C'ON'FENTS

Arabictcrminoloqlt's qw-xlaptxmnoi 1
Syntax .-.
!1 2
'I'tkeword ul2s 2
'1ilt!flfhkll) :l! 3
'
l-kcverb k.h.
2s '4
-
'rheparficle w ,aaal )
'1hesen4ence rtxl1v ..slh-s uulll.
-!-.
-$$..r*ko9 4
L..s
,<zl = 4
l'henunnativesentence .,.
l...
w1l.7-,.....0'1.
i1w..ih 4
T'heverbaisentent'e Lot
-.uliklu!j.
t:m:
xJl 4
uul'e.y 5
'l'I1ephraseorillcolrlpletesentent'e uzayLc!lJ alp..t.v.
si.
aa.t.
ctup 6
1DescriptivttPhrase 11iwrof-g.l
.. 6
2 PtlssttsslvePllrase oauuus'f! i.J.l 6
5 DemonstrativePlprase
. ksaun !J.>1p 7
4 NunterlkialPbrase us
uaxli;'atzal149.3 7
5 IndccllnablePhrase ax..
. x!lx.uJ .v 7
Addltionalntdles-Qx=l7.1...s k?
tummao l(1
Slgnst'fanchun-&eCL3-particle wi
aax-lha. >i1b>=h
.fIwoto.
''
tc
. 11
CAtneraluotes l2
Persona!pfontuns a;t.x.
us l.3
PretzosilIlns at'xjtwyax-!k !4
'Lhtpsepaalclesfhalresenpbletlleverb ..huuutooczlw:Iswlh 15
Auxjliao'(defective)verbs 7.-'
mtvt!lt
xil l7
'I'hevowels wpl
ao'j't 19
T'hecases cu'ftzull !9
I.)tl'
fclerlcebetween1Ao.v..-. .z.
x arld Jm,.
w Lxu Rw.w...; l?
l
G()Ve1'l)1I1g1)(JtII1!; t.txlj.ux.s..fj 7fj
. J..k-<1.
tw i J)
,
m%!.=; '?j
..1
u11r.1 74
'
'Iiualp 1q
'. l!'UxI ;)
, ,,.y
j y;
at
= l '?
ruJ!t.=l '.I
.
'
%b1:1l..
hxwi ;c:
;xlt.)' i .'>

lIlt'1)()J1jrls'erl,iltj;1)ar:iclt's k1.txj!ays.jj.:,w.-!1 yf,

1uuuul z 'it
.. ) w'j-%Qy!.uJ<w ytt
) g.v-u.aIb.,..cx J4j
.j t.=wax=1p-,l-va. ;;I
iq r-.xu...xulI.-...w 7
ttu.>!u '
q)r..I ' .rpIM 'F
'.
'
$t--?Iu.z.x ..
b)..M xulI .'=.
l().j.
sl:kki.LP .hl
II .1u.,.. k
i2kuly1u,.,.x 'ht
,
13 avxu$t -> ?1,
6# ')
15 ttu1 ...u J()
.
c Ik.
n -.-
1.ijunox ;r4)
'

 A RA1.11('
''1'ERN11N()l.0(;IES 7..
s..,
x)puot-w'kl...
o.I
ru'p Ntptln . '
u.
ku Verb
...
.. .x I'itl.tIcle
nsu N1asculjnc
u-'p
ut. IenllI1lne
s.x1..4 spIlgular
tgl llual
..- I>ItIral

Qo .

1.* --
uotn.,x hlhtarlv't)vvels1cp' c///?tz/? t//?tlrrlrrpcz/? z 24t.br.1I:
Jlauli<-.!.:.
x-)1 (t111j)&'()&r/t)Isit> < - I-..j
w.!
- g;1 Sl#1()rtk(z&vcls(z-wnzt 1-.:1)ar lli(.>naknel-gzi)1(111!4%'()vk.
tyls
wtaka /.tJp/?://t2rzp '' z//ztzrrpzz?zlltzyz?; I'zdrtl/tzlll
bpu '
tw
v '1Iette!vvithab'llk6h()t2(')
.
.>Q '
ulu
z.
a A Ie1tefwithatavhdccd(.)
y.l.s ltibjeotlc.doer
'
k.i
v.v.
x. Ollject1t!u()0nwkom t)rwLattheworkwasdone
Jxtr- (ltpverningwordiethatwordwhlchcauses/'rfztz?lckangeinlhewtlnl/sftlllowlng It
J-w.x. Ihegokerne.dwordiethatwordinwhichthc?'rtulbchangeocctlred
,....21..
.-.. 2.21 I'heactiveverbiethatverbthcdocrofwhichTsknown/mcntioned
Jxa.1l3..11 'l'hegassiveverbiethatverbthedoerofwhichlsnotknown/mentioned
ra'k)l..$
<18 Theintransitiveverbiethatverbwhichcanbeunderstoodwithouta2.6.m
vsautl.)..11 'I'hetransitiveverbie thatkerbwhichcannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutaJaxa.
o.a
.w,....1 Adetinltenoun indicatedbyanJ1 eg J-4'I' thehuse(aparticular/spcclfichouse)
z..p.
wtux'b %commonnoun indicatedbyaltwzwduw cg XJ gbouse(anyhouse)
.

taz.za'//JItlt.x WordwithadhammahontheIaslletter.
wp
a.u.c
x.ua/s.-um21Lht.vWordwltbalhtthonthclastlettcr
oa.z..
xe/....11tlu W ordwithaAtz-jzw//on1helastIetter

1
 '1'11ESl'
.N'I'ENf'E th11' .v..g.1-kwuzala ..21-ry.
'i3!
'I'herearetwot5. 'pest)fsenfences
A.ta -.z
e.uet.w (Ilalselltencewiljtrhhas1l1epossibilityofbeingtrueorfalse
B.tg1.t.:Ittu t1):1tsentcncew#)icildoesnothavetheposslbl1ityofbeingtrueorfalse
k A.t,
I -,
+,ut!.wisoftwotypes:
! l.t.az,
.u.1lGwmxal71..11 tllalsentenccwllichbegsllswitllanoun
l 1hesecondrarlol
'thtsent
encetanbeanounoraverb
!
. ti1efirstpartoftheselltelyceiscalledla.
+.(subject)t)r<.
,11$,
'...-
J
g lhesecondpartot-thtzstntenceiscalleda.t.u(prcdicate)ora.
z.x.o(thewtlrdgivingthe
infbrmationl
thc1.%.isgcncrallyuaxoandthe....1.gcncrallyz.gu
botilparts(1.0.,..andx.u)willbez-v...o
cg .LL. c;)!
-,
:4.1 i+.x-l2t.w = .'Q + 142+.

NB A benlenccIllayhavemorethanonea..u..k
eg !s
v.>' 9 A
u A'Z'
..,
z 3+JI
.a.x ie..iit.w . 2.- + l.z+x + p.k4=

2.i.uzuvl
!tyl.kl!1....11lI)a(scntellcewllikrllbej;it)swltila'kel!)
: thcfirstpartof'thcsentencelscalledwto ora. %...ua
i. Illesecondpartol.lheKen!entzeIscalledk.$ctifar%l1.kl....
xan(!willalwaysbtlrx.sz.,a
1
1 eg Q ...l-
*
L.a+
xtg.
u71.p .y u + sxi
'
NB 1nthktabovcexamplethcvcrbisanintransitivevcrb( .9yllk.
i canbeundersl()oc1withou!aJaxa.a ' >. l1!)iethatvef bwhi
' ch
l sl
#Iftl
'everblsatransiti
veverb(ksa-o,.k..,)lethatvcrbwhichcannotbefullyundersteodwitl,oulaa,.u.
. .
:!
. tlnt'llaa.sx.
uwlllbeadkledandwilll)eva.
t
'. eg
a.
z
.
x.az
'
US p
c
'd11 2
,,
wW
L..
.
j z
.xGi
u7
1. . ' + q
yu + N
vscthefolIoli
1rrans1ate,1iIIIrltIltxp'rtzw/k,ttndaaal'
.,
'
wXinKgIts(e'q
' ISF.
l aazotxrlup b wkwwotw/i
n1ences
c .qJ!auxc.i
1 da'..u.;wa k.=wa1 e ukp.;I-zza t'u.iou;w.;!
1.
. 2W,hatlsthed1 Tere!lct?betwt't'n(e)antl(f)at 3ove.)
l .J

I
 '1'1li'
,131.1RAh4EOR 1N('()M PI.i'
.'I'F.SF-N'INENf'E c-ztustves-g.s- k...'-a+ot.
t.-
I'hrasesaI't!()1*lih.etypes '
l.ucie.
uoaal1wxi
l.z1l(DescriptivePhrasej
aphraKewhereinonew(1Itidescribes1het1lher
t1lttdescnbi11gwt'rdisk'alletjam..
th('objt-
.ctbeing(1escI1bed1scaI!edu-woy
theuw-o.r and'ki. -axnlustcorrespondin
a l'rzcl/l
b Genderie mascullneandlkmknine
c Nunlberleslngulaf.dualanclglural
d Mu'r( /iJ?.'afldNazlnllt.
' z
eg Jxk'vl$.-11a 't-lp
-f pt.:.lt,.i j,y.
io' !e
., .y '7
.ujQd '
..
am.h
u= Aymy u= uyoy Qxo uyx'y

2. xtz.s.f1kvxsalp (PossessivePhrase)
aphrasewhereill1hesecondword(4.,11...11..
--)ownsorgosscssestilelirst(..,1.
=-)
thc...11...
--wiIIIzevergetaJ1(71'aJtlzr/fve'/).
the.t,1!.-i1...-v.
,111alwaysbe134=8
lltethzzz//()1-theat.. --willbeaccordingtotl4eul.tsgoverningtt
eg -k)'' '
-) .vt
'u
-L. Zaid'sbook /BtlokofZaid
Wiouw acn
NB 1 Sometimesmany.-11.--/..sl,.a1.'-.arcfbundinonesinglepkrasc
ttg wkig''i '' Ju- Thedoorofthenlan'sllouse
V1UQ:XX .41.-.:V1wil',' wi1.='
2.If'au....ofthewil.-.ishroudlt.1:shouldcomeinlllledhatelyallerlhe4+11..,!.-.wItkaI1Ji
andthesamel'raabaslhatoftbe.. 41.--.
eg a: I ;.tg1p v;ta Ihcnewclotlfof(hehouse
i1.-11tkw
w Q1=i!.'n. wik''-'

3 Ifati.umofthe.+)1u-.uuu isbroughtitshouldcomelmmediatelyafler1(4.)1..i$..--),
correspondingwilhlt(.+11uui.--)ie in!hefouraspectsmentionedearLier
Ch! ).e*t.,2.1 ..J'
,...Jh 3h' Thedoorofthenewhouse
u.w + uy or
41Dton 3G

()
i

StlMM AItY
. wat.x .

N L
wordu...u ------+go .a .--..- .>su..
z.t
>u

HR li
3.tdl.s+

L> W w t.a tkw

nleanlngful t.
- .u t.
at
..u u.;s

ax!

rt:to-vk
>
<cb.?
%;lultt.w pla.
uAA
ulleranxl:%2 selztcnczseg
h-vH
IA

u,w> R=. - - + oat:J y

UJLJ.-
0a.=1s.wsy
rncanlnglcss.
.)
.+.

1.()
 !IGNS()FA N()lN rM:1.0u.u
-
>,p.f'
f fA1.t'tt'kft'tft)Ntl1) Ii t'h? Lx-,J1
'
-' I
. 'f't't'k.'tItg'(1@'%'ao.
w ...w.w eg ;..'kw
'J Zt,..
l /l??ps't''?lt)Il1l)c Ict.>lI<'tter k'!:t Vk-'...;''
w'
4 h:r)(lln!;vklth:1I'(Jtlrlklz tl!r iklb
h Dtlal(waa)IrI cg vxL.o'
rhPlural(e..wj eg ,
I1
..J-,..
7 ' . eg tu..v.t.V.
>.
*
7l' >
.
al.a..k..z..l'e,.
Q1 l- (Lur.xoo!'u.xu)
.X..
8 u1.-. ttg. al.aw',taf.
z.
9 -ia..'.,sa, eg <,J.u.!.
!.b.'Jbjzzto'
I()ks'aQ eB. '
u%*.o't.
;
1la.a:-.a.x.. . eg :ukuoAa (aIittleman)
9. .
12 ..,a>.>v...
xw'' eg -v-<.. (a54eccan)

!I(;NS()FA VERB k.yx.iliuouw

l P: 'ecededby. %'
, eg c A.-
;..
u'Li
2 Precedcdby...; eg D
''*'' lIewillsoongoout
3 Precededby...1.pX' eg ;
k..'
.*
.*'..J AA He%.
.w. $,iIlgoouta1terawl11le
4 i.
jrece(je(jt)yg..
vx.u.
. '.pw,
. eg >
c.p.z'
xJap''
5p. !ec.t.JeJyyu...w;
.''u!o..w, eg -:
c.ziy.t..'J'
> Itenw.'
t. s...m
. eg r..z.k
7 In1perativec(.
7Iz1rrland( 1) eg !*
..'
x1
8 NeBa(ivect1I)'!I)1and(.,+') eg (
).'
z.
'''*
= .1
*

SIGNS()FA PARTICI.E a-z=1ou>

'Fllatwoldwhlchhasnoslgnofbanounorverbisaparticle(aparliclehasnosignot-itsown)

tllN/u;?m'a:esaldtiJ1x:dtusland1,
141ra1tJhrc.
spx.
xct0!thclrlthtrs(.ku) theauuonlsouetkusduaiaI1dI'Itl
raldrtslglks(>1aIlotu!alldIlota

ll
 I'RF.P()S1'l'IONS &o1-11uua-sv!l
KI'rect h1tlvesa...- t0llle11ot1111ler1tcrs0n.w'1)lk!1)B,:IIt)eknownas a.z.w
-s
x u.,.x N'
l/ranlng Exanlgle
l .f -wlt11 pi
!uucr...;
' .
.'
f IwrolenIththepen
2 u: -t75',1()!t'Etll)) to
lltl Fyy.FN)1a1)h
! .uh
. 1!ke ,i
. cbv .!c.-?- zraidislikeaIion
4 .5
' - for .t11X..
A' S A11praiselsrorAIlah
5 J -by((5ath) ZIs'
.
'
ByAl1al.!
t) '.k.>a' -s l11ce 1.JS ...
' :,Io'
,,
ru....u,lls't., IJ1clnotseehlm slnceaweek
7 'u' -slncc rkl.tklu'h.J. ::2' at.lo.u; Ididnotseehlm sincefourday
.s
8 -x.i: -bt tp,ddesxexcept wzgX Q.uz' ru sJtJ . r
'
ht
zpeopl
ccameexceptz
'
ralc
l
4) .'l
va.12 - rllany a 9+. ;.s o *x '.kLpt ., rKJV,.; NtanyaIealnedpersonplucticesonhisknowlctlge
Jzu -besdes.except Uu'1.1.1we'uY)IGL..f
l0 t.' ThepeoplecameexceptZaid
1l aw: -fron' l f*Iwli!A =:. .2..Z.Jo' lrelul'nedtl'orntheyourney.
l2 $.,svc -besltles.except uj -'jI.x.-wzsu't.at:Q
:
' .
l'hcpeoglecarneexceptZaid
l1 > -ir!.ct$)a.rdinq .TDhu.
.. j.r.1 x.?-(
. Z.dudtsl!3theIAot1se
l4 J
.
o
-tI. .
(1!11.regardlng %.f' r.-y,
,,wj.kJ. .:... 1.z1J1zJfC
.. Thedoctoraskedaboutt11t )palIen!
*3 z ptl,
15 wI,lc. -on w a,.
J -.!
' sa!ws
-u.
'saatlp 7.hecIot11esafe()nthechair
. z
>
L6 u.p..L -uptkh.u!'l!1
. 'v11u..
.1.- ax.11
, 1s1epl1,1ldawn
l7 j!
.
I
-t
lpto'lowards ,.
4.J
yt
la
''!
.c
'-
v .'
.>u.
; itr
akzledupt
oMadi
nah

$e11teqcegnpl.J'.
jo >k'h''
.'
,
...,a
wu.:
xo+AxH.-
Lwz
o kttutux . JG)L ' + Jcb + u;u

NB Tltea.wo.,.
x + oao.
xzpwil!beknownas- (connected)lothea.a dnieu.x,k41xwandtotke..koinizl
.vi'u...
(asInlheaboveexample)
tt.1)12 eZiCAQIuy $
F.XERClSE
1l'fanslate.till1nthei'rrxl?pandanalyselhcfbllowingsentences
..Jx
a .== .:.+'ze V' xuli b z.'...'
.11A v'%11
c .t...11ux.X 1J.s d% !np uy=.zQl.y1s2.2% wouu

l4
 J'I11e ik c.
311l'
)eacon1!.31k'tese111.eI1ce
kg 1-.1:. up ladw . v')
.)1.ula.+uwtx.
JpuwpJ.!U = .px + lssux
wqu.x wlro.1z gxkth' '1....z.x

s .L .<z ..
eg gh.u!j k.js.! jm..o 'J
.
.sj
tgxjdu . ' + tlcu u;u
s y. e .1 ,.
Hx
lA ozIr'A1 ga.
gu' <ju.e

4Iftllerelsa.s.x uo.x bel- tlrethea.k..

klhenthea.u:kwiIIappearfirstandthcl= .sccond
...ee '':< ,1
. .
t)jj 'jNjattp t.21 .,i
(.A .
y.)o. hr- 1 !r-
u'. auJo!' am'i .>kL.' 'Iuia.w

EXERI-ISE
1Tlanslate.tiII111tl1e'railbandanalyselhefollowhngsentences
(t M'L.ZZ.Jio.<
b ct.......11ka'S
c J;kzt=ool0.b.1
d ,2ux .. 'i!wp
.
e -.xt+liJxay.wo.J1
f<qatelc .$

It)
&;r1!('ILq'etIJ1(ylq'bI% tcu'
ux. 3..11 ,Cf

hklJl$'i1u'J)u.Ljph11st'tlNs'Itl,!-t..x.11p11t'%lllt.I1)eflllllj$(11r);1qlk'sllttllltftltls
cg 'a'. k>.1aa,c.htti Zaitlwastronlllltlouslywnting
tki)'I'heJ.x()fw::isa$.2x;il..w

2.otg-otw -e.=!-ce.
u.!-..0....,.6-u% -cobcanbeusedlnt.pL.k= and....1aswell

3 J6Jto.r-uL -..cA1L-% T:can(e11sedln!J1.'--tltltI1t'11I1-+.1

4 r':toaazdu+u2I)asaqAoL()l)1.
y (11(:&a1.'--nor.- l)
.
5 tiaunlustbeplecededbyanotherscntcnce

6Tbew..s<oft..,..!llsstllnel
'
ilnespretixedwithaY
'
cg. u.> ti.)lmw
' ' '
'ufJI.;&6

7lt'(hcreisaa.v-o..
xtlefhlrethea.t
..ktht'nthe..,.
ta.willappearGrstand(he1.
u4..
0second
eg ..1-.. utlua!jk.si .L
(*..-ko).ot'.
s2es=1
.
. trau)c..lt'b.Wz u
''xgJu

EXERFISE
lTranslate,fillinthel'zwtz/. ?andanalysethcfbllowingsentences
a lL..-..'
.uvt>Jlq.eup
bI:.....* Itxax
c .H. 1vp. >auwit'lw$jc.1./
d <2IJjo.tskw.11...!JIaJ
e 1..* * 110. -1
('utaa1>t6e.we
g tiuta.otatloutuot6

18
 III1'
.I'S.4.41.
t w,Ioc'Sl
$,.1iqti
)atwl,4kl1k.1)arlyt's(J11!bt'1ast1t'tlt'rt1'a ..,u .
.1w.hkttflltt'%i1(1%k11111t%Vk)kk';t'>
1.b,=-1.t...1.wl .t..1s$.'t)I)),))t)IllN'tl()I)('Illt'l'r/pzt/plssht1$&'nlp)'rlltslplqi7I';
iJ.). 1e ....-a6
3r<-.ek1jE
...ua
t't:
l J>a xL'
v..
p uW..,11
2 .-i:.-x.ikvw.1..x1 I1)sonlttwof'dstl)e/'rtJtib1ssIlo'kvnbymeansofaayo!'the.
u.
r-.
-;.,.zx '
le s thr1ttr.c6
eg claai .HAI .1..!

