Chinese Mandarin Introductory

Course Using Pinyin

This document has been updated during June, 2013.

It now combines the first course,

Pinyin Mandarin Preliminary Course of 2003-2005
with a later course,
Pinyin Mandarin Introductory Course of 2006-2008

This version was updated 26 June, 2013.

See also the associated document,

Chinese Mandarin Pronunciation Using Pinyin,
an htm file with text linked to audio files.

Dictionaries are also available online at www.jaspell.co.uk

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 Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

LIST OF CONTENTS

STUDIES
STUDIES
1 Pronunciation of individual and grouped characters
1.1 Individual sounds and their writing in Pinyin
1.2 Pronunciation of special vowel groups and syllables
1.3 Pronunciation of i depending on its context
1.4 Vowel tones and their tone marks in Pinyin
2 Greetings and appreciation, request and thanks; read
3 Presenting a message
4 Personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it; basic sentence construction
4.1 Sentence construction subject and predicate
4.2 Sentence construction conveying a verb for being
4.3 Sentence Construction with a verb other than for being
5 Plural formation of personal pronouns
6 Who? - questioning
7 What? questioning; calling by name
8 sh the verbal word for being, be, am, is, are; yge a, an
9 ma is it so? forms questions from statements; ho ma? O.K.?
10 hn very, indeed
11 b not, forming negative phrases
12 Auxilliary verbs: xing want to; xwng wish, hope to
13 gi give; n take
14 Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns
15 zi again
16 nng, hu, do can, to be able to
17 Close relatives and friends
18 Addition of xi to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns
19 know; understand; sentence elements with action and object
20 thing, look, see
21 Review of words learned in Studies 1-20
22 de of; s; s possessive case
23 Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects
24 b a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis

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25 bi by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

26 God; Jehovah; ky permission; bk prohibition
27 Measure words more detail; (y + g) = yge a, an
28 de is added after more than one Hanzi character, as in hn ho de rn
29 yu, miyu having; the Bibles promised blessings
30 q, li, xu, xux go, come, study
31 Places, buildings, meetings
32 hu future actions and times
33 Past actions and times
34 cngli, cngli b, cngli mi ever, never
35 Yes and No
36 Connectives and, but, or
37 More Connectives therefore, because, whether
38 wishnme? ynwi reasoning why? because
39 yoshi, jir, rgu Conditional Sentences if, then
40 [zi] zhr / zhl; nr / nl [located] here, there
41 [zi] zhr? / zhl; nr? / nl [located] where?
42 de that which ; hu words; zhngyo important
43 zu [to] do, make; sit; ride; xyo [to] need [to]
44 yng - manner; fngf - way; fngsh - method; l - means, road
45 Measure Words (MW) : bn, and fn. See also Study 28+
46 guny about; bngzh help; yng use
47 yoshi , ji If , then : further examples
48 su what, that which; suyu whatever there is; duall
49 Review of Interrogatives who? what? when? where? why?
50 More interrogatives how? how much? whose? which?
51 Try [to]
52 Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions
53 Direction: to, from
54 Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf
55 Purpose, for, due to
56 Position: [located] in, at, on
57 Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near
58 Circumstances: before, with, during, after

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59 Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want

60 Auxilliary verbs complusion: need to, must, should, ought to
61 Auxilliary Verbs ability: may, can, try to, let, allow
62 Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do
63 Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write
64 Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive
65 de and its various uses; Relatives and Correlatives
66 Measure Words (MW)
67 b Comparative; zu Superlative; gender
68 Numbers
69 Days, Months, and Dates
70 FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Chinese Mandarin to English
71 FREQUENTLY USED WORDS English to Chinese Mandarin
72 Review of Words Learned

APPENDICES
A SENTENCE STRUCTURE
B CONDUCTING A MEETING IN CHINESE MANDARIN
C HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES
D CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES

ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS (at www.jaspell.co.uk)

PRONUNCIATION (WITH AUDIO FILES)
EXERCISES
INCREMENTAL PHRASE METHOD
DICTIONARY CHINESE MANDARIN TO ENGLISH
DICTIONARY ENGLISH TO CHINESE MANDARIN

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STUDY 1
Pronunciation of individual and groups of characters

PRONUNCIATION 1.1 (Individual Sounds and Their Writing in Pinyin)

Pinyin script provides an approximate method for representing the

pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese using Roman characters with accents.
Some letters are pronounced as in English, but others have very different
sounds (as highlighted in the following chart). Pronunciation also varies in
different regions of China, but the following guidance is generally
acceptable.

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INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS
Letters Pronounciation Position
Position
a a as in father, atone
b b as in bag
c ts as in bats
ch tsh as in hatshop
d d as in dog
e e as in her generally
e e as in yes, yeah after y
f f as in fun
g g hard as in get (not soft as ingel)
h ch gutturally as in loch
i i as in sir, circle, chirp after c, ch, r, s, sh, z, zh
i ee as in been; after b, d, j, l, m, n, p, q, t, x, y
i as in bistro
j j as in jam
k k as in kitchen
l l as in love
m m as in mug
n n as in nibble
o o as in or
p p as in pun
q chh as in matchhead
r r rolled as in curl
s s as in sat
sh sh as in rashly
t t as in top
u u as in boot (See group below)
w w as in water
wu oo as in pool not wu
x s as in see;
hs as in aah, see!
y y as in yam
yi ee as in been yi is i, not yi
z ds as in suds
zh dge as in hedgeless

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See also the table below about groups of vowels and syllables.

PRACTICE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Characters in Simple Syllables)

With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:
Read: ba, ca, cha, da, e, ye, er, fa, ga, ha, yi, bi, ci, ju, ka, la, ma,
na, bo, pa, qu, re, sa, sha, ta, wu, bu, wa, xi, ya, yi, za, zha

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups)

See the following table titled: Some Special Vowel Groups and
Syllables.
Some groups are marked with an asterisk, *. The following comments
apply to these.
If the vowel group starting in i occurs on its own, it needs to be written
beginning with y instead of i. So, ian would be written as yan.
Similarly, a group on its own starting in u is written using a w instead
of the u. So, uan is written as wan.
Some sound groups are easier recognizable for an English speaker: aisle;
ban; bang; naos (sounding like now); eight; tiara; ring.

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SOME SPECIAL
SPECIAL VOWEL GROUPS AND SYLLABLES
Group Sounds like
like
en urn or undo
eng bung
i (in ci, chi, ri, si, shi, zi, zhi) shirt (without r), zircon, adze
i (in bi, di, fi, ji, li, mi, ni, qi, ti, xi, yi) been, deed, jeep, tee, see, eel
ia / ya * yarn, try a bit
ian / yan * yen, try any
iang / yang * young
iao / yao * yowl
ie / ye * the air; ee-ye
iong / yong * Jung (German)
iu / you * yoyo
o fore, door
ong (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, r, g, k, h) jung (German); long
ou dough
u / wu * shoe, gnu, do
u (in l, n ) / yu * chew your food
u (in ju, qu, xu) / yu * chew your food
ua / wa * wax
uai / wai * wide
uan / wan * won
uan (after j, q, x) / yuan * -yen; new end; inuendo
uang / wang * wangle
ue (in le, ne) / yue * -ye, new energy
ue (in jue, que, xue) / yue * -ye, new energy
(uei) / ui / wei * weigh
un (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, r, g, k, won, dun
h) / wen
(ueng) / weng * swung
un (in jun, qun, xun) / yun * unique; German
uo / wo wall

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PRACTICE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups and Syllables)

With the help of the table (of special vowel groups and syllables) given
above please read these syllables:

Read:
en, ben, beng, ci, bi, ya, jia, lia, yian, dian, dianr, yang, liang, yao,
biao, jiao, ye, bie, jie, xie, yong, jiong, xiong, you, miu, jiu, o

Repeat

Read:
bo, dong, rong, zhong, wu, bu, yu, n, l, ju, qu, wa, zhua, hua,
wai, guai, wan, duan, juan, quan, xuan, wang, huang, chuang, yue

Repeat

Read:
le, ne, jue, xue, wei, dui, zui, wen, dun, hun, yun, jun, xun, wo,
duo, shuo, huo, huor .

Repeat

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PRONUNCIATION 1.3 (Pronunciation of i Depending on Its Context)

The vowel i may occur after some, but not all consonants. If the sound of
the letter i occurs on its own, the sound is represented by yi.

The letter i can be pronounced in two different ways, depending on

which sort of consonant it occurs with. It is easier to remember which is
right, if you register where in your mouth the first group is pronounced.

