ANALELE S TIINT IFICE ALE UNIVERSITAT II AL.I.

CUZA IAS
I
Tomul XLIV, s.I.a, Matematic
a, 1998, f1

ON THE GEOMETRY OF TANGENT BUNDLE OF A

(PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD

BY

V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC

0. Introduction. In [5], [6] the authors have studied the properties of

a pseudoRiemannian metric G on the cotangent bundle T M of a manifold
M by using an arbitrary symmetric nonlinear connection on this bundle.
Remark that this pseudoRiemannian metric G on T M is very much similar
to the Riemann extension considered in [7], [8], [9].
In [3] the first author has studied some aspects of the differential ge-
ometry of the tangent bundle of a Langange manifold when this bundle is
endowed with a pseudoRiemannian metric obtained from the fundamen-
tal tensor field by a method similar to the obtaining of the complete lift
of a (pseudo )Riemannian metric on a differentiable manifold. So, the
Levi Civita connection associated with the considered pseudo Riemannian
metric has been obtained, next the local coordinate expressions of its curva-
ture tensor field and the corresponding Bianchi identities have been written
down.
In the present paper we study the properties of a pseudo Riemannian
metric G of type complete lift on the tangent bundle T M of a (pseudo)
Riemannian manifold (M, g). The considered pseudoRiemannian metric
G on T M is defined by using the Levi Civita cannection of the (pseudo)
Riemannian metric g on M and an arbitrary M tensor field of type (0,2)
on the tangent bundle T M . First we show that the geometric properties of
(T M, G) to be either flat, or projectively flat, or conformally flat or locally
symmetric are expressed only in the terms of the Levi Civita connection
of g on M and of the symmetric part of the considered M tensor field on
T M . Next, in the particular case where the considered M tensor field is
independent of the tangential coordinates we get the necessary ans suffi-
68 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 2

cient conditions under which the pseudoRiemannian manifold (T M, G) is

either flat, or projectively flat, or conformally flat, or lacally symmetric. In
section 2 we define an almost complex structure J on T M and we get the
conditions under which the almost complex manifold with Norden metric
(T M, J, G) is a Kaehlerian manifold with Norden metric. In section 3, we
consider a naturally defined almost product structure P on T M and study
the conditions under which the almost parahermitian manifold (T M, G, P )
is a parakaehlerian manifold. Finally, some classes of manifolds whose tan-
gent bundles carry parakaehlerian structures are also presented (Theorems
7, 8, 9 and 10).
The manifolds, tensor fields and geometric objects we consider in this
paper, are assumed to be differentiable of class C . We use the well known
summation convention, the range for the indices i, j, k, h, l, s, t being always
{1, 2, . . . , n}. We shall denote by (T M ) the module of smooth vector fields
on T M .
1. The pseudoRiemannian manifold (T M, G). Let M be an
ndimensional manifold and denote by : T M M its tangent bundle.
Then T M is a 2ndimensional manifold and some special local charts on
T M induced from local charts on M may be used. Namely, if (U, xi ); i =
1, . . . , n is a local chart on M , then the local chart ( 1 (U ), xi , y i ); i =
1, . . . , n is defined on T M where y 1 , . . . , y n are the vector space coordinates
of a element from 1 (U ) with respect to the natural frame ( x
1 , . . . , xn )

defined by the local chart (U, xi ); i = 1, . . . , n. We shall denote, by an

abuse of notation, xi = xi , so xi are considered simultaneously as local
coordinates on M and on T M . The M tensor fields and the linear M
connections may be considered on T M and the usual tensor fields and linear
connections on the base manifold M may be thought of naturally as M
tensor fields and linear M connections on T M (sec [5], [8]). The tangent
bundle T T M of T M has an integrable vector subbundle V T M = Ker ,
called the vertical distribution on T M . A nonlinear connection on T M is
defined by a distribution HT M , complementary to V T M in T T M (called
the horizontal distribution)

(1) T T M = V T M HT M.

