2013

H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E

E X A M I N AT I O N

Chemistry

General Instructions Total marks 100

Reading time 5 minutes
Section I Pages 228
Working time 3 hours
75 marks
Write using black or blue pen
Black pen is preferred This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Draw diagrams using pencil Part A 20 marks
Board-approved calculators may Attempt Questions 120
be used
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
A data sheet and a Periodic Table
are provided at the back of this Part B 55 marks
paper Attempt Questions 2131
Write your Centre Number and Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Student Number at the top of
pages 13, 17, 19, 21 and 25 Section II Pages 2944
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3236
Allow about 45 minutes for this section

2060
Section I
75 marks

Part A 20 marks
Attempt Questions 120
Allow about 35 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 120.

1 Which pair of reactants is used to industrially synthesise ammonia?

(A) H2 and C
(B) H2 and N2
(C) H2O and N2
(D) H2O and NO2

2 What is the purpose of the flame in atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)?

(A) To ionise the sample

(B) To produce a spectrum
(C) To atomise the substance
(D) To provide the absorption wavelength

3 What is the main environmental problem associated with chlorofluorocarbon compounds?

(A) Acid rain

(B) Eutrophication
(C) Global warming
(D) Ozone depletion

4 Butan-1-ol burns in oxygen according to the following equation.

C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

How many moles of carbon dioxide would form if two moles of butan-1-ol were burnt in
excess oxygen?

(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) 10

5 When placed in the Periodic Table, the recently discovered element 116 would be found
in the same group as

(A) element 16.

(B) element 43.
(C) element 87.
(D) element 102.

6 A representation of the Periodic Table is shown. The positions of six different elements,
P, Q, R, S, T and U are given.

P Q R
S

T U

Which row of the following table shows the correct acid and base reactivities of the
oxides of these elements?

Oxide reacts with Oxide reacts with Oxide reacts with

acid only base only both acid and base
(A) P, T R, U Q, S
(B) P, R T, U Q, S
(C) Q, R P, S T, U
(D) Q, S R, U P, T

7 Which of the following is the correct equation for an INCOMPLETE combustion of

octane?

(A) C8H18(l) + 8O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2(g)

(B) C8H18(l) + 25
O (g)
2 2
8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
(C) C8H18(l) + 6O2(g) 3CO(g) + 5C(s) + 9H2O(l)
(D) C8H18(l) + 13O2(g) 4CO(g) + 4C(s) + 9H2O(l)

8 Which of the following structural formulae shows citric acid, also known as
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid?

O OH O OH O OH
C C C

(A) H C C C H

H OH H

O OH O OH O OH
C C C

(B) H C C C OH

OH OH H

O OH O OH O OH
C C C

(C) HO C C C H

H H H

O OH O OH O OH
C C C

(D) HO C C C OH

H H H

9 A portion of a resin made from acrylic acid (CH2= CHCOOH) is shown.

O OH O OH
C C

CH2 CH CH2 CH
n

Which type of reaction results in the formation of this polymer?

(A) Addition
(B) Condensation
(C) Dehydration
(D) Esterification

10 The following equilibrium is set up in a sealed reaction vessel.

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) H = +54.8 kJ mol1

Which of the following would INCREASE the yield of nitrogen dioxide?

(A) Adding a catalyst to the reaction vessel

(B) Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel
(C) Raising the temperature of the reaction vessel
(D) Increasing the pressure by adding argon to the reaction vessel

11 The table shows the heat of combustion for four compounds.

Compound Heat of combustion

(kJ mol 1)
CO 233
CH4 890
C2H2 1300
C2H6 1560

Which of these compounds would produce the greatest amount of energy if 1.00 g of
each is burnt?

(A) CO
(B) CH4
(C) C2H2
(D) C2H6

12 An experiment was set up as shown.

Pt(s) Zn(s)
Cl2(g)

ZnCl2(aq)

Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The chlorine gas is the anode.

(B) The zinc electrode is the anode.
(C) The platinum electrode is the anode.
(D) There is no anode because there is no salt bridge.

13

What is the structure of the polymer most likely to have been used in the manufacture of
the cup shown?