Note: c, ch, r, s, sh, z, and zh are a family of sounds. They are all
pronounced in the roof of the mouth towards the front of the palate with
the help of different amounts of pressure from the tongue. With r the
tongue barely touches the palate, whereas with zh the tongue is folded
back there somewhat painfully.

WAYS TO PRONOUNCE I

ci * what sir did bi been

chi * what churns around di deed
ri * never irksome ji jeep
si * sir li leek
shi * shirt mi meek
zi * zircon ni need
zhi * adjourn pi peek
qi cheek
ti tee
xi aah, see!
yi eel
Repeat Repeat

* If this i occurs with characters in the group in left hand column, but it
occurs without a tonal mark especially at the tail end of a word it
tends to be restrained. (Compare the end of English words like sire,
shire, adze, badge, etc., in which the final vowel e is almost lost.)
For example, this applies to shi, but not to sh, sh, sh, or sh.

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PRACTICE 1.3 (Varying Pronunciation of i)

With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:
Read: bi, ci, chi, di, ji, li, mi, ni, pi, qi, ri, si, shi, ti, xi, yi, zi, zhi.

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.4 (Vowel Tones and Their Tone Marks in Pinyin)

Mandarin is pronounced with tones. These are indicated in Pinyin script by

tone marks.

Mandarin Pinyin Description of Tone Example

Tone Tone mark
First tone highest and level pitch m (mother)
Second tone starts high and rises mfan (trouble)
Third tone falls first and then rises m (horse)
Fourth tone starts high and then falls m (scold)
(Toneless) (No mark) unstressed or neutral ma (eh, surely!)
Repeat

NOTE 1
When a third tone () precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a
second tone (). Hence hn ho is pronounced hn ho. Similarly,
n ho is pronounced more like n ho.
NOTE 2
Some words like b change before a fourth tone syllable or before a
toneless syllable. b changes in writing to b.

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PRACTICE 1.4 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read the following verses (from Galatians 5:22-23).

Lng y shnglng yu ixn, xl, hpng,

fngmin, de gush
On the the is / have love, joy, peace,
other fruitage of
hand, the spirit

jinrn, rnc, lingshn, xnxn, wnh, zzh.

long- kindness, goodness, faith, mildness, self-
suffering, control.

Lng y fngmin, shnglng de gush yu ixn, xl, hpng, jinrn,

rnc, lingshn, xnxn, wnh, zzh.

PRACTICE 1.5 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read:

Qng d zhge ho xioxi. Please read this good news.

W xwng gi n zhge tbi qngti. I'd like (hope) to give you this
special invitation.
Xwng hn kui jindo n! See you soon! (Wish very quickly
get to see you.)
Zh n zo r kngf! Get well soon!

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DIALOGUE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A Zoshng ho Good morning

B Zoshng ho. Good morning
A Hn goxng jindo n Nice to see you.
B W y hn goxng jindo n. Nice to see you too.
A W jio X. N jio shnme I'm called X. What name are you
mngzi? called?
B W jio X. I'm called X.
A Wmen xwng xingyu hpng We'd like to enjoy a life of peace,
de shngmng, ksh yu du but we have much difficulty.
knnan.
B Du! Correct!
A W xwng gi n zhfn qngti. I'd like to give you this invitation.
B Wishnme? For what?
A Mi Xngqy yu ptnghu yng Each Monday there's a discussion
de toln. using Mandarin.
B Toln de hut sh shnme? What is the topic?
A Wmen xux Shngd de yyn. We study God's prophecy. He said
T shu le T hu znyng how He will help righteous ones.
bngzh yrn.
B Zi nr? Where?
A W nng li rng n dch. I can come and give you a lift by
car.
B Xixie. Ksh w nng zul. Thanks. However, I can go on foot.

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DIALOGUE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A N xing d zhge ho xioxi ma? Would you like to read this

good news?
B Hode OK
A N du zhge hut gn xngq ma? Are you interested in this topic?
B W yu xngq lioji. Ksh gu I'm interested in understanding.
yhur. But later.
A Zh sh wde dinhu hom. This is my telephone number.
Zh sh wde ymir dzh. This is my email address.
B Xixie. Thanks.
A N nng gos w nde dinhu Could you tell me your
hom h dzh ma? telephone number and address?
B Hode. Gi n. OK. Here you are.
A Mngtin Yngwn yng de toln Tomorrow the topic in English
hu sh: will be:
Shngd du n hn zhngsh ma? Does God count you as
important?

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STUDY 2
Greetings and appreciation; read

VOCABULARY 2.1 (Greetings, Request and Thanks)

Hunyng! * Welcome!
N ho! Hello! Hi! Howdy! How do you do!
ptnghu Mandarin
Qng Please!
d [to] read
Xixie! Thanks!
Xixie nn! Thank you! (polite form)

* See guidance on Mandarin pronunciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially h in Pronunciation 1.1.
Check especially q, and x in Pronunciation 1.1.
Check tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.
Remember, when a third tone () precedes another third tone, pronounce
it as a second tone (). So, n ho is pronounced more like n ho.

PRACTICE 2.1 (Greetings and Appreciation)

N ho! Hi!
qng please
Qng d Please read.
Xixie Thanks!
ptnghu Mandarin
Hunyng Welcome!

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STUDY 3
Presenting a message; style awareness

VOCABULARY 3.1 (Messages)

zh; zhi this (some person or thing here)

zhge this (particular)
n that (some person or thing there)
nge that (particular)
ho well, good fine
xioxi news
xnx information, message
qngti invitation

(Remember, h in ho is pronounced raspingly, like ch in Scottish

loch)
(Pronounce zh in zh like dge in hedgeless. Curl back the tongue.)

GRAMMAR 3.1 (Style Awareness)

You may be able to discern subtle differences in how a word feels

according to context. Observe in the following example that zh would
feel too vague and general, so its good to add -ge to make the object in
the sentence more specific.

The examples provided at the start of this course try to make meaningful
sentences, but with only a few words learned at this stage, it is almost
unavoidable that some of them lack some of the finer style you can achieve
with a wider choice of words.

Qng d zh[ge]. Please read this [item].

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INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.1 (Messages)

Learn the following method or constructing a sentence incrementally.

N ho! Hi!
Qng d Please read.
xioxi news
ho xioxi good news
zhge xioxi this news
zhge ho xioxi this good news
d zhge ho xioxi Read this good news
Qng d zhge ho xioxi! Please read this good news!

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.2 (Messages)

N ho! Hi!
Qng d Please read.
qngti invitation
ho qngti good invitation
zhge qngti this invitation
zhge ho qngti this nice invitation
d zhge ho qngti read this nice invitation
Qng d zhge ho qngti! Please read this nice invitation!
Xixie! Thanks!
Xixie nn! Thank you! (polite form)

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REVIEW 3.1

Greetings! / Hello! / n ho! [- h is pronounced like ch in loch]

How are you?

Please! qng! [- q is lpronounced ike ch in chicken]

Read! d!
Please read ! qng d !

information xnx
this [a word used in place of zh [- zh is pronounced like dge in fudge]
a person or thing]
this particular zhge - g is like g in get
this information zhge xnx
Please read this invitation. Qng d zhge xnx.

Please read this invitation. Qng d zhge qngti.

Thanks! xixie!
Thank you! (polite form) xixie nn!

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STUDY 4
Personal pronouns and basic sentence construction

VOCABULARY 4.1 (Personal Pronouns)

w I
n you
t he, she, it

ACTIVITY 4.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Clap, repeat prompt:

Juanita. Get all to stand, pointing to oneself, to the adjacent person, or to
another person further away.}

Imagine Juanita dancing to lively music played on stringed instruments.

Do the following activity.

:-
w point to self (= 1st. person)
n point to partner (= 2nd. person)
t point to another (= 3rd. person)
Repeat singing and clapping. Repeat gesturing without singing. Repeat
singing and clapping.
Repeat singing and gesturing.}

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GRAMMAR 4.1 (Sentence Construction Subject and Predicate)

Observe in the following examples how a sentence is made up of a Subject

and its Predicate. The Subject is, in effect, the doer of an action. The
action is conveyed by a doing word, a verb. This action may or may not
affect an object. For further examples of sentence construction see
Study 19.

GRAMMAR 4.2 (Sentence Construction Conveying a Verb for Being)

In this first example, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of
being. In some languages, as with Chinese Mandarin, the verb word
indicating being can be omitted. Each of these sentences is simple, only
having one clause, and this is a Main Clause. In each of these simple Main
Clauses there are a subject (doer) and an adjective describing the doer.

SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT PREDICATE

DOER ACTION DOER ACTION
W [] ho. I [am] fine.
N [] ho. You [are] fine.
T [] ho. He, she or it [is] fine.

GRAMMAR 4. 3 (Sentence Construction With a Verb Not for Being)

In these second examples, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of
reading. In one set the verb does not have an object. The other does.

SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT PREDICATE

DOER ACTION OBJECT DOER ACTION OBJECT
W d. I read.
N d. You read.
T d. He, she or it reads.

W d t. I read it.
N d t. You read it.
T d t. He, she or it reads it.

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ROUTINE 4.1

Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three
elements.

1 2 3
Qng t
W
N d zhge xioxi
T

EXERCISE 4.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate into English:-

1. He reads.
2. Please read.
3. Please read it.
4. Please read this news.
5. I read it.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.1

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. He reads. Ta d.
2. Please read. Qng d.
3. Please read it. Qng d t.
4. Please read this news. Qng d zhge xioxi.
5. I read it. W d t.

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 Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

EXERCISE 4.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate into Mandarin:-

1. N d.
2. Qng d t.
3. T d zhge xioxi

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.2

(Practise these until you know them well.)

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. N d. You read
2. Qng d t. Please read it.
3. T d zhge xioxi. He reads this news.

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STUDY 5
Plural formation of personal pronouns

VOCABULARY 5.1 (Plural Construction)

men s (plural ending for persons )

GRAMMAR 5.1

The plural of words for personal pronouns and nouns for animate
groupings is made by appending men. This is similar to the appending
of s in English.

W Wmen I We
N Nmen You YOU
T Tmen He, she, it They

EXAMPLES 5.1

W ho. I [am] fine.

N d. You read.
Wmen ho. We [are] fine.
Nmen d. YOU read.

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 Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

ROUTINE 5.1

Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three
elements.

W t
N d
T zhge xioxi
Wmen ho
Nmen
Tmen

PRACTICE 5.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
three}

Exchange statements using:-

w, n, t, wmen, nmen, tmen, ho, d, zhge xioxi.

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STUDY 6
Who? - questioning

VOCABULARY 6.1

shi? who?

GRAMMAR 6.1

Shi [ ] ho? * Who [is] well?

Shi d t? Who reads it?
Shi d zhge qngti? Who reads this invitation?
* Note that the verb word indicating being has been omitted again.

ROUTINE 6.1

Create questions (wnt) and answers (hud) from the two elements.

Q d? Q reads?
Shi Who
ho? is well?
A W A I
N d You read
T He, she, it
Wmen We
Nmen ho YOU am/is/are well
Tmen They

ACTIVITY 6.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
three.}
Exchange statements using:-
w, n, t, wmen, nmen, tmen, shi, ho, xioxi, qngti, d.

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STUDY 7
What? questioning; calling by name

VOCABULARY 7.1

shnme? what?
jio [to] call by a name; [to] be called by a
name
mngzi; mng name

GRAMMAR 7.1
W jio Alan. I'm called Alan.
N jio shnme mingzi? What name are you called?
N jio Bill. You are called Bill.
T jio Colin. He is called Colin.
Tmen jio shnme mngzi? What is their name?

GRAMMAR 7.2

N d shnme? What are you reading?

T d shnme xioxi? He is reading what news?
Shnme ho xioxi? What good news?
Shnme xioxi [ ] ho? * What news [is] good?
* Note that the verb word indicating being has been omitted again.

ACTIVITY 7.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of

two or three.}

Act out roles of two persons. Exchange names. Exchange questions and
statements using:-
w, n, t, wmen, nmen, tmen, shnme, etc.]

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 Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

T
Wmen shnme?
Nmen d
N
W ho xioxi!
Tmen

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STUDY 8
sh the verbal word for being, be, am, is, are; yge a, an

VOCABULARY 8.1

sh [to] be; am, are, is, be

yge * a, an (indefinite article )
* yge is, in effect, a combination of y (meaning one) and g.
This g is a measure word and the most common one, because you can
get away with using it generally. Later you will learn other measure words
that are specific to particular nouns. (See Study 27.)

GRAMMAR 8.1

Nmen sh shi? Who are YOU?

T sh shnme? What is it?
Zh sh yge qngti. This is an invitation.

ACTIVITY 8.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of

two or three.}

Act out roles of two persons. Exchange questions and statements using one
choice from each of the three sentence elements.

T shi?
Wmen Ann
Nmen sh Bill
N Colin
W
Tmen *

* Here you could also say: Yhhu Jinzhngrn : Jehovah's

Witness(es), for example.
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DIALOGUE 8.1

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A N sh shnme? What is that?

B N sh yge qngti! Thats an invitation!
A Zh sh shnme qngti? What invitation is this?
B Zhge xnx sh ho xioxi! This message is good news?
B Qng d nge qngti. Please read that invitation.
A Xixie. Thanks.
B Xixie nn! Thank you. (polite form)

EXERCISE 8.1

Translate into English:-

1. N sh shnme?
2. Nmen sh shi?
3. N sh shnme xnx?
4. Nge xioxi sh shnme?
5. Zh sh yge xnx.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.1

(Practise these until you know them well.)

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. N sh shnme? What is that?
2. Nmen sh shi? Who are YOU?
3. N sh shnme xnx? What message is that?
4. Nge xioxi sh shnme? What is that news?
5. Zh sh yge xnx. This is a message.

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EXERCISE 8.2

Translate into Mandarin:-

1. This invitation is good news.

2. That is an invitation?
3. Please read that invitation.
4. What message?
5. That message.
6. What message is it?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.2

(Practise these until you know them well.)

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. This invitation is good news. Zhge qngti sh ho xioxi.
2. That is an invitation? N sh yge qngti?
3. Please read that invitation. Qng d nge qngti.
4. What message? Shnme xnx?
5. That message. Nge xnx.
6. What message is it? T sh shnme xnx?

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STUDY 9
ma is it so? to form a question from a statement; ho ma? O.K.?

VOCABULARY 9.1

ma? mm, eh, surely, is it so?

ho ma? , O.K.? (, is it good with you?)

NOTE: ma? is added to a sentence to convert it from a statement to a

question.

EXAMPLES 9.1

W ho ma? How am I? I'm O.K., eh?

Am I well?
N ho ma? * You're O.K., mm? How are you? *
N d t ma? Do you read this?
Zhge xioxi ho ma? Is this news good?
Qng d zhge qngti, ho ma? Would you read this invitation?
(Please read this invitation, O.K.?

* Note that this is asking how you are and differs from N ho.

PRACTICE 9.1

Convert these questions into plain statements.

W ho ma? How am I? I'm O.K., eh?

N ho ma? You're O.K., mm? How are you?
T ho ma? Is it O.K.? It's fine, mm? He's well?
Wmen ho ma? How are we? We're O.K., surely?
Nmen ho ma? How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
Tmen ho ma? How are they? They're O.K., mm?

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PRACTICE 9.2

Convert these statements into questions by using ma?

W ho. I'm O.K.

N ho. You're O.K.
T ho. It's fine. / He's well
Wmen ho. We're O.K.
Nmen ho. YOU're fine.
Tmen ho. They're O.K.

PRACTICE 9.3
Convert these statements from singular person to plural person.

W ho. I'm O.K.

N ho. You're O.K.
T ho. It's fine. / He's well

PRACTICE 9.4
Convert these questions from plural person to singular person.

Wmen ho ma? How are we? We're O.K., surely?

Nmen ho ma? How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
Tmen ho ma? How are they? They're O.K., mm?

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PRACTICE 9.5
Converse using questions (wnt) and answers (hud).

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. W ho ma? 1. N ho!
2. N ho ma? 2. W ho!
3. T ho ma? 3. T ho!
4. Wmen ho ma? 4. Nmen ho!
5. Nmen ho ma? 5. Wmen ho!
6. Tmen ho ma? 6. Tmen ho!

REVIEW 9.1

well, good ho
I w
I [am] well W [ ] ho
you n
You [are] well. N [ ] ho
he, she, it t
He [is] well. T [ ] ho
we wmen
We [are] well. Wmen [ ] ho
YOU nmen
YOU [are] well. Nmen [ ] ho
they tmen
They [are] well. Tmen [ ] ho
, is it so? ma?
I [am] well, is it so? w [ ] ho ma?
You [are] well, are you? N [ ] ho ma?