In the following we assume that M is a (pseudo)Riemannian manifold

with the (pseudo)Riemannian metric

g = gij (x)dxi dxj

3 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 69

and denote by g ij the components of the inverse of the matrix (gij ); i, j, =

1, . . . , n, i.e. gik g jk = ij .
Denote by kij the connection coefficients of the Levi Civita connection
of g (i.e. the Christoffel symbols) and let aij ; i, j = 1, . . . , n be the
components of an arbitrary M tensor field of type (0,2) on T M . We think
of gij as the components of an M tensor field of type (0,2) on T M and
consider the functions

(2) Nji = ijk y k + g ih ahj ; i, j = 1, . . . , n.

It follows that these functions are the connection coefficients of a non-

linear connection which defines a horizontal distribution denoted by HT M

on T M . The system of the local vector fields (i = y i ); i = 1, . . . , n is a
local frame in V T M and the system of local vector fields (i = x i ); i =
1, . . . , n, where

(3) i = i
= i
Nij j
x x y

is a local frame in HT M . Then (i , i ); i = 1, . . . , n is a local frame on

T M adapted to the direct sum decomposition (1).
The system of local 1froms (y i , dxi ); i = 1, . . . , n, where

(4) y i = dy i + Nji dxj

is the dual local frame of the local frame (i , i ); i = 1, . . . , n.

Then we have, as usual:

   

(5) i
, j = kji ; , j k
= Rij ,
y x y k i
x x y k

where
Njk Njk Nik
(6) kji = ; k
Rij =
y i xi xj

and the integrability of the system defined by HT M on T M is equivalent

k
to the vanishing of the components Rij on 1 (U ).
70 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 4

Remark that the components kji define a linear M connection and

k
the components Rij define an M tensor field of type (1,2) on T M .
Consider the following pseudoRiemannian metric G of complete lift
type on T M

G = 2gij y i dxj = 2gij dy i dxj + 2gij ihk y k dxh dxj +

(7) +(aij + aji )dxi dxj = 2gij dy i dxj +
g
+ xijk y k dxi dxj + (aij + aji )dxi dxj .

Remark that the pseudoRiemannian metric G depends only on (the pse-

udo)Riemannian metric g on M and on the symmetric part of the M tensor
field on T M defined by the components aij .
Denote by e the Levi Civita connection of the considered pseudo
Riemannian metric G on T M .
Then the following result is proved by a straightforward computation.
Proposition 1. The local coordinate expression of e in the local
frame (i , i ) adapted to the direct sum decomposition (1) is:
 

e j = 0; e j = g kh bjh ;

e j = kij +
chi
g kh j

;
i i i
y i y k y y k
 
cij 1

e j =
i
kij g kh h k
+ g kh (Rijh Rjhi Rhij ) k ,
y x 2 y
where
k
Rhij = ghk Rij
and cij (respectively bij ) denotes the simmetric part (respectively the skew
symmetric part) of aij , i.e. cij = 12 (aij + aji ) and bij = 12 (aij aji ).

Remark. From Proposition 1 it follows that the esential coefficients of

the local coordinate expression of e in the local adapted frame (i , i ); i =
1, . . . , n are expressed by using only the components of the (pseudo)Riema-
nnian metric g on M , the coefficients of the Levi Civita connection of
g, the simmetric part and the skewsymmetric part of the M tensor field
defined by the components aij on T M and the M tensor field on T M defined
by 12 (Rijh Rjhi Rhij ). On the other hand, taking into account that
the pseudoRiemannian metric G depends only on the components of the
5 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 71

(pseudo)Riemannian metric g on M and on the simmetric part of the M

tensor field defined by the components aij on T M we can consider the
i
nonlinear connection HT M defined by the connection coefficients N j :

i
N j = ijk y k + g ih chj ; i, j = 1, . . . , n,

1
where cij denotes the simmetric part of aij , i.e. cij = 2 (aij + aji ). Then

the vector fields ( i = xi ; i = 1, . . . , n, where

j
i = i
= i
Ni j
x x y

define a local frame in the horizontal distribution HT M and the vector fields
(i , i ) : i = 1, . . . , n define a local frame in T M adapted to the direct sum
decomposition

(8) T T M = V T M HT M .

