fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Chapter 19

Network Layer
Logical Addressing

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.1

19--1 IPv
19 IPv44 ADDRESSES

An IPv
IPv44 address is a 32
32--bit address that uniquely
and universally defines the connection of a device
(for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet
Internet..

Topics discussed in this section:

Address Space
Notations
Classful Addressing
Classless Addressing
Network Address Translation (NAT)

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.2

1
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Note

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.3

IPv44 ADDRESSES
IPv
Two devices in the Internet can never have the same
address at the same time.
An address may be assigned to a device for a time period
and then taken away and assigned to another device.
If a device operating at the network layer (e.g. router) has
m connections to the Internet, it needs to have m IP
address.
Note
The IPv4 addresses are unique
and universal.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.4

2
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

IPv44 ADDRESSES
IPv

IPV4 has an address space: is the total number of

addresses used by the protocol.
If a protocol uses N bits to define an address, the address
space is 2N .
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses:
The address space=232 =4,294,967,296 ( more than 4
billion)
This means, if there were no restrictions, more than 4
billion devices could be connected to the Internet.
IPv6 uses 128 bit-addresses

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.5

19..1 IPv
19 IPv44 Addresses: Notations
There are two prevalent notations to show an IPv4 address:
1. Binary notation:
Address is displayed as 32 bits.
Each octet is often referred to as byte.
IPv4 address referred to as 32-bit address or 4-
byte address

Example:
01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.6

3
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

19..1 IPv
19 IPv44 Addresses: Notations
2. Dotted-decimal notation:
More compact and easier to read
Written in decimal form with a decimal point( dot)
separating the bytes.
Example: 117.149.29.2
Each decimal value range from 0 to 255
Example:
Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4
address

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.7

Example 1

Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary

notation to dotted-decimal notation.

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent
decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for
separation.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.8

4
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Example 2

Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-

decimal notation to binary notation.

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.9

Example 3
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.

Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.10

5
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

IPv4
IPv 4 Addresses: Classful Addressing
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five
classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
We can find the class of an address in:
Binary notation: the first few bits define the class
Decimal-dotted notation: the first byte define the class

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.11

Note

In classful addressing, the address space is divided

into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
Addresses in Classes A, B and C are uniast addresses
A host needs to have at least one unicast address to be
able to send packet (Source).
Addresses in Class D are for multicast address: used
only for destination
Addresses in class E are reserved

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.12

6
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Example 4

Find the class of each address.

a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class
C address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.13

19..1 : Classful Addressing: Classes and Blocks

19

NetId and HostId

The address is divided into Netid and Hostid.
These part are of varying lengths, depending on the class.
Dose not apply to classes D and E

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.14

7
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classful Addressing: Classes and Blocks

7 = 24 =
2 2
14 = 16 =
2 2
21 = 8
2 2 =
28
2 =
28
2 =

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.15

Classful Addressing: Classes and Blocks

Class A address: designed for large organizations with a

large number of attached hosts or routers. (most of the
addresses were wasted and not used)
Class B address: designed for midsize organizations with ten
of thousands of attached hosts or routers( too large for many
organizations)
Class C address: designed for small organizations with a
small number of attached hosts or routers (too small for
many organizations)
Class D address: designed for multicasting. (waste of
addresses)
Class E address: reserved for future use (waste of addresses)

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.16

8
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

One problem is that each class is divided into fixed

number of blocks with each block having a fixed size

Note

In classful addressing, a large part of

the available addresses were wasted.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.17

Classful Addressing: Classes and Blocks

Mask (default mask)

Help us to find the NetId and HostId
Mask: 32-bit made of 1s followed by 0s.
Dose not apply to classes D and E.
CIDR(Classless Interdomain Routing): used to show the
mask in the form /n (n=8,16,24)

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.18

9
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classful Addressing: Network address

The network address is an address that define the

network itself to the reset of the internet
The network address has the following properties:

1. All hostid bytes are 0s

2. It is the first address in the block
3. It cannot be assigned to a host
4. Given the network address, we can find
the class of the address

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.19

Example 5
Find the network address for the following:
1. 132.6.17.85
2. 23.56.7.91

Solution
1.1. The
Theclass
classisisB.
A.The
Onlyfirst
the2first
bytesbyte
defines
defines
thethe
Netid.
netid.
WeWecancan
find
find
thethe
network
networkaddress
addressby byreplacing
replacingthe
thehostid
hostidbytes
bytes(17.85)
(56.7.91)
with
with
0s.0s.
Therefore,the
Therefore, thenetwork
networkaddress
addressisis132.6.0.0.
23.0.0.0.