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STUDY 10
hn very, indeed

VOCABULARY 10.1

hn very, is very, is indeed

GRAMMAR 10.1

W hn ho! * I sure [am] fine! I['m] very well.

W b ho. I [am] not well.
W b hn ho. * I [am] not very well.

* Remember, when a third tone () precedes another third tone, pronounce

it as a second tone (). Hence hn ho is pronounced like hn ho.

ROUTINE 10.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}

Exchange names. Converse using questions (wnt) and answers (hud)

W ho ma? N hn ho!
N ho ma? W ho.
T ho ma? T hn ho!
Nmen ho ma? Wmen hn ho!
Tmen ho ma? Tmen b ho!

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STUDY 11
b not, forming negative phrases

VOCABULARY 11.1

b (b before a fourth tone syllable not, not want to, No

or before a toneless syllable)

GRAMMAR 11.1

W hn ho! I sure [am] fine! I [am] very well.

W b ho. I [am] not well.
W b hn ho. I [am] not very well.

Remember, when a third tone () precedes another third tone, pronounce

it as a second tone (). Hence hn ho is pronounced like hn ho.

ROUTINE 11.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}

Converse using questions (wnt) and answers (hud).

1. W ho ma? 1. N hn ho!
2. N ho ma? 2. W b ho.
3. T ho ma? 3. T hn ho!
4. Wmen ho ma? 4. Nmen b ho!
5. Nmen ho ma? 5. Wmen hn ho!
6. Tmen ho ma? 6. Tmen b ho!
7. Tmen ho ma? 7. Tmen b hn ho!

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EXERCISE 11.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

1. Wmen ho ma?
2. Nmen b ho!
3. T ho ma?
4. Tmen b hn ho!
5. Wmen hn ho!
6. Tmen b ho.
7. Tmen ho ma?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.1

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. Wmen ho ma? Are we O.K.?
2. Nmen b ho! YOU are not well!
3. T ho ma? Is he well?
4. Tmen b hn ho! They are not very well!
5. Wmen hn ho! We are very well!
6. Tmen b ho. They are not O.K.
7. Tmen ho ma? Are they alright?

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EXERCISE 11.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

1. You are very fine!

2. Im not O.K.
3. Its great!
4. How are you?
5. How are YOU?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.2

These translations are quite flexible, loosely mixing the words O.K.,
fine, great, well, etc. Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. You are very fine! N hn ho!
2. Im not O.K. W b ho.
3. Its great! T hn ho!
4. How are you? N ho ma?
5. How are YOU? Nmen ho ma?

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STUDY 12
Auxilliary verbs: xing want to; xwng wish, hope to

VOCABULARY 12.1

xing [to] want to, intend, think [about];

would like to
xwng [to] wish, hope, would like [to]

GRAMMAR 12.1

W xing d zhge qngti. I'd like to (want to) read this

invitation.
Wmen xwng d nge xnx. We would like (wish we could) read
that information.

PRACTICE 12.1

N xing d zhge xnx ma? Would you like to read this information?
B xing. No. (=No, I dont want to.)
N ho! Qng d nge xnx, ho Hi! Would you [like] to read this
ma? information(, O.K.)?
W xing d nge xnx. I'd like to read this information.
Wmen hn xwng d ho xioxi. We'd really would like to read good news.

EXERCISE 12.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

1. W xwng d nge xnx.

2. T xwng d zhge ho xioxi.
3. N xing d zhge qngti ma?
4. Xing b xing?
5. B xing.
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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.1

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. W xwng d nge xnx. I'd like to read that information.
2. T xwng d zhge ho xioxi. He'd like to read this good news.
3. N xing d zhge qngti ma? Would you like to read this
invitation?
4. Xing b xing? Would [you] like to or not [like to]?
5. B xing. No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)

EXERCISE 12.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

1. We would like to read good news.

2. They dont want to read that
message.
3. Would you like to read it or not?
4. I would very much like to.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.2

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. We would like to read good news. Wmen xwng d ho xioxi.
2. They dont want to read that Tmen b xing d nge xnx.
message.
3. Would you like to read it or not? N xing b xing d t?
4. I would very much like to. [W] Hn xing.

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STUDY
STUDY 13
gi give; n take

VOCABULARY 13.1

gi [to] give
n [to] take

GRAMMAR 13.2

Wmen gi nmen t. We give YOU it.

W gi n ho xioxi. I give you good news.
Tmen n zhge ho qngti. They take this nice invitation.

PRACTICE 13.2

W xing gi n t. I'd like to give you it (that).

T xing gi wmen zhge xnx. He'd like to give us this information.
N xing n t ma? Would you like to take it?
B xing. No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)
EXERCISE 13.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. N xing n zhge qngti ma? 1.
2. Qng gi w nge xnx. 2.
3. N t. 3.
4. T gi w ho xioxi. 4.

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.1

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. N xing n zhge qngti ma? Would you like to take this
invitation?
2. Qng gi w nge xnx. Please give me that information.
3. N t. Take it.
4. T gi w ho xioxi. It [or he, she] gives me good news.

EXERCISE 13.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. I give him this news.
2. Give me it.
3. I would like to give you this
information.
4. Please take this invitation.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.2

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. I give him this news. W gi t zhge xioxi.
2. Give me it. Gi w t.
3. I would like to give you this W xing gi n zhge xnx.
information.
4. Please take this invitation. Qng n zhge qngti.

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STUDY 14
Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns

VOCABULARY 14.1

shu [to] speak, say

shuhu [to] discuss, talk
gosu [to] tell
ptnghu Mandarin
Pnyn a Romanized form of writing
Mandarin [as used in this course]
Hnz the writing of Chinese in pictographic
characters [not used in this course]

GRAMMAR 14.1 (Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns)

The Indirect and Direct Object pronouns are the same as the Nominative
Case in Chinese Mandarin. This means that me is, in effect, translated as
I in a sentence like You tell me: N gosu w.

T shu ptnghu. He (or she) speaks Mandarin.

N shu ptnghu ma? Do you speak Mandarin?
W b shu ptnghu. I do not speak Mandarin.
Wmen gosu nmen ho xioxi. We tell YOU good news.
Qng gosu w, n sh shi? Please tell me, who are you?
W xing shuhu. I would like (want) to talk.

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ROUTINE 14.1

Create questions (wnt) and answers (hud) using some of these words.

shi ?
d
[b] xwng gosu t

w n
n xing zhge ho xioxi
wmen gi tmen ma?
nmen
shuhu

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 Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

STUDY 15 15
zi again

VOCABULARY 15.1

zi again

GRAMMAR 15.1

The word zi, when it means again, is placed in front of the action that
is to be repeated.

zi d read again
Qng zi d t. Please read it again.
N xing zi d ma? Would you like to read again.
Qng zi gosu w t. Please tell me it again.

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STUDY 16
nng, hu can, to be able to

VOCABULARY 16.1

nng [to] be able to; can

hu [to] be able to; can
do [to] be able to attain / accomplish; can
NOTE: hu is also used like will to express future actions.

GRAMMAR 16.1
T nng shu ptnghu. He [or she] can speak Mandarin.
N hu shu ptnghu ma? Can you speak Mandarin?
Nmen hu b hu d Hnz? * Can you [or can you not] read Hanzi?
* Remember, b needs to change to b in front of hu.

PRACTICE 16.1

W nng d t. I can read it.

N nng d t ma? Can you read it?
T b nng d zhge xioxi. He cannot read this news.
T b hu d t. He cannot read it.

PRACTICE 16.2

T nng d Hnz. He (or she) can read Hanzi.

N hu d Hnz ma? Can you read Hanzi?
W nng d Pnyn. I can read Pinyin.
W nng d ptnghu. I can read Mandarin.
N nng d Hnz ma? Can you read Hanzi?
W b nng d Hnz. I cannot read Hanzi.

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PRACTICE 16.3

W b nng d ptnghu. I cannot read Mandarin.

N nng d Hnz ma? Can you read Hanzi?
Tmen b xing d Pnyn. They don't want to read Pinyin.
Tmen xwng d Hnz. They wish [they could] to read Hanzi.
Wmen b hu d Hnz. * We cannot read Hanzi.
Wmen xwng nng d Hnz. We'd like to be able to read Hanzi.
* Remember, b must change to b in front of hu.

ROUTINE 16.1

Create questions (wnt) and answers (hud) using some of these words.

shi ?
[b] nng d t
hu
[b] gosu zhge ho xioxi
w xing n ma?
n
wmen xwng gi tmen

ACTIVITY 16.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of

two or three.}

Converse using nng, hu, xing, xwng, d, shu, ptnghu, Pnyn,

Hnz, zi.]