Denote by (y i , dxi ); i = 1 . . . , n the dual local frame of the local

frame (i , i ); i = 1, . . . , n. Then we have

i
y i = dy i + N j dxj

and the pseudoRiemannian metric G defined by (7) on T M becomes

gij k i j
G = 2gij y i dxj = 2gij dy i dxj + y dx dx + 2cij dxi dxj .
xk
Since we have
i = i g jh bhi j ,
where bij denotes the skewsymmetric part of aij , from Proposition 1 we
obtain by a straightforward computation.
Proposition 2. The local coordinate expression of the Levi Civita
connection of G in the local frame (i , i ); i = 1, . . . , n adapted to the
direct sum decomposition (8) is:
 
chi
i
e j = 0;
e j = 0;
i
e j =
i kij + g kh i ;
y y k
72 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 6
 
cij

e j =
i kij g kh h k
+ g kh Rijh k ,
y x y
where Rijk are defined by
k k k k
Rhij = ghk Rij ; Rij = i N j j N i .

Remark. From Proposition 2 it follows that the esential coefficients of

the local coordinate expression of e in the local adapted frame (i , i ); i =
1, . . . , n are expresed by using only the (pseudo)Riemannian metric g on
M , the coefficients of the Levi Civita connection of g, the components
of the symmetric M tensor field defined by cij and the components Rkij
defined above.
Since the geometric properties of the pseudoRiemannian manifold
(T M, G) to be either flat, or projectively flat, or conformally flat or locally
symmetric are independent of the choice of the horizontal distribution HT M
or HT M on T M , from Proposition 2 we have
Theorem 3. The geometric properties of the pseudo Riemannian
manifold (T M, G) to be either flat, or projectively flat, or conformally flat
or locally symmetric which depend only on the metric G and its Levi Civita
connection e are expressed only in the terms of the nonlinear connection
i
defined by N j on T M .
In the following we give the conditions under which the pseudo Rie-
mannian manifold (T M, G) is respectively flat, projectively flat, conformally
flat and locally symmetric, assuming that the M tensor field defined by the
components aij is independent of the tangential coordinates y i , i.e. the
components aij define a tensor field of type (0,2) on the base manifold M
thought of as an M tensor field on T M .
We obtain by a straightforward computation the following result.
Theorem 4. Let (M, g) be a (pseudo)Riemannian manifold and
denote by kij the coefficients of the Levi Civita connection of g. Consider
on T M the nonlinear connection defined by (2), where the components aij
define a tensor field of type (0,2) on M thought of as an M tensor field on
T M . Denote by (T M, G) the pseudoRiemannian manifold T M endowed
with the pseudoRiemannian metric G, where G is given by (7). Then we
have:
(i) (T M, G) is flat if and only if (M, g) is flat and the symmetric part cij
of aij satisfies the condition
(9) i (k cjh h cjk ) j (k cih h cik ) = 0,
7 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 73

where i cjk are the local components of the covariant derivative of

the tensor field on M defined by cjk with respect to .
(ii) (T M, G) is projectively flat if and only if (T M, G) is flat.
(iii) (T M, G) is conformally flat if and only if (M, g) has constant sectional
curvature and the simmetric part cij of aij satisfies the condition

i (k cjl l cjk ) j (k cil l cik ) =

(10) r
= n(n1) (cjk gil cjl gik cik gjl + cil gjk ),

where r denotes the scalar curvature of (M, g) and n > 2 is the di-
mension of M .
(iv) (T M, G) is locally symmetric if and only if (M, g) is locally symmetric
and the simmetric part cij of aij satisfies the condition

(11) h i (k cjl l cjk ) h j (k cil l cik )+

s s s s
+h cis Rjkl h cjs Rikl +(s chl l chs )Rkij(i chss chi )Rjlk
+
s s
+ (j chs s chj )Rilk (k chs s chk )Rlij = 0,

h
where Rkij are the local coordinate componenets of the curvature field of
the Levi Civita connection on (M, g).
Remarks.
(i) If cij = 0 then the conditions (9), (10), (11) are identically fulfilled.
(ii) If cij is parallel with respect to , then the conditions (9) and (11)
are identically fulfilled too.
(iii) If cij satisfies the relation i cjk j cik = k ij , where the compo-
nents ij define a 2form on M and if (M, g) is flat then the condition
(9) is identically verified. In particular, if the 2form defined by the
components ij is parallel then the components cij define a Codazzi
tensor field and (9) is identically verified.
2. An almost complex structure on (T M, G). Let (M, g) be a
(pseudo)Riemannian manifold and let (T M, G) be the pseudo Riemannian
manifold with G defined by (7) where the considered nonlinear connection
on T M is given by (2). We can define the following almost complex structure
J on T M :
   

(12) J i
= i
; J i
= i.
x y y x
74 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 8

Then, according with the terminology from [2], we may verify that G
and J define an almost complex structure with Norden metric on T M (or
equivalently, (T M, J, G) is a hyperbolic almost Hermitian manifold), i.e.

(13) G(JX, JY ) = G(X, Y ); X, Y (T M ).

On T M we consider the following tensor field F of type (0,3) defined

by (see [2])

(14) F (X, Y, Z) = G((

e X J)Y, Z); X, Y, Z (T M ),

where e denotes the Levi Civita connection on (T M, G).

Then the almost complex manifold with Norden metric (T M, J, G)
is a Kaehlerian manifold with Norden metric (or an hyperbolic Kaehlerian
manifold) if
F (X, Y, Z) = 0; X, Y, Z (T M ),
or, equivalently, if J e = 0.
By using (12), (14) and Proposition 1 we get by a straightforward
computation
   

F y i , y j , y k = F y i , xj , xk = 0;
   
b
F y i , y j , xk = F y i , xk , y j = ykji ;
(15)  
c
F x i , y j , y k = F x i , x j , x k = yijk + c y j ;
ik

   
F x i , y j , x k = F x i , x k , y j = 12 (Rkij + Rjki Rijk ).

Examining the above relations it follows that the condition F = 0

which must be fulfilled for (T M, G) to be a Kaehlerian manifold with Norden
metric is reduced to

bij cij cik

(16) (i) k
= 0; (ii) k + = 0; (iii)Rkij + Rjki Rijk = 0.
y y y j

From (16)(i) and (16)(ii) it follows that aij must be independent of

k
y , i.e. the components aij define a tensor field of type (0,2) on the base
manifold M thought of as an M tensor field on T M . Next, using (2), (3)
9 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 75

and the second relation (6) we obtain by a straightforward computation that

the condition (16)(iii) becomes

(17) y h Rhijk + k cij j cik i bjk = 0,

where Rhijk denotes the local coordinate components of the RiemannChris

toffel tensor of on M and cij (respectively bij ) is the symmetric part
(respectively the skewsymmetric part) of aij .
Hence we may state
Theorem 5. The almost complex manifold with Norden metric
(T M, J, G) is a Kaehlerian manifold with Norden metric if and only if the
components aij are independent of y k , the Levi Civita connection of g
is flat and the symmetric part cij and the skewsymmetric part bij of aij
satisfy the condition

(18) k cij j cik = i bjk .

Remark. The condition (18) implies that the 2form defined by the
components bij is closed. Then the condition (18) is equivalent to i ajk =
j aik and Theorem 5 may be formulated as follows: The almost complex
manifold with Norden metric (T M, J, G) is Kaehlerian with Norden metric
if and only if the components aij define a tensor field on the base manifold
M , the 2form defined by the components bij is closed and the horizontal
distribution HT M defined by the nonlinear connection coefficients Nji on
T M is involutive. Remark also that if cij define a Codazzi tensor field with
respect to and bij is parallel with respect to , then the condition (18)
is identically satisfied.
3. An almost product structure on (T M, G). In this section we
consider a nonlinear connection on T M defined by its connection coefficients
of the form (2) and define and almost product structure P on T M deter-
mined by the distributions V T M and HT M . Next we obtain the conditions
under which the almost parahermitian manifold (T M, G, P ) is a parakaehle-
rian manifold (see [1]).
Consider on T M the almost product structure P natuarlly defined by
the direct sum decomposition (1), i.e.