(A)
H H H H H H

C C C C C C

H H H H H H
n

(B)
H H H H H H

C C C C C C

H H H
n

(C)
H Cl H Cl H Cl

C C C C C C

H H H H H H
n

(D)
CH2OH H OH CH2OH
C O C C C O
H O H H O
H OH H H
C C C C C C
OH H H OH H
O H H O H
C C C O C C
H OH CH2OH H OH n

14 Sodium reacts with water to give hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide solution.

What volume of gas would be produced from the reaction of 22.99 g of sodium at 25C
and 100 kPa?

(A) 11.36 L
(B) 12.40 L
(C) 22.71 L
(D) 24.79 L

15 A pH 3.0 solution of HCl(aq) is diluted by adding water to produce a pH 5.0 solution.

Which row in the following table correctly identifies an appropriate volume of the
original solution and the volume of water added for this dilution?

Volume of original solution (mL) Volume of water added (mL)

(A) 100 900

(B) 100 1000
(C) 10 990
(D) 1 1000

16 Which two species will react to form a product containing a coordinate covalent bond?

(A) Ca(s) and 2H+(aq)

(B) H2O(l) and H+(aq)
(C) Ag+(aq) and Cl(aq)
(D) NH4+(aq) and OH(aq)

17 A 25.0 mL sample of a 0.100 mol L1 hydrochloric acid solution completely reacted with
23.4 mL of sodium hydroxide solution.

What volume of the same sodium hydroxide solution would be required to completely
react with 25.0 mL of a 0.100 mol L1 acetic acid solution?

(A) Less than 23.4 mL

(B) 23.4 mL
(C) More than 23.4 mL
(D) Unable to calculate unless the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is
also known

18 Consider the following series of reactions.

Petroleum fractions

Catalytic cracking

Compound X

Dilute sulfuric acid

Compound Y

Propanoic acid
Concentrated sulfuric acid

Compound Z

Which row in the table correctly identifies Compounds X, Y and Z?

Compound X Compound Y Compound Z

(A) Propene Propan-1-ol Ethyl propanoate
(B) Propene Ethanol Propyl ethanoate
(C) Ethanol Ethylene Propyl ethanoate
(D) Ethylene Ethanol Ethyl propanoate

19 A solution was obtained by boiling flowers in water. After various substances were added
to separate samples of the solution, the colour of each was noted.

Substance added Colour observed

0.1 mol L1 HCl(aq) Bright pink

0.01 mol L1 HCl(aq) Bright pink

0.001 mol L1 HCl(aq) Pale yellow

Distilled water Bright yellow

0.001 mol L1 NaOH(aq) Bright yellow

0.01 mol L1 NaOH(aq) Bright yellow

For which of the following titrations would it be appropriate to use this solution as an
indicator?

(A) HCl(aq) + NH3(aq)

(B) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
(C) CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq)
(D) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)

20 The structures of ozone and molecular oxygen are shown.

O
O O O O
Ozone Oxygen

Ozone is more easily decomposed than molecular oxygen because

(A) it is polar.
(B) it is a bent molecule.
(C) it has a greater molecular mass.
(D) it has a lower average bond energy.

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Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I (continued)

Part B 55 marks
Attempt Questions 2131 Student Number
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected
length of response.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Question 21 (6 marks)

Please turn over

2061 13

Question 21 (6 marks)

An ester and an acid are both listed as additives on a food label.

(a) Why is acid used as a food preservative? 2

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(b) Explain, on a labelled diagram, why reflux is used to produce an ester. 4

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Question 22 (5 marks)

A solution contains three cations, Ba2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+. The flow chart indicates the
plan used to confirm the identity of these cations.

(a) Name Precipitate 2. 1

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(b) Write a balanced net ionic equation for the formation of Precipitate 1. 2
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(c) Suggest a test and the expected result that would confirm the identity of the 2
metal cation remaining in Filtrate 2.
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Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Question 23 (7 marks)

A 20.72 g sample of solid lead was placed into 0.100 L of 1.00 mol L1 silver nitrate
solution.

(a) Complete the table. Show relevant calculations in the space below the table. 5

Chemical
Pb2+(aq) Pb(s) Ag+(aq) Ag(s) NO3(aq)
species
Moles in
final mixture
Balanced
chemical
equation

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(b) With reference to only ONE species in the product mixture, explain why care 2
must be taken in disposing of the final mixture.
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2062 17

Question 24 (4 marks)

Consider this chemical system which is at equilibrium.