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ROUTINE 16.2

Repeat incrementally at speed the following sets of words.

Qng.................shu.................Qng shu ptnghu

W
hu
W hu
shu
W hu shu
ptnghu
W hu shu ptnghu
ma?
W hu shu ptnghu ma?
N
hu
N hu
shu
N hu shu
ptnghu
N hu shu ptnghu
ma?
N hu shu ptnghu ma?
T
hu
T hu
shu
T hu shu
ptnghu
T hu shu ptnghu
ma?
T hu shu ptnghu ma?

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STUDY 17
Close relatives and friends

VOCABULARY 17.1

rn person, man
pngyou friend
dxing brother
jimi, zmi sister
dxing jimi brothers and sisters
dxingmen brothers
jitng family
fm parents
mma; m qn mother
bba; f qn father
xiohir child
rzi son
nr daughter

GRAMMAR 17.1

When speaking about ones close relative, there is no need to use a

grammatical possessive form (my, etc.). Full construction of Possessive
forms is explained later, including the use of de.

Zh sh shi? Who is this?

T sh w dxing. He is my brother.
Tmen sh w dxingmen. They are my brothers.
N jimi nng d t. Your sister can read it.
Zhge pngyou sh w dxing. This friend is my brother.
Nge rn sh shi? Who is that person?

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PRACTICE 17.1
Qng d zh[ge]. Please read this [item].
Zh sh shi? Who is this?
N xing gosu w t ma? Would you like to tell me it?
T sh w dxing. He is my brother.
Zh sh shnme? What is this?
W xing shu t. I'd like to say it.
Zh sh ho xioxi This is good news.

PRACTICE 17.2
N nng d zh[ge] ma? Can you read this?
Zh sh w jimi. This is my sister.
W xing gosu n zh[ge]. I'd like to tell you this.
Shi shu zh? Who says this?
N dxing hu d zhge qngti. Your brother can read this invitation.
Zhge pngyou sh w dxing. This friend is my brother.

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EXERCISE 17.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. T sh w dxing.
2. N jimi nng d t.
3. N xing shu t ma?
4. Nge pngyou sh w dxing.
5. Tmen xing gosu n zh[ge].
6. W sh n dxing.
7. T jimi shu zh.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.1

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. T sh w dxing. He is my brother.
2. N jimi nng d t. Your sister can read it.
3. N xing shu t ma? Would you like to read it?
4. Nge pngyou sh w dxing. That friend is my brother.
5. Tmen xing gosu n zh[ge]. They'd like to tell you this.
6. W sh n dxing. I am your brother.
7. T jimi shu zh. His sister says this.

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EXERCISE 17.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. That sister tells me this good news.
2. Who is this person?
3. That person can tell them.
4. Our brothers and sisters would like
to give YOU this information.
5. Who is your brother?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.2

Practise these, if you need to.

EXERCISE ANSWER
1. That sister tells me this good news. Nge jimi gosu w zhge ho
xioxi.
2. Who is this person? Zhge rn sh shi?
3. That person can tell them. Nge rn hu gosu tmen.
4. Our brothers and sisters would like Wmen dxing jimi xing gi
to give YOU this information. nmen zhge xnx.
5. Who is your brother? N dxing sh shi?

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STUDY 18
Addition of xi to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns

VOCABULARY 18.1
...xi * ...se (plural determiner); some
yxi some
zhxi these; these ones
nxi those; those ones
* Note, remember to pronounce x rather like hss or the s in see, but
Pronounce sh like the English sh in rashly.

GRAMMAR 18.1
zhxi rn sh ho pngyou. These persons are good friends.
zhxi sh ho pngyou. These are good friends.
nxi sh ho rn. Those are good persons.
nxi pngyou sh w dxing Those friends are my brothers and
jimi. sisters.

ACTIVITY 18.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of

two or three to do the following activities.}

Using the structure of Columns 1, 2, and 3 the first person makes up a

sentence from the language learned up to now. The next person this from
singular to plural or from plural to singular.

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STUDY 19 19
know; understand; sentence elements

zhdao [to] know, have knowledge of a fact

rnshi [to] know, be acquainted with (a
person, the personality behind a name)
dng [to] understand
mngbai * [to] see clearly, understand

* mngbai =clear+white

GRAMMAR 19.1 (Sentence Elements)

For previous discussion of sentence construction, see Grammar 4.1. The

following groups of examples demonstrate the breakdown of any sentence
strictly into Subject (Doer) and Predicate (composed of Action and Object).
Word order is more or less the same in Chinese Mandarin as in English.

SUBJECT PREDICATE
DOER ACTION OBJECT
T sh w dxing. He is my brother.
N zhdao. You know.
N zhdao t. You know it.
W zhdao n sh shi. I know who you are.
W xwng zh sh I would like to know what this is.
zhdao shnme.
Tmen b zhge ho They do not know what this good
zhdao xioxi sh news is.
shnme.
N jimi zhdao wmen sho Your sister knows we say it.
t.
W zhdao n xing d I know you would like to read this
zhge xnx. information.

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W rnshi n. I know you.

N b rnshi t. You don't know him.
Zhxi pngyou b rnshi n dxing. These friends do not know your
brother.
N dxing rnshi zhge pngyou Do your brothers and sisters know
jimi ma? this friend?
nxi rn rnshi zhxi jimi. Those people know these sisters.

W mngbai. I understand.
Tmen mngbai zhge ho They understand this good news.
xioxi.
[N] Dng b Do [you] understand [or do you
dng? not understand]?
T mngbai ptnghu He understands Mandarin.
N mngbai ptnghu ma? Do you understand Mandarin?
Tmen b zhge qngti. They do not understand this
mngbai invitation.

ACTIVITY 19.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of

two or three.}

Work on the Chinese Mandarin in Columns 1, 2, and 3 of the above tables.

Taking turns, one person says the Mandarin already given; then the next
person turns a statement into a question by adding ma? or turns a
question into a statement. The next person translates this into English. The
next converts the Mandarin from singular to plural or from plural to
singular.

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ACTIVITY 19.2

Another student says one of the grammar examples in the Mandarin

already given in the above tables; then next person says the negative of this
by putting b/b in front of sh, zhdao, dng, mngbai or
rnshi, or says the affirmative by removing b/b.
ACTIVITY 19.3

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Read to students all

together.}
Get a good reader to read sentences in the Grammar 19 tables, and students
write them down in Chinese Mandaring using Pinyin.

EXERCISE 19.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1. T zhdao.
2. Nmen zhdao w sh shi.
3. Nmen b zhge ho xioxi
zhdao sh shnme.
4. N zhdao w xing d
zhge xnx.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.1

1. T zhdao. He/she knows.

2. Nmen zhdao w sh shi. YOU know who I am.
3. Nmen b zhge ho xioxi YOU do not know what this good
zhdao sh shnme. news is.
4. N zhdao w xing d You know I would like to read this
zhge xnx. information.

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EXERCISE 19.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1. I know it.
2. They would like to know
what this is.
3. Your brother knows we say
it.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.2

1. I know it. W zhdao t.

2. They would like to know Tmen xwng zh sh shnme.
what this is. zhdao
3. Your brother knows we say N zhdao wmen sho t.
it. dxing

EXERCISE 19.3 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1. W rnshi t.
2. Nxi b rnshi n jimi.
pngyou
3. Zhxi rnshi wmen.
rn

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.3

1. W rnshi t. I know him.

2. Nxi b rnshi n jimi. Those friends do not know your sister.
pngyou
3. Zhxi rnshi wmen. These people know us.
rn

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EXERCISE 19.4 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1. You don't know me.

2. Do his brothers and sisters know
that person?
3. They do not know your brother.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.4

1. You don't know me. N b rnshi w.

2. Do his brothers and sisters know T dxing rnshi nge rn ma?
that person? jimi
3. They do not know your brother. Tmen b rnshi n dxing.

EXERCISE 19.5 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1. W mngbai zhge ho xioxi.

