TUNNEL ENGINEERING
POINTS TO BE DISUCCESED
Soft ground
Methods of tunneling in
soft ground
TYPES OF GROUND
HARD GROUND
o Self supporting
SOFT GROUND
o Running ground
o Soft ground
o Firm ground
o Self supporting ground
TYPES OF SOFT GROUND
RUNNING GROUND : Required support immediately
,e.g. dry sand
SOFT GROUND : Roof requires immediate support
while sides can remain standing for few minutes.
FIRM GROUND : Roof can stand for few minutes and
sides for much longer time ; e.g. dry earth
SELF SUPPORTING GROUND : remain
unsupported up to short length
of 1.5 to 4 m. ; e.g. sand stone
FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE
OF A METHOD
SIZE OF TUNNEL
TYPE OF GROUND
AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
METHOD OF SEQUENCE OF EXCAVATION
METHODES OF TUNNELLING IN
SOFT GROUND
METHODES
OTHER
REQUIRING USE
METHOD
OF TIMBERS
fore poling method Linear plate
Needle beam method
method Shield method
Army method Compressed
Belgian method air method
English method
American method
Austrian method
German method
Italian method
FORE POLING METHOD
o USED FOR RUNNING GROUND
o NOW REPLACE BY COPMRESSED AIR TUNNILING
METHOD
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONES FOR 1.52X1.52 MTR.
o SUNKING OF SHAFT
o BENT IS PLACED FROM THE SHEETING
o HOLES ARE DRIVEN IN THE SHEETING FROM 7.5 C/C
ABOVE THE CAP AND BELOW THE CAP.
o FORE POLE CONSIST OF PLANK WITH WEDGE ENDS
ARE ENTERED ONE AT A TIME
o DRIVEN THROUGH HALF LENGHTH AT 15 CM/MTR
INCLINATION
o TIMBER LAID AT THE END OF ALL SPLIES.
o FACE SHETTING BROKEN OUT AND GROUND IS
ALLOWED TO RUN.
o PUT TEMPORARY SUPPORTS AT END CALLED
HOURSE HEAD.
o THE OTHER END OF FOREPOLE IS SUPPORTED
WITH BOARD OF SIZE 45 CM.
o NOW, REPEAT THE PROCEDURE AND INSERTED
BOOM FOR THE SUPPORT OF BOARD.
MERITS :
o USED WITHOUT COMPRESSED AIR
o USED FOR SMALL DIMENSIONS IN RUNNING
GROUND
DEMERITS :
o SLOW PROCESS
o USED ONLY FOR SMALL CROSS SECTION
NEEDLE BEAM
o IT CONSIST OF A STOUT TIMBER BEAM FROM MAIN
TEMPORARY SUPPORT
o IT IS USED WHEN THE SOIL ROOF CAN STAND FOR A
FEW MINUTES
SEQENCE OF OPERATION :
o A DRIFT OF ABOUT 1 MTS. IS DRIVEN ON WORKING
FACE
o ROOF OF THIS DRIFT IS LAGGED WITH SHEETING
o APPLY TREANCH JACK ON IT
o A NEEDLE BEAM OF 5 TO 6 MTR. IS INSERTED AND
ONE END IS CARRIED ON PLANK AND OTHER ON
STOUT POST.
o WITH HELP OF JACKS , DRIFT IS WIDENED SIDE
WAYS
MERITS :
o ECONOMICAL
o WORKS ALL RIGHT ON BRICK LINING
DEMERITS :
o HEAVY BEAM PUSHED FOREWARD BY HAND
o NO. OF TRENCH JACKS REQUIRED
o DIFFICULTIES IN CONCRETE LINING WITH
MACHINE
BELGIAN METHOD
o IT IS USED FOR MODERATELY FIRM OR HARD SOILS.
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o A TOP HEADING ABCD FOR THE FULL RISE OF THE
ARCH IS DRIVEN & SUPPORTED.
o HEADING IS WIDENED SIDEWAYS , AND SUPPORTED
BY ADDITIONAL CROWN BARS ON SILL.
o LINING THE ARCH
o INSERTED THE SHORE AT SIDE AND EXCAVATE THE
MNOP.
o SHORING IS REMOVED AND SPACE IS FILLED WITH
MASONARY.
ARMY METHOD OR CASE METHOD
o IT IS DERIVED BY USA ARMY FOR CONSTRUCTING
SMALL TUNNELS AT SHALLOW DEPTH,
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o A COMMON GALLERY OF WOOD 1.1X1.8X0.05 MTR. OF
WOOD IS USED.
o A TOP BRACED IS REMOVED AND GROUND IS
EXCAVATED FOR A SHORT DISTANCE.
o THE BOX IS MOVED AHEAD AND SET NEXT CAP.
o AFTER THAT REMOVE THE BREAST ONE BY ONE
AND EXCAVATE .
MERITS :
o SIMPLE,ECONOMIC
o UNSKILLED LABOUR CAN DRIVEN
DEMERITS :
o ONLY FOR SHORT TUNNEL
ENGLISH METHOD
o THE MAIN CHARACTRISTIC OF THIS METHOD IS
EXCAVATION OF FULL SECTION OF THE TUNNEL AT
ONCE USING LONGITUDINAL STRUTING AND
ALTERNATE OF MASONARY WORK AND
EXCAVATION
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o TOP HEAD IS DRIVEN UPTO 5 MTR.
o IT IS SUPPORTED ON CROWN BARS
o THEN WIDENING OF THE HEADING IS THEN DONE
BY DIGGING AWAY THE EARTH AT EACH SIDE.
o THEN STARTED EXCAVTION OF PART -2 AND PUT
THE SILL
o PART -3 IN SAME MANOR AND STARTED MASONARY
MERITES :
o SIMPLE METHOD OF HAULING ARE POSSIBLE
o MASONARY LINING IS BUILT , SO MAKING THE
CONSTRUCTION STRONG AND HOMOGENEOUS.
DEMERITES :
o USE OF LOTS OF TIMBER
o PROCESS ARE SLOWER DUE TO ALTERNATE OF
EXCAVATION & MASONARY
AMERICAN METHOD
o IT IS USED FOR RAILWAY OR HIGHWAY TUNNELING
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o A TOP DRIFT IS DRIVEN AND SUPPORTED BY
LAGGINGS,CAP TIMBER AND PARTS
o SIDE ARE WIDENED
o WALLS PLATES ARE INTRODUCED AT THE
SPRINGING SUPPORTING THE ARCH SET
o VERTICAL POSTS ARE DRIVEN
o SIDES AND BENCHING ARE CLARED & TUNNEL
LINING IS STARTED
LINING PLATE METHOD
o IT IS PRESENTED STEEL PLATES ,PLAIN OR
CORRUGATED ARE USED TO SUPPORT THE SOIL
DURING EXCAVATION.
o THE SIZE OF PLATES ARE 0.9 X 0.4 WITH FLANGE OF
.05 MTR.
o THE PLATES ARE BOLTED TO EACH OTHER
THROUGH HOLES IN FLANGE.
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o A HOLE OF 0.4 Mt. DEPTH IS CUT AT CROWN AND
LINER PLATE a IS INSERTED.
o EXCAVATED SIDES AND PLACE b AND c PLATES
o NOW TWO WOODEN WALL PLATES OF SIZE ABOUT
20 CM. X 5 CM. AND PLACED ON EACH SIDE OF THE
BENCH
o JACKS ARE REMOVED
o THE BENCH IS THEN CLEARED AND THE WALL
PLATES ARE UNDER PINNED AT BOTTOM.
LINEAR PLATE WITH STIFFNERES :
o FOR STRENTHEN THE PLATE I OR T SECTION RIB
IS USED AS STIFFNERS.
MERITES :
o LIGHTER, ECONOMICAL
o ERECTED WITH UNSKILLED LABOUR
o FIRE PROOF
o REQUIRE LESS NUMBER OF JOINTES
SHEILD METHOD
o IT IS USED FOR DRIVING A TUNNEL THROUGH
WATER BEARING STRATA.
o IT IS AN EQUIPMENT WHICH ACTS AS A BRIDGE
WITH ROOF FOR WORKERS.
o IT OPEN AT ONE END OR BOTH END.
o IT CONSIST SLEDGES , CONVEYORES ETC.
LENGTH OF SHEILD :
1. STORAGE REQUIRED
2. PROBLEMES OF CHANGING DIRECTION
SHAPE OF SHIELD :
o RESISTANCE OF MOTION :
CONTECT AREA OF THE SHAPE
o CROSS SECTION AREA / UNIT PERIMETER
FOR CIRCULAR AND SQURE=D/4
RESISTANCE TO PRESSURE CAUSED BY
SURROUNDING SOIL :
CIRULAR IS BEST
PERMISSION FOR ROTATION OF SHEILD ABOUT ITS
OWN AXIS :
CIRCULAR IS PREFERABLE
COMPONENTES OF SHIELD :
1. THE SKIN
2. CUTTING EDGE
3. PROPELLING JACKE
4. THE HOOD
5. THE TAIL
6. PART HOLES
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o THE GROUND IS EXCAVATED AHEAD OF THE
SHEILD OF .45 TO .75 meter.
o THE SHEILD IS JACKED FORWARDE.
PRIMARY LINING :
o IT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE HEAVY CAST IRON
LINING USED IN CONJUCTION WITH THE SHIELD.
SECONDARY LINING :
o 5 TO 7 cm. CONCRETE IS PLACED OVER THE FLANGE
OF IRON.
