t20 COINAGE BY AUCTORITAS PRINCIPIS, 271.c-n0.14 complete surrender of moneying-rights in 28 which warranted this statement has been shown by a Cypriot mintage to be baseless (p. fo). However, these issues possess features of great importance to our constitutional theme. The silver coinage of Carisus is relevant 1 the present study by reason of rwo ‘contrasts it presents to his aes. In the first place, ht later invariably mentions the tribunician power of the princeps, while the denarié, except for one hybrid always ‘employ his praenorsenimperatoris instead. Thus the aes and silver cite powers distinct in ontent and origin Is uncenin whether any ofthe ser was suc afer his assumption, or reassumption, of the widunica potertas in 238. (P. 452). But that, in any cate, the distinction between the two titles is due primarily to different metal and scope rather than to difference of date can be inferred from a second consideration. Carisius is LEG. PRO PR(cezor) on the silver) and LEG. AVGVSTI on the acc The frst ofthese contrasts is explained by the administrative machinery ofthe aes 45 revealed by the primary oficial coinages. Carisus coins denarii as the lst ofa line of officers who sign the so-called ‘imperatorial’silver.5 His imperium is subordinate te haf Anguish scodigly emp bythe pramanen (4): hs, ‘vas one of the military provinces, in which it had for years been part of the function ofthe Imperator to provide coinage in the precious metals. On the other hand, as has ben shown, the es cogs, which ofen bea the formula SC, were sued Casas ‘uctortate: on them, therefore, the pracnomen imperatorisis omitted, as irrelevant to their mintage. Itis reasonable to infer that the formula which instead Occur, cribunicia _potestate i lke it, closely connected withthe executive functions which produced the ‘coinage on which it appears so significantly. It will be shown in a later chapter that a ian ees ea een i Se (48) it supplied the far senazus consulend. Iwas tis which enabled co-operation with the senate by the senazus consulta auctore Caesare, whose existence has already been pointed out. Besides this coinage, there is evidence to show that, even in the ‘imperial’ provinces this method was preferred to the imperium for administrative ‘purposes (P. 433). Thus die subptiuton of TR. P. for IMP. on the aer has much point. ‘This parcular contrast between aes and silver bears on a more general contast— the frequent appearance of SC on the former coinages, and its rarty on the latter. ‘Under Augustus, of course, that formula is far from indispensable to the oficial aes:? fc occurs chiely a a reminder of the co-operative process by which the coinage was produced, and is absent, for example, on the issues of Carisius. Again, SC occurs IBC. mp. p53. 5 Ch Macingly, RC p34 Desc ax con * CE Groh Stak Rizolony typ 3. sweuet nummi by Lenorant, Deveney ond 2 Except on «pr (BAC tng. de. 93), Sop, a, ‘shih has no soem for more thin LEG. Ce Cardinal, duper (4998) p63, 4 Exexptonan ai (bid.303)(PLV, 10) whichhas 1 Ieklimimd 9 Rome (whee t mot invarble) LEG. alone: pouiby the erin. snd tothe Een group deveed above, p 9h. PROVINCIAL ISSUES BY LEGATI AUGUSTI ir cceasionally—in special circumstance: —even on the gold and silver, now" as later:* ‘The complete distinction inthis respect between official ecs on the one hand, and gold and silver on the other, has not yet appeared. Yet even at this datethe formula appears tohave some special relevance tothe aes alone, and the coinage of Carisius may provide a chi to the character of thi. TR.P. on the azr indicates the warrant of a senarus conzultum; but IMP. on the silver demonstrates its absence. Catsius's issues follow very closely on the reform of the coinage: they will therefore ilstate berer than any other series phenomena making their appearance at that time, such asthe general Timaitation of SC to the ees pieces. The aes Were the product of the executive process TR.P—CA—S.C, but the denarii were not; it cannot, however, be ascerained whether this distinction remained valid throughout Augustus’ principate, since the mints of his subsequent gold and silver issues are very imperfecly known (p. 123). If chey can all be attributed to ‘imperial’ provinces, there is no reason to believe that the distinction lapsed: but if, as seems more probable, some of the mints were in ‘senatorial’ teritory—where, as will be shown, Augustus possessed no imperium ‘whatsoever (pp. 427 )—then the process TR.P.