2. The class is A. Only the first byte defines the Netid. We can find the
network address by replacing the hostid bytes (56.7.91) with 0s.
Therefore, the network address is 23.0.0.0.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.20

10
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classful Addressing: Network address

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.21

Classful addressing : subnetting

Note::
Note

IP addresses are designed with two

levels of hierarchy.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 22

11
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

A network with two levels of hierarchy

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 23

Addreessing: Subnetting
Classful Addr

If an organization was granted a large block in classes A or B

It could divide the addresses into several contiguous groups
and assign each group to smaller networks ( subnets)
It increases the number of 1s in the mask
Number of 1s in a subnet mask is more than the number of 1s
in the corresponding mask.
To make a subnet mask , we change some of the leftmost 0s in
mask to 1s
The number of subnets is determine by the number of extra1s.
If the number of extra 1 is n, the number of subnets is 2n.
If the number of subnets is N, the number of extra 1s is log2N

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.24

12
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classful Addr
Addreessing: Subnet Mask

Example 6: Class B address

mask : 255.255.0.0 or /16
11111111 11111111 00000000 000000000
16
For 4 subnets : (log 2 4 = 2; need 2-extra bits )
Subnet mask: 255.255. 192.0 or /18
11111111 11111111 11 000000 00000000
2 14
For 8 subnets: (log 2 8 = 3; need 3-extra bits )
subnet mask : 255.255.224.0 or /19
11111111 11111111 111 00000 00000000
3 13

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.25

Example 6:

A router receives a packet with destination address 190.240.33.91.

Show how it finds the network and the subnetwork address to
route the packet. Assume the subnet mask is /19
The router follows steps:
1. The router looks at the first byte of the address to find the
class. It is class B.
2. The mask for class B is (/16)The router ANDs this mask
with the address to get the network address :190.240.0.0.
3. The router applies the subnet mask (/19) to the address,
190.240.33.91:
190.240.001 00001.91
The subnet address is 190.240.32.0.
4. The router looks in its routing table to find how to route the
packet to this destination
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.26

13
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classful Addressing: Classes and Blocks

Supernetting
Huge demand for midsize blocks.
Although class A and B addresses are almost depleted, class C
addresses are still available( size of block= 256 address did not
satisfy the needs).
In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C
blocks to create a larger range of addresses.
Several networks are combined to create a supernetwork (
supernet).
e.g. Organization needs 1000 address can be granted 4
contiguous class C blocks to create one supernetwork.
Decreases the number of 1s in the mask.
E.g. The mask changes from /24 to /22 for 4 class C block

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.27

Classful Addressing: Classes and Blocks

Address Depletion
Near depletion of the available address
because of the fast growth of the Internet.
Run out of classes A and B address.

Classes C block is too small for most mid

size organizations.
Solution: Classless addressing

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.28

14
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Note

Classful addressing, which is almost

obsolete, is replaced with classless
addressing.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.29

Classless Addressing: Address Blocks

To overcome address depletion.
No classes, but the address are still granted in
blocks.
The size of the block( the number of addresses)
varies based on the nature and size of the entity.
Household: 2 addresses

Large organization: thousands of addresses.

ISP: thousands or hundreds of thousands based

on the number of customers it may serve.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.30

15
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classless Addressing: Address Blocks

Restriction
The Internet Authorities impose three
restrictions:
1. The address in a block must be contiguous,
one after another.
2. The number of addresses in a block must be a
power of 2 ( 1,2,4,8,)
3. The first address must be evenly divisible by
the number of addresses.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.31

Example 8:

The Figure in the next slide shows a block of

addresses, in both binary and dotted-decimal
notation, granted to a small business that needs
16 addresses.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.32

16
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization

We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.:

The addresses are contiguous.
The number of addresses is a power of 2 (16 = 24)
the first address is divisible by 16. The first address,
when converted to a decimal number( use base 256), is
3,440,387,360, which when divided by 16 results in
215,024,210.
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.33

Classless Addressing: Mask

Mask: /n
32- bit
can take any value from 0 to 32, for ex /24
The n leftmost bits are 1s
32-n rightmost bits are 0s
In IPv4 addressing, a block of
addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses
and the /n defines the mask.
Example: 172.31.16.42/26

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.34

17
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Classless Addressing: Mask

The address and the /n notation define the

whole block:
First address
Last address
Number of address

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.35

Note

The first address in the block ( network

address) can be found by setting the
rightmost
32 n bits to 0s.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.36

18
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Example 9
A block of addresses is granted to a small organization.
We know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39/28.
What is the first address in the block?
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
205.16.37. 0010 0111
If we set 3228 rightmost bits to 0, we get
205.16.37. 0010 0000
or
205.16.37.32.
This is actually the block shown in example 8
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.37

Note

The first address in a block is

normally not assigned to any device;
it is used as the network address that
represents the organization
to the rest of the world.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.38

19
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Note

The last address in the block can be

found by setting the rightmost
32 n bits to 1s.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.39

Example 10

Find the last address for the block in Example 9

Solution
The address is
205.16.37. 0010 0111
If we set 32 28 = 4 rightmost bits to 1, we get
205.16.37. 0010 1111
or
205.16.37.47
This is actually the block shown in Example 8

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.40

20
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Note

The number of addresses in the block

can be found by using the formula
232n.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.41

Example 11

Find the number of addresses in Example 9

Solution
The value of n is 28, which means that number
of addresses is 2 3228 or 16.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.42

21
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28

TWO Level

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.43

Classless addressing Two levels of hierarchy: No subnetting

Suffix

The prefix is common to all addresses in

the network; the suffix changes from
one device to another
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.44

22
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Note

Each address in the block can be considered

as a two-level hierarchical structure:
the leftmost n bits (prefix) define
the network;
the rightmost 32 n bits define
the host (suffix).