   

(19) P = ; P = .
y i y i xi xi
76 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 10

It follows easily that G(P X, P Y ) = G(X, Y ); X, Y (T M ), therefore

(T M, G, P ) is an almost parahermitian manifold (see [1]). Define the 2form
associated with the almost parahermitian structure (G, P ) on T M by

(20) (X, Y ) = G(P X, Y ); X, Y (T M ).

According to the terminology from [1] we have that (T M, G, P ) is a para-

kaehlerian manifold if
e vanishes identically on T M . Using (19), (20) and
Proposition 1 we obtain by a straightforward computation

(
e )(j , k ) = (
i
e )(j , k ) = (
i
e )(j , k ) = (
i
e )(j , k ) = 0
i
(21) bkj
( )(j , k ) = 2 i ; ( )(j , k ) = Rkij + Rjki Rijk .
e
i y
e
i

Then the condition

e = 0 which must be fulfilled for (T M, G, P ) to
be a parakaehlerian manifold is reduced to

bkj
(22) (i) = 0; (ii) Rkij + Rjki = Rijk .
y i

From (22)(i) it follows that the skewsymmetric part bij of aij does not
depend on the tangential components y k , i.e. the components aij are of the
form

(23) aij (x, y) = cij (x, y) + bij (x),

where cij (x, y) are the components of a symmetric M tensor field of type
(0,2) on T M and bij (x) are the components of a skewsymmetric tensor
field of type (0,2) on M thouhgt of as a skewsymmetric M tensor field on
T M . Hence we have
Theorem 6. The almost parahermitian manifold (T M, G, P ) where
G is defined by (7) and the nonlinear connection is defined by (2) with aij
of the form (23) is a parakaehlerian manifold if and only if the components
Rkij satisfy the condition (22)(ii).
In order to obtain some classes of manifolds whose tangent bundles
carry parakaehlerian structures, we consider on T M some particular M
tensor fields of the form (23) and we study the conditions under which
(T M, G, P ) is a parakaehlerian manifold.
11 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 77

Firstly, we consider on T M the M tensor field defined by the compo-

nents aij :

(24) aij = cij + bij ,

where cij (respectively bij ) are the components of a symmetric (respectively

skewsymmetric) tensor field on M thouhgt of as an M tensor field on T M .
Then, using (2), (6) and (24) we get by a straightforward computation

Rkij = Rkhij y h + i akj j aki ,

where Rkhij are the local coordinate components of the RiemannChristoffel
tensor field defined by on (M, g). Next, the condition (22)(ii) becomes

(25) Rkhij y h + i ckj j cki + k bij = 0,

hence we have
Theorem 7. Let the nonlinear connection Nji on T M be defined
by (2) where aij are given by (24). Then (T M, G, P ) is a parakaehlerian
manifold if and only if the (peudo )Riemannian manifold (M, g) is flat and
the components cij and bij satisfy the condition

(26) i ckj j cki = k bji .

Remark. The condition (25) is equivalent to

X
Rkij + i bjk = 0,
(i,j,k)
P
where denotes the sum consisting of three terms obtained by cyclic
(i,j,k)
permutations of i, j, k. Thus, Theorem 7 becomes: Under the hypothesis
of Theorem 7 we have that (T M, G, P ) is a parakaehlerian manifold if and
only if the horizontal distribution HT M on T M is involutive and the 2
form defined by the components bij is closed.
Now, we consider on T M the M tensor field defined by the compo-
nents aij of the form (23), with
78 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 12

(27) aij = kgih gjl y h y l + tij ,

where k is a nonzero constant and the components tij define and arbitrary
tensor field of type (0,2) on M thought of as an M tensor field on T M .
Using (2), (6) and (27) we obtain by a strainghtforward computation

(28) Rijk = [Riljk + k(tik gjl tij gkl + tjk gil tkj gil )]y l + j tik k tij .