X(g) + Y(g) Z(g) + heat

(a) Explain the effect of decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel. 2

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(b) Explain the effect of adding a catalyst to this equilibrium mixture. 2

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Question 25 (4 marks)

An indicator is placed in water. The resulting solution contains the green ion, Ind , and 4
the red molecule, HInd.

Explain why this solution can be used as an indicator. In your response, include a

suitable chemical equation that uses Ind and HInd.

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18

Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Question 26 (4 marks)

Explain how microscopic membrane filters purify contaminated waters, in terms of 4

their design and composition.

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2063 19

Question 27 (4 marks)

A 0.259 g sample of ethanol is burnt to raise the temperature of 120 g of an oily liquid, 4
as shown in the graph. There is no loss of heat to the surroundings.

Temperature of oily liquid (C) 60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0
Heating Heating Measurements
commenced completed stopped

Time

Using the information shown on the graph, calculate the specific heat capacity of the

oily liquid. The heat of combustion of ethanol is 1367 kJ mol1.

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Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Question 28 (5 marks)

Please turn over

2064 21

Question 28 (5 marks)

A student attempted to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution.

The following steps were performed.

Step 1. A conical flask was rinsed with water.

Step 2. A 25.0 mL pipette was rinsed with water.

Step 3. The student filled the pipette with a standard sodium carbonate solution to the

level shown in the diagram.

Gradation mark

Sodium carbonate solution

Step 4. The standard sodium carbonate solution in the pipette was transferred to the
conical flask. The student ensured that all of the sodium carbonate solution
was transferred to the conical flask by blowing through the pipette. Three
drops of an appropriate indicator were added to the conical flask.
Step 5. A burette was rinsed with the hydrochloric acid solution and then filled with
the acid. The student then carried out a titration to determine the
concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.

In steps 2, 3 and 4 above the student did not follow acceptable procedures.

(a) Identify the mistake the student made in step 4 and propose a change that would 2
improve the validity of the result.

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Question 28 continues on page 23

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Question 28 (continued)

(b) Explain the effect of the mistakes made in steps 2 and 3 on the calculation of the 3
concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.

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End of Question 28

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Question 29 (2 marks)

Consider this chemical equation. 2

2Cl(aq) + Br2(l) 2Br(aq) + Cl2(g)

Will the reaction occur spontaneously? Justify your response.

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24

Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Question 30 (6 marks)

Please turn over

2065 25

Question 30 (6 marks)

The images below represent the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere above 6
Antarctica near the South Pole for the years 1979, 1994 and 2012, measured at the
same time each year.

South Pole

1979
1994
2012

0 100 200 300 400 500

Total ozone (Dobson units)
Acknowledgement: Courtesy of NASA
Account for the changes in ozone concentration above Antarctica between 1979 and
2012. Your response should include relevant equations.

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Question 30 continues on page 27

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Question 30 (continued)

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End of Question 30

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Question 31 (8 marks)

(a) Construct separate flow diagrams to show the steps used in the production of 5
polyethylene and those used in the production of a recently developed biopolymer.

Name of biopolymer:
Polyethylene
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(b) Justify the use of a recently developed biopolymer over a polymer obtained from 3
fossil fuel.

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28

Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Section II

25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3236
Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer parts (a)(c) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

Answer parts (d)(e) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.
Extra writing booklets are available.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 32 Industrial Chemistry ............................................................. 3032

Question 33 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation ............................ 3334

Question 34 The Biochemistry of Movement .......................................... 3538

Question 35 The Chemistry of Art ........................................................... 3940

Question 36 Forensic Chemistry .............................................................. 4144

2066 29

Question 32 Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) The diagram shows a sequence of steps in the removal of grease from a surface. 3

Explain the process shown in these steps.

Grease

Surface
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

(b) Hydrogen iodide is a colourless gas that will decompose into colourless
hydrogen gas and purple iodine gas according to the following endothermic
reaction.

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

(i) A 1.0 L glass container was filled with 0.60 moles of hydrogen iodide 3
gas. When equilibrium was established, there were 0.25 moles of iodine
gas present in the container.

Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction.

(ii) The container was then cooled. 2

Explain the change in the appearance of its contents.

Question 32 continues on page 31

30

Question 32 (continued)

(c) The diagram shows a region where construction of a Solvay plant is being
considered.

Ocean

Port City

Limestone 50 km
deposit
Key
B
Railway line

(i) Why is limestone important in the Solvay process? Include a relevant 2

chemical equation in your response.

