6 The concept of Thermo-Active-Building-Systems (TABS)

A Thermo-Active-Building-System (TABS) is a water based heating and cooling system, where the pipes are
embedded in the central concrete core of a building construction (see Figure 1). The heat transfer takes place
between the water (pipes) and the concrete, between the concrete core and the surfaces to the room (ceiling,
floor) and between the surfaces and the room.

Key W window P pipes

R room C concrete
F floor RI reinforcement

Figure 1 Thermo-active radiant system

11
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Looking at a typical structure of a thermo-active system, heat is removed by a cooling system (e.g. chiller,
heat pump) connected to pipes embedded in the slab. The system can be divided into the following elements
(see Figure 2):

where:
PL = pipes level
1 = cooling system (machine)
2 = hydraulic circuit
3 = slab including core level with pipes
4 = possible additional resistances (floor covering or suspended ceiling)
5 = room below and room above

Figure 2 Simple scheme of a thermo-active system

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Peak-shaving is the possibility to heat and cool the structures of the building during a period in which the
occupants may be absent (e.g. during night time), reducing also the peak of the required power (see Figure 3).
In this way, energy consumption may be reduced and a lower night time electricity rate (if obtainable) can be
exploited, and furthermore, downsizing of the cooling system, including the chiller, is possible.

Key

1 heat gain X-axis time of the day

2 power needed for conditioning the ventilation air Y-axis cooling power
3 power needed on the water side
4 peak of the required power reduction

Figure 3 Example of peak-shaving effect

TABS may be used both with natural and mechanical ventilation (depending on weather conditions).
Mechanical ventilation with dehumidifying may be required depending on external climate and indoor humidity
production. In the example in Figure 3, the required cooling power needed for dehumidifying the air during day
time is sufficient for cooling the slab during night time.

The designer needs to know if the capacity at a given water temperature is sufficient to keep the room
temperature in a given range. The designer needs also to know the heat flow on the water side to be able to
dimension the heat distribution system and the chiller/boiler. The present document provides methods for this.

Some detailed building-systems calculation models have been developed, e.g. for determination of the heat
exchanges under non-steady state conditions in a single room, for determination of thermal and hygrometric
balance of the room air, for prediction of comfort conditions, for checking of condensation on surfaces, for
availability of control strategies and for calculation of the incoming solar radiation. The use of such detailed
calculation models is, however, limited due to the high amount of time needed for the simulations.
Development of a more user-friendly tool is required. Such a tool is provided in the following, which allows
simulation of thermo-active systems in an easy way.

Internal temperature changes only moderately during the day, and the aim of a good design of TABS is to
maintain comfort during the day within the range of comfort, i.e. 0,5 < PMV < 0,5, according to EN 15251
(see Figure 4).

13
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Key

mr mean radiant temperature X-axis time of the day

airair temperature Y-axis, left temperature C
f floor temperature Y-axis, right PMV values
c ceiling temperature
w exit
return water temperature
PMV Predicted Mean Vote

Figure 4 Example of temperature profiles

The diagram in Figure 5 show an example of the relation between internal heat gains, water supply
temperature, heat transfer on the room side, hours of operation and heat transfer on the water side. The
2
diagrams correspond to a concrete slab with raised floor (R=0,45 m K/W) and a permissible room temperature
range of 21 C to 26 C.

The upper diagram shows on the y-axis the maximum permissible total heat gain in the space (internal gains
2
plus solar gains) in W/m , and on the x-axis the required water supply temperature in C. The lines in the
diagram correspond to different hours of operation (8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 24 h) and different maximum amounts of
2
energy supplied in Wh/m per day.
2
The lower diagram shows the cooling power in W/m required on the water side (for dimensioning of the
chiller) for thermo-active slabs as a function of supply water temperature and operation time. Further, the
2
amount of energy rejected per day is indicated in Wh/m per day.
2
The example shows, that by a maximum internal heat gain of 38 W/m and 8 h operation, a supply water
temperature of 18,2 C is required. If, instead, the system is in operation for 12 h, a supply water temperature
2
of 19,3 C is required. In total, the amount of energy rejected from the room is appr. 335 Wh/m per day. The
2 2
required cooling power on the water side is by 8 h operation 37 W/m and by 12 h operation only 25 W/m .
Thus, by 12 h operation, the size of the chiller can be reduced significantly. The total heat rejection on the
2
water side is appr. 300 Wh/m per day.

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Key
2
A =Maximum total heat gain in space [W/m floor area]
B = Maximum
C = Minimum
O&E = occupants and equipment (acc. to SWKI 95-3)
L = lighting (acc. to SWKI 95-3)
2
D =Mean cooling power tabs [W/m floor area]

Figure 5 Working principle of TABS

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EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

7 Calculation methods

7.1 General

The following calculation methods can be applied:

rough sizing method based on a standard calculation of the cooling load (accuracy 20-30%). To be used
based on the knowledge of the peak value for heat gains, see 7.2;

simplified sizing method using diagrams based on 24 one-hour values of the heat gains (accuracy 15-
20%), see 7.3;

simplified model based on finite difference method, FDM, (accuracy 10-15%). Detailed dynamic
simulation for the thermal conduction in the slab via FDM, based on 24 one-hour values of the variable
cooling loads of the room as well as the temperatures of the air, see 7.4;

detailed simulation models (accuracy 6-10%). Overall dynamic simulation model for the radiant system
and the room, see 7.5.

7.2 Rough sizing method

The cooling system shall be sized for 70 % of the peak cooling load (EN 15255, prEN 15377-1 and prEN
15377-2). In this case, calculation of the cooling load has to be carried out using an operative temperature of
24 C.

7.3 Simplified sizing method using diagrams

In this case, calculation of the heat gains has to be carried out by means of 24 hourly calculations with an
operative temperature of 24 C. If heat gains are approximated, 10 % of the solar gain has to be added each
hour in order to take into account the gains due to external windows. This method is based on the assumption
that the entire conductive slab is at a constant temperature during the whole day. This average temperature of
the slab is calculated by the method itself and is related to the supply water temperature of the running time of
the circuit.

The following data and parameters are involved by this method:

2
Q, which is the specific daily heat load on the room during the design day in kWh/m per day. It is the sum
of the above mentioned 24 one-hour values of the heat gains divided by the floor area. The pattern of the
load profile shall be known;

comfort: maximum operative temperature allowed for comfort conditions C;

Exposure of the room, in order to determine when the peak load from heat gains occurs: East (morning),
South (noon) or West (afternoon);

Number of active surfaces. in order to distinguish whether the slab works by heat transfer both on the
floor side and on the ceiling side or only on the ceiling side (see Figure 6);

h: number of hours of fluid flow through the circuits h;

2
Rint, thermal resistance of the slab in m K/W. This is the thermal resistance that connects the conductive
region of the slab near the pipes level (see Figure 7) to the pipes level. In other words, it is assumed that
the conductive region of the slab is maintained at a constant temperature during the occupied period (see
Figure 8);

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

s average slab temperature in C, which depends on the number of active surfaces, the running mode
(24 h or 8 h) and the shape of the internal load profile (lunch break or not). The average surface
temperature of the slab is determined through coefficients included in the method by the equation:

s = comfort + coeff Q C (1)

where values of the coefficient are given in Table 1 and Table 2;

2
Rt, total thermal resistance of the circuit in m K/W, obtained by the Resistance Method. This thermal
resistance depends on the characteristics of pipe wall resistance, pipe diameter and pipe spacing (see
Figure 10), and is calculated according to B.1;

w, which is the required temperature of the supply water in C obtained through the equation:

Q (Rint + Rt ) 1000
w = s C (2)
h

where: where: where:

1 = concrete 1 = wood 1 = wood

2 = reinforced concrete 2 = air 2 = concrete

3 = reinforced concrete 3 = fibreglass

4 = reinforced concrete

Example of slab Example of slab Example of slab

acting through 2 surfaces acting through 1 surface acting through 1 surface

Figure 6 Number of active surfaces

17
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

where: where: where:

1 = concrete 1 = wood 1 = wood

2 = reinforced concrete 2 = air 2 = concrete

3 = reinforced concrete 3 = fibreglass

4 = reinforced concrete

Conductive region: Conductive region: Conductive region:

Materials 1 and 2 Material 3 Material 4

Figure 7 Examples of conductive regions

18
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

where:

CR = conductive region

UP = upper part of the conductive region

LP = lower part of the conductive region

ROS = rest of the slab

PL = pipes level

Figure 8 Resistance diagram

19
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

The coefficients for calculation of the average temperature of the slab are given in Table 1 and Table 2,
depending on the shape of the internal heat gains profile.

