Algebra-based Physics II

Sep.20th,Chap 21.1-3

Class Website:

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21.1 Magnetic Fields

Magnetism has been observed since roughly 800 B.C.

Certain rocks on the Greek peninsula of Magnesia

were noticed to attract and repel one another.

Hence the word: Magnetism.

So just like charged objects, magnetized objects can
exert forces on each other repulsive or attractive.

A magnet has two poles, a North and a South: Like poles repel and
opposite poles attract D

N S Similar to electric charges, but

magnetic poles always come in pairs.
They never exist as a single pole called a magnetic monopole.

N
N
S
Break in half We get two magnets, each with
N two poles!

S
S
 Electric charges produce electric fields and magnets produce magnetic fields.

We used a small positive charge (test charge) to determine what the electric field
lines looked like around a point charge.
Can we do a similar thing to determine what the magnetic field lines look like
around a magnet???

Yes! We can use a small magnet called a compass!

The compass needle is free to pivot, and its tip (the North pole) will point toward the
South pole of another magnet.

So the field lines around a bar magnet look like this:

We represent the Magnetic

Field with a capitol B:
 Properties of Magnetic Field Lines:
B
1. They point away from North poles and point toward South
poles. The compass needle will line up in the direction of the field!

2. The magnetic field at any point in space is tangent to the

field line at that point.

3. The higher the density of field lines, the stronger the field.
Thus, the strongest field is near the poles!!!

4. The field lines must form closed loops, i.e. they dont start or
stop in mid space. There are no magnetic monopoles!

Since a compass needle points North on the surface of the earth,

the earth must have a magnetic field, and its South pole, called
N
Magentic North, must be in the northern hemisphere.

Magnetic north does not coincide

with geographic north, and it
S
tends to move around over time.

Earths magnetic field is not well

understood. May be due to the
distribution of currents flowing in
the liquid nickel core.
The Magnetosphere
The magnetosphere is not perfectly spherical:

It gets defected by the solar

wind and protects the earth from
the suns radiation.

21.2 The Magnetic Force Charges feel forces in electric fields.

Magnets feel forces in magnetic fields.

And,.until 1820, everyone thought electricity and magnetism had absolutely nothing
to do with each other.

But, it turns out that electrical charges WILL also feel a force in magnetic fields,
under certain conditions. First.

1. The charge must be moving, i.e. it has a nonzero velocity.

There is no magnetic force on a stationary charge! And

2. The charges velocity must have a component that is perpendicular to

the magnetic field.
 Thus, if a charge is moving in a magnetic field, but it moves along the same
direction as the field (parallel to it), there is no force.

Magnetic Field v Magnetic Field

q v F=0 F0
q

So, if there is a force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field, how do we

calculate that force?
r r r
F = qv B = qvB sin

F = qvB sin B is the magnetic field.

is the angle between B and v.

Units on B?
N s
= [Tesla ] = [T ]
Force
B= =
Charge Velocity C m
1 T is a pretty big field. We also use another unit of mag. field, the gauss:
1 gauss = 1 10-4 T. Earths mag. Field is ~0.5
gauss
 Algebra-based Physics II
Sep.22th,Chap 21.3-5

Class Website:

http://www.phys.lsu.edu/~jzhang/teaching.html
Direction of the force on a charged particle in a mag. field: F = qvB sin
Use Right Hand Rule 1 (RHR-1)

Point the fingers of your right hand in the direction of the magnetic field.
Point your thumb in the direction of the charges velocity.
The force is directed away from your palm.

This is the procedure to follow when the charge is positive. If the charge is negative,
do everything exactly the same, but then reverse the direction of the force at the end.

Examples

v
v

+q -q

Force? Force is into the page

Force? Force is out of the page
Question
An electron moving with speed v = 1.5 x 104 m/s from left to right enters
a region of space where a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 7.5 T
exists everywhere into the page. What direction is the force on the
electron?
1. Left
2. Right
3. Up
4. Down
5. Into the page
6. Out of the page

B

electron
v



 Clicker Question 21-1

What is the magnitude of the force that acts on the electron (v = 1.5 x
104 m/s, B = 7.5 T) ?

1. 0N
2. 1.5 N
3. 1.8 x 10-14 N
4. 7.02 x 1023 N.

0% 0% 0% 0%
1

4
1
F = qvB sin = qvB = (1.602 10 19 )(1.5 10 4 )(7.5) = 1.8 10 14 N
21.3 Motion of a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields

The force on a charged particle in an electric field is

F = qE
directed along the field, either parallel or antiparallel: r r
F // E
- - - - -
E
The positively charged particle
v feels a force upward due to E.
+q
+ + + + +

The force on a charged particle in a magnetic field is

always at right angles to the velocity and field: F = qvB sin
Everywhere into
the page
B

Use RHR-1 to show that the force on

v the particle is initially upward.

+q

r r r r

F v and F B
Now lets use both fields at the same time:

Keep the magnetic field the same, but reverse the direction of the electric field:

+ + + + + B

The force on the positive charge due

v to the electric field will now be down,
and the force on the charge due to
+q
the magnetic field (RHR-1) will be up.
E
- - - - -
By adjusting the magnitude of E and B, I
FM can find a combination where FM = FE,
such that the net force on the charge is
FBD on the charge: zero: the charge moves through the
fields with no deflection at all!
FE

This is called a velocity selector.

1
FM = FE qvB sin = qE v = E B
Work done by the fields:

W = F d, where F is along the direction of motion and its constant over the
displacement.

Electric case: + + +
When the positive charge enters the
+ field, the force is downward. The charge
v accelerates; its velocity increases.
E
- - -

Thus, positive work is done on the charge!

Magnetic case: When the positive charge enters the

v magnetic field, the force is initially up.
F
B
This bends the particle upward, but
the force changes direction it must
v always be perpendicular to v.

+
F
This force continues to bend the
v
v particle around.
F
Keep applying the RHR-1 and you see that the particle just keeps bending
around into a circular path!!!

B

-








+

The force is always at right angles to the velocity, so its never along the direction of
motion.
Thus, the magnetic force does no work on the particle.

The particles speed remains constant, but its direction changes!

Magnetic fields can not speed up or slow down

charged particles, only change their direction.
 Consider again our positively charged particle moving at right angles to a
magnetic field:
B
The velocity is always tangent
v
to the particles trajectory:
r v
F By RHR-1, the force is always
perpendicular to v and directed
F F
in toward the center of motion.
F
v
Whenever we have circular motion, we can
identify a Centripetal Force.
+ v


Remember: The centripetal force is not a new force, but it is the vector sum of the
radial forces.
Here, the centripetal force is solely due to the magnetic force, thus,

mvx2 1
mv
FC = FM FC = qvB sin = qvB sin r =
r qB

Thus, the larger B is, the tighter the circular path (smaller r).
Example:
21.13. a beam of proton moves in a circle of radius 0.25 m. The protons moves
perpendicular to a 0.3-T magnetic field. (a) What is the speed of each proton? (b)
Determine the magnitude of centripetal force that acts on each proton.

r
mv
(a) r= x B
qB
F
19
qBr eBr 1.602 10 C 0.30T 0.25m
v= = = 27
= 7.19 10 6
m/s
m mp 1.67 10 Kg + v

(b) F = qvB sin ( = 90)

F = evB
 Algebra-based Physics II Sep.23th,Chap 21.4-6
Announcements:

HW4 is posted and due on Wed.

A mass spectrometer
Class Website:

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21.4 The Mass Spectrometer
Ionized particles are accelerated by a
potential difference V.

By conservation of energy, we know that this potential

energy goes into the kinetic energy of the particle:

KE = EPE 12 mv 2 = qV
2qV
Solve this for the speed, v: v=
m

This is the speed the particle has when it enters the magnetic field. It then
gets bent into a circular path whose radius is given by the previous equation:

mv qrB
r= rearrange m= Plug in v from here:
qB v

qr 2 2 *Thus, the mass of the deflected ion is proportional to B2.

m = B
2V By changing B, we can select a certain mass for a given radius.
Clicker Question 21-3
Three particles have identical charges and are moving at the same
speed when they enter a region of space where a uniform magnetic
field exists into the screen. What is the sign of the charges?

1. Positive
2. Negative

B
1

2


3 0% 0%


e

e
t iv

iv

at
si

eg
Po

N

Clicker Question 21-4
Three particles have identical charges and are moving at the same
speed when they enter a region of space where a uniform magnetic
field exists into the screen. Which charge has the smallest mass?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. No way to tell.
B
1

2


3 0% 0% 0% 0%

ll.
1

te

to
ay

w
o
N

21.5 Force on a Current

Moving charges in a magnetic field experience a force.

A current is just a collection of moving charges, so a current will also feel a force in a
magnetic field.

- +
N
RHR-1 is used to find the direction
of the force on a charge moving in
a magnetic field, or to find the
direction of the force on a current
I B carrying wire in a magnetic field.