(ii) Justify which of sites A or B would be the preferred location for a Solvay 3
plant.

Question 32 continues on page 32

31

Question 32 (continued)

Answer parts (d)(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) A first-hand investigation is conducted on the electrolysis of an aqueous solution

of sodium chloride.

(i) Justify the use of a safety precaution, other than wearing safety glasses, 2
when carrying out this investigation.

(ii) Describe how the THREE products of this electrolysis could be identified. 3

(e) There is often a compromise between maximising yield and minimising the 7
environmental impact of industrial processes.

Justify this statement with reference to the production of sulfuric acid.

End of Question 32

32

Question 33 Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) The treatment of a marine artefact is shown. 3

Power supply

Connection to
metal mesh cage

Electrolyte
solution

Insulating stand
for artefact

Explain why this process is used.

(b) (i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the corrosion of tin in shallow 2
water.

(ii) Summarise the role of electron transfer in corrosion reactions. Include 3

relevant equations in your answer.

Question 33 continues on page 34

33

Question 33 (continued)

(c) The solubility of oxygen in sea water at various temperatures is shown in the
graph.

12

11

Solubility (mg L1) 10

4
0 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature (C)

(i) Predict the solubility of oxygen at 4C. 2

(ii) Analyse the factors that affect the concentration of dissolved oxygen at 3
increasing depths in the ocean.

Answer parts (d)(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) (i) Design a suitable first-hand investigation that could be carried out in a 3
school laboratory to compare the effectiveness of different ways of
preventing the corrosion of iron in a marine environment. Include
relevant diagrams in your answer.

(ii) Use the expected results of the investigation to justify the ongoing use of 2
iron in the construction of ocean-going vessels.

(e) From the scientists studied in this option, assess whose work has most changed 7
the nature of scientific thinking about redox reactions.

End of Question 33

34

Question 34 The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) The molecule below is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 3

NH2

N C
C N
HC
C CH
O O O N N

O P O P O P O CH2 O

O O O HC CH
CH CH

OH OH

X Y Z

Explain which part of the molecule, X, Y or Z, is the most important biologically.

Include a relevant equation in your answer.

Question 34 continues on page 36

35

Question 34 (continued)

(b) The table below gives the abbreviation and structural formulae for two amino
acids.

Part of the glycine molecule has been replaced by X.

Name Abbreviation Formula

Glycine Gly X C COOH

H

H H
Tyrosine Tyr HO C C COOH
H NH2

(i) Write an equation using the correct structural formulae showing the 2
formation of a dipeptide between glycine and tyrosine.

(ii) Explain, in terms of chemical bonding, how the three-dimensional shape 3

of a protein depends upon its primary structure.

Question 34 continues on page 37

36

Question 34 (continued)

(c) The following energy profile is for the combustion of glucose during cellular
respiration.

Glucose
and oxygen 181 kJ mol1
Energy

2997 kJ mol1

Carbon dioxide
and water

Progress of reaction

(i) The hourly energy requirement of an astronaut is supplied by 36.0 g 2

of glucose.

Using the energy profile above, determine the energy required by the
astronaut in one hour.

(ii) Calculate the volume of oxygen consumed by the astronaut in one hour. 3
The conditions are 25C and 100 kPa. Include a chemical equation in
your answer.

Question 34 continues on page 38

37

Question 34 (continued)

Answer parts (d)(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) A first-hand investigation was conducted to demonstrate the effect of temperature

on the reaction of an enzyme.

(i) Describe a procedure that could be used to demonstrate the effect of 3

temperature on the reaction of an enzyme.

(ii) A sketch showing a students results is provided below. 2

Rate of

reaction

Temperature

Explain the shape of the curve.

(e) Give me a muscle biopsy and Ill tell you whether you should be a sprinter or a 7
marathon runner.

Evaluate the scientific accuracy of this statement in terms of muscle fibre

structure and function.

End of Question 34

38

Question 35 The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) The emission spectrum of a metal salt is observed with a spectroscope. 3

A B
Blue Red

Explain the processes by which emission lines arise. Include an energy level
diagram for the lines marked A and B in your response.

(b) (i) Identify in which of the s, p, d or f blocks of the Periodic Table the 2
element Ra is found. Justify your answer.

(ii) An atom has FIVE valence electrons in its d orbital. Using an orbital 3
diagram of the valence shell of the atom, explain how Hunds rule
determines the electronic configuration.