—C.A.—S.C. was no doubt used, but the formula S.C, omiteed merely in accordance with precedent. The question ‘whether the coinage itself was “senatorial” or‘ "in any case meaningless as ‘the aes—will in that case become irelevant to the gold and silver also. “The second contrast—berween LEG. PRO PR. and LEG. AVGVSTI—is less important, but seems equally deliberate. The former tile is in the tradition of the ‘imperatocal’ silver, coined by offials with imperium subordinated to an imperium like P. Carisius in the war-emergency. The auspices, of course remained with the princep, and this aspect is emphasised By Carisius' tide on the aes. This coinage ‘was provided by civilian machinery: thus, avoiding the ttle pro practre, Carisius ‘expresses the source of the auetorras which produced his coinage, just a it produced the SC issues in another ‘imperial province, Syria. ‘On another bronze series, including dupondi™ and asses$ appears the bare head of ‘Augustus to left, with the inscription IMP. AVG. DIVIF., and, on the reverse— ‘accompanied on’the dupondii by other symbols—a round object which has been variously explained (cf. Pl. V, 6). Haym® thought it was the Cretan labyrinth, and Mos the oe to Cross’ Mers’s imginaion dicovered the cs of Saguntum: Delgado propounded the view of an alliance of Saguntam and S briga. This may be rejected lke other similar alliances, African and Spanish? but | interpretation of the type as a shield is correct. A similar shield appears on Emeritan 1 Bg, BMC fps ng, fy 656; cs ppm 2 Tbk p eee Todas Brine, 117 2 Rati p io 2 Ba Lvsilesg(lxraed)Sproroprmye, _* Cr Ploy, Deron mae sets ce «6 gaa de Sap (8) S Aven grin 9 Ee below, pp 185 m6 188 15,335.122 COINAGE BY AUCTORITAS PRINCIPIS, 27 3.c-4.0.14 denarit of P. Carus," together with a Spanish knife and spear-head,! with which the two pmol onthe dipnd are ery identifiable, Atbuin fo Spain eon firmed by style and provenance, and by the occurrence of countermarks of Sagunturn} but ascrption toa local series is rendered impossible by the absence both of ethnic and oflocal magistrate's name. The ssue mus, then, be official. Anattemptat acloserdefini- tion raises problems of general significance. Besides the Emeritan analogies, the syle is ‘akin to aes of Patricia in Baetica, andthe heads toa group of denarii which have—since their portraits resemble that ae-—been attributed by LaffranchiS to the same mint. But there is second subdivision of the present series. user ofa totally different style (PIL IV, 18) have heads closely imitated from several denarii? which belong 10 the °C: sta" group discussed in connection with the Macedonian cer of Primus @) (p. 82}. Moreover, all specimens in this subdivision have a shield only, ‘ithout spar and knifed (PL. ¥, anda similar shield appears nsecompaned ‘on the same group of denari* ‘Thus, in accordance with the current attribution of their models (the Patricia’ and *Ceesaraugusta’ dena), the two categories of ees which have been described would be attributed to Farther and Nearer Spain respectively. But it appears necessary to conclude that such a view is based on a complete fallacy. Currency in the precious metals circulated everywhere: itis therefore wholly incorrect to assign it to mints on the grounds of portrait-similarties to local ces, ince the latter merely imitated the ubiquitous denarii, not vice versa? Thus the mints of * a and ‘Patricia’, whose value even as generic appellatons has been rightly doubted by Hill™ and Regling,!* must be eliminated. © BMC tmp ag * Matin Cf. pc Sande, ce secs ta gh pm ap Hg EMG tgs dig 3a. Noe openly he socnbane of Lave. Ra aE Le one 4 ap 2p The pe ppl a sega by Nighy, op 4 Ey nie te ane os cite i : bia ei 336 "BME tap dep - 9 in pratt hn feed oer sheds pof of the. or epl Laoct (Bie: 94; eBay Miran ‘orn psa coe nalesng he pons CA 1 oye be Lyin Lega nd CA ‘inn eancly med eee ofl od a ‘Vid sewed veges Sia thea Sage ony copie on hte of Primes), Ei oan poner, The Romana sd nip will supply farther evidence of the Incorectess of Laffancs principe: the "Parc ‘soup, supposedly of Bae aes, is imiated sn preference to the "Caemrsua”grp—on {cer af ates seven ies of Tarraconensis Tas ‘00 even rome of the ae coins of Care copy ‘model from the "Casaraugusa” group rather at fom Emer well. Nor vere thee promos Salted solely by the Spanish cen Fer xapl, Corn ules each of they in the same way a Galli lal and oficial are of Arsusio@?) aed Nemausse—imizate the porwais of Ester dari: presumably, but for thee rnin-oak, Laffer ‘Would atuibute the Corntin ues to Spo and those of Nemsuses ro the Est Finally, ie wll be shown p. 31 thatthe peregrine cies of Asia choose ‘ei modes with epi equeny from the dene asigned by Lach wo Parca 47), Se a0 R235 26,847 pbc ney 1 AGL ook tga pp 354 PROVINCIAL ISSUES BY LEGAT/ AUGUSTI as It is, however, possible to find a use fer the denarii in connection with the present issues: but this is of a chronological rather than a geographical order. Tt has been ‘shown, in connection with the mintage o° Primus(?) (p. 83) thatthe * Caesaraugusta’ ‘group was not 3s has been thought, contemporary with the’ Patrica’ series, but was its 3 giving way toitin c. 19 8.c. Thus the use of prototypes from both groups foe this Spanish as with the type of shield signe the order in which the evo sub- divisions were issued." The general principle that one of the latest models from the oficial series was copied by the aer of provincial cities and governors can be substituted for the fale geographical arguments inated by Laffrnchi. When a new portrait of ‘Augustus came into fashion, ic was likely 10 be used for aes by officials and by communities throughout the Empire—having frst been popularised by the denari=* ‘Thus portrait-resemblances, which have been used to suchill effet, can in general only beemployed to establish a erminus post quem. If, a5 on these asses withthe shield and con the issues of Primus ?), more than one model from the same group is employed, it is probable thatthe time-lag is negligible; and if, as is again the case with the present issue, a protorype from a subsequent grovp follows, there isa strong presumption that thetwocategories of aescorrespond approximatelyindate with therwo groups denarii? ‘Style (rather than the dangerous erteion of portraiture) the later subdivision of this series, which uses the ‘Patricia’ model, originated from Farther Spain, which was probably still one province. Specimens are found i the north~ ‘western ares:tand the prototype ofthe exlir group (c. 25-23 .c.) confirms that they 100, like the denari, were issued forthe needs ofthe war, and so in the provincia Ultrior. “The mint or mints cannot be identified. The abandonment of thee short-lived military issues in favour of a system of city-coiniges was no doubt necessitated by the diff- ‘cules of communication and distibusion in the peninsula,‘ and facilitated by the aptitude of the cities for the responsibility and privilege (p. 297). 2. GALLIA ComaTa: Tribal Mint, Lugdunum(?) ‘A number of unsigned issues can be traced to this country also. One of these,’ of rough fabric, has AVGVSTVS--», with his bare head to right, and on the reverse IMP X-+---anda horse (PL1V, 19). Thestyl is Galles the type isthe symbol of free ‘Gaul, and occurs on coinage of all parts of the provincia Commaia? The coin can be safely The ecetcsm of peregrine cides i lio of Exg a Ciania de Trots, Pontevedra (Garla inert in this respect (pp. 349 and Curl, MJSEA. cx [935} p37) The 'Nonmlly, however allowance must be made flan as pu bance could sere rele 1 Jor arbitrary Cacumotncey, such me lag or he he other vary of ex, which fs faner and 20 Jnvidual peernce of de-engraver fran obec~ lage. ete portly or of a Greck for Hellenic as. # CL Syme, CAH. p34. 