S q
F = ILB sin
sin that= is theangle
F = qvBNotice B sin the current and
(vt ) between
the magnetic t
field.
The force is maximum when Fthe=field
ILB sin
is perpendicular
to the wire!
B
I is the current, and L is the length L I

of the wire thats in the field.
Direction of force? Into the screen!

Clicker Question 21-5

The same current carrying wire is placed in the same magnetic field in
4 different orientations. Which wire experiences the maximum force?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
B B

A B

B B
0% 0% 0% 0%
I

C D
1

4
Example:
A current (I = 5 A) runs through a triangular loop and place in a
uniform B-field. (B = 2T). (a) Find the force acting on each side
of triangle. (b) Determine the net force.

I
F3 x F1
B
(a) F = ILB sin
55
Magnetic forces act on two side only: L1 and L3
2.0 m

F3 = IL3 B sin 90 = 5 A 2.0m tan 55 2T = 28.56 N

2.0m
F1 = IL1 B sin 55 = 5 A 2T sin 55 = 28.56 N
cos 55
r r v
(b) Since F1 = F3 ; F = 0
 Algebra-based Physics II Sep.27th,Chap 21.4-6

Announcements:

HW4 is posted and due on Wed 11:59

PM.
Electromagnetic clutch

Class Website:

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21.6 Torque on a Wire Loop
Now lets put a closed loop of wire carrying a current in a magnetic field:

B Lets label each side of the loop, 1 4.

1 I
F1 We can use F = ILB sin to calculate the force on
I 2
each segment of the loop.
4 I
F3 x
Notice: F2 = F4 = 0, since = 0 for those segments!
I 3

L By RHR-1, F1 points out of the screen:

By RHR-1, F3 points into the screen:

Thus, the loop wants to rotate!
Eye
Lets mount the loop vertically on a shaft and place
it in a uniform horizontal magnetic field:

Now look at the loop from above:

I
N x S
 F1 B
By RHR-1, we see that the force on
I 2 segment 1 is up:
N x
1 S Likewise, we see that the force on
segment 2 is down:
F2

The net force on the loop is zero, since F1 = F2. F
r
But the net torgue is not zero! This leads to a rotation!
rot. axis
Thus, the loop rotates clockwise as viewed from above: = rF sin
Normal to the
loops surface B

What is the magnitude of the net torque

N
S on the loop?
x

N = the number of loops of wire

I = the current Net = NIAB sin
A = cross-sectional area of the loop
B = magnetic field
= the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the loops surface
 The net torque depends on the quantity NIA, which is called the magnetic moment of
the loop:

Net = NIAB sin = B sin , where = NIA is the magnetic moment.

Units? [Current Area] = [A m 2 ]

DC Electric Motors

Split-ring
commutator
Clicker Question 21-6
The maximum torque experienced by a coil in a 0.75-T magnetic
field is 8.4 x 10-4 Nm. The coil is circular and consists of only one
turn. The current in the coil is 3.7 A. What is the length of wire in
the coil?

1. 1.0 m
2. 0.004 m
3. 0.062 m
4. 0.002 m

0% 0% 0% 0%
m

m
0

2
00

06

00
1.

0.

0.

0.
21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

Moving charges experience a force in magnetic fields. F = qvBsin

Currents also feel a force in a magnetic field. F = ILBsin
Until 1820 everyone thought electricity and magnetism were completely
separate entities.
Then Hans Christian Oersted discovered the following:

Electric currents create magnetic fields!

A more general statement is that moving charges create magnetic fields.

Stationary charges create Electric Fields

Moving charges (constant v) create Magnetic Fields.

This discovery helped create the field of Electromagnetism.

What do the magnetic field lines look like around a long, straight, current-carrying wire?
The current produces concentric circular loops of
magnetic field around the wire. B

Remember, the magnetic field vector at any I

point is always tangent to the field line!

The current I is coming out at you.

We determine the direction of the magnetic field around a long current
carrying wire by using RHR-2.

RHR-2: Point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the current, and
your fingers curl around the wire showing the direction of the field lines.
 RHR-2: Point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the current, and
your fingers curl around the wire showing the direction of the field lines.