MERITS :
o FULL DIMENSION AVAILABLE
o SPEEDY
o MOVING WITH CONSTANT SUPPORT TO THE
ADVANCED TUNNEL.
COMPRESSED AIR METHOD
USED OF COMPRESSED AIR
USED IN SOFT GROUND
COMPRESSED AIR TUNNELING IN CLAY :
o NO TIMBERING IS REQUIRED INSIDE THE TUNNEL
o PRESSURE REQUIRED INSIDE THE TUNNEL IS
P = WH. ;0 W=WIEGHT OF SOIL
IN SILT :
o DRY THE SILT,RESULTING IN CRACKING
o CHANGE IN PRESSURE REQUIRED
IN SAND :
o IT PENETRATES A CENTER DISTANCE AND
EQUILLIBRIUM IS REACHED
o THE BULB OF GROUND BENEATH THE MATERIAL IS
ALL THAT REQUIRES THE TEMPORARY LINING
SUPPORT.
EQUIPMENTES FOR COMPRESSED AIR
TUNNELING :
o AIR LOCK & ACCESSORIES
o BULK HEAD TO FIX AIR LOCK
o BLOW LINE
o AIR COMPRESSOR
o GAS TRAPES
DURATION OF WORK IN COMPRESSED AIR FOR
LABOURES :
o P = 12.5 Pa ;8 hr(BREAK 0.5 hr)
o P= 14 TO 21 Pa; 4 hr (BREAK 2hr)
THANK YOU
Tunnel Engineering
Tunnel Engineering
Our points of discussion are,
Lighting in tunnel
Ventilation in tunnel
Dust control
Drainage of tunnel
Safety measure in tunnel construction
Lighting
Why lighting is required?
Various operations and activities in
tunneling work can not be effectively and
satisfactory carried out, if there is poor
light in a tunnel.
also for safety purpose
Good lighting is essential on the
following place:-
Where work drilling and
in progress mucking
zones
Bottom of Pumping
shafts stations
Etc.
Types of tunnel lights:-
1. Lanterns and lamp burning oil
Used in survey work and during the use
of instruments.
Carried in hand and burning gasoline is
used to get light from them.
2. Coal gas lighting
Coal gas is taken in a pipe from a gas
plant and it is then burnt.
Light------brilliant--------Steady
Explosion take place-------if there is any
leakage in gas pipe
3. Acetylene gas lighting
Acetylene gas is used to produce light in
tunnel. Acetylene lamp.
Not common at present.(This method)
Acetylene gas is too dangerous..
4. electric lighting
Popular source at present
Do not
Steady and brilliant consume
light oxygen
Absence of Wires and lamps are
smoke easily put and removed
Spacing of lights:-
Spacing of
lighting should be such that
whole tunnel is uniformly lighted.
Difference in the intensity of light ------
outside & inside
Darkening effect is to be filled by some one
else who is entering in the tunnel.
Desirable
put more lights of small
wattage .
If few lights of large wattage is used
Formation of dangerous dark spot------due to
more variation of intensity in outside and
inside the tunnel.
Spacing of light along the tunnel depends
upon
Tunnel dimension
Size
of light source
Rock condition:-limestone(light color)
lesser no. of light
Required.
Lights is mounted
Either at directly on the whole or in
recesses in wall at suitable heights.
Ventilation in tunnel:-
What is ventilation?
Ventilation means technique of providing
fresh air inside the tunnel during and after
construction.
Why ventilation is required?
To furnish fresh air for the workers
To remove obnoxious gases and fumes
produced by explosives.
To remove the dust caused by drilling,
blasting and mucking operation.
To reduce the temperature.
Requirements of a ventilating system:-
Fumes and smokes must be clear as early
as so that work can be resumed after
blasting.
It must prevent accumulation of fumes
along the tunnel.
Workers can do their job safely and
comfortably.
During working ,each worker should be
supplied with a minimum of 8.4 cu.m. (300
cu.ft.) of fresh air per minute constantly in
working area.
This depends upon various factor
Method of ventilation:-
Tunnel ventilation can be carried out by
the following methods:-
1. Natural ventilation
2. Mechanical ventilation
1. Natural ventilation:
Due to temperature difference inside and
outside the tunnel.
Achieved by providing shafts at suitable
interval.
Suitability:-
When diameter of tunnel is large but
length is small.
When tunnel orientation is along wind
direction.
2. Mechanical ventilation:-
Achieved by one or more electric motor
driven fans which may blow fresh air into a
tunnel or exhaust the dust and foul air from
tunnel.
Mechanical ventilation provided by,
Blowing (Blower fan mounted in one or
more input shafts)
Exhausting
Combination of blowing and exhausting
(Reverse fan is to be used)
Dust control in tunnel:-
In
drilling ,blasting ,loading and hauling
muck operation
Dust accumulates in the air in tunnel
Excessive concentration causes serious
health hazard. Ex. silicosis
Methods of Dust controlling:-
For to minimize dust accumulation.
1. Wet drilling.
Modern drilling machines carry
arrangements by which water could be
used to wet and this prevents dust flying
to a considerable extent.
Quantity of water forced into the hole
will depend on the speed of the operation
and the class of drill used in the process.
Give fairly good results and widely used in
practice.-------completely dust proof
condition is not possible.
2. Use of vacuum hood.
Where use of water may be undesirable
or impracticable , a hood is fitted around
the drill steel at rock face, which is
connected to a exhaust pipe.
Through which the drilled rock dust is
sucked and removed safely out of the
tunnel.
3. Use of respirators
Welldesigned respirators worn by the
miners offer the best and most up-to-date
protection against dust inhalation.
Thismethod which is becoming
increasingly popular in modern tunneling
practice.
Drainage in tunnel:-
Definition:-
Drainageof tunnel means controlling of
water during and after the construction
of the tunnel.
Mainly Water comes from two source
1. Wash waterused for washing drill
holes.
2. Ground/sub soil water
The quantity of water obtained from the
first source can be easily determined.
Butthe calculation of quantity of water
obtained from the second source requires
careful investigation.
Drainage system:-
temporary drainage permanent drainage
system
-open ditch drainage - central drain
System system
-pumping -corrugated sheet
System roof with side
drains
- single side drain
system
A. Temporary drainage system:-
This system is employed during the
construction of a tunnel.
It can be either open ditch drainage
system or drainage by pumping.
(1) Open ditch drainage system:-
Simplest method
Water may be moved in open ditches
with proper slopes.
Path of water moving
Open ditch--------portals and shafts ------
pumped out
Disadvantages:-
Consume valuable working space.
It may not be practicable if proper
drainage is not available for self drainage.
Pools of water may be formed if ditches
get blocked with muck or debris.
so
in modern tunneling, pumping system is
preferred.
(2) Pumping system:-
In this system, quantity of water that
accumulates is collected in sump well and
pumped out of the tunnel.
For long tunnel, it may be necessary to have
more than one sump well.
Usually sumps are located at regular interval
of 300 mm to 500 mm , a series of pump at
each sump , will pick up the water and
pumps back to next sump.
Thediameter of pipe line varies from 5
cm to 25cm depending upon amount of
water.
B. Permanent drainage system:-
The permanent drainage system is
provided in the completed tunnel section,
to save the pavements and railway track.
Types:-
1. Central drain system.
2. Corrugated sheet proof with side drains.
3. Single side drain system.
1. Central drain system:-
This system is suitable when the water
coming through roofs and the side walls of
the tunnel is sufficiently low.
This is constructed longitudinally sloping
towards the portals or shafts from where
they could be pumped out by suitable pump.
2. Corrugated sheet roof with side drains:-
This system is suitable when seepage is small
and comes down from the tunnel roof.
The seepage water is allowed to flow over a
temporary pitched roof of corrugated sheets,
shedding the water into the side drains.
Expensive(iron shed are subjected to
corrosion.)
3. Single side drain system:-
Thissystem is adopted where, the
quantity of water entering the tunnel is
small.
Thismethod is adopted in case of tunnels
carrying a single lane highway or railway
track.
Fordrainage of water a single side drain
of sufficient capacity is provided.
Safety in tunnel construction:-
Tunneling being an underground
operation, is a hazardous one and
measure to protect the workers against
accidents, are essential.
Causes of accidents:-
1. Limited working space .
2. Inadequate lighting.
3. Handling of explosives.
4. Unseen weakness in rock.
5. Pressure of equipment for loading and,
hauling etc.
6. Working f heavy machines above
ground.
Safety measures:
Majority of accidents occur due to rock
falls. Proper design of timbers and
supports, prevents accidents due to rock
fall.
The floor of tunnel should be kept clean
and water should not be allowed to stand
in pools.
The walls and roof of the tunnel shall be
frequently inspected.
Many accidents occur due to poor lighting
and so all the jobs should be kept well
lighted.
All machines and tools must be kept in tip
top condition.
Unwanted machines and construction
materials should not be stored in tunnel.
All light and power lines should be
properly installed and well insulated.
Pipes and other material should not
obstruct the movement and should be
brought to the site as needed.
Safety rules and regulation should be
framed and taught to every worker.
Safety rules must be strictly followed
without any violation.
Fire fighting service must be always kept
ready.
Doctors should be available at all times at
the site.
Steel helmet, protective clothing, rubber
gloves etc. Must be put on by every
worker as required by regulations.
Shaft openings should be fully protected
to prevent both man and material from
falling into the hole.
No unauthorized person should be
permitted to enter the tunnel.Authorized
visitors should be equipped with safety
helmets and accompanied by a guide.
Thank you.