'1*11ECASES cuh 2l-$9

A woldcanLlelI1anyoneoffourcases
Igy11zlu. whenau..worilscor;esponclingktx!lwi.zx (a)appcarsaltheendofaword
Ctl cl L1
.*l
2v.-.'Itlt-
x whenatxuori(scorrespollding tl
xlpu....v (1)agpearsattheendofaword.
e!p c'
I alta.l
ilt.x whenau.z..uioritscorrespondingt
1 -,..21k ilxliuo.
x(us)appcarsat(hecndofaword
eg ctl' ,!.al
4 r.ze2ltl
ux whena. ' (')appearsattheendofaword
cg w..
v-.
...up
I)IFF62RENCE BE'IAVEEN , yo v.-..z-+ AND -
....
u...L.ux, :.....
a;
Thewo!'dsja-w...-.-.z+areusedtodcscribetheuel.zs'ofaw'.. .
u tgXJX-21hasay.u
'1'))ewoIdsi...,
w-t.'a-&.z..,6aleusedtodescribfttheueioc1ofak,
w. .o eg 'wa.uwhasat..az
u 11!

t.py 'that1etterwhichhasar.j.a
uexa..a thatlelterwhichhasa,..v.wi
thatlctterwhicbbasa.zx.

Ca.-.x tka!lcttervzhichhasat.z-
::.sw ll1alletterwhichhasau..ki
..,.x,sx (hatlelle;whichhas&za..z

a.,
u.
. thalletterwhichhasaijax
o.w.u thatletterwhichhasaat-u,.u
rj..,.r. tbalIetterwhichhasar.;e..
111i!t'vN'k'&'
tv1()l' dt!lItt$teIf1att<vs:&'i:Ikc)1I:'zd1!3.tl-:tlLc1c'rllltv!trrlrl>tOtlt.
qqzirllyetl1
//lZ:JItzf(c:lyc)aT1tlt11t!1d1t'2rtu'rlhlst()tlx'-Rzrltyctltel'r'
tz')(.Pt
%;1nlfl11titctl,*iralllc(;rt4rnr!zxr.;saite'1()j

l9
 l'
ableof.$..xz. .-,
.a(:,u)Intaplklkx Tableofwsx.e.ka.w.s...a(..tu...o)I!1spIi!u
- - . (.s.1uwa,...
x (a.)saw-.e . .e.
,u.-.tz......1,
t.-z.m wpd-
/A=d<d .. -'
'k. bu'<'
A==tL$
.x'
..r.> ..
.y
>.> ' ' .-,Y A'.k.4m
- - t,.,
.z)a-...' !..,.w)-.s.xxa ..-u.auu,= ia
Lu..z'''o 4L..- ' - - .u'
tc-'-a
.o<'''a3

c..w
za. - - (<.o;)uw
'a= up-cuz.uwIa
.z=
taa-..,..o ou..,,.oa - - J=u.uoa.<....u
PA.- =kM.* 1 - - .w
= W p=''.uA.<%
.zuuu .z
s ' - = Lx Lu.
.z 3A...l:
bu'=..w J.Ioum
U .
. .. 'K zuy' '
.mo t.=

-...0>)... - -. 4uj)s>uaa.o1 q aw.s

..:yu .-w!,
''
Q,y..
.. , >p
(uzx'j%' >l
t.24Co'.M'
'a9.u
',.*-q
M'
. - - r 'Jx4A'
t.''
fl
Tableofw>xxa. .,.,zgm (o,u.)l
nu.x.s.ahotx Tableof ar
s.w (usta)lnu.
k...2l..
)L..
.t
.k u 'tc < i
,, ' ' .'
kxak1e1. I+ ..z=
' ta x.utcJ%
,.w'
sxra
r'AZ1 r+'
..- rA h1Y oz
'*4'uxx
'
s .. zz z
uLi %..,.. u .kzuy-nmlj
uxau.7< %,.*o t.x v.
'i.w3'o.'
u.=
. .'
: .
> .i v u.+'
..,
- -z* --1,-'''-.
%A x
=
oz.-utl .,
..z'y
z.
#' al .-
u. >'
.> A 14
t.sL1
.s uuta....o ub' z='tx9.0 .zu
.
''
.. J'''' '
> ul
rb . '
rxw-
'' e # a'mLx >> ux
tat:'L,i Lo'
-x'
-r* Qb
- .Z..LXw<ny.'
%=
wpl wu.z - J N LXNa'=uw
w-L.i *.*
.ea ..>'- u U -',.b.J.w>
': .-=l3
tu..1 uz .a.
a.o u r.lxm -t-.>.
oabx> :mxak=.
eq am D'L1
ukuuJu (.-'
.1,ckx) e
ak..jaa.o
%.)14..N1Jyxvka (.?ap1 i1sfkkod1*111d'
t'QRe t.hhh
rd1uhla:1$r.;(lTa5.1 =.%Shltil%vCAJIJf411113%t%i'in'
%ATt
lil*I%N!Uls .(111k'Ji%nf 'IQ.a.IIL )

D)
 I'a1)Ie('
)f' t ou)IIsx-lhk1tx tlllsIsltltlndII1tv%()!a.$>.s
-a.xa
,
1.pxl
'1.- .Ju 2.iitwoNu '
.t
J .ha utc oa.a.xI
UJ 1,.1Ia votss.,-t,..
u
aw'
s.+1 ca>,
slu< vJt
z-uz.!'o
tp tkoja wuicaws,.-.b
uz.y'
p Jlo.pia' wsu .
u,s sm
:.p ' ..;...:yall
.z woto=.y.w
.

.:1 aala aw tx .p> . .la

1..)-1 t.soia' .a.= tx>$a.J
.,.la
u1 g'
'.Ia = t...
o-k.*.w=
;l .c
.lala U-..LXu'
.-.:- ..1.!
l...i t.
xs'u;.1 mwtx.'...j<c.s.
u
.r,. zJJ
.yI
/2
.. u Us a-wtxJ-.
B r=.
')r .t;.;la' ..1
h s..s.u.;
u.y.aot).s.wxl.j
u! ula r1.'
J.uoz-b.:yu j..xaq.t
t.jz .qq1a y>.szi-lr 1%1F1.1.11t?Ljykt1/??t,tyy.jtjy(yy.yrrjjysa.-jjg4a.
t.,
xJ!tlul,ha.x.-.,xu,x ta..,
-)l.
uu)*.,)1.-.t. .-ut-. willalwavsbe ua.
w

o$.-.l..
'm. la'.; tan
'=- tllatosu wzto....sx...wlltchsl'netlmesagpearsatthebcglllflingot'asentenccwilhotft.'
f
eal'lierwol'dtlat11reftalsto)'Thesenlcnteallel11kzia!Iliessucha .-.-
,r
e.'.
4-''
t.g .9'-)ua.
l-
)c.d
.
t-ut
''
)ta
'ej
>-' tl jxa.v.:ts.,...wwiaichsometilnesappearsatthebeginmngofasentcncewjthouta&x- (an
aal.
earjerwordthatltrcferst0)Thesentenceafter11claritiessucha...+...
tg J.
'.GWZu+*1

aal'
.k'
ll'ee lhalat-.-whichaggetusbctwcena,'a.-and.z.
a' -..
ulbrclnphasls
eg zs# . 1..,-,:asjap
EXER('ISE'
lI'ranslale li1llnlhel' rwz/pandazlalystttbttfchllo:vlngsentences,polnllngou!a1)lhttdhtlmeerbaswellaslheil
t,/,7t:Skr)klIl.pzzpflr
a wuak .p ru o tuih' b zz .,.z''
c.0= uzwa d Jkta:+1.0 <ul

'7zj
 I'11i'
.1'8.4.4BOl'''
I'IIE V,1.RIf)t'S '
I'
YPF.SOF.HI.'15.01IjtNf)t'N
'S
' -'
'
.. I th,:11r1()l1Tlk&/l1ik;8tltat)sJtkytt'I)ktv&'1:1,il1
)3J()t-l11(,i.tL.J1-ai.!Ja.(3 -.1.o )
kjz .w.o
Q.7-$.
t'
=. l.x
'u..cr'.jt.
ilI tl1al11otpnwhlc11..?;1dsw'1t11a., (1'ks 1)rtx'ededln.yau...h..k
. J-w
eg pa ...z
t: .t
,'-...'
xy>
k'
-
a-,.
a.!..2::l. t'()scsIx(1()u'llsvN'I1Icllart'Iktlt1I1titelrclirzlliatltlv'etk)In,(-...-... )
.l ai
! .' j'
t r>z ...
' q. ..
p
1ley are .w cl j.w e ..z.* J.J

0.-
s=.k/
''
.ir'
-u''y-!- llyltrlttll)&vllicllt
rIltisvsatlla,1z-.o.--:Jh-,2tlp(wc)
t'g S
X..!X
'
m wz.a1:..L<z,1 tl,alI;4Ju11whicl)erlds:q.jtha a preeededl7yakzl.b'
la
lh.
k'st tkli
?Nt)(11) Iy.It, t.l..11i?ta. -uz..l!lts. 11CJta. f-')k:1r)()It)
..,
.
l .s.sw..xli..,.zx.u1a.).1d u.. i-...za i......b 5x, 1 1''
. ..).e... - o-.asp., . p.u wsa.
? a.- -!!txl.korit.l1o.k.kI J..a. ku a ;a..z; z1 - b*. u a.k u .
u9.u u . o - .,... =--
1n
um n.l!.P..
L.I1x.a.awli .uax -'.. :x,..3 xjL.xd0. . *:tx ,u=$ - Jkxg,
.2
4
4 a-..,xxtta.,s u..w k-h. ixu ezu. .L
. . '
. .-;aa
io - -
.= ..au.,.

5 z.,-:ult=.alatu-vl
a when watuz,.atfyall: *
nounhesldesthe..,+... w a 1 ks al-sirt
w
. - uul.u4ls - JJS.Loaz.
bwhcrl.-st.m to.,+...us hiddell hldden llldden k.,.1,
t. - weiaxlo - ..,Lou.z.
c when1:0!oh-.r..- t.
...y .....
u ....-.L .-$.
G tx. - *u1.:-:ia - xLu,o.m
t)e'
-xal1.%s)!.
.>$.-EI hidden hidden hidden .ce'
Ac.tx -
k ..i'*)
1c.::
.e1o - k.d'
zta:svox
7 . '1 $1 lkldden kldden hidden '
Uu . y..Lw - V.
nax
t
i
s - uu'.
<oou
o
g u.eakut1r'.yt hltlden u...u hldden u wyt:1!.u. - o'...11uqia - usxtiluco-t.u
*'l7,erofe willdropwhen..t....xtoan:notlnbessdesthea.s..o.qs eg. .oi-s.ly .s,.
>.
x'
;u

1I
 >M1)lJl) f'v'pAe 1M.,)14)Lx >..-..11/t. .>=ilt
'ltw 17xaI!)j)I(,
i;u.p)1 .$- j- s- Vxo,'ux - sezl.waculs . $.
/'x a...

1tJ ,taI(T)1Jts) 1k<'

Jh(tt?111) '1
) ..- .p
J- >h
..
'.
ll.L. . .
..
..
s.
11wwl J-..1Iwu.

l1'a
k.j1mas) ix.
LbtIem) !- t.
w- J- $.,.a*:
..
tx' - >
' v.
st1J - Vpywzvzy
:
( .!tlul...1)
l:! r1t.xzle.4
-1
1 ! u!sk-'- u.,'k--' .z'i--'
w.1-!...--
uzl - jl,t.js..o.ux)s - joL.yzuz.u:o.e.

13 ?t.k.
a4os'..k1!p....!1 -3
ue-' :x--
. ''>-e
kx &-*' 't
. -o
-s
*a'.uxcn1o - -wr
>ol..l0oo.
..q.
w.-. .x.x.= u oaazm .,a .w. -eo yxou'kaa2. .u.-x-ao.
,...-c...eo-y-ow-...-uu0..,.

l5 alas o. us-
, ky-. J#a.tx - du'
uk,lu--ela - w)uuau.00....
.. c < ' .
lt'ptoliab-ktl I hidden u'
-s J ? .1M -**k
-x
'z
e-u,
x.cwllu -*#> L.-zxc,o.z.
(r-l-ti
.1fwq.!l.-i1..-1l)

.y . .''w'
# *
#-' masOrllrlnally k/aa1''.p'
-theu..tI1'r1I)sl)ecak)seol'tit.
uo1 '>'at...*.'
ksam
- chal3ge(heatoaksandjuintile!w.
t)t
s according1t7them/rphologica'lty'oxu )rule whenaaandac<
alhpearsttlhielilerand!hefirslis '
;u-w:thcncllarbgethealoaks.a'
join1he(wots-r!
z7.)b..- andchangethe
cllwtmmult beforethe*a'intoakavrah.. ' -',.,**

* >F
** - '
. %vast)r'lhq',14a1ly '*'.*->> --- b'.'.'% >.,-*> --- -' ..-' (tLp:1)

1.tll
r
.