B
x x x x x x x x x x x x
B

I I

Experimentally, it is found that BI and B 1 .

r

o I
The magnetic field created by a long straight wire is: B=
2r
Tm
o is the permeability of free space: o = 4 10 7

A
 So electrical currents create magnetic fields of their own.
These fields can effect the motion of other moving charges or currents.
As an example, lets look at two long parallel wires each carrying a
current in the same direction:

1 2 Wire 1 creates a magnetic field that affects wire 2, and

wire 2 creates a magnetic field that affects wire 1.
Thus, there will be a force on each wire due to
the magnetic field that the other produces.
I1 I2 F12 = I1 LB2 sin 12 Force on 1 from 2.
F12 F21
r F21 = I 2 LB1 sin 21 Force on 2 from 1.
B2 B1 x
o I1
What is the value of the magnetic field (B1) where I2 is? B1 =
2r
o I 2
Likewise, B2 = How about directions???
2r
By using RHR-2, we see that where I2 sits, the magnetic field B1 points everywhere
into the page.
Thus, by RHR-1 the force on wire 2 would be to the left.
Thus, the two wires
Likewise, the mag. field that I1 feels from I2 points out of the page. attract each other!
Thus, by RHR-1 the force on wire 1 would be to the right.
 Algebra-based Physics II Sep.29th,Chap 21.6

Announcements:
B-field created by a current solenoid
HW4 is posted and due on Wed 11:59
PM.

Class Website:

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Magnetic field created by a straight current:
o I
B=
2r
Magnetic force between two straight currents:
1 2
o I1
B1 =
2r
I1 I2
F12 F21
o I 2
r B2 =
B2 B1 x 2r
1 2
Force acting on I1 by I 2 :
0 I 2
F12 = I1 L1 B2 sin 12 = I1 L1
2r I1 I2
F12 F21
Force acting on I1 by I 2 :
r
I B2 x B1 x
F21 = I 2 L2 B1 sin 21 = I 2 L2 0 1
2r
Clicker Question 21-7
A long straight wire carrying a current I is held fixed. A
square loop of wire also carrying a current I is held near the
straight wire and then released. What happens?

1. Nothing
2. The loop moves up
3. The loop moves down
4. The loop moves left
5. The loop moves right.

I 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
I

.
ft
up
ng

ht
le
w

r ig
hi

do
s

s
e
ot

e
ov

s
ov
s
N

e
e

ov
m

m
ov

m
op

op
m

op
lo

lo
op

lo
e

e
lo
Th

Th

e
e

Th
Th
 Now lets bend our long straight wire into a loop:

R
I
What would the magnetic field lines look like around a
closed loop of wire carrying a current I?

o I
B=N
2R
They come out of the
center of the loop and
bend around the edges! R
I

What is the value

of the field at the
center of the loop? N = # of turns in the loop
R = loop radius
How do you calculate the direction of the magnetic field for loops?

Use RHR-3: Curl the fingers of your right hand along the direction
of the current, and your thumb points in the direction of the
magnetic field.

Example: Lets look at the loop from above:

B Field direction would be: Out of the page

I
Now lets form many loops by bending the wire into a helix (coil):

This is called a Solenoid.

What would the field lines look like inside the solenoid?
Use RHR-3 to find the direction of the field. B = o In
Here, n N/L (turn density)
What about the magnitude of the field?
# of turns per unit length.
Notice: The field lines from a solenoid look just like the field lines created
by a bar magnet.

Field lines emerge from a North pole and converge on a South pole.

This is called an electromagnet.

We can switch the direction of the field in the electromagnet just by

switching the direction of the current!
Example (Problem 21.34): The drawing shows a thin, uniform rod, which has a length of 0.45
m and a mass of 0.094Kg. This rod lies in the plane of the paper and is attached to the floor by a
hinge at point P. A uniform B-field of 0.36T is directed perpendicularly into the plane of the
paper. There is a current I = 0.41 A in the rod, which does not rotate clockwise or
counterclockwise. Find the angle .
Three Forces acting on the rod: FB

FB = ILB; mg ; Fp FP

Condition of equilibrium (NO rotation): mg

= 0
L L
FB = mg cos
2 2
L L
ILB = mg cos
2 2
ILB 1 ILB
= cos = cos ( )
mg mg
Example : The drawing shows two perpendicular, long, straight wire, both of which lie in
the plane of the paper and have the same current of I. What are the magnetic field of
point A and B, respectively ? Assume a > b.
o I
Use: B= Identify directions of field a A
2 r
b

1 I
Point A: B points out of the paper b I
x
o I o I o I 1 1 B a 2
B A = B1 B 2 = = ( )
2 b 2 a 2 b a

Point A: B points into the paper

o I I I 1 1
B B = B1 B 2 = o = o ( )
2 b 2 a 2 b a