3 Anauempttareconsrvct the story of prlht —& Param S247 4 siiyce ies beyond the bounds of the revere 7 Eg, De La Tour, Alar der monneies pubis, snudy: bute suggestions on p 46%. as61jetDEDICATED 0 MY WIFE | Q.st73k FROM IMPERIUM TO AUCTORITAS A HISTORICAL STUDY OF AES COINAGE IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ” AD. 14 by MICHAEL GRANT CAMBRIDGE AY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1946 sgpnintE> HISTO) 1969 eetPublish by the Syndics ofthe Cambridge Unirersey Pres Beniley Howse, aco Euston Road, London nw. 1 ‘American Brass 32 Est 57th Sret, New York, nv. 10022 ‘Cambridge Univesity Press Library Editions are reismes of out-of rine sundard works from the Cambridge catlogie. The texts are ‘unrevised and, apart from minor corrections, reproduce the latest published eli, Saadard Book Number: 528 o7457 6 Fest published 1946 RResrnted with corrections 1969 First printed in Great Britain atthe Universe Press, Cambeldge Repeated ia Great Britain by Jobo Dickens 8 Co, Led, Northampton CONTENTS PREFACE ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA PART I. THE OFFICIAL COINAGES Intnopverion CHapren 1. Coinage by imperium meius, 49-28 8c. ‘A. The Caesarians B. The Pompeians C. The Republicans D, The Teiumvirs E. Octavian as sole ruler Cuarren2. Coinage by auctoritas princpis, 7 0.6.4. 14 ‘A. The transition: 27-23 8. B, ‘The need for reform C, ‘The bases ofthe reform D. Provincial issués by leged! August! E. Provincial issues by equestrian governors F. Provincial isues by ‘senatorial’ governors, PART Il THE ROMAN CITIES Inrzopuction Cuarten 1. The Roman municipia Cuarrer 2. ‘The Roman colonies Cuapren 3, ‘The Roman cities and the State ‘A, The foundation coinages B. The contribution to the Imperial monetary systerm . Colonisation polices of Julius and Augustus D. Bureaucratic policy concerning the Roman cities E, Administrative interference by provincial officials F. Relation of the cities to Augustus 1 PF AVSBe 3M 317vi CONTENTS PART II]. THE PEREGRINE COMMUNITIES Intaopucrion PAGE 327 Cuarren 1, The communities andthe princeps wt ‘A. Augustus on posthumous coinages 338 B._ Augustus as consczwor of Latin cities 335 C. Augustus as liberator of fee" communities 338 D. Augustus as corstitor of ‘stipendiary’ communities 36 E, Augustus as eviowns and Obs Erigavis 336 F, Augustus as her co the Hellenistic monarchs 368 G. Augustus as Axes 375 Cuaprsn 2, The communities and the Roman ofcials x ‘A, Heads of ofcials on the coinages a9 B, Names of ofcils on the coinages 390 ©. Libera and civses = PART IV. IMPERIUM AND AUCTORITAS IntRopuction Cuapren 1, Rule by imperium maius, 49-28 8.0. A. The revolutionary title of Jmperaror: earliest official documents B. ‘The imperium maius on which the title of Zmperazor was based Cuapren 2, Rule by cuctoritas principis, 27 BC-AD. 14 ‘A. Abolition of government by imperium in 37 | Eclipse of the ttle Ingeraor from 27 8. ©. uctoritas D. The vebicle of auctor: eibunicia pores Appenpiers Summary of the official aes coinages, 49-28 m.c. Summary of the oficial eee coinages, 27 8.C—A.D. 14 Proposed additions and alterations to lists of provincial governors eee 8 8 4a 4. 4 43 466 455 47. ast CONTENTS 4 indation coinages PAGE 459 5. 1 and alterations to lists of Roman foundations 461 66. Proposed additions and alterations to lists of peregrine foundations aon 7. Posthumous loci issues with heads of Augustus 6 8. Asian local ius with contemporary heads of Augustus o 9. Asian loca issues ofthe principate of Augustus portraying members of his family an 40, ‘The ‘autonomous’ series a 41, Art 7 ABBREVIATIONS 480 SOURCES 83 Kay To SPECTROORAMS 3 ‘Key To MONOGRAMS AND LicaTuRES 494 Inpices “5 Key To PLaTes i Pace ReFEReNcss FoR PLatss on Phares 53