By using (28) it follows that the condition (22)(ii) becomes

[Riljk + k(tik gjl tij gkl + tjk gil tkj gil )]y l +
(29)
+j hik k hij + i bjk = 0,

where hij (respectively bij ) denotes the symmetric part (respectively the
skewsymmetric part) of tij . The condition (29) is equivalent to

h
(i) Rijk = k(tik jh tij kh + tjk ih tkj ih );
(30)
(ii) j hik k hij = i bkj ,

h
where Rijk are the local coordinate components of the curvature tensor field
of the Levi Civita connection an M .
By taking into account that is the Levi Civita connection of g, we
have from (30)(i)

1
(31) tij = Rij ,
k(n 1)

where Rij are the local coordinate components of the Ricci tensor defined
by the curvature tensor of , i.e. we have tij = hij and bij = 0. Thus, the
condition (30)(i) implies that the (pseudo)Riemannian manifold (M, g) has
constant sectional curvature, next replacing the expression of tij from (31)
in (30)(i) and using the second Bianchi identity we get that the condition
(30)(ii) is identically verified.
Hence we may state
13 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 79

Theorem 8. Let (M, g) be a (pseudo)Riemannian manifold with

dimM = n > 2. Consider on T M the nonlinear connection defined by
1
Nik = kij y j + kgih y h y k + g kh Rhi ,
k(n 1)

where kij are the connection coefficients of the Levi Civita connection
of g, Rij are the local coordinate components of the Ricci tensor defined
by the curvature tensor of and k is a nonzero constant. The the almost
parahermitian manifold (T M, G, P ) where G is given by (7) and P is defined
by (19) is a parakaehlerian manifold if and only if the (pseudo)Riemannian
manifold (M, g) has constant sectional curvature.
More parakaehlerian structures on tangent bundles can be obtained in
the cases of complex and quaternion manifolds.
Let (M, g, F ) be a Kaehler manifold with the almost complex struc-
ture defined by the tensor field F of type (1,1) such that F 2 = I and
denote by the Levi Civita connection of g such that F = 0 (see [10]).
Moreover, we have g(F X, F Y ) = g(X, Y ); X, Y (M ). Consider on T M
the M tensor field defined by the components aij of the form (23):

(32) aij = k(gih gjk gis Fhs gjt Fkt )y h y k + tij ,

where Fih are the components of F, k is a nonzero constant and tij are the
components of an arbitrary tensor field of type (0,2) on M thought of as an
M tensor field on T M . In this case, using (2), (6) and (32) we obtain by a
straightforward computation


Rijk = {Riljk + k tik gjl tij gkl + tjk gil tkj gil + thj Fkh Fis gsl

thk Fjh Fis gsl + thj Fih Fks gsl thk Fih Fjs gsl }y l + j tik k tij ,
where Riljk are the local coordinate components of the RiemannChristoffel
tensor on (M, g). Using the above expression of Rijk we obtain by a straight-
forward computation that the condition (22)(ii) which must be fulfilled for
(T M, G, P ) to be a parakaehlerian manifold is equivalent to the following
two conditions

h
(i) Rkij = k(tkj ih tki jh tji kh + tij kh + tli Fjl Fkh
(33) tlj Fil Fkh + tli Fkl Fjh tlj Fkl Fih );
(ii) i hjk j hik + k bij = 0,
80 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 14

h
where Rkij are the local coordinate components of the curvature tensor field
of on M and hij (respectively bij ) denotes the symmetric part (respec-
tively the skewsymmetric part) of tij .
From (33)(i) it follows

1
(34) tij = [nRij 2Fih Fjk Rhk ].
k(n2 4)

Replacing this expression of tij in (33)(i), next using the second Bianchi
identity we get that the condition (33)(ii) is identically verified.
Hence we may state
Theorem 9. Let (M, g, F ) be a Kaehler manifold with real dimen-
sion n > 2 and consider on T M the nonlinear connection defined by