(c) The structure of a nickel cyanide complex is shown.

3
CN
CN
NC Ni
CN
CN

(i) What is the oxidation state of nickel in this complex? Justify your 2
answer.

(ii) Explain the bonding of the complex with the aid of a Lewis structure for 3
the cyanide ligand.

Question 35 continues on page 40

39
Question 35 (continued)

Answer parts (d)(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) A first-hand investigation is conducted to demonstrate the oxidising strength of

potassium permanganate.

(i) Describe a procedure that could be used to demonstrate the oxidising 2

strength of potassium permanganate.

(ii) What does this investigation show about the oxidising strength of 3
potassium permanganate? Use half-equations in your answer.

(e) Discuss the principles involved in using infra-red and ultraviolet spectroscopy for 7
the analysis of pigments.

End of Question 35

40

Question 36 Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a) A sample was collected from inside a reaction vessel at a suspected illegal 3
drug laboratory. The sample was analysed by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The chromatogram obtained from the collected
sample is provided below.

Sample chromatogram
from the reaction vessel

Signal
intensity

0 5 10 15
Retention time (minutes)

The chromatogram of a standard mixture containing four compounds commonly

produced in illegal drug laboratories is also provided.

Standard chromatogram
C
Key
B
A Amphetamine
D B Methamphetamine
Signal
intensity A
C Methcathinone
D MDMA

0 5 10 15
Retention time (minutes)

By referring to the chromatograms, explain how this information could be used

as evidence to support a guilty verdict in a court case.

Question 36 continues on page 42

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Question 36 (continued)

(b) (i) Information about three polysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen and starch) 2
is provided in the table below.

X Y Z
Plant polysaccharide Animal polysaccharide Plant polysaccharide
Contains branched Contains highly Contains linear
and linear chains branched chains chains

Identify X, Y and Z.

(ii) Select ONE of cellulose, glycogen or starch and explain its primary 3
function in terms of its composition and structure.

Question 36 continues on page 43

42

Question 36 (continued)

(c) A pesticide manufacturer is suspected of releasing waste water contaminated

with heavy metal ions into a local river. Atomic emission spectroscopy is used
to identify the possible pollutants.

(i) Use the following emission spectra to identify a metal pollutant in the 2
river. Justify your answer.

Cadmium

Mercury

Lead

River sample

400 500 600 700

Wavelength (nm)

(ii) Outline a procedure that could be used in a school laboratory to SAFELY 3

produce and analyse the emission spectrum of an element.

Question 36 continues on page 44

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Question 36 (continued)

Answer parts (d)(e) in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d) Alkanes, alkenes, alkanols and alkanoic acids are four different classes of organic
compounds.

(i) Describe a simple test that would confirm that a compound is organic. 2

(ii) Describe a sequence of tests that could be used to distinguish between 3

any THREE of the classes of organic compounds named above.

(e) A chemist working in a forensic laboratory is asked to analyse a residue of an 7

explosive. They selected chromatography as the preferred analytical technique
over electrophoresis. Justify this decision.

End of paper

44

Board of Studies NSW 2013

 2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry

DATA SHEET
Avogadro constant, NA .................................................................. 6.022 1023 mol1
Volume of 1 mole ideal gas: at 100 kPa and
at 0C (273.15 K) ...................... 22.71 L
at 25C (298.15 K) .................... 24.79 L
Ionisation constant for water at 25C (298.15 K), Kw ................. 1.0 1014
Specific heat capacity of water ..................................................... 4.18 103 J kg1 K1
Some useful formulae
pH = log10 [H+ ] DH = m C DT
Some standard potentials

Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (5th Edition) is the principal source of data for
2067 this examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.

45
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1 2
H He
1.008 4.003
Hydrogen KEY Helium

3 4 Atomic Number 79 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Symbol Au B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 Standard Atomic Weight 197.0 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
Lithium Beryllium Name Gold Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.61 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

55 56 5771 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0

46
Caesium Barium Lanthanoids Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 88 89103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
Francium Radium Actinoids Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium

Lanthanoids
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Actinoids
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Elements with atomic numbers 113 and above have been reported but not fully authenticated.

Standard atomic weights are abridged to four significant figures.

Elements with no reported values in the table have no stable nuclides.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements (February 2010 version) is the principal source of data. Some data may have been modified.