Table 1 - Constant internal heat gains from 8:00 to 18:00

Exposure of the room

Kind of floor EAST SOUTH WEST

Coefficient for calculation of

average slab temperature

Continuous running Floor and ceiling C2 -4.6816 -5.3696 -5.935

mode (24 h)
Only ceiling C1 -6.3022 -7.2237 -7.7982

Intermittent running Floor and ceiling I2 -5.5273 -6.1701 -6.7323

mode (8 h)
Only ceiling I1 -7.2853 -7.8562 -8.5791

Table 2 - Constant internal heat gains from 8:00 to 12:00 and from 14:00 to 18:00 (two peaks)
Exposure of the room

Kind of floor EAST SOUTH WEST

Coefficient for calculation of

average slab temperature

Continuous running Floor and ceiling -6.279 -7.1094 -7.3681

mode (24 h)
Only ceiling -7.9663 -8.7989 -8.7455

Intermittent running Floor and ceiling -8.1474 -8.758 -9.3264

mode (8 h)
Only ceiling -10.029 -10.685 -10.967

Once comfort is defined, the tables can be summarized by diagrams. For instance, if comfort = 26 C, the
diagram for constant internal heat gains from 8:00 to 18:00 is given in Figure 9.

20
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Key:
2
X-axis specific daily energy (kWh/m per day)
Y-axis average slab temperature
coding of lines:
operation condition of the circuit (C = continuous, I = intermittent, 8 h)
number of active surfaces (1 or 2)
exposure of the room (E = East, S = South, W = West)

Figure 9 Diagram for determining the average slab temperature

in the case of constant internal heat gains during the day

21
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Calculation example
2
Q: 0,6 kWh/m per day; shape of thermal loads: 2 peaks

comfort: 26 C

Exposure of the room: SOUTH

Kind where:
of
floor: 1 = wood

2 = air

3 = reinforced concrete

h: 8h

Rint:

where:

CR = conductive region

If of the conductive region

= 1,9 W/(m K), then
2
Rup = Rdown = 0,1/1,9 = 0,053 m K/W
2
and Rint = 0,013 m K/W

s = 26 10,685 0,6 = 19,6 C

2
Rt: 0,07 m K/W

0,6 (0,013 + 0,07 ) 1000

w = 19,6 = 13,38C
8

22
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

7.4 Simplified model based on finite difference method (FDM)

7.4.1 Cooling system

The limited power of the cooling system shall be taken into account. In fact, this implies that it is not possible
to maintain a constant supply water temperature, since it depends on the amount of heat flux previously
exchanged with the slab and on the maximum power of the chiller. A new inlet water temperature after each
time step is calculated by taking into account the heat fluxes at the end of the previous time step.

7.4.2 Hydraulic circuit

The Resistance Method, as detailed in Annex B, is applied. It sets up a straightforward relation, expressed in
terms of resistances, between the inlet water temperature and the average temperature at the pipes plane, c .
For this purpose, the slab may be split into two smaller slabs, i.e. the upper slab (which is above the pipes
plane) and the lower slab (which is below the pipes plane) are considered separately (see Figure 10).

Key
v inlet water temperature Rr thermal resistance between the internal
Rz thermal resistance between the inlet water and external surface temperature of the
temperature and the supply water tempera- pipe wall
ture along the pipe/circuit length Rx thermal resistance between external
Rw thermal resistance between the supply water surface temperature of the pipe wall and
temperature in the pipe and the internal average temperature at the pipes plane
surface temperature of the pipe wall

Figure 10 Concept of the Resistance Method

7.4.3 Slab

The Resistance Method allows splitting of the slab into two parts, which are analyzed through an explicit finite
difference method.

7.4.4 Room

An air node is taken into account coupled with the upward and downward surface of the slab and with a
fictitious wall-node, via three resistances. Besides, the two surfaces of the slab are coupled together via a

23
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

resistance taking into account the radiation exchange between them, and each slab surface is connected
through a resistance to the wall-node (see Figure 11, 12 and 13).

Figure 11 General scheme of the Resistance Method

where:
W is the fictitious node describing the internal walls

Figure 12 Scheme of the heat loads network

24
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

where:
DWC = design weather conditions
TES = transmission through the external surface
SG = solar gain
CIHL = convective internal heat loads
RIHL = radiant internal heat loads

Figure 13 Heat loads involved acting on the room and how they take part in the calculations

7.4.5 Limits of the method

The following limitations shall be met:

pipe spacing: from 0,15 to 0,3 m

usual concrete slab structures have to be considered, = 1,15-2,0 W/(mK), with upward additional
materials, which might be acoustic insulation or raised floor. No discontinuous light fillings can be
considered in the structures of the lower and upper slabs.

If these conditions are not fulfilled, a detailed simulation program has to be applied for dimensioning the
thermo-active system (see 7.5).

Under the above mentioned conditions, a cooling load calculation or a simulation for a convective system can
be carried out for an entire 24 h period and with an internal temperature of 24 C. The results of this
calculation, to be taken into account as input for the present simplified model, are the solar gains and the heat
fluxes into the room from the external surface.

25
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

7.5 Dynamic building simulations program

For all cases, which are not in the range of validation of the simplified methods, TABS calculations have to be
carried out by means of a detailed dynamic building-system model.

These TABS calculations have to take into account the water flow into the pipes, the heat conduction between
the upward and the downward surface of the slab and the pipe level, heat conduction of each wall, mutual
radiation between internal surfaces, convection with air, and the thermal balance of the air.

Whenever results of TABS calculations are reported, the computer program applied shall be specified.

8 Input for computer simulations of energy performance

To facilitate dynamic computer simulations of buildings with embedded radiant heating and cooling systems,
the equivalent resistance between the heat conduction layer (pipe level) and the surface can be used.

For type E, F, and G systems according to prEN 15377-1, this resistance is directly calculated. Both the
equivalent inward resistance and outward resistance are calculated.

For type A, B, C and D systems (according to prEN 15377-1 and prEN 1264-2 and -5), the equivalent
resistances are calculated from the inward specific heat flow and the outward specific heat flow, taking into
account the surface resistance according to:

Rx = /qx 1/ht Km/W

where:

Rx equivalent resistance, inward (x=i) or outward (x=u), Km/W

heating/cooling medium temperature difference, K

qx specific heat flow, inward (x=i) or outward (x=u), W/m

ht surface heat transfer coefficient, W/Km

26
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Annex A
(informative)

Simplified diagrams

Based on the simplified calculation method in 7.3, the following diagrams for design of a TABS have been
made. The diagrams in Figure A.2 show an example of the relation between internal heat gains, water supply
temperature, heat transfer on the room side, hours of operation and heat transfer on the water side. The
diagrams correspond to a concrete slab shown in Figure A.1 with a solid concrete floor (thermal conductivity
1,2 W/mK), pipe spacing of 0,15 m and a permissible room temperature range of 21 C to 26 C.

The upper diagram shows on the y-axis the maximum permissible total heat gain in the space (internal gains
2
plus solar gains) in W/m , and on the x-axis the required water supply temperature in C. The lines in the
diagram correspond to different hours of operation (8 h, 12 h, 24 h) and different maximum amounts of energy
2
supplied in Wh/m per day.
2
The lower diagram shows the cooling power in W/m required on the water side (for dimensioning of the
chiller) for thermo-active slabs as a function of supply water temperature and operation time. Further, the
2
amount of energy rejected is indicated in Wh/m per day.
2
The example shows, that by a maximum internal heat gain of 48 W/m and 8 h operation, a supply water
temperature of 17,8 C is required. If, instead, the system is in operation for 24 h, a supply water temperature
2
of 21,3 C is required. In total, the amount of energy rejected from the room is appr. 460 Wh/m per day. The
2 2
required cooling power on the water side is by 8 h operation 58 W/m and by 24 h operation only 20 W/m .
Thus, by 24 h operation, the size of the chiller can be reduced significantly.

dimensions in millimetres

Key
A Concrete
B Reinforced concrete

Figure A.1 Slab used in the simplified calculations

27
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Key

X-axis supply water temperature w

y1 cooling load, Q
y2 required energy removal on the water side
Color and shape coded lines corresponding to system running hours as indicated
2
Lines marked xxx Wh/m indicating the total removed energy during the time of operation

Figure A.2 Simple diagram for design of a TABS

28
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Based on the simplified calculation method in 7.3, the following diagrams for design of a TABS have been
made. The diagrams in Figure A.4 show an example of the relation between internal heat gains, water supply
temperature, heat transfer on the room side, hours of operation and heat transfer on the water side. The
diagrams correspond to a concrete slab shown in Figure A.3 with a solid concrete floor (thermal conductivity
1,2 W/mK), pipe spacing of 0,15 m and a permissible room temperature range of 21 C to 26 C.

The upper diagram shows on the y-axis the maximum permissible total heat gain in the space (internal gains
2
plus solar gains) in W/m , and on the x-axis the required water supply temperature in C. The lines in the
diagram correspond to different hours of operation (8 h, 12 h, 24 h) and different maximum amounts of energy
2
supplied in Wh/m per day.
2
The lower diagram shows the cooling power in W/m required on the water side (for dimensioning of the
chiller) for thermo-active slabs as a function of supply water temperature and operation time. Further, the
2
amount of energy rejected is indicated in Wh/m per day.
2
The example shows, that by a maximum internal heat gain of 48 W/m and 8 h operation, a supply water
temperature of 17,0 C is required. If, instead, the system is in operation for 24 h, a supply water temperature
2
of 20,5 C is required. In total, the amount of energy rejected from the room is appr. 460 Wh/m per day. The
2 2
required cooling power on the water side is by 8 h operation 58 W/m and by 24 h operation only 20 W/m .
Thus, by 24 h operation, the size of the chiller can be reduced significantly.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

A Wood
B Concrete
C Fibreglass
D Reinforced concrete

Figure A.3 Slab used in the simplified calculations

29
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Key

X-axis supply water temperature w

y1 cooling load, Q
y2 required energy removal on the water side
Color and shape coded lines corresponding to system running hours as indicated
2
Lines marked xxx Wh/m indicating the total removed energy during the time of operation

Figure A.4 Simple diagram for design of a TABS

30
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Annex B
(normative)

Calculation method

B.1 Pipes level

2
Rt is the total thermal resistance (m K)/W between the inlet water temperature and the average temperature at
the pipes plane, determined by the Resistance Method. Rt can be calculated by:

Rt = R z + Rw + Rr + R x (B.1)

where:

0.87
1 T 0.13 d a 2 sr
Rz = Rw =
2 m& H ,sp cw 8 m&
H , sp L R

da T
T ln T ln
d a 2 sr d a
Rr = Rx =
2 r 2 r

Two conditions shall be fulfilled for application of these equations:

equation for Rx is valid only if s1 / T > 0,3, s2 / T > 0,3 and da / T < 0,2

1
equation for Rz is valid only if m& H ,sp cw (Rw + Rr + Rx )
2
If both conditions are fulfilled, Equation (B.1) can be applied.

The machine model is expressed in an explicit way, so the inequality Rt m

& H , sp c w > 1 shall be fulfilled in
order to avoid calculations instability.

B.2 Subdivision of the slab

The slab is composed by J1 material layers constituting the upper part of the slab, total thickness s1, and J2
material layers constituting the lower part of the slab, total thickness s2. As a consequence, J= J1+J2 sets of
material layer thickness (j) and physical properties (j, cj, j) shall be known. For geometrical consistency:

J1 J1 + J 2

j = s1
j =1
and
j = J1
j = s2

31
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

For the calculations, each material layer is subdivided into a number of partition layers. For each material
layer, the number of partition layers, mj, into which it is subdivided for the calculations, shall be decided.

Key

US upper part of the slab L material layer

PL pipes level D partition layer
LS lower part of the slab

Figure B.1 Example of subdivision of the slab

Each partition layer inherits the physical properties from the material layer to which it belongs. Thus, if the k-th
partition layer belongs to the j-th material layer, then D , k = j , D , k = j and cD , k = c j .

The partition layers are used as thermal nodes in this method. The heat fluxes and temperatures pertaining to
the partition layers are calculated for studying the capability of the system. In order to perform such
calculations, each partition layer is characterized by four main physical values:

thermal inertia CD , k , which is calculated by taking into account the thickness of the partition layer
j
D,k = :
mj

j
C D,k = D,k c D,k D,k = j c j (B.2)
mj

32
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

thermal resistance RUD,k, which connects the present partition layer with the boundary of the upper
partition layer:

D,k

2 j
RU D , k = = (B.3)
D,k 2mj j

thermal resistance RLD,k, which connects the present partition layer with the boundary of the lower
partition layer;

D,k

2 j
RL D , k = RU D , k = = (B.4)
D,k 2mj j

heat transfer coefficient HCD,k between the present partition layer and the circuit;

1
HC D ,k = , if the partition layer borders on the pipes level, (B.5)
Rt

otherwise HC D ,k = 0

As is seen, two partition layers border on the pipes level and, thus, they share the thermal resistance Rt, and it
is not possible to determine the heat flux passing through Rt by means of a single division. In order to avoid
this difficulty, the two partition layers bordering on the pipes level are joined together, and constitute one
single partition layer in the calculations.

As a consequence, the number of partition layers involved in the calculations is one less than the sum of the
J
partition layers of all the material layers of the slab. For clarity, this sum is termed iL , thus iL = m j 1 .
i =1

Where a mere resistance layer is present, only Rj shall be specified.

J1

The partition layer crossing the pipes level is the iP -th partition layer, where iP = m j . The temperature of
i =1

this partition layer is important for the connection between the slab and the circuit, as seen in B.1, where the

pipes level temperature is termed Cn . By definition, Cn = In,iP , thus only In, i P is used.

As a consequence, the slab of Figure B.1 can be converted into the following RC network:

33
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Figure B.2 Equivalent RC network

Consequently, the following values characterizing the partition layers are defined:

Partition layer i, with 1< i < iL and i iP:

j
C D ,i = j c j
mj

j R j 1
RU D,i = + if D,i is the upper element of the j-th material layer and the (j-1)-
2mj j 2
th material layer is a mere resistance

34
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

j
RU D,i = if D,i is neither the upper element nor the lower element of the j-
2mj j
th material layer, or if the (j-1)-th material layer is not a mere
resistance

j R j +1
RLD ,i = + if D,i is the lower element of the j-th material layer and the (j+1)-
2mj j 2
th material layer is a mere resistance

j
RLD, i = if D,i is neither the upper element nor the lower element of the j-
2mj j
th material layer, or if the (j+1)-th material layer is not a mere
resistance

HC D ,i = 0

Partition layer iP:

J1 J1 +1
C D ,iP = J1 c J1 + J1 +1 c J1 +1
m J1 m J1 +1

J1 R J1 1
RU D ,iP = + if D,i is the upper element of the J1-th material layer and the (J1-
2 m J1 J1 2
1)-th material layer is a mere resistance

J1
RU D ,iP = if D,i is neither the upper element nor the lower element of the
m J1 J1
J1-th material layer, or if the (J1-1)-th material layer is not a mere
resistance

J1 +1 R J1 + 2
RLD ,iP = + if D,i is the lower element of the (J1+1)-th material layer and the
2 m J1 +1 J1 +1 2
(J1+2)-th material layer is a mere resistance

J1 +1
RLD ,iP = if D,i is neither the upper element nor the lower element of the
m J1 +1 J1 +1
(J1+1)-th material layer, or if the (J1+2)-th material layer is not a
mere resistance

1
HC D,iP =
Rt

B.3 Choice of the calculation time step:

The calculation time step shall be chosen in order to avoid calculations instability. A safe value for the
calculation time step is evaluated to be around 40 s.

B.4 Calculations for the generic n-th time step

The values of Q& Sun

n &n
,Q &n & n &n &n &n
Transm , QAir , Q IntRad and Q IntConv shall be known for the whole day. QSun and QTransm can
be calculated by other software (through commercial software enabling calculation of the cooling loads of a
room with a constant room temperature equal to 24 C). Q& IntRad
n &n
, Q &n
IntConv and QAir depend on the people and
the equipment in the room and on the possible air circuit, and are thus known.

35
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

For every time step, the running strategy of the circuit f rmn shall be decided before the simulation is started,

and the supply water temperature W is an input parameter as well. These parameters are chosen by the
n

designer, and by performing the simulation with different sets of parameters, it is possible to approach the
best combination of running strategy of the circuit and supply water temperature.

For beginning of the simulation, initial values of temperatures of the slab, D0 ,i (with 1 i iL ), temperature

Air , temperature of the walls, Walls , supply water temperature, W , and outlet water
0 0 0
of the air,

temperature, W exit , shall be defined. These are only initial values and do not influence the subsequent
0

results, as long as the simulation time is sufficiently long.

The following shortcuts are useful in the subsequent calculations:

1
RCAC = + Radd Ceiling + RLD ,iL
hAir Ceiling
1 AFloor
RRWC = + Radd Ceiling + RLD ,iL + RWalls
hCeiling Walls AWalls
1
RRFC = + Radd Floor + Radd Ceiling + RLD ,iL + RU D ,1
hFloor Ceiling
1
RCAW = + RWalls
hAir Walls
1 AFloor
RRWF = + Radd Floor + RU D ,1 + RWalls
hFloor Walls AWalls
1
RCAF = + Radd Floor + RU D ,1
hAir Floor
where :
hFloor Walls = hCeiling Walls = 4 3003 Fv Floor Walls
hFloor Ceiling = 4 3003 Fv Floor Ceiling
Fv Floor Walls = 1 Fv Floor Ext Wall Fv Floor Ceiling
= Stefan - Bolzmanns constant 5.67 108 W /(m 2 K 4 )

36
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

For the n-th time step, the following calculations shall be executed:

Determination of supply water temperature:

PWMax PWMax
Wn = Wnexit
1
+ , if Wnexit
1
+ > Wlim
m& H ,sp cw AFloor m& H ,sp cw AFloor
PWMax
Wn = Wlim , if Wnexit
1
+ < Wlim
m& H ,sp cw AFloor

Calculation of the heat loads acting towards the room:

Q& Conv
n
= 0.15 Q& Transm
n
+ Q& IntConv
n

Q& n = 0.85 Q& n

Rad + Q& n + Q& n
Transm Sun IntRad

Calculation of the air temperature necessary in order to transfer all convective gains to the surfaces
surrounding the room:

A A A
Q& Conv
n
Q& Air
n n 1
+ Walls Walls + Floor Dn,11 + Floor Dn ,i1L
n
= RCAW RCAF RCAC
Air
AWalls A A
+ Floor + Floor
RCAW RCAF RCAC

Calculation of the heat loads acting on the surfaces:

AWalls
Q& RadW
n
= Q& Rad
n

2 AFloor + AWalls
AFloor
Q& RadF
n
= Q& Rad
n

2 AFloor + AWalls
AFloor
Q& RadC
n
= Q& Rad
n

2 AFloor + AWalls

Q& RadWF
n
=
(
n 1
Walls Dn,11 ) AFloor
RRWF

Q& RadWC
n
=
(
n 1
Walls Dn,i1L ) AFloor
RRWC

Q& RadFC
n
=
(
Dn ,11 Dn,i1L) AFloor
RRFC

Q& ConvW
n
= Air
(
n Walls n 1
) AWalls
RCAW

Q& ConvF
n
=
n
(
Air )
Dn,11
AFloor
RCAF

Q& ConvC
n
=
n
(
Air )
Dn,i1L
AFloor
RCAC
Q& n + Q& RadWF n
Q& RadFC
n
+ Q& ConvF
n
n
q& OnFloor = RadF
AFloor
Q& n
+ Q RadWC + Q& RadFC
& n n
+ Q& ConvC
n
n
q& OnCeiling = RadC
AFloor
Q& n Q& RadWF
n
Q& RadWC
n
+ Q& ConvW
n
n
q& OnWalls = RadW
Awalls

37
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Calculation of the temperature of the walls and the temperatures of the slab:

Walls
n
=
(Q& n
RadW Q& RadWF
n
Q& RadWC
n
+ Q& ConvW
n
t
+ Walls
n 1 )
CWalls AWalls
n
q&OnFloor +
(
Dn, 21 Dn,11
t
)
RLD ,1 + RU D , 2
Dn ,1 = + Dn,11
C D ,1

(
Dn,i11 Dn,i1
+
) (
Dn,i1+1 Dn,i1 ) (
+ f rmn Wn Dn,i1 HC D ,i t)
RL
D ,i 1 + RU D ,i RLD ,i + RU D ,i +1
n
D ,i = + Dn ,i1 with 2 i iL 1
C I ,i
n
q&OnCeiling +
(
Dn,i1L 1 Dn,i1L )
t
RLD ,iL 1 + RU D ,iL
Dn ,i = + Dn,i1L
L
C D ,iL
Fn = q&OnFloor
n
(Radd Floor + RU D ,1 ) + Dn ,1
Cn = q&OnCeiling
n
(Radd Ceiling + RLD ,i L 1
)+ n
D ,iL

Wn = q&OnWalls
n
(RWalls ) + Walls
n

Calculation of outlet water temperature:

Wn exit = Wn
( n
W Dn,i1P ) m& c w AFloor , if f rmn = 1
H , sp
Rt
Wn exit = Dn ,iP , if f rmn = 0

Calculation of operative temperature:

Fn AFloor + Cn AFloor + Wn AWalls

Air
n
+
Op
n
=
(2 AFloor + AWalls )
2

B.5 Sizing of the system

The allowed range for the operative temperature of the room is 20 C to 25,5 C, as the program
underestimates the temperature of the room. If the operative temperature is always in this range, the system
is well sized; otherwise the running strategy, the supply water temperature or the circuit characteristics have to
be changed.

38
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Annex C
(informative)

Tutorial guide for assessing the model

The following values will be used:

2
m& H , sp 10 kg/(m s) Input

cw 4187 J/(kg K) Input

T 0,2 m Input

da 0,025 m Input

sr 0,0025 m Input

r 0,35 W/(m K) Input

2
AFloor 15 m Input

LR 15/0,2 = 75 m Result
2
Rt 0,073 m K/W Result

1000 W Input
PWMax

w0 19 C Input

wlim 19 C Input

2
AWalls 33 m Input

Fv Floor-Ext Wall 0,23 Input

Fv Floor-Ceiling 0,3 Input

Fv Floor-Walls 0,47 Result

2
Radd Floor 0,1 (m K)/W Input
2
Radd Ceiling 0 (m K)/W Input
2
RWalls 0,05 (m K)/W Input
2
hAir-Floor 1,5 W/(m K) Input
2
hAir-Ceiling 5,5 W/(m K) Input
2
hAir-Walls 2,5 W/(m K) Input

39
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

2
hFloor-Walls 2,88 W/(m K) Result
2
hCeiling-Walls 2,88 W/(m K) Result
2
hFloor-Ceiling 1,84 W/(m K) Result
2
CWalls 10600 J/(m K) Input

t 60 s Input

Tcomfort 25,5 C Input

Q& Sun
n 300 W Input

Q&Transm
n 90 W Input

Q& Air
n 0W Input

Q& IntRad
n 400 W Input

Q& IntConv
n 600 W Input

f rmn 1 Input

s1 0,14 m Input

s2 0,1 m Input

J1 3 Input

J2 1 Input
3
1 700 kg/m Input

c1 2300 J/(kg K) Input

1 0,17 W/(m K) Input

1 0,04 m Input

m1 2 Input
2
R1 0 (m K)/W Input
3
2 0 kg/m Input

c2 0 J/(kg K) Input

2 0 W/(m K) Input

2 0m Input

m2 0 Input

40
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

2
R2 0,18 (m K)/W Input
3
3 2000 kg/m Input

c3 880 J/(kg K) Input

3 1,9 W/(m K) Input

3 0,1 m Input

m3 3 Input
2
R3 0 (m K)/W Input
3
4 2000 kg/m Input

c4 880 J/(kg K) Input

4 1,9 W/(m K) Input

4 0,1 m Input

m4 3 Input
2
R4 0 (m K)/W Input

n 1
Walls 24 C Result of calculations at the
previous time step

Dn ,11 22,5 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Dn , 21 22,3 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Dn ,31 21,5 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Dn , 41 21,4 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Dn ,51 21,3 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Dn ,61 21,4 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Dn ,71 21,5 C Result of calculations at the

previous time step

Walls
n
24,074 C Result

Dn ,1 22,521 C Result

Dn , 2 22,297 C Result

41
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Dn ,3 21,5027 C Result

Dn , 4 21,4019 C Result

Dn ,5 21,287 C Result

Dn ,6 21,4019 C Result

Dn ,7 21,54 C Result

Fn 24,58 C Result

Cn 21,94 C Result

Wn 24,73 C Result

42
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Annex D
(informative)

Computer program

Program TC228_R5_RES_EL_OK

USE DFLIB

implicit none

! Definition of the Types in the main

Type Layer ! Definition of each layer

Character*1 Kind ! "M" if it is a material layer; "R" if it is a pure resistance

layer; Every "R" layer must be bounded by two "M"
layers

Integer NElements ! Number of parts into which the layer must be divided
in order to perform the calculations

Real Thickness ! Thickness of the layer m

Real Lambda ! Conductivity of the material constituting the layer

W/(m K)

Real SpecHeat ! Specific heat of the material constituting the layer

J/(kg K)

Real Rho ! Density of the material constituting the layer Kg/m3

Real Resistance ! Resistance of the layer: to be compiled only if

Kind="R", otherwise its value is 0 (m2 K)/W

Integer InitialElement ! Upper element belonging to the layer

Integer FinalElement ! Lower element belonging to the layer

Real ElThickness ! Thickness of each element of the layer m

End Type Layer

43
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Type El ! Definition of each element constituting the slab

Real Capacity ! Thermal capacity assigned to the present element J/K

Real ResistanceUp ! Resistance connecting the present element with the

upper one (m2 K)/W

Real ResistanceDown ! Resistance connecting the present element with the

lower one (m2 K)/W

Integer ExtH ! Possible connection of the present element with the

circuit (m2 K)/W : 1 if the present element is at the
pipes level, otherwise 0

End Type El

Type HeatLoadsAndCircuit ! Definition of the boundary conditions for loads, water

temperature and running mode

Integer Time ! Final time of the present time step s

Integer RunningMode ! Hydronic circuit running mode in the present time step
1/0

Real Twater ! Inlet water temperature in the present time step C

Real RadiantHeatFlux ! Radiant heat flux imposed in the room in the present
time step W

Real ConvectiveHeatFlux ! Convective heat flux imposed in the room in the

present time step W

Real QAir ! Convective heat flux extracted by the primary air

circuit W

EndType HeatLoadsAndCircuit

! Definition of the variables involved by the main

Type (Layer):: Layers(1:20) ! Maximum number of layers constituting the slab = 20

Type (El):: Element(1:50) ! Maximum number of interfaces dividing the slab = 50

Type (HeatLoadsAndCircuit):: Boundary(0:320000) ! Maximum number of time steps for input of heat loads
and other boundary conditions = 320000

44
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Real FvFloorToCeiling

Real hFloorToCeiling ! Radiant coefficient Floor-Ceiling W/(m2 K)

Real hAirToFloor ! Convective coefficient Air-Floor W/(m2 K)

Real hAirToCeiling ! Convective coefficient Air-Ceiling W/(m2 K)

Real UpperResistance ! Additional resistance on the floor (such as carpets or

moquette) (m2 K)/W

Real LowerResistance ! Additional resistance covering the ceiling (such as

suspended ceiling) (m2 K)/W

Real WallsResistance ! Resistance related to the walls node

Real Rtot ! Resistance concerning the circuit and connecting the

average pipes level temperature with the inlet water
temperature (m2 K)/W

Real hAirToWalls ! Convective coefficient Air-Walls W/(m2 K)

Real hSlabToWalls ! Radiant coefficient Walls-Slab W/(m2 K)

Real FvSlabToExtWall ! Radiant coefficient Walls-Slab W/(m2 K)

Integer NLayersUp ! Number of layers constituting the upper part of the

slab

Integer NLayersDown ! Number of layers constituting the lower part of the slab

Integer UpperElement ! Ordinal number characterizing the upper element:

imposed value = 1

Integer PipesLevelElement ! Ordinal number characterizing the pipes level element

Integer LowerElement ! Ordinal number characterizing the lower element

Real FloorArea ! Area of the floor m2

Real AreaWalls ! Area of the walls m2

Integer TimeStep ! Time step for the imposition of boundary conditions s

Real WallsInertia ! Walls thermal inertia per square meter J/(m2 K)

Integer NSteps ! Number of time steps used for the input of boundary
conditions

Integer NTimes ! Number of repetitions of the input loads cycle

Integer TimeCycle ! Time of a single input loads cycle s

Integer TotalTime ! Total time of the performed simulation s

Real Temperatures(1:50,0:640000) ! Temperatures of the elements constituting the slab C

(maximum number of calculation time steps = 640000)

45
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Real Tair(0:640000) ! Temperatures of the room air C (maximum number

of calculation time steps = 640000)

Real TWalls(0:640000) ! Temperatures of the walls C (maximum number of

calculation time steps = 640000)

Real qsOnFloor(0:640000) ! Global heat fluxes acting onto the floor W/m2
(maximum number of calculation time steps = 640000)

Real qsOnCeiling(0:640000) ! Global heat fluxes acting onto the ceiling W/m2
(maximum number of calculation time steps = 640000)

Real qsOnWalls(0:640000) ! Heat fluxes acting onto the walls W/m2 (maximum
number of calculation time steps = 640000)

Real qsToCircuit(0:640000) ! Heat fluxes extracted by the circuit W/m2 (maximum

number of calculation time steps = 640000)

Real TOp(0:640000) ! Operative temperatures in the room (maximum

number of calculation time steps = 640000)

Integer CalcTimeStep ! Calculation time step s

Integer NCalcTimeSteps ! Number of calculation steps executed in the whole

simulation

Real TimeInHours ! Support value for the output of the results h

Real TsurfW(0:640000)

Real TsurfF(0:640000)

Real TsurfC(0:640000)

CHARACTER*32 OutputFile

Integer i ! Support counter

Integer j ! Support counter

Integer Deleted ! Support variable

46
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Main ________________________________________________________________________________

! Removal of the previous simulation output and creation of the new one (the output file name is ".ris")

! Formats for input and output commands

1 Format(x,f6.3,3x,f6.3,3x,f6.3,3x,f6.3,3x,f6.3,3x,f6.3,3x,f6.3,x,f6.3,x,f6.3)

2 Format(x,i2,3x,a1,3x,i2,3x,f6.4,3x,f6.4,3x,f7.2,3x,f7.2,3x,f7.4,3x,i2,3x,i2,3x,f6.4)

3 Format(x,i9,xx,f13.1,xx,f7.4,xx,f7.4,xx,i1)

4 Format(x,f9.3,x,i1,x,f4.1,x,f6.2,x,f6.2,x,f6.2)

5 Format(x,f9.3,x,f8.3,x,f8.3,x,f8.3,x,f8.3,x,f8.3,x,f8.3)

6 Format(x,f9.3,3x,f6.2,3x,f6.2,12x,f10.2,11x,f10.2)

7 Format(x,a6,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,
i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,i3,6x,a20)

8 Format(x,i3,6x,i3,6x, f4.1,6x, f4.1,6x,f10.1)

! Call of the three subroutines for reading data, creating interfaces and calculating the thermal behaviour of the
room

Call ReadSlabAndLoads (hFloorToCeiling, hAirToFloor, hAirToCeiling, UpperResistance, LowerResistance,

WallsResistance, Rtot, hAirToWalls, hSlabToWalls, NLayersUp, NLayersDown, Layers, UpperElement,
PipesLevelElement, LowerElement, FloorArea, AreaWalls, TimeStep, WallsInertia, NSteps, NTimes,
TimeCycle, TotalTime, Boundary, FvSlabToExtWall, FvFloorToCeiling, OutputFile, CalcTimeStep)

Deleted = DELFILESQQ (OutputFile)

Open(unit=2, file=OutputFile, status='new')

Call CreateInterfaces (UpperResistance, LowerResistance, NLayersUp, NLayersDown, Layers,

UpperElement, PipesLevelElement, LowerElement, Element)

Call CreateTempAndFluxesTables (hFloorToCeiling, hAirToFloor, hAirToCeiling, UpperResistance,

LowerResistance, WallsResistance, Rtot, hAirToWalls, hSlabToWalls, NLayersUp, NLayersDown, Element,
UpperElement, PipesLevelElement, LowerElement, FloorArea, AreaWalls, TimeStep, WallsInertia, NSteps,
NTimes, TimeCycle, TotalTime, Boundary, Temperatures, Tair, TWalls, QsOnFloor, QsOnCeiling, QsOnWalls,
QsToCircuit, CalcTimeStep, NCalcTimeSteps, TOp, TsurfW, TsurfC, TSurfF)

47
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Output printing_______________________________________________________________________

! Initial data printing

write(2,*) 'hF2C hA2F hA2C UpRes LowRes Rtot hA2W hW2S WallsResistance'

write(2,1) hFloorToCeiling, hAirToFloor, hAirToCeiling, UpperResistance, LowerResistance, Rtot, hAirToWalls,

hSlabToWalls, WallsResistance

write(2,*)

write(2,*) 'NLayUp NLayDown AFloor AWalls WallsInertia'

write(2,8) NLayersUp, NLayersDown, FloorArea, AreaWalls, WallsInertia

write(2,*)

! Main interfaces numbers and slab divisions printing

write(2,*) 'UpInterf PLevelInterf LowInterf'

write(2,*) UpperElement, PipesLevelElement, LowerElement

write(2,*)

write(2,*) 'NLay Kind NParts LThick LLamb LSpecHeat LRho LRes InSurf FinSurf ElThick'

do i=1,20

write(2,2) i, Layers(i).Kind, Layers(i).NElements, Layers(i).Thickness, Layers(i).Lambda,

Layers(i).SpecHeat, Layers(i).Rho, Layers(i).Resistance, Layers(i).InitialElement, Layers(i).FinalElement,
Layers(i).ElThickness

enddo

write(2,*)

write(2,*) 'i IntCapacity IntResUp IntResDown IntExtH'

do i=1,23

write(2,3) i, Element(i).Capacity, Element(i).ResistanceUp, Element(i).ResistanceDown, Element(i).ExtH

enddo

write(2,*)

48
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Printing of the time values involved by the calculations

write(2,*) 'TimeStep NSteps NTimes TimeCycle TotalTime NCalcTimeSteps'

write(2,*) TimeStep, NSteps, NTimes, TimeCycle, TotalTime, NCalcTimeSteps

write(2,*)

! Boundary loads printing

write(2,*) 'Time Run Twat Rad Conv QAir'

do i=0,NSteps*NTimes

IF (MOD(i*CalcTimeStep,600).eq.0) THEN

TimeInHours=Boundary(i).Time/3600.0

write(2,4) TimeInHours, Boundary(i).RunningMode, Boundary(i).Twater, Boundary(i).RadiantHeatFlux,

Boundary(i).ConvectiveHeatFlux, Boundary(i).QAir

ENDIF

enddo

write(2,*)

! Main temperatures printing

write(2,*) ' Time TFloor TCore TCeiling Tair TOp TWalls'

do i=0,NCalcTimeSteps

IF (MOD(i*CalcTimeStep,600).eq.0) THEN

TimeInHours=i*CalcTimeStep/3600.0

write(2,5) TimeInHours, TSurfF(i), Temperatures(PipesLevelElement,i), TSurfC(i), Tair(i), TOp(i),

TSurfW(i)

ENDIF

enddo

write(2,*)

49
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Main heat fluxes printing

write(2,*) 'Time QsOnFloor QsOnCeiling QsOnWalls QsToCircuit'

do i=0,NCalcTimeSteps

IF (MOD(i*CalcTimeStep,600).eq.0) THEN

TimeInHours=i*CalcTimeStep/3600.0

write(2,6) TimeInHours, QsOnFloor(i), QsOnCeiling(i), QsOnWalls(i), QsToCircuit(i)

ENDIF

enddo

write(6,*) 'Fine'

stop

end

! SUBROUTINES ________________________________________________________________________

! Subroutine "ReadSlabAndLoads": it reads the values of materials, characteristics of the circuit and boundary
conditions, according with an external file named "InitialData.txt" and enclosed in the present Standard

Subroutine ReadSlabAndLoads (hFloorToCeiling, hAirToFloor, hAirToCeiling, UpperResistance,

LowerResistance, WallsResistance, Rtot, hAirToWalls, hSlabToWalls, NLayersUp, NLayersDown, Layers,
UpperElement, PipesLevelElement, LowerElement, FloorArea, AreaWalls, TimeStep, WallsInertia, NSteps,
NTimes, TimeCycle, TotalTime, Boundary, FvSlabToExtWall, FvFloorToCeiling, OutputFile, CalcTimeStep)

Implicit none

! Definition of the Types involved by "ReadSlabAndLoads"

Type Layer

Character*1 Kind

50
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Integer NElements

Real Thickness

Real Lambda

Real SpecHeat

Real Rho

Real Resistance

Integer InitialElement

Integer FinalElement

Real ElThickness

End Type Layer

Type HeatLoadsAndCircuit

Integer Time

Integer RunningMode

Real Twater

Real RadiantHeatFlux

Real ConvectiveHeatFlux

Real QAir

EndType HeatLoadsAndCircuit

! Definition of the variables involved by "ReadSlabAndLoads"

Type (Layer):: Layers(1:20)

Type (HeatLoadsAndCircuit):: Boundary(0:320000)

Real hFloorToCeiling

Real FvFloorToCeiling

Real hAirToFloor

Real hAirToCeiling

51
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Real UpperResistance

Real LowerResistance

Real WallsResistance

Real Rtot

Real hAirToWalls

Real hSlabToWalls

Real FvSlabToExtWall

Integer NLayersUp

Integer NLayersDown

Integer UpperElement

Integer PipesLevelElement

Integer LowerElement

Real FloorArea

Real AreaWalls

Integer TimeStep

Real WallsInertia

Integer NSteps

Integer NTimes

Integer TimeCycle

Integer CalcTimeStep

Integer TotalTime

Character*32 OutputFile

Real Trash ! Support variable

Character*100 TrashC ! Support variable

Integer i ! Support counter

52
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Subroutine "ReadSlabAndLoads"___________________________________________________________

! Opening the input file and inizialization of the variables

Open(unit=1, file='ART_W_TS_CONT_KOS.txt', status='old')

hFloorToCeiling = 0

hAirToFloor = 0

hAirToCeiling = 0

UpperResistance = 0

LowerResistance = 0

FvFloorToCeiling = 0

FvSlabToExtWall = 0

Rtot = 0

hAirToWalls = 0

hSlabToWalls = 0

NLayersUp = 0

NLayersDown = 0

do i = 1, 20

Layers(i).Kind = 'N'

Layers(i).NElements = 0

Layers(i).Thickness = 0

Layers(i).Lambda = 0

Layers(i).SpecHeat = 0

Layers(i).Rho = 0

Layers(i).Resistance = 0

Layers(i).InitialElement = 0

Layers(i).FinalElement = 0

Layers(i).ElThickness = 0

53
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

enddo

UpperElement = 0

PipesLevelElement = 0

LowerElement = 0

FloorArea = 0

AreaWalls = 0

TimeStep = 0

WallsInertia = 0

NSteps = 0

NTimes = 0

TimeCycle = 0

CalcTimeStep = 0

TotalTime = 0

do i = 0, 320000

Boundary(i).Time = 0

Boundary(i).RunningMode = 0

Boundary(i).Twater = 0

Boundary(i).RadiantHeatFlux = 0

Boundary(i).ConvectiveHeatFlux = 0

Boundary(i).QAir = 0

enddo

! Reading the input data from the file "InitialData.txt"

READ(1,*)

READ(1,*)

READ(1,*)

Read(1,*) OutputFile

READ(1,*)

54
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

READ(1,*) FvFloorToCeiling, FvSlabToExtWall, hAirToFloor, hAirToCeiling, hAirToWalls, Rtot,

UpperResistance, LowerResistance, WallsResistance

READ(1,*)

hSlabToWalls = (1-FvFloorToCeiling-FvSlabToExtWall)*4*300**3*5.67/10**8*0.9

hFloorToCeiling = FvFloorToCeiling*4*300**3*5.67/10**8*0.9

Read (1,*) TrashC, NLayersUp

Read (1,*)

Read (1,*)

do i = 1, NLayersUp

Read (1,*) Layers(i).Kind, Layers(i).NElements, Layers(i).Thickness, Layers(i).Lambda,

Layers(i).SpecHeat, Layers(i).Rho, Layers(i).Resistance

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).NElements = 0

Layers(i).Thickness = 0

Layers(i).Lambda = 0

Layers(i).SpecHeat = 0

Layers(i).Rho = 0

endif

if (i.eq.1) then

Layers(i).InitialElement = 1

else

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).InitialElement = Layers(i-1).FinalElement

else

Layers(i).InitialElement = Layers(i-1).FinalElement+1

endif

endif

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).FinalElement = Layers(i).InitialElement

55
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

else

Layers(i).FinalElement = Layers(i).InitialElement + Layers(i).NElements-1

endif

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).ElThickness = 0

else

Layers(i).ElThickness = Layers(i).Thickness/Layers(i).NElements

endif

enddo

do i = 1, 6-NLayersUp

Read (1,*)

enddo

Read (1,*) TrashC, NLayersDown

Read (1,*)

Read (1,*)

do i = NLayersUp+1, NLayersUp+NLayersDown

Read (1,*) Layers(i).Kind, Layers(i).NElements, Layers(i).Thickness, Layers(i).Lambda,

Layers(i).SpecHeat, Layers(i).Rho, Layers(i).Resistance

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).NElements = 0

Layers(i).Thickness = 0

Layers(i).Lambda = 0

Layers(i).SpecHeat = 0

Layers(i).Rho = 0

endif

if (i.eq.NLayersUp+1) then

Layers(i).InitialElement = Layers(i-1).FinalElement

56
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

else

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).InitialElement = Layers(i-1).FinalElement

else

Layers(i).InitialElement = Layers(i-1).FinalElement+1

endif

endif

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).FinalElement = Layers(i).InitialElement

else

Layers(i).FinalElement = Layers(i).InitialElement + Layers(i).NElements - 1

endif

if (Layers(i).Kind.eq.'R') then

Layers(i).ElThickness = 0

else

Layers(i).ElThickness = Layers(i).Thickness/Layers(i).NElements

endif

enddo

UpperElement = 1

PipesLevelElement = Layers(NLayersUp).FinalElement

LowerElement = Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).FinalElement

do i = 1, 5-NLayersDown

Read (1,*)

enddo

Read(1,*) TrashC, FloorArea, TrashC, TrashC, AreaWalls

Read(1,*)

57
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Read(1,*) TrashC, TrashC, TimeStep, TrashC, TrashC, WallsInertia

Read(1,*)

Read(1,*) TrashC, NSteps

Read(1,*) TrashC, CalcTimeStep

Read(1,*) TrashC, NTimes

Read(1,*)

Read(1,*)

do i=0,NSteps

Boundary(i).Time=TimeStep*i

Read(1,*) Trash, Trash, Trash, Trash, Trash, Trash, Boundary(i).ConvectiveHeatFlux,

Boundary(i).RadiantHeatFlux, Boundary(i).Qair, Boundary(i).RunningMode, Boundary(i).Twater

enddo

! Creation of the total list of boundary conditions, taking into account the number of times the boundary load
conditions must be repeated

TimeCycle = NSteps*TimeStep

TotalTime = TimeCycle * NTimes

do i=NSteps+1,NTimes*NSteps

Boundary(i).Time = i*TimeStep

Boundary(i).RunningMode = Boundary(Mod(i,NSteps)).RunningMode

Boundary(i).Twater = Boundary(Mod(i,NSteps)).Twater

Boundary(i).RadiantHeatFlux = Boundary(Mod(i,NSteps)).RadiantHeatFlux

Boundary(i).ConvectiveHeatFlux = Boundary(Mod(i,NSteps)).ConvectiveHeatFlux

Boundary(i).QAir = Boundary(Mod(i,NSteps)).QAir

enddo

return

EndSubroutine

58
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Subroutine "CreateInterfaces": it uses the input data concerning the slab in order to define the characteristics
of each interface dividing the slab

Subroutine CreateInterfaces (UpperResistance, LowerResistance, NLayersUp, NLayersDown, Layers,

UpperElement, PipesLevelElement, LowerElement, Element)

