RLD'S #I

SUBJECTS .NUMBER
WHO OR WHAT A CLAUSE, PHRASE, 1. A singular verb requires a singular subject.
OR SENTENCE 15 ABOUT A plural verb requires a plural subject. ADJECTIVES & AD,,ECTIVAL ELEMENTS
NOUNS a. When two singular subjects are joined by and, the USED TO MODIFY NOUNS OR PRONOL'NS
.PROPER NOUNS verb is plural. Exception - when two singular sub- 1. Prepositional phrases, verbal phrases, and adjec-
Name a speciJic person, place, or object. They jects are connected by and present a single idea, the tive dependent clauses change the image made by
begin with an upper cdse letter. verb may be singular. the noun or nominative element by itself.
1. John b. When two singular subjects are connected by ar,
2.Proper adjectives are formed from a proper noun.
. French, DemocraL etc.
2. Mercury eithen..or or neithen..nor, the verb is singular.
3. California two plural subjects are connected by o4 3.Demonstrative adjectives answer the question
c. When
.COMMON NOUNS which one?
eithen..or or neither..,nor, the verb is plural. . this, that, these, those (also called pronouns)
Name a non-speciJic person, place, or object; they d. The verb agrees with the nearer subject of a com- 4.Descriptive adjectives answer the question what
do not begin with an upper case letter. pound sentence which has both a singular and a plu- kind?
1.boy ral wordjoined by or or nor. . big, small, red, etc.
2. planet e. When the subject and the subjective complement 5.Quantitative adjectives answer the question
3. state (rredicate adjectives, predicate nominatives that fol- how many?
low linking verbs and refer to the subject) are differ- . one, three, some,few, several (also called pronouns)
PRONOUNS
ent in number, the verb agrees with the subject. 6. Qualitative adjectives answer the question how much?
Take the position and function of nouns, but do not , The books that I received were the most appreciated. . little, much, considerable
specijically name.
2. Every or many before a word or series ofwords is fol- 7. In comparing the quality ofnouns, adjectives change
1./Ie fed the cat. by degrees.
lowed by a singular verb.
2.She fedthe cat. . Every man, woman, and child was asked to donate. a. The positive degree covers one item: big, good
3.1, got extremely fat. b. Comparative degree covers two items: bigger, better
3. When the subiect comes after the verb, as in sentences
4.They wish they had fed it less. c. Superlative degree covers three or more: biggest, best
beginning with here is, there is and where is, make
NOMINATIVE ELEMENTS sure that the verb agrees with the subject. 8. A predicate adjective follows any linking or state
.VERBAL . There are three courses ofaction we can take. of being verb: The men trere sick from edting the
.VOICE raw oysters.
1. GERUNDS (ing form of the verb)
a. Reading travel books is my hobby. 1.ACTMVOICE: Subject is acting. ADVERBS OR ADVERBIAL ELEMENTS
b. Traveling by train is part ofmy daily routine. . Lightning struck the barn. USED TO MODIFY VERBS, ADJECTIVES, OR
2. INFINITMS (to, plus the verb) 2. PASSM VOICE: Subject is acted upon. OTHERADVERBS
.The barn was struck by lightning. l.Prepositional phrases, verbal phrases, or adver- 1
a.To read a travel book brings me pleasure.
(The passive form always consists of some form of bial dependent clauses add descriptive elements
b. To travel by train canbe ftn.
. NOUN CLAUSES the verb be plus the past participle.) to a sentence. ll
.MOOD 2. Adverbs answer one or more of these questions: I
That one needs a clear goal is sfiessed in college a. How? (by what manner?) quickly, slowly,fast
preparatory classes. 1.Indicative: Makes a statement or asks a question. a
. It is 40 miles to Gainesville, but we'll get there in b. When? (at what time?) now, then, never
GENERAL RULES c. Where? (at what location?) here, there, down, up
rtme-
1. All inflected forms must be in subjective case. d. To what extent does a thing have some quality?
2. Imperative: Expresses a command, request, sugges- e. To what extent does the adverb express quantity?
2. Gender is important with subject pronouns. tion, entreaty, etc. where subject (usually the pronoun
. John is proud 3. Adverbs follow the verb.
ofthe school &e attended. you) is understood. a. John walked slowly.
3.Number is important for agreement of subject and . Stop! Please sign the form before returning it b. John walked faster than Peter.
verb. 3. Subjunctive: Equals the past tense in structure and is 4. Adverbs modifying adjectivesl and adverbs precede
a. The woman was tall. used after if and wish when the statement is contrary the word being modified.
b. The women were tall. to reality. . John walked surprisingly slowly for someone so tall.
c. The man and the woman were tall. a. I wish I were q rich woman. 5. One-syllable adverbs are compared by adding -er or -est.
SPECIFIC RULES b. If I knew her numbe\ I would call her a. John walked slower than I did.
l. Some pronouns always take singular verbs. .TENSE b. John walked slowest of all.
. each, someone, either, neithero somebody, nobody, 1. Made from the principal parts of verbs. 6. Adverbs of two or more syllables add more or most.
2. Three forms are: a. John wallrs more slowly than L
everybody, anyone, nothing
a. Present tense or present infinitivez do, give, ing, thmw b. I am most happy to l<now that.
2. Some pronouns always take plural verbs.
. both, feq several, many b. Past tense: did, gave, rang, threw
c. Past participlez done, given, rung, thrown
3. Collective nouns thought ofas a single unit are sin-
gular. Collective nouns with identified parts require CLASSES & TYPES OF VERBS OBJECTS
a plural verb. 1. A transitive verb takes an ebjel. COMPLETING ELEMENTS
a. The goup r.s going to the show. . Push this button if you want a light. .DIRECT OBJECT
b. The men are going to the show. 2. An intransitive verb does not take an object. Noun, pronoun, or nominative element which receives
4. Generally, subjects appear before the verb and may
. The sun shone brightly. the action expressed in the verb.
be separated by modifiers or prepositional phrases. 3.A verb can be transitive or intransitive in different . I have read the book.
To determine a subject, answer who or what about sentences. .INDIRECT OBJECT
the construction being analyzed. 4.An auxiliary verb is used before main verbs to form Noun, pronoun, or nominative element for or to
a. John walks.
the passive voice, produce certain tenses, ask whom or to what the action in the verb was done.
questions, make negative statements, and express . I read the class the entire book.
b. The train ntns. shades ofmeaning. .OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
c. John, who is late for the train. runs. a. They haw been studying diligently. pqqsltio!-
Answers the question whom or what ay?er ttrc
b. I do not like the course. . John traveled to the
country in his car.
5.A phrasal verb combines a main verb with an auxil- .OBJECT OFA VERBAL (GERUND,
VERBS (PREDTCATES) iary word (i.e., preposition;. PARTICIPLE, INFINITTVE)
. came back later than expected.
We Is a noun, pronoun, or nominative element.
WHAT A SUBJECT 15 DOING; WHAT lS @ON'f COXFUSE pnro with auxiliary verbs . Knowing nothing about making noodles, I bought
BEING DONE TO lT; A STATE OF BEING or verbal phrases!) some.
6.Linking or inactive verbs link the subject with a .PRONOUNAS OBJECTS
THE FIVE PROPERTIES OF VERBS
.PERSON predicate noun, predicate pronoun, or apIgdieate 1. All personal pronouns used as objects must be in the

A verb is in the same pgrgQ11 as its subject. adjective and are always intransitive: He looked s_od. objective case; The call for him and me came at noon.
A linking verb states that one thing is equal to anoth- 2. Who is the subject form: Who sent the .fax?
l.First person: !am hopingfor rain.
er and thus requires that the subjective case be used: Whom is the object form: 7o whom should I send
2. Second person: You are hoping for rain.
This is he. the fax?
3. Third person: He is hoping for rain.
 CLAUSES SENTENCES
.BACKGROUND
GROUP OF RELATED WORDS WHICH GROUP OF RELATED WORDS HAVING
l. Words are composed of sounds or phonemes to CONTAIN A SUBJECT & A VERB
which meaning is attached. A SUBJECT (PRESENT OR UNDERSTOOD)
.INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
2.The range of human sounds is codified in the & A VERB, AND EXPRESSING
1. Meet the above qualifications for clauses.
International Phonetic Alphabet. 2. May be regarded as sentences since they make sense.
A COMPLETE THOUGHT
a. Some symbols are similar to the alphabet; some . She had not finished the paper and was sure to get a KINDS OF SENTENCES
appear to be sffange squiggles. low grade. .DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
b. One can learn the symbols and approximate a given .DEPENDENT CLAUSES l. Makes a statement.
sound. but variances in stress and pause will not Meet the above qualifications for clauses.
1. 2.Today is the day before the long holiday.
yield a fluent rendering ofa language. 2. Do not make sense and are regarded as fragments. .IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
3.Sounds in predictable patterns become words. . Because she had not.finishecl the paper. 1. Gives a command.
Meaning is attached by users and listeners of a par-
TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES 2.Please close the door on your way out.
ticular language. .INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
.SUFFIXAND PREFIX .NOUN CLAUSES
Noun clauses are dependent clauses used like nouns. 1. Asks a question.
Combinations of sounds which appear at the beginning
[.
1.That she had notfinished the paper was the reason 2.ll/ho was that woman?
and/or end of words to alter meanings, indicate func- .EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
tions. and to signal panicular use in a construction. for her low grade.
(The noun clause that she had not Jinished the paper 1. Expresses strong feeling.
2. Suffix -s or -es are plural when attached to a noun
is used as the subject ofthe sentence.) 2. Ends with an exclamation point.
and singular when attached to a verb.
2. I know what I will do today. 3.Ll/hat a beautiful morning!
3. Jy signals an adverb or modifier.
(The noun clause what I will do today is used as the
4. -er signals comparative degree of adjective. SENTENCE PATTERNS
direct object ofthe verb knour) .PATTERN I (S +V) [subjectl + [verb]
5. -est signals superlative degree of adjective.
3. She worulered about $that she should do next.
6. -ed frequently signals past tense of a verb. 1. The subject may be compound.
.
(The noun clause what she shoulcl do n ex/ is the object
MARKER WORDS (ARTICLES) 2. The verb may be compound.
of the preposition about.)
l. A, an, or the are noun markers that precede the noun. (Note: If we were to take out the preposition, then the sen- 3. John ran. (John rs the subject and ran is the verb.)
2. Auxiliary verbs can, may, be, do, plus a verb, will tence becomes: She wondered what she woukl do nert
4.John and Peter ran andfell down.
alu'ays mark a verb. .PATTERN2(S+V+D.O.)
The noun clause thus becomes the object ofthe verb paz-
3.Subordinate conjunctions after, although, as, dered andthe sentence takes on a more urgent form.) [subject + verb + direct object]
because, if mark a dependent clause. .ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1.Any of the elements may be compound.
Adjective clauses are used to point out or d.escribe any 2. The verb represents direct or indirect action, active or
noun or pronoun in the sentence. passive voice.
1. A relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) 3.John run the race. (John is the subject, ran is the
always introduces an adjective clause. verb, and race is the direct object.)
GROUP OF RELATED WORDS 2. Adjective clauses may be restrictive or nonrestrictive. 4.The race was run b\, John.
.PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES .PATTERN 3 (S +V + I.O. + D.O.)
3. The car which is parked by the curb bektngs to me.
l.Made up of a preposition plus its object and any (The adjective clause, which is parked by the curb, [subject + verb + indirect object + direct objectl
modifiers. I . Any of the elements may be compound.
modifies car in a restrictive way.)
2. Used asmodifiers (adjectives or adverbs). 2. Dad paid the clerk the sales tax (Dad is the subject,
4. The cat which is parked by the curb, belongs to me.
3.Common Prcpositions - obout, abov, accoding to, (Setting offthe adjective clause with commas [,] is non- paid is the verb, clerk is the indirect object and.sale.s
acmss, afier, againsl along among amund, at, before, ra.r is the direct object.)
restrictive and subtly changes the meaning of the sen-
behin4 belms, beneah, beside, betwen, bqnnd" by, doutn, .PATTERN 4 (S +V + S.C.)
tence since, in the first sentence, we are saying that only
during uceplfor,from, in, in place of, inside, into,likc, the car which is parked by the curb belongs to me. In Isubject + verb + subjective complementl
neati of, ofi on, out, ouSide, oxr, past, since, thmugh, to,
the second sentence, we are saying that the car belongs 1. Any of the elements may be compound.
ttnwrd, under; until up, upon, with, within, wilhout to me, and, by the way, it is parked at the curb.) 2. The verb must be linking-have no action.
Example: For the student, the prepositional phrase can .ADVERBIAL CLAUSES 3. Jane is my attorney. (Jane is the subject, r.r
be conlusing in a sentence.
[ink-
Adverbial clauses are used as adverbs. ing verb] is the verb, and attorney is a predicate
. The prepositional phrase
for the student modifies the 1. Adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinate con- nominative.)
subject phra.se. and second prepositional phrase in a junctions (after, although, as, as if, because, before, rf, 4.The water is blue. (Water is the subject, ls flinking
senlence modifies the verb. since, so that, that, unless, until, when, where, while). verb] is the verb, and blue is apredicate adjective.)
.VERBAL PHRASES 2.When the adverb clause begins a sentence, it is set off
L Verb forms not used as verbs. by a comma. SENTENCE FORMS
2. Because they are verb forms, verbals retain many of 3.Because he was late, she was angry. .SIMPLE SENTENCE (an independent clause)
the properties of verbs by taking objects, by having (The adverbial clause because he was late modifies Contains a subject and a verb and expresses only one
their own subjects and by being modified by adverbs. the adiective angry) complete thought,
.INFINITIVE PHRASE 4.She was angty because he was late. Either the subject or the verb may be compound:
L lnfinitive (to + verb), which can be used as a noun, (This expresses the same idea without requiring the 1.John slept.
an adjective, or an adverb. comma, since the subordinate conjunction does not 2.John and Bobbie slept.
2.To read these papers will take a long time. come at the beginning ofthe sentence.) .COMPOUND SENTENCE
. The infinitive to read is the subiect ofthe sentence.
Contains filo or more independent clauses and eg!!
3. She wanted to read the book. express more than one complete thought.
. The infinitive to read is the direct object ofthe verb.
CONNECTORS l.Compound sentences are joined by coordinating
4.She had money to spend. conjunctions (and, or nor for so, yet, but) or a semi-
. The infinitive to spend modifies money. JOINING ELEMENTS
.CONJUNCTIONS colon | : I when no coordinating conjunction is present.
5.1 am ready to htrite the paper now. a. Bobbie likes watching Tll but she prefers going to
. The infinitive to write modif ies the adject ve ready. Ioining words that link parts of sentences.
l. Coordinating conjunctions join like parts of words, the movies.
6. The infinitive may have its own subject and object. phrases, and clauses. b. Bobbie like,s watching T(
she enjoys exercising
7. The infinitive to be has special rules. on the treadmill, and she adores the smell ofpuppy
a Joe and Mary went to the show.
a. The subject ofan infinitive is in the objective case. b. You will find it in the cupboard or under the counter. breath.
b. Because the linking verb requires the same case c. .lim shut the door but he did not lock it. 2.Note: Using only a comma [,] between the two or
both before and after it, the noun or pronoun used as 2.Correlative conjunctions join like parts and come in more independent clauses ol a compound sentence
a complement must be in the objective case. pairs. will result in a comma splice error.
.GERUND PHRASE a. Not Tom but his brother won the tournament. Error - Bobbie likes John, she loves vacations.
1. The gerund (-ing form ofthe verb) is used as a noun. b. Neither Mary nor Jane was impressed by this. 3. Placing no punctuation between independent clauses
2.Walking is a healrhy exercise. 3.Subordinate conjunctions are used to introduce which do not have a coordinating conjunction will
. The gerund walking is the subject ofthe verb rs. adverbial clauses and link them to the main clause. result in an error called "run-on" or "fused."
3. Proper shoes are neededfor comftytable walking. . Not only Tom but his brother won the tourndment, Error Bobbie likes movies John likes vacations.
. The gertndwalking is the object of the prepositionpr. because they practiced hard. .COMPLEX SENTENCE
.PARTICIPAL PHRASE .CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Contains an independent and a dependent clause.
1.The participle (present, past, or perfect participle Used to join main clauses. . Adverbial clauses appearing at the beginning of
ofthe verb) is used as an adjective. 1. Conjunctive adverbs are always preceded by a semi- a complex sentence are set offby a comma.
2.The girl talking on the phone is Mary. colon [;] and are always followed by a comma [,].
. The participle talking modifies girl. Alou are going to walk. be sure to stoy on the patll
2. Examples: Accordingly, consequently, further- . COMPOUND/COMPLEX SENTENCE
3.The letter signed by John was readyfor the mail. more, however, nevertheless, etc. Contains at least two independent clduses and st least
. The participle sigzed modifies lhe norn letter. a. She lmeu, her lack of studying would be a detriment; one dependent clause.
4. The report, accurately written, was approved by him. nevertheless. she took the test- . Ifyou are going to walk, be sure to stay on the path;
. The participle written,pbts accurately, describes the b. She was sick and tired of all this nagging about
you wtn't get lost.
report. studying; however, she didfind this chart useful.
 COMMAS COrl,lMA MISUSES
SEPARATE & ENCLOSE . "Don't speak to me," she sighed. "Your words are
MISREADINGS & OMISSIONS
PHRASES & CLAUSES meaningless." .USE COMMAS TO PREVENT MISREADINGS
WITH ADJECTIVES AND TO CLARIFY MEANING INA SENTENCE.
WITH COORDINATE CONJ UNCTIONS
.COORDINATE ADJECTIVES MODIFY NOUNS 1. To Susan, Jason's choice ofcostume was unacceptable.
AND, BUT, OR, NOR, FOR, SO,YET 2.As soon as we left, Marilyn closed the store.
SEPARATELY.
.SEPARATE MAIN CLAUSES WITHIN A .COMMAS CAN INDICATEAN OMISSION.
1. We felt the salty, humid air near the beach.
. Helen bought a new television; Mark, a laser printer;
SENTENCE. 2.Martha created a three-tiered, white, flower-covered
l.Mary counsels students, and she volunteers at the wedding cake for Jason and Renee. and Sarah, a stereo system.
local hospital. . COOR-DINATE ADJE CTIVES UNNECESSARY COMMAS
2. John planned to invest his tax return, but he bought Can be joined with and (salty and humid; three-tiered .UNNECESSARY COMMAS CAN BE AS
a computer instead. and white ard flower-covered), and their positions CONFUSING AS LEAVING OUT REQUIRED
3. Doug will play the game, or he will mow the lawn. can be changed without altering the meaning of the COMMAS.
4. I don't smoke, nor do I eat near people who smoke. sentence. (For instance, ifyou separate a subject and verb or an
. CUMULATIVE ADJECTIVES DO NOT adjective and the word it modijies with a comma, your
5. Sandra won't be going with us, for she returned her
REQUIREA COMMA. reader will have to spend time ftguring out which
application too late.
1. Adam bought two tall palms. ideas go together.)
6. The bank lowered its interest rates, so we decided to NOT Billy and Marcia, built a log home.
refinance our mortgage. 2. I found a shard from an ancient Greek urn.
3.Marissa planned an amazingly detailed, truly BUT Billy and Marcia built a log home.
7. I haven't seen the new house, yet I know how to .DO NOT PLACEA COMMA BEFOREA COOR-
exotic Halloween costume.
get there.
(There are heo sets of cumulative adjectives in this DINATING CONJUNCTION AND A PHRASE
.DO NOT USE COMMAS BEFORE CONJUNC- (see "With Coordinate Conjunctions').
sentence that function separately to moddy "cos-
TIONS THAT LINK PIIRASES OTHER THAN NOT After school Samuel likes to finish his home-
tume.")
COMPLETE SENTENCES. .ADDING COMMAS TOA STRING OF CUMULA- work, and watch TVfor afew hours.
l. Mary counsels students and deliveis meals to shut-ins.
TIVE ADJECTIVES OR CHANGING THEIR BUT After school Samuel likes to finish his home-
2. Two inches of snow and a glazing of ice covered the work and watch TVfor afan hours.
ORDER RESULTS IN AN AWKWARD CON-
streets.
STRUCTION. OR After school Samuel likes to finish his home-
WITH INTRODUCTORY ELEMENTS l. Adam bought two, tall palms. work, and then he spends a few hours watch-
.COMMAS SEPARATE ELEMENTS THAT 2. Adam bought tall, two palms. ingTV
INTRODUCE AND MODIFY SENTENCES. (Notice that in the firct examplz, the comma sE arat6 a
WITH PARALLEL WORDS, PHRASES
compound verb ralher than two independent clauses)
. After looking at several cars, Michael decided on a
& APPOSITIVES
sporty model.
. COMMAS CAN BE OMITTED AFTER SHORT .NONRESTRICTIVE ELEMENTS CAN BE OMIT-
INTRODUCTORY ELEMENTS IF THERE IS TED WITHOUT CHANGING MEANING.
NO RISK OF MISREADING.
i. Frank's new aquarium, a marine tank, hosts brilliant SE,lItCOLONS
. After I moved I lost contact with my high coral and brightly colored fish. .JOIN RELATED MAIN CLAUSES WHEN A
2.Awakened by a strange noise, Alan wondered if he COORDINATING CONJUNCTION IS NOT
school pals.
remembered to lock the door when he went to bed. USED.
WITH OTHER ELEMENTS ('Marine tank" and'Awakened by a strange noise" 1. I will not paint the house; you canrt make me.
.DATES dre not absolutely necessary to the medning of the it blue.
2. Sally built a tree house; she painted
On December 7, 1941, Japanese war planes bombed
1. sentences,) (Main clauses joined with a comma constitute a
Pearl Harbor. .DO NOT USE COMMAS TO SET OFF comma splice. Use a semicolon or separate the
2. On 7 December 1941, Japanese warplanes bombed RESTRICTIVE f,LEMENTS. clauses into two complete senlences.)
Pearl Harbor. The first house on the left is for
1. sale. .WORK WITH CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS TO
(Notice that military dating does not require com- (The phrase "on the left" is essential to the meaning JOIN MAIN CLAUSES.
mas.) of the sentence.) 1. I would like to go to the museum with you; however,

3. On Wednesday, December 28, 1994, I will celebrate 2. Those people who have already purchased tickets may I must visit my dentist instead.
my 30th birthday. enter the theater now. 2. Jim had given much thought to his future; therefore,
.ADDRESSES AND PLACE NAMES ("Ilho have already purchased tickets" is essential to it came as no surprise when he returned to school.
. The President of the United States lives the meaning ofthe sentence.) 3.The audience was sparse; in fact, there were only
at 1600
five people.
Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D.C. WITH PARALLEL WORDS, PHRASES
4.I want to travel this summer; accordingly, I will have
.NUMBERS & LrsTs/sERrES to save money this winter.
The city marina cost $8,479,000 to construct.
1. i. The department store offered a suit, a shirt, and a tie 5. Six people saw the bandit leaving the store; mors-
2. Jill's dress has over 2,500 hand-sewn beads. for one low price. over, one customer even got his tag number.
(With four-digit numbers, commas ilre 2. The kitten stalked the ball ofyarn behind the curtain, .SEPARATE ITEMS IN SERIES THAT CONTAIN
optional.) over the television, and under the table. COMMAS.
3. Martin planted 1500 marigold plants. 3.Marie offered her students a treat if they would com- .I packed my suitcase with old, comfortable jeans;
.QUOTATIONS plete their assignment, if they would clean their rugged, warm sweaters; and new' freshly starched
Commas ordinarily separate a quotation from its desks, and if they would stack their books neatly. shirts.
source, such as he said or she said. .DO NOT USE SEMICOLONS TO SEPARATE
l. John F. Kennedy said "Ask not what your country NONPARALLEL ITEMS.
can do for you; ask what you can do for your NOT Bill cleaned the
Before starting the engine;
country.tt windshield.
2. "Sometimes love is stronger than a man's convic- BUT Before starting the engine, Bill cleaned the
tions," wrote Isaac Bashevis Singer. windshield.
3. "I never forget a face]' said Groucho Marx, "but in This sentence is made up of a dependent clause and an
This Gluickstudy@ outline is an annotated review of
your case, I'll make an exception." independent clause; therefore, the sentence does not
the basic rules of English Grammar & Punctuation. Use it
. PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSIONS
during, and well beyond, your college years as a handy require a semicolon to separate the clauses. One
Johnt new car, in my opinion, is a lemon. reterence source, but not as a replacement for assigned comma will do.
. NOUNS OF DIRECTADDRESS class work.
.SEPARATE COORDINATE CLAUSES WHEN
.. Adam, do you want to plant the palms this after- THEY ARE JOINED BY TRANSITIONAL
noon? WORDS AND PHRASES, SUCH AS:
.INTERJECTIONS accordingly afterwards again
. Well, that about does it for today. free downloads &. besides consequently doubtless
. hundreds of-titles at eventually evidently furthermore
DO NOT USE A COMMAWITH IDENTIFYING
WORDS THAT INTERRUPT MAIN CLAUSES
rNA QUOTATTON.
qutGKstudy.Gom however
otherwise
moreover
perhaps
nevertheless
therefore
for example for instance in addition
 QUOTATION MARKS OTHER PUNCTUATION
END MAIN CLAUSES & INTRODUCE DIRECT & INDIRECT .BRACKETS: enclose editorial comments inserted
ADDITIONS & MODIFICATIONS . ENCLOSE A DIRECT
QUOTATION.
within quoted material.
.BASIC EXAMPLES . Machiavelli, the political pragmatist, argues that
l. Martha whispered quietly, "I'm scared of the dark."
z l.Frank introduced four kinds of fish 2. o'When," she breathed, "do we get out of here?" "princes [or anyone in a position of power]
aquarium: three angels, six tetras, a 3. "What if we get stuck in this place?" she asked. accomplished most who paid little heed to
sharks. and a spotted catfish. knew I should have taken up spelunking." their promises."
IJI
2. After a few months, Frank encountered a problem
4. "I
.CAPITALIZE THE FIRST WOR.D OF A DIRECT .PARENTHESES: enclose supplemental infor-
with his new aquarium set-up: Algae growth. mation that is not necessary to the meaning
3.Tamara suggested a solution: "I keep quite a few QUOTATION.
.DO NOT CAPITALIZE THE FIRST WORD in the of the sentence.
snails in my aquarium. They eat the excess algae."
.DO NOT FUNCTION INSIDEA MAIN CLAUSE: second part of an interrupted quotation unless the 1. There are three sections to a thoughtfully composed
NOf Franksfavorite fish is: the angelJish. second part begins a new sentence. essay: (1) the introduction, (2) the body, and (3) the
BUT Frank's favorite /ish is the angel.fish. .INDIRECT QUOTATIONS DO NOT REQUIRE conclusion.
.LINK INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WHEN THE QUOTATION MARKS. 2. Hamlet and the Law of Desire (1987) suggests that
SECOND MODIFIES THE FIRST. . Father said that we should be frugal with our Shakespeare's famous tragedy is about the traditional
. Frank learned a serious lesson about aquarium money. rite of passage all boys go through as they mature
maintenance: Do not overfeed fish, as this causes ENCLOSE OTHER FORMS OF into men.
the water to cloud. .DASHES: (typed as two hyphens with no space
(The reader wants an explanation of the "important
QUOTED MATERIAL before, between, or after) emphasize certain materi-
.ARTICLE, ESSAY TITLES & SHORT STORIES
lesson," which is provided in the second clause,) . The current edition al within a sentence.
.OTHER USES of Vanity Fair contains an article
entitled "Raider of the Lost Art," 1.1would suggest--{r should I say, argue-that all
L Business letter salutation - Dear Mr. Brown: aspects of the present economy must be changed.
(Do not put qaotation msrks around titles of yo-ur
2. Title and subtitle - Dudes: My Story 2.Three members of the Board of Regents-even the
3.Biblical citation - Genesis l:l own compositions,)
.CHAPTERTITLES newly appointed member-voted to reduce the
4. Bibliographic entries - Boston: Houghton Miffin Co.
. Susan quoted from Chapter Three ofCarole Jackson's education budget.
Color Me Beautiful,"The Seasonal Palettes." 3.Adam's mother-a woman of high energy, intelli-
.SONG TITLES gence, and wit-always hosts ihe best parties.
. The Commodores'"Three Times a Lady" was the .HYPHENS: join words together and indicate a line
number one hit when I graduated from high school. break,
.MOST POEMTITLES 1. The ill-fated ship sank quickly.
.ADD "'S" TO FORM THE POSSESSIW of singu- . T.S. Elioth "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" 2. The editor-in-chief checked the final draft.
lar and plural nouns, and indefinite pronouns that remains a landmark poem ofthe 20th century. 3. The player-King delivered his lines expertly.
do not end in [sl or with an s or a ? sound. (Longer poems, such as Eliot's Waste Land, are 4. Anti-smoking lobbyists roamed the halls of the
1. My mother's purse held many treasures. underlined or italicized.) government building.
(the purse owned by my mother) .TELEVISION AND RADIO EPISODE TITLES (Line-end hyphens break according to syllables.)
2. Can anyone's dog enter the Kennel show? . More people saw "Going Home," the final episode of .SLASHES: indicate options and unindented lines of
(dog is owned by anyone) M.A.S.H., than any other television show to date. poetry.
3. The Women's League is very active. .SPECIAL PHRASES,WORDS, OR SENTENCES 1. Please use your book and/or a calculator.
(the possessive form of women, a plural, takes an 's)
l. The phrase "rule of thumb" has a violent history. 2. Good professors are true teacher/scholars.
.ADD ('SD TO FORM THE POSSESSIVE of singu- 2.Marci pronounced "accept" as "except." 3. Many children recognize these famous lines:
Iar nouns ending in [sl or with an s or z sound. 3. The infamous declaration "Let them eat cake" "'Twas the night before Christrnas, when all
1. We listened to the stereo in Chris's new car. represents the arrogance of the French Aristocracy. through the house/lllot a creature was stirring.
2. Liz's dress was the sensation of the party
(add only an apostrophe ifthe extra Isl creates an INDENTED QUOTES not even a mouse. . ."
.DIRECT QUOTATIONS LONGER THAN FOUR .ELLIPSIS points: indicate an omission from a
awkward pronunciation).
3.The Bible speaks admiringly of Moses'wisdom. TYPED LINES are set off as block quotations by direct quotation.
. ADD ONLY AN APOSTROPHE to form the pos- indenting 10 spaces from the left margin and double- .'Another problem ... is acid rain.... "
sessive of plural nouns ending in [s] or with an s or spacing. (Three spaced periods indicate an omission within a
z sound. Example: There are many reasons why a pond quotation. Four spaced periods indicate an omis-
1.The cats' toys were spread around the room. eco-system fails. For instance, indus- sion at the end of a direct quotation.)
2.The latest car designs were engineered for drivers' trial pollution might disrupt the "nat- .ITALICS: indicate titles of books, magazines, news-
comfort. ural bio-diversity of the system." papers, Iong plays,.poems, etc.
.TO FORM THE POSSESSIVE OF'COMPOUND Another problem, due in part to indus- 1. My sister can recite passages from Walden.
NOUNS, add ['s] to only the last word. trial pollution, is acid rain, which 2. Newsweek is my favorite news magazine.
l.My mother-in-law's fumiture was imported from acidifies the pond system. 3. Daniel bought a copy of the L.A. Times.
Havana. (Indented passages do not require quotation marks 4. Professor Briggs can read Paradise LosI in Italian
2. Webster's brother-in-lawns office was vandalized. unless they appear within the text ) (alternately, you can underline titles).
.MAKE ONLYTHE LAST NOUN POSSESSIVE to WITH OTHER PUNCTUATION . Newsweek is my favorite news magazine.
show joint possession. .THE PERIOD AND COMMA are always placed
. James and Susan's dog chased our cat. inside the ending quotation marks.
(the dog belongs to both James and Susan) . He said, "Let's go to the beach today."
.MAKE BOTH NOUNS POSSESSIVE to show indi- .THE QUESTION MARK AND EXCLAMATION
vidual ownership. POINT are placed within the quotation marks only PRICE u.s. $ 4.e5
. Jameso and Susan's cars were both vandalized. when they refer to the quoted material.
.USE AN APOSTROPHE to form certain plurals: . Frank asked "When can I add fish to the tank?" All rights reserved. No part of this publication mar be
i. Philiip's report card had 3 A's and 2 B's. reproduced or transmitted in any fomr. or by anr mcans.
.USE AN APOSTROPHE to indicate contractions. electronic or mechanical, including photocopy: recordine. ..r
1. I'm ok'd to enter the restricted zone. any information storagc and retrieval system. u ithout rr nttcn
2.The '92 hurricane left a wide swath of damage END PUNCTUATION pennission lrom the publisher.
through the Miami area. .PERIODS END MOST SENTENCES 02002,2003 Barcharts, Inc. 0109
3. Strangely enough, we never had the opportunity to
IN ENGLISH.
try fish 'n'chips while we were in London. . Mary asked us about selling her house.
.DO NOT USE ANAPOSTROPHE WITH POSSES- .POLITE REQUESTS that do not require a "yes"
STVE PRONOUNS. or'ono" answer should use a period.
. Ours is the bright red Mustang. (Not "Our's".) . Would you please clean your room.
.USE A PERIOD WITH MOST ABBREVIA-
TIONS.
. Jan.=January (acronyms, such as IRS and CARE,
do not require periods).
.QUESTION MARKS END DIRECT QUES-
TIONS.
.ls Mary going to sell her house?
.EXCLAMATION POINTS END EMPHATIC
STATEMENTS.
.No cigars! Put that out now!
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