1
Nik = kij y j + k(gih y k y h Flk gis Fhs y l y h ) + g kh (nRhi 2Fhl Fis Rls ),
k(n2 4)

where kij are the connection coefficients of the Levi Civita connection of
g, Rij are the components of the Ricci tensor defined by the curvature tensor
of , Fij are the components of F and k is a nonzero constant. Then the
almost parahermitian manifold (T M, G, P ) where G is defined by (7) and P
is defined by (19) is a parakaehlerian manifold if and only if (M, g, F ) has
constant holomorphic sectional curvature.
Consider now (M, g, S) a quaternion Kaehler manifold . Then M is a
4mdimensional manifold , S is a subbundle with fibre dimension 3 of the
vector bundle of tensors of type (1,1) on M and, locally, S has a canonical
base (F1 , F2 , F3 ) such that

F2 = I; F F = F F = F ,
where = 1, 2, 3 and (, , ) is any cyclic permutation of (1,2,3). Moreover,
we have

g(F X, F Y ) = g(X, Y ); X, Y (T M ), = 1, 2, 3.

Denote by the Levi Civita connection of g which preserves S, i.e., locally

X
F = F ,
=1,2,3
15 (PSEUDO-) RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD 81

where are locally defined 1 forms adapted with the Levi Civita con-
nection of g (see [4]) and = .
Consider on T M the M tensor field defined by the components aij of
the form (23):

X
(35) aij = k{gih gjk y h y k gis (F )sh gjt (F )tk y h y k } + tij ,
=1,2,3

where (F )ki are the local coordinate components of F , k is a nonzero con-

stant and tij are the components of an arbitrary tensor field of type (0,2)
on M thought of as an M tensor field on T M . Then using (2), (6) and (35)
we obtain by a straightforward computation

Rijk = {Riljk + k[tik gjl tij gkl + tjk gil tkj gil +
(thj (F )hk (F )si gsl thk (F )hj (F )si gsl +
P
(36) +
=1,2,3

+thj (F )hi (F )sk gsl thk (F )hi (F )sj gsl )]}y l + j tik k tij .

By using (36) it follows by a straightforward computation that the condition

(22)(ii) is equivalent to the following two relations

h
= k{tkj ih tki jh tji kh +tij kh + [(F )li (F )hk tlj+
P
(i) Rkij
=1,2,3
(37) +(F )lj (F )hk tli + (F )lk (F )hj tli (F )lk (F )hi tlj ]},
(ii) i hjk j hik = k bji ,

where hij (respectively bij ), denotes the symmetric part (respectively the
skewsymmetric part) of tij . From the condition (37)(i) we obtain by a
strainghtforward computation

1 X
(38) tij = [(2m + 3)Rij (F )hi (F )kj Rhk ].
8km(m + 2) =1,2,3

Replacing this expression of tij in (37)(i), next using the second Bianchi
identity we get that the condition (37)(ii) is identically verified.
Hence we may state
82 V. OPROIU and N. PAPAGHIUC 16

Theorem 10. Let (M, g, S) be a quaterninon Kaehler manifold with

dimM > 4. Consider on T M the nonlinear conection defined by Nik , where

Nik = kij y j + k[gih y h y k (F )kl gis (F )sh y l y h ]+

P
=1,2,3
1
g kh [(2m + 3)Rhi (F )sh (F )ti Rst ],
P
+ 8km(m+2)
=1,2,3

where kij are the coefficients of the Levi Civita connection on (M, g, S), k
is a nonzero constant and Rij are the components of the Ricci tensor de-
fined by the curvature tensor of . Then the almost parahermitian manifold
(T M, G, P ) where G is given by (7) and P is defined by (19) is a parakaehle-
rian manifold if and only if the quaternion Kaehler manifold (M, g, S) has
constant Qsectional curvature (see [4]).

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Received: 31.V.1996 Faculty of Mathematics

University Al.I.Cuza, Iasi
ROMANIA
email: [email protected]
Departament of Mathematics
Technical University, Iasi
ROMANIA
e-mail: [email protected]