Implicit none

! Definition of the Types involved by "CreateInterfaces"

Type Layer

Character*1 Kind

Integer NElements

Real Thickness

Real Lambda

Real SpecHeat

Real Rho

Real Resistance

Integer InitialElement

Integer FinalElement

Real ElThickness

End Type Layer

Type El

Real Capacity

Real ResistanceUp

Real ResistanceDown

Integer ExtH

End Type El

59
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

! Definition of the variables involved by "CreateInterfaces"

Type (Layer):: Layers(1:20)

Type (El):: Element(1:50)

Real UpperResistance

Real LowerResistance

Integer NLayersUp

Integer NLayersDown

Integer UpperElement

Integer PipesLevelElement

Integer LowerElement

Integer NElementsUp

Integer NElementsDown

Integer i ! Support counter

Integer j ! Support counter

Integer k ! Support counter

! Subroutine "CreateInterfaces"___________________________________________________________

NElementsUp = Layers(NLayersUp).FinalElement

NElementsDown = Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).FinalElement-
Layers(NLayersUp).FinalElement

! Inizialization of the variables

do i = 1, 50

Element(i).Capacity = 0

Element(i).ResistanceUp = 0

60
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Element(i).ResistanceDown = 0

Element(i).ExtH = 0

enddo

! Definition of the characteristics of the first element (starting from the floor)

Element(1).Capacity = Layers(1).ElThickness*Layers(1).SpecHeat*Layers(1).Rho

Element(1).ResistanceUp = UpperResistance + (Layers(1).ElThickness/2)/Layers(1).Lambda

if ((1.eq.Layers(1).FinalElement).and.(Layers(2).Kind.eq.'R')) then

Element(1).ResistanceDown =
Layers(2).Resistance/2+(Layers(1).ElThickness/2)/Layers(1).Lambda

else

Element(1).ResistanceDown = (Layers(1).ElThickness/2)/Layers(1).Lambda

endif

Element(1).ExtH = 0

! Definition of the characteristics of the middle interfaces (starting from the floor)

do i = 2, NElementsUp-1

do j=1, NLayersUp

if (((i.ge.Layers(j).InitialElement).and.(i.le.Layers(j).FinalElement)).and.(Layers(j).Kind.ne.'R'))
then

Element(i).Capacity = Layers(j).ElThickness*Layers(j).SpecHeat*Layers(j).Rho

if ((i.eq.Layers(j).InitialElement).and.(Layers(j-1).Kind.eq.'R')) then

Element(i).ResistanceUp = Layers(j-1).Resistance/2+(Layers(j).ElThickness/2) /
Layers(j).Lambda

else

Element(i).ResistanceUp = (Layers(j).ElThickness/2)/Layers(j).Lambda

endif

if ((i.eq.Layers(j).FinalElement).and.(Layers(j+1).Kind.eq.'R')) then

61
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Element(i).ResistanceDown = Layers(j+1).Resistance/2+(Layers(j).ElThickness/2)
/ Layers(j).Lambda

else

Element(i).ResistanceDown = (Layers(j).ElThickness/2)/Layers(j).Lambda

endif

Element(i).ExtH = 0

goto 10

endif

10 enddo

enddo

Element(NElementsUp).Capacity =
Layers(NLayersUp).ElThickness*Layers(NLayersUp).SpecHeat*Layers(NLayersUp).Rho +
Layers(NLayersUp+1).ElThickness*Layers(NLayersUp+1).SpecHeat*Layers(NLayersUp+1).Rho

if ((NElementsUp.eq.Layers(NLayersUp).InitialElement).and.(Layers(NLayersUp-1).Kind.eq.'R')) then

Element(NElementsUp).ResistanceUp = Layers(NLayersUp-
1).Resistance/2+(Layers(NLayersUp).ElThickness)/Layers(NLayersUp).Lambda

else

Element(NElementsUp).ResistanceUp =
(Layers(NLayersUp).ElThickness)/Layers(NLayersUp).Lambda

endif

if ((NElementsUp.eq.Layers(NLayersUp+1).FinalElement).and.(Layers(NLayersUp+2).Kind.eq.'R'))
then

Element(NElementsUp).ResistanceDown =
Layers(NLayersUp+2).Resistance/2+(Layers(NLayersUp+1).ElThickness)/Layers(NLayersUp+1)
.Lambda

else

Element(NElementsUp).ResistanceDown =
(Layers(NLayersUp+1).ElThickness)/Layers(NLayersUp+1).Lambda

endif

Element(NElementsUp).ExtH = 1

do i = NElementsUp+1, NElementsUp+NElementsDown

do j=NLayersUp+1, NLayersUp+NLayersDown

62
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

if (((i.ge.Layers(j).InitialElement).and.(i.le.Layers(j).FinalElement)).and.(Layers(j).Kind.ne.'R'))
then

Element(i).Capacity = Layers(j).ElThickness*Layers(j).SpecHeat*Layers(j).Rho

if ((i.eq.Layers(j).InitialElement).and.(Layers(j-1).Kind.eq.'R')) then

Element(i).ResistanceUp = Layers(j-1).Resistance/2+(Layers(j).ElThickness/2) /
Layers(j).Lambda

else

Element(i).ResistanceUp = (Layers(j).ElThickness/2)/Layers(j).Lambda

endif

if ((i.eq.Layers(j).FinalElement).and.(Layers(j+1).Kind.eq.'R')) then

Element(i).ResistanceDown = Layers(j+1).Resistance/2+(Layers(j).ElThickness/2)
/ Layers(j).Lambda

else

Element(i).ResistanceDown = (Layers(j).ElThickness/2)/Layers(j).Lambda

endif

Element(i).ExtH = 0

goto 11

endif

11 enddo

enddo

! Definition of the characteristics of the first element (starting from the ceiling)

Element(LowerElement).Capacity =
Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).ElThickness*Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).SpecHeat*Layers(
NLayersUp+NLayersDown).Rho

if ((LowerElement.eq.Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).InitialElement) .and.
(Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown-1).Kind.eq.'R')) then

Element(LowerElement).ResistanceUp = Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown-
1).Resistance/2+(Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).ElThickness/2)/Layers(NLayersUp+NLayer
sDown).Lambda

else

Element(LowerElement).ResistanceUp =
(Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).ElThickness/2)/Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).Lambda

63
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

endif

Element(LowerElement).ResistanceDown = LowerResistance +
(Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).ElThickness/2)/Layers(NLayersUp+NLayersDown).Lambda

Element(LowerElement).ExtH = 0

return

EndSubroutine

! Subroutine "CreateTempAndFluxesTables": it calculates the values of temperatures and heat fluxes of air,
slab and walls

Subroutine CreateTempAndFluxesTables (hFloorToCeiling, hAirToFloor, hAirToCeiling, UpperResistance,

LowerResistance, WallsResistance, Rtot, hAirToWalls, hSlabToWalls, NLayersUp, NLayersDown, Element,
UpperElement, PipesLevelElement, LowerElement, FloorArea, AreaWalls, TimeStep, WallsInertia, NSteps,
NTimes, TimeCycle, TotalTime, Boundary, Temperatures, Tair, TWalls, QsOnFloor, QsOnCeiling, QsOnWalls,
QsToCircuit, CalcTimeStep, NCalcTimeSteps, TOp, TsurfW, TsurfC, TSurfF)

Implicit none

! Definition of the Types involved by "CreateTempAndFluxesTables"

Type El

Real Capacity

Real ResistanceUp

Real ResistanceDown

Integer ExtH

End Type El

Type HeatLoadsAndCircuit

Integer Time

Integer RunningMode

64
 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Real Twater

Real RadiantHeatFlux

Real ConvectiveHeatFlux

Real QAir

EndType HeatLoadsAndCircuit

! Definition of the variables involved by "CreateTempAndFluxesTables"

Type(El):: Element(1:50)

Type (HeatLoadsAndCircuit):: Boundary(0:320000)

Real hFloorToCeiling

Real hAirToFloor

Real hAirToCeiling

Real UpperResistance

Real LowerResistance

Real WallsResistance

Real Rtot

Real hAirToWalls

Real hSlabToWalls

Integer NLayersUp

Integer NLayersDown

Integer UpperElement

Integer PipesLevelElement

Integer LowerElement

Real FloorArea

Real AreaWalls

Integer TimeStep

Real WallsInertia

65
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Integer NSteps

Integer NTimes

Integer TimeCycle

Integer TotalTime

Integer CalcTimeStep

Integer NCalcTimeSteps

Real Temperatures(1:50,0:640000)

Real Tair(0:640000)

Real TWalls(0:640000)

Real qsOnFloor(0:640000)

Real qsOnCeiling(0:640000)

Real qsOnWalls(0:640000)

Real qsToCircuit(0:640000)

Real TOp(0:640000)

Integer RunningMode ! Support variable

Real Twater ! Support variable

Real RadiantHeatFlux ! Support variable

Real ConvectiveHeatFlux ! Support variable

Real QAir ! Support variable

Real qOnFloor ! Support variable

Real qOnCeiling ! Support variable

Real RCAC ! Convective thermal resistance Air-Ceiling

Real RRWC ! Radiant thermal resistance Walls-Ceiling

Real RRFC ! Radiant thermal resistance Floor-Ceiling

Real RCAW ! Convective thermal resistance Air-Walls

Real RRWF ! Radiant thermal resistance Walls-Floor

Real RCAF ! Convective thermal resistance Air-Floor

Real QRadW ! Radiant heat loads acting onto the walls

Real QRadF ! Radiant heat loads acting onto the floor

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Real QRadC ! Radiant heat loads acting onto the ceiling

Real QRadWF ! Radiant heat flux acting from the walls onto the floor

Real QRadWC ! Radiant heat flux acting from the walls onto the ceiling

Real QRadFC ! Radiant heat flux acting from the floor onto the ceiling

Real QConvW ! Convective heat loads acting onto the walls

Real QConvF ! Convective heat loads acting onto the floor

Real QConvC ! Convective heat loads acting onto the ceiling

Real TSurfW(0:640000)

Real TSurfC(0:640000)

Real TSurfF(0:640000)

Integer i ! Support counter

Integer j ! Support counter

Integer k ! Support counter

! Subroutine "CreateTempAndFluxesTables"___________________________________________________

! Calculation of the number of times the calculation must be performed

NCalcTimeSteps=TotalTime/CalcTimeStep

! Inizialization of the variables

do i = 0,640000

do j = 1,50

Tair(i) = 0

TWalls(i)= 0

Temperatures(j,i)= 0

67
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

enddo

TOp(i) = 0

TWalls(i) = 0

qsOnFloor(i) = 0

qsOnCeiling(i) = 0

qsOnWalls(i) = 0

qsToCircuit(i) = 0

TSurfW(i) = 0

TSurfF(i) = 0

TSurfC(i) = 0

enddo

do j=1,50

Temperatures(j,0)=22.

enddo

TOp(0) = 22.

Tair(0) = 22.

TWalls(0) = 22.

TSurfW(0) = 22.

TSurfF(0) = 22.

TSurfC(0) = 22.

do i=1, NCalcTimeSteps

do j=1, NTimes*NSteps

if ((i*CalcTimeStep.gt.Boundary(j-1).Time).and.(i*CalcTimeStep.le.Boundary(j).Time))
then

RunningMode=Boundary(j).RunningMode

Twater=Boundary(j).Twater

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

RadiantHeatFlux=Boundary(j).RadiantHeatFlux

ConvectiveHeatFlux=Boundary(j).ConvectiveHeatFlux

QAir=Boundary(j).QAir

goto 12

endif

12 enddo

! Calculation of the involved resistances

RCAC = (1/hAirToCeiling + Element(LowerElement).ResistanceDown)

RRWC = (1/hSlabToWalls + WallsResistance*FloorArea/AreaWalls +

Element(LowerElement).ResistanceDown )

RRFC = (1/hFloorToCeiling + Element(1).ResistanceUp +

Element(LowerElement).ResistanceDown)

RCAW = (1/hAirToWalls + WallsResistance)

RRWF = (1/hSlabToWalls + Element(1).ResistanceUp + WallsResistance*FloorArea/AreaWalls)

RCAF = (1/hAirToFloor + Element(1).ResistanceUp)

! Calculation of the air temperature

Tair(i) = (ConvectiveHeatFlux + QAir + AreaWalls/RCAW * TWalls(i-1) + FloorArea/RCAF *

Temperatures(1,i-1) + FloorArea/RCAC * Temperatures(LowerElement,i-1)) / (AreaWalls/RCAW
+ FloorArea/RCAF + FloorArea/RCAC)

! Calculation of the heat fluxes acting on the internal surfaces

QRadW = RadiantHeatFlux * AreaWalls/(2*FloorArea + AreaWalls)

QRadF = RadiantHeatFlux * FloorArea/(2*FloorArea + AreaWalls)

QRadC = RadiantHeatFlux * FloorArea/(2*FloorArea + AreaWalls)

QRadWF = (TWalls(i-1) - Temperatures(1,i-1)) / RRWF * FloorArea

69
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

QRadWC = (TWalls(i-1) - Temperatures(LowerElement,i-1)) / RRWC * FloorArea

QRadFC = (Temperatures(1,i-1) - Temperatures(LowerElement,i-1)) / RRFC * FloorArea

QConvW = (Tair(i)-TWalls(i-1))/RCAW * AreaWalls

QConvF = (Tair(i)-Temperatures(1,i-1))/RCAF * FloorArea

QConvC = (Tair(i)-Temperatures(LowerElement,i-1))/RCAC * FloorArea

qOnFloor = (QRadF + QRadWF - QRadFC + QConvF)/FloorArea

qOnCeiling = (QRadC + QRadWC + QRadFC + QConvC)/FloorArea

! Calculation of the temperatures of the walls and the slab interfaces

TWalls(i) = (QRadW - QRadWF - QRadWC + QConvW)*CalcTimeStep/ (WallsInertia *

AreaWalls) + TWalls(i-1)

Temperatures(1,i)=(qOnFloor+(Temperatures(2,i-1)-Temperatures(1,i-1)) /
(Element(1).ResistanceDown+Element(2).ResistanceUp))*CalcTimeStep/Element(1).Capacity +
Temperatures(1,i-1)

do k=2,LowerElement-1

Temperatures(k,i)= ((Temperatures(k-1,i-1)-Temperatures(k,i-1)) /
(Element(k).ResistanceUp+Element(k-1).ResistanceDown)+(Temperatures(k+1,i-1) -
Temperatures(k,i-1))/(Element(k).ResistanceDown+Element(k+1).ResistanceUp) +
(Twater-Temperatures(k,i-1))*RunningMode/Rtot*Element(k).ExtH)*CalcTimeStep /
Element(k).Capacity+Temperatures(k,i-1)

enddo

Temperatures(LowerElement,i)=(qOnCeiling+(Temperatures(LowerElement-1,i-1) -
Temperatures(LowerElement,i-1))/(Element(LowerElement).ResistanceUp +
Element(LowerElement-1).ResistanceDown))*CalcTimeStep/Element(LowerElement).Capacity +
Temperatures(LowerElement,i-1)

TSurfF(i)=QOnFloor*Element(1).ResistanceUp+Temperatures(1,i)

TSurfC(i)=QOnCeiling*Element(LowerElement).ResistanceDown+Temperatures(LowerElement,i)

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 EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

TSurfW(i) = TWalls(i) + (QRadW - QRadWF - QRadWC + QConvW)/AreaWalls *

WallsResistance

! Last outputs definition

qsOnFloor(i)=qOnFloor

qsOnCeiling(i)=qOnCeiling

qsOnWalls(i) = (QRadW - QRadWF - QRadWC + QConvW) / FloorArea

QsToCircuit(i)=(Twater-Temperatures(PipesLevelElement,i))*RunningMode/Rtot

TOp(i)=((TSurfF(i)*FloorArea+TSurfC(i)*FloorArea+TSurfW(i)*AreaWalls) /
(FloorArea*2+AreaWalls)+Tair(i))/2

enddo

return

EndSubroutine

71
EN 15377-3:2007 (E)

Bibliography

[1] Hauser, G., Kempkes, Ch., Olesen, B. W. (2000), Computer Simulation of the Performance of a
Hydronic Heating and Cooling System with Pipes Embedded into the Concrete Slab between Each
Floor. ASHRAE Trans. V. 106, pt.1

[2] Koschenz, M., Lehman, B. (2000). Thermoaktive Bauteilsysteme tabs, ISBN 3-905594-19-6

[3] Meierhans, R.A. (1993), Slab cooling and earth coupling, ASHRAE Trans. V. 99, Pt 2

[4] Meierhans, R. A. (1996), Room air conditioning by means of overnight cooling of the concrete ceiling.
ASHRAE Trans. V. 102, Pt. 2

[5] Olesen, B. W., Sommer, K. and Dchting, B. (2002), Control of slab heating and cooling systems
studied by dynamic computer simulations, ASHRAE Trans. V.108, Pt.2

[6] Olesen, B.W., Dossi, F.C.(2004): Operation and Control of Activated Slab Heating and Cooling
Systems, CIB World Building Congress 2004, May 2004.

[7] Olesen, B. W., Koschenz, M., Johansson, C.(2003): New European Standard Proposal for Design and
Dimensioning of Embedded Radiant Surface heating and Cooling Systems. ASHRAE Transactions,
Volume 109, Part 2, 2003.

[8] EN ISO 13792, Thermal performance of buildings - Calculation of internal temperatures of a room in
summer without mechanical cooling Simplified methods (ISO 13792:2005)

[9] EN 15243, Ventilation for buildings Calculation of room temperatures and of load and energy for
buildings with room conditioning systems

[10] prCEN/TR 15615, Explanation of the general relationship between various CEN standards and the
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ("Umbrella document")

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BS EN
15377-3:2007
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