2. T b mngbai ptnghu
3. W b mngbai nge xnx.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.5

1. W mngbai zhge ho xioxi. I understand this good news.

2. T b mngbai ptnghu He does not understand Mandarin.
3. W b mngbai nge xnx. I do not understand this
information.

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EXERCISE 19.6 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1. We understand.
2. Do [you] understand [or do you
not understand]?
3. Do they understand Mandarin?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.6

1. We understand. Wmen mngbai.

2. Do [you] understand [or do you [N] Dng b dng?
not understand]?
3. Do they understand Mandarin? Tmen mngbai ptnghu ma?

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STUDY 20
thing, look, see

VOCABULARY 20.1
dngxi thing; things
nin [to] read (aloud)
kn [to] look, watch; read (silently)
knjin [to] see; observe; get sight of

GRAMMAR 20.1
Qng kn nge xnx. Please look at that information.
Qng kn zhge dngxi. Please look at this thing.
Nge dngxi sh shnme? What is that thing?
W xing kn t. I'd like to look at it.
N knjin nge rn ma? Do you [get to] see that person?
Tmen xing n nin zhge qngti. They would like you to read this
invitation (aloud).

PRACTICE 20.1

N nng knjin nge dngxi ma? Can you [get to] see that thing?
Zhge dngxi sh ho xioxi. This thing is good news.
W xing gosu n zh (ge). I'd like to tell you this (matter).
Shi shu zhge xnx? Who says this information?
N dxing nng d zhge qngti ma? Can your brother read this invitation?
Zhge pngyou sh w dxing. This friend is my brother.
T hu nin Hnz. He can read out Hanzi.

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PRACTICE 20.2

N nng d zh(ge) ma? Can you read this?

Zh sh w jimi. This is my sister.
W xwng kn nge qngti. I'd like to have a look at that
invitation.
Zh sh shi? Who is this?
T sh w dxing. He is my brother.
Qng nin zhge xnx. Please ring out this message.

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STUDY 21
Review of words learned in Studies 1-20

VOCABULARY 21.1 (Review of Words Learned)

This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Studies 1-20.

See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.

English to Chinese Mandarin Pinyin

English Chinese Mandarin Pinyin Study

Hello! / Greetings! / N ho! 2
How are you?
How are you? / Greetings! / N ho! 2
Hello!
able to attain or accomplish; do 16
can
able (be able to; can) hu, nng 16
able (be able to; can) nng, hu 16
again zi 15
answer df (See also: hud) 6
answer hud (See also: df) 6
be (am, is, are) sh 8
brother dxing 17
brothers dxingmen 17
brothers and sisters dxing jimi 17
call by a name; [to] be called jio 7
by a name
can; be able to attain or do
accomplish
can, be able to hu, nng 16
can, be able to nng, hu 16
child rzi 17

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daughter nr 17
discuss shuhu 14
Do [you] understand? Dng b dng? 19
family jitng 17
father fm 17
fine ho 3
friend pngyou 17
give gi 13
good ho 3
Greetings! / Hello! / N ho! 2
How are you?
Hanzi (the writing of Chinese Hnz 14
in pictographic characters, not
used in this course)
he t 4
hope, wish, would like [to] xwng 12
I w 4
indeed hn 10
information xnx 3
invitation qngti 3
is it so? ma? 9
it t 4
Jehovah Yhhu 8
Jehovah's Witness(es) Yhhu Jinzhngrn 8
know (person) rnshi 19
look at kn 20
Mandarin ptnghu 2
message xnx 3
message; news xioxi 3
mm, is it so? ma? 9
mother mma; m qn 17
name mng; mngzi 7
name mngzi; mng 7
news; message xioxi 3

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not b (Note: b before 4th tone, 11

such as sh)
O.K.? ho ma? 9
parents fm 17
people, person rn 17
person, people rn 17
Pinyin (a Romanized form of Pnyn 14
writing Mandarin, as used in
this course)
Please! qng! 2
Please , O.K.? Qng , ho ma? 9
question wnt 6
read d (See also: kn) 2
read (silently) kn (See also: d) 20
read aloud nin (See also d) 20
s (s) (Plural ending) men (men) 5
say, speak shu 14
se (...se, plural determiner); xi (...xi) 18
some
see clearly; understand mngbai 19
see; observe; get sight of knjin 20
several, some yxi 18
sister jimi, zmi 17
sister zmi, jimi 17
some, several yxi 18
son rzi 17
speak, say shu 14
surely hn 10
take n 13
talk shuhu 14
tell gosu 14
Thank you! (polite form) Xixie nn! 2
Thanks! xixie! 2
that (pronoun) n 3

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that nge 3
these zhxi 18
these zhxi 18
they tmen 4
thing; things dngxi 20
this (pronoun) zh; zhi 3
this (pronoun) zhi; zh 3
this zhge 3
those nxi 18
those nxi 18
understand dng 19
understand; see clearly mngbai 19
very hn 10
want to, would like to xing 12
we wmen 5
Welcome! hunyng! 2
well ho 3
what shnme 7
what? shnme? 7
who shi 6
who? shi? 6
wish, hope, would like [to] xwng 12
Witness(es) Jinzhngrn 8
would like to, want to xing 12
would like [to], wish, hope xwng 12
would you? O.K.? ho ma?
you n 4
YOU nmen 4
you (Thank you! polite nn (Xixie nn!) 2
form)

Chinese Mandarin Pinyin to English

Chinese Mandarin Pinyin English Study

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bba; f qn father 17
b (Note: b before 4th tone, not 11
such as sh)
df (See also: hud) answer 6
do be able to attain / accomplish; 16
can
dxing brother 17
dxingmen brothers 17
dxing jimi brothers and sisters 17
dngxi thing; things 20
dng understand 19
Dng b dng? Do [you] understand? 19
d (See also: kn) read 2
rzi son 17
f qn; bba father 17
fm parents 17
gosu tell 14
gi give 13
Hnz Hanzi (the writing of Chinese in 14
pictographic characters, not
used in this course)
ho fine 3
ho good 3
ho well 3
ho ma? O.K.?
hn indeed 10
hn surely 10
hn very 10
hunyng! Welcome! 2
hu, nng able (be able to; can) 16
hu, nng can, be able to 16
hud (See also: df) answer 6
jitng family
Jinzhngrn Witness(es) 8

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jio call by a name; [to] be called by 7

a name
jimi, zmi sister 17
kn look at 20
kn (See also: d) read (silently) 20
knjin see; observe; get sight of 20
ma? is it so? 9
ma? mm, is it so? 9
mma; m qn mother 17
men (men) s (s) (Plural ending) 5
mng; mngzi name 7
mngbai see clearly; understand 19
mngbai understand; see clearly 19
mngzi; mng name 7
m qn; mma mother 17
n take 13
n that (pronoun) 3
nge that 3
nxi those 18
nxi those 18
nng, hu able (be able to; can) 16
nng, hu can, be able to 16
nn (Xixie nn!) you (Thank you! polite form) 2
n you 4
N ho! Greetings! / Hello! / 2
How are you?
N ho! Hello! / Greetings! / 2
How are you?
N ho! How are you? / Greetings! / 2
Hello!
nmen YOU 4
nin (See also d) read aloud 20
nr daughter 17
pngyou friend 17

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Pnyn Pinyin (a Romanized form of 14

writing Mandarin, as used in
this course)
ptnghu Mandarin 2
qng! Please! 2
qngti invitation 3
rn people, person 17
rn person, people 17
rnshi know (person) 19
shi who 6
shi? who? 6
shnme what 7
shnme? what? 7
sh be (am, is, are) 8
shu say, speak 14
shu speak, say 14
shuhu discuss, talk 14
t he 4
t it 4
tmen they 4
wnt question 6
w I 4
wmen we 5
xwng hope, wish, would like [to] 12
xwng wish, hope, would like [to] 12
xwng would like [to], wish, hope 12
xiohir child 17
xioxi message; news 3
xioxi news; message 3
xing want to; would like to 12
xi (...xi) se (...se, plural determiner); 18
some
xixie! Thanks! 2
Xixie nn! Thank you! (polite form) 2

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xnx information 3
xnx message 3
Yhhu Jehovah 8
Yhhu Jinzhngrn Jehovah's Witness(es) 8
yxi several, some 18
yxi some, several 18
zi again 15
zh; zhi this (pronoun) 3
zhi; zh this (pronoun) 3
zhge this 3
zhxi these 18
zhxi these 18
zmi, jimi sister 17

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STUDY 22
de of; s; s possessive case

VOCABULARY 22.1
de of; 's; s'
de having the description of
wde of me; my
nde of you; your
tde of him, her, it; his, her, its
wmende of us; our
nmende of YOU; YOUR
tmende of them; their
zj de own; of oneself; of self

GRAMMAR 22.1

For further information on the uses of de, see Study 28.

wde pngyou my friend
nmende pngyou YOUR friend
wde qngti my invitation
nde xioxi your news
tmende qngti their invitation
pngyou de jimi his/her sister
wmende dxing our brother
zj de m qn [ones] own mother

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PRACTICE 22.1

Anna de jimi Anna's sister; the sister of Anna

Bob de dxing Bobs brother; the brother of Bob
Colin de mngzi sh shnme? What is Colins name?
wde pngyoumen my friends
Nde mngzi sh shnme? What is your name?
Nde pngyou sh shi? Who is your friend?
kn qngti de rn a person who reads the
mngbai w de pngyoumen friends who understand me
W hu d zj de qngti. I can read my own invitation.