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.45

Three level of hierarchy : subnetting

The organization has its own mask : network mask

Each subnet must also have its own mask: subnet mask

Suffix

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.46

23
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Example 12
An organization is granted a block of addresses
17.12.40.0/26, which contains 64: (2(32-26)=24 =64) addresses.
The organization has three offices and needs to divide the
addresses into three subblocks (subnets) of 32, 16 and 16
addresses.
Design the subblocks and find the new masks.

Solution
Subnet1:
Mask n1: 232-n1 = 32; n1=27
Subnet2
Mask n2: 232-n2 =16; n2=28
Subnet3
Mask n3: 232-n2 = 16; n3= 28
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition
19.47

Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.48

24
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network

a. In subnet 1, the address 17.12.14.29/27 can give us the subnet
address if we use mask/27:
Host : 17. 12 .14 .00011101
Mask: /27
Subnet: 17.12.14.00000000 17.12.14.0
b. In subnet 2, the address 17.12.14.45/28 can give us the subnet
address if we use mask/28:
Host : 17. 12. 14. 00101101
Mask: /28
Subnet: 17.12.14. 00100000 17.12.14.32
c. In subnet 3, the address 17.12.14.50/28 can give us the subnet
address if we use mask/28:
Host : 17. 12. 14. 00110010
Mask: /28
Subnet: 17. 12. 14. 00110000 17.12.14.48
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.49

Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.50

25
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Address Allocation

How are the block allocated?

The address allocation is given to global
authority called:
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
IANA does not allocate addresses to individual
organizations.
It assigns a large block of addresses to an ISP

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.51

Network Address Translation :NAT

Addresses for private networks

NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally

and one address or small set of address externally.
The Internet Authorities have reserved three sets of
addresses as a private addresses
Any organization can use an addresses out of this set without
permission from internet authorities.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.52

26
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Network Address Implementation

Private addresses are unique inside the organization , but they are
not unique globally
No router will forward a packet that has one of these addresses as
the destination addresses
The site must have one connection to the global internet through
the router that runs NAT software
The router has uses one private address and one global address
The internet sees only NAT router with global address
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.53

Addresses in a NAT

200.24.5.8

NAT router replaces the source address in the outgoing

packets with the global NAT address (200.24.5.8)
Router replaces the destination address (the NAT router
global address) in the incoming packets with appropriate
private address

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.54

27
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

NAT address translation: using one global address

200.24.5.8

Note :
private network must start (initiate ) the communication
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.55

NAT address translation: using pool of IP addresses

restriction :Since the NAT router has only one global address,
only one private network host can access the same external host

To remove the previous restriction, the NAT router uses a pool

of global addresses
For example instead of using one global address 200.24.5.8 ,
the NAT router can uses four addresses (200.24.5.8, 200.24.5.9,
200.24.5.10, 200.24.5.11). In this case Four private network
hosts can communicate the same external host at the same time
because each pair of addresses defines a connection.

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.56

28
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

NAT address translation: using pool of IP addresses

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.57

NAT address translation: using pool of IP addresses

There are still some drawbacks:

No than four private network hosts can
communicate the same destination
no private network host can access two
external server programs (e.g. HTTP (port no 80
)and FTP) at the same time
To allow many to many relationship use 5-
coloum translation table.
Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.58

29
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

NAT address translation:

Using both IP addresses and Port number

Five-column translation table

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.59

NAT address translation

Using both IP addresses and Port number:PAT

Host A
2
1

172.18.3.1 S= 172.18.3.1, 1400 S= 200.24.5.8, 5000

D= 25.8.2.10 , 80 D= 25.8.2.10 ,80

25.8.2.10
Host B NAT

172.18.3.2 200.24.5.8
172.18.3.30 Internet

Web server
S= 25.8.2.10, 80
Host C D=172.18.3.1, 1400 S= 25.8.2.10, 80
D=200.224.5.8, 5000
172.18.3.3
4
3

Private addressed Site

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.60

30
fffffffffffff 10/17/2011

Using both IP addresses and Port number

Six-column translation table

Private Private External NAT Routers External Transport
Address Port Address Port Port Protocol

172.18.3.1 1400 25.8.2.10 5000 80 TCP

172.18.3.2 1401 25.8.2.10 5001 80 TCP

------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

Dr. Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking 4th edition 19.61

31