EXERCISE 22.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1. n b zhdao wde mngzi.

2. Qng n nde qngte.
3. Zhge rn de xnx sh ho xioxi
4. N sh shi de pngyou?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.1

1. N b zhdao wde mngzi. You do not know my name.

2. Qng n nde qngti. Please take your invitation.
3. Zhge rn de xnx sh ho xioxi This person's message is good
news.
4. N sh shi de pngyou? Whose friend are you?

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EXERCISE 22.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1. I know your friend.

2. I know your name.
3 Would you like to read my
invitation?
4. They tell their message.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.2

1. I know your friend. W rnshi nde pngyou.

2. I know your name. W zhdao nde mngzi.
3 Would you like to read my N xing d wde qngti ma?
invitation?
4. They tell their message. Tmen gosu tmende xnx.

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STUDY 23
Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects

GRAMMAR 23.1

Observe the break-down of the simple sentences used in the next practice.

Doer Action Receiver

Receiver Object acted upon.
SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT

Zh sh nde qngti. *
Qng [n] d wmende ho xioxi.
Qng [n] n nmende qngti.
W b nng d zhge qngti.
Qng [n] gi w nde qngti.
W xing gi n zhge xnx.

Note the first sentence uses sh as the doing word or verb. The structure
of the sentence says that A is B. This is termed technically as the
copulative form. Contrast matching he in I am he with Direct and
Indirect Objects in I give him them. It is wrong to say, I give he they.

PRACTICE 23.1

Translate to and fro.

Zh sh nde qngti. This is your invitation.

Qng d wmende ho xioxi. Please read our good news.
Qng n nmende qngti. Please take your invitation.
W b nng d zhge qngti. I cannot read this invitation.
Qng gi w nde qngti. Please give me your invitation.
Qng gosu w nde mngzi. Please tell me your name.
W xwng gi n zhge xnx. I would like to give you this information.

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PRACTICE 23.2

Translate to and fro.

N sh ho xioxi. That is good news.

N b sh wde xnx. That is not my message.
Nde mngzi sh shnme? What is your name?
Zh sh wmende qngti. This is our invitation.
Wde pngyou xwng d t. My friend would like to read it.
Tmen b nng d nmende ho They cannot be able to read YOUR
xioxi. good news.
Zh sh shi de ho xioxi? Whose good news is this?
(This is whose good news?)
Qng gi w nmende qngti. Please give me YOUR invitation.
Wde jimi xwng gi n tde My sister would like to give you her
qngti. invitation.

EXERCISE 23.1

Using the method shown in the above grammar table, analyse the simple
sentences in the previous practice and break them into doer, action done,
receiver of the action (if any), and object acted upon (if any).

Doer Action Receiver Object acted upon.

SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT
*
*
*
*

* Matching form.
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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 23.1

Doer Action Receiver Object acted upon.

SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT
N sh ho xioxi.
N b sh wde xnx.
Nde mngzi sh shnme?
Zh sh wmende qngti.
Wde pngyou xing d t.
Tmen b nng d nmende ho xioxi.
Zh sh shi de ho xioxi?
Qng gi w nmende qngti.
Wde jimi xwng gi n tde qngti.

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STUDY 24
b a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis

VOCABULARY 24.1

yxi a bit, a little while, once, just

b an indicator device placed in front of
an Indirect Object when it has been
relocated for emphasis before the verb
that acts on it.

GRAMMAR 24.1

Although this section is important in explaining a device that is frequently

used by natural Chinese speakers, you can get by without using it yourself
until you are more experienced in Mandarin.

Word Order Basically,

Basically, for General Use

Word order in Mandarin is basically the same as in English.

Word Order Why Alter It?

The overall purpose of a change in word order is to emphasize or clarify a

part of a sentence, when normal word order does not achieve this.

Word Order Caution!

Changing the word order may clarify one part but may also obscure
another, so some words may need adding to overcome this problem.

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Word Order Examples

In some cases it is not crucial in what order the blocks of words are
arranged, but sometimes regular word order needs to be followed to
avoid confusion. Let's illustrate this point.

In English we can say, They give him this invitation. You don't say,
They give this invitation him. If the word to is added, however, we
can say, They give this invitation to him. Again, we don't usually say,
They give to him this invitation.

Somewhat similarly, Mandarin has a regular word order, but it allows other
word orders, if another word is added to indicate what has been moved
from its normal order. Examples of words to add are b (discussed
below in this Study) and bi (presented in the next Study).

Mandarin Uses b to Relocate the Object of the Verb in Front of the Verb

The regular order in Mandarin places the object acted upon (Indirect
Object in the Accusative Case) after that action word (verb).

Tmen gi t zhge qngti. They give him this invitation.

These words can be used in a different order, putting the Indirect Object
before the verb, but only by inserting the indicator device b in front of
the relocated Indirect Object.

Tmen b zhge qngti gi t. They give him this invitation.

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PRACTICE 24.1

Try converting these sentences to the regular order and removing b.

B t gi w. Give me it.

Qng b zhge xnx d [yxi]. * Please [just] read this information.

W xing b zhge qngti gi n. I'd like to give you this invitation.

* NOTE: d feels a bit bald with nothing after it, so yxi is added.

PRACTICE 24.2

How did you get on with the previous practice? The following are the
answers to it. Now try to work the opposite way and re-order these
sentences with the help of b, so that the object acted upon by the verb is
positioned before that verb.

Gi w tde qngti. Give me it this qngti.

Qng d zhge xnx. * Please read this information.

W xing gi n zhge qngti. I'd like to give you this invitation.

* NOTE: Don't forget to add yxi, as necessary.

NOTE: In the compound xing gi the object can be repositioned

between xing and gi with the insertion of b. This because the
Indirect Object relates to the action, give, not the auxilliary thought of
liking to do so.

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PRACTICE 24.3

Rearrange the words of these sentences into an easier order and remove
b.

W xing b zhge xnx gi n.

T xing b nde qngti d yxi.
B t gi w!
B tmende xnx qng d yxi!
W b ptnghu b hu shu.

PRACTICE 24.4

The following sentences are the inverse of the previous practice.

Rearrange the word order, so that the indirect object of the verb is in front
of its verb: but remember to add b.

W xing gi n zhge xnx.

T xing d nde qngti.
Gi w t!
Qng d tmende xnx!

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STUDY 25
bi by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

VOCABULARY 25.1

bi by, indicating the doer in a Passive

Sentence

Mandarin Uses bi as by in a Passive Sentence

Tde dxing d wmende xnx. His brother reads our information.

Wmende xnx bi tde dxing d. Our information is read by his brother.

Shngd gi wmen xwng. God gives us hope.

Xwng bi Shngd gi wmen. Hope is given us by God.

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STUDY 26
God; Jehovah; ky permission; bk prohibition

VOCABULARY 26.1
Shngd God
Yhhu Jehovah
ky [to] be allowed to; can; may; [to] be permitted
bk [to] not be allowed; must not; [to] be prohibited

GRAMMAR 26.1
Shngd de pngyou Gods friend
Shngd de mngzi sh Yhhu. Gods name is Jehovah.
Wmen ky sh Shngd de We can be Gods friend.
pngyou.
Bk d wde xnx. You must not read my message.
Bk shu t. You must not say it.

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PRACTICE 26.1
Translate to and fro the following sentences.
A W xwng sh Shngd de pngyou. I'd like to be God's friend.
B N ky sh Shngd de pngyou. You may be God's friend.
A T sh shi? Who is He?
B N zhdao b zhdao T de mngzi? Do you know (or not know) His
name?
A W b zhdao T de mngzi. I don't know His name.
B Wmen nng rnshi T de mngzi. We can know (be acquainted with)
His name.
A Shi sh Shngd? Who is God?
B Shngd jio Yhhu (mngzi). God is called (by the name of)
Jehovah.
A Yhhu sh Shngd de mngzi ma? Jehovah is God's name, is it?
B N xing d Shpin 83:18 ma? You'd like to read Psalm 83:18, eh?
A T shu, N de mng sh Yhhu. It says, Your name is Jehovah.
B Shpian 91:14 shu shnme? Psalm 91:14 says what?
A T rnshi w de mng. He knows my name.

DIALOGUE 26.1

Act out the sentences in the previous practice as a dialogue.

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STUDY 27
Measure words more detail; (y + g) = yge a, an

VOCABULARY 15.1 : Measure Words

yge a, an (a can be for a thing or a person)
y one
-g a measure word used generally

Pronounce ge hard as in English get, (never soft as in gel).

A measure word (MW) is used for focusing on a thing, person or
action. In English we say things like a sheet of paper; a piece of string; a
loaf of bread; a cup or a glass of water; a volume of a particular book; a
wave of optimism. That's better than a paper, a water, a bread, an
optimism.
You could say, a bit or a piece for many things but not all. Likewise,
the MW ge is acceptable for general use for most things. See the Index
or List of Contents for others.

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Instructor comments to

students about the use of various measure words.}

Are there any similarities in English to Measure Words? Perhaps think of

manage-r, manage-ress, sheep-flock, cattle-herd. Refer also to Study 45
about bn for a volume of.

PRACTICE 27.1
yge pngyou a friend
N sh tde yge pngyou ma? You are a friend of his, eh? Are you a
friend of his?
W sh tde yge pngyou! I am a friend of his!
Tmen b sh ho pngyou. They aren't good friends.

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ACTIVITY 27.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students

and have each respond.}
Make statements or questions using these elements as appropriate.
w sh
n yge pngyou
t + b sh + + ma?
wmen
nmen xwng sh pngyou
tmen

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STUDY 28
de is required after more than one Hanzi character, as in hn ho de rn

GRAMMAR 28.1

If the description (the adjective) is written with more than one Hnz
character, then de is added after with it.
Hence ho , but hn ho de .
For further examples of the uses of de, see Study 42.

ho rn nice person; good man

hn ho de rn very nice person
Zh sh ho xioxi. This is good news.
N sh hn ho de xioxi. That is very good news.

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students

and quiz them on how words are used in translation.}

Comment on how words are used in the following translations into

Mandarin or into English.

PRACTICE 28.1
W sh nde pngyou. I am your friend.
Nge rn sh yge ho pngyou. That person is a good
friend.
Tmen de pngyou b sh ho rn. Their friends are not
good people.
Zhxi dxing rnshi t de pngyou. These brothers know
his/her friends.
Yu yxi rn rnshi n Some people know you.
N shu hn ho de xioxi. You say very good news.

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PRACTICE 28.2

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor or Students partner. Touch

articles in the room (such as a pencil). Individual students upon demand
simultaneously point at self and say wde (such as wde pencil); or
look at someone else and say nde ; or just point away at someone else
and say tde .}

{With discretion, a game could be played, eliminating anyone who does the
wrong combination of gesture and words!}

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STUDY 29
yu, miyu having; the Bibles promised blessings

VOCABULARY 29.1
yu [to] have; there is; there are
miyu; mi yu [to] not have; without; there is no
zzh leaflet, thin magazine, document
sh book
Shngjng Holy Scriptures; Bible
hpng peace
goxng happiness
xngf blessing; happiness
i love
yngshng everlasting life

GRAMMAR 29.1

NOTE: To say a book or a magazine correctly, see Study 45.

Yu yge qngti ma? Is there an invitation?

Yumiyu yge qngti? Is there [or is there not] an invitation.
W mi yu nde zzh. I don't have your magazine.
W yu nde sh. I have your book.
Miyu zzh. There is no magazine.
Yu xwng. There is hope.
Miyu xwng. There is no hope.

PRACTICE 29.1

N yu zhge qngti ma? Do you have this invitation?

Nmen yu Shngd de ho xioxi. YOU have God's good news.
Tmen mi yu nde sh. They don't have your book.
T shu t mi yu pngyou. She says she hasn't friends.

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PRACTICE 29.2

Tmen mi yu xwng. They don't have hope.

W xwng n hu yu yge qngti. I hope you can have an invitation.
Shngjng sh Shngd de. The Holy Scriptures are God's.
Shngjng sh Yhhu de sh. The Bible is Jehovah's book.

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.1

Shngjng
Shngjng shu
Shngd
Shngd i
hpng
hpng de rn
Shngjng shu Shngd i hpng de rn
The Bible says God loves (of peace) people

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.2

Shngjng
Shngjng shu
Shngd
Shngd xing
Shngd xing gi
Shngd xing gi wmen
Shngd xing gi wmen yngshng
Shngd xing gi wmen yngshng de xngf
Shngjng shu Shngd xing gi
wmen yngshng xngf
de
The Bible says God wants to give us everlasting blessings
life's

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ACTIVITY 29.1

Discuss your hope.

EXERCISE 29.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

i Shngd de rn[men] i n.
Miyu xwng de rn mi yu
goxng.
Wmen nng gosu Yhhu
wmen i T.
D Shngjng de rn hu mngbai
Shngd sh shi.
Qng gi w nde zzh, ho ma?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.1

i Shngd de rn[men] i n. People who love God love you.

Miyu xwng de rn mi yu A person without hope does not
goxng. have happiness.
Wmen nng gosu Yhhu We can tell Jehovah we love Him.
wmen i T.
D Shngjng de rn hu mngbai People who read the Bible can
Shngd sh shi. understand who God is.
Qng gi w nde zzh, ho ma? Please give me your magazine,
O.K.?

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EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

Do you want to understand Gods

book?
You can get to see Gods blessings.
{People who love God} study His
book.
I [am] very happy to tell you the
Bibles blessings.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)

Do you want to understand Gods N xwng mngbai Shngd de sh

book? ma?
You can get to see Gods blessings. N hu knjin Shngd de xngf.
{People who love God} read His {Rnshi Shangd de rn} d Tde
book. sh.
I [am] very happy to tell you the W hn goxng gosu n Shngjng
Bibles blessings. de xngf.

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STUDY 30
q, li, xu, xux go, come, study

VOCABULARY 30.1
q [to] go
li [to] come
xu; xux [to] study, learn
xhuan [to] like, prefer, (doing something)

GRAMMAR 30.1
W xwng li xux nmende sh. I wish I could come to study YOUR
book.
Zhge rn xhuan xux. This person likes to study.

ROUTINE 30.1

Make up sentences using an optional word or phrase from some or all of

these columns.
W b nng li xux Hnz
W Shngjng
N [nng] q d
T Shngd [shu] de sh
Wmen [b]
Tmen [xing] li xux ptnghu
Zhge rn
Wde dxing [xhuan] Hnz

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STUDY 31
Places, buildings, meetings

VOCABULARY 31.1 (Places)

dfang place
ji home; the place where you live
fngzi house
jhu meeting
dhu assembly, convention

GRAMMAR 31.1

Nde jimi b nng li wde ji. Your sister cannot come to my

home.
T bk q wmende dhu. He/she is not permitted to go to our
assembly.
W hn xwng knjin nde fngzi. I would very much like to get to see
your house.
Zhge dfang sh shnme? What is this place?

ROUTINE 31.1
Zhge rn b nng q nde ji
W nng
Tde jimi q nde ji
Nmen b nng
Zhge rn tmende jhu
Wde pngyou ky li
Wde dxing wmende dhu
Tmen bk

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STUDY 32
hu future actions; subsequent times

VOCABULARY 32.1 (Future Actions and Tense Identifiers)

hu will (future action)
mngtin tomorrow
hotin the day after tomorrow
xinzi now
jntin today
nsh; dngsh then; at that point in time
yho afterwards (not about a past action)

GRAMMAR 32.1

The word conveying will (hu) can be omitted, if a word like

mngtin (tomorrow) makes it obvious that the action will take place in
the future.
W hu xux nde qngti. Xixie. I will study your invitation. Thanks.
Tmen [hu] mngtin li wde ji. They will come tomorrow to my
Yho wmen hu q jhu. home. Afterward we will go to the
meeting.

PRACTICE 32.1
w jntin b hu li
w [mngtin] q
n
t [jntin] li
wmen [b] [hu]
nmen [xinzi] xux t
tmen
zhge rn [nsh] d t

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ACTIVITY 32.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Students work in pairs.}

Exchanging questions and answers using the following elements.

n hu li? w hu li.
w b hu li.
t jntin xux? t jntin b xux.
t mngtin [hu] xux.

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STUDY 33
Past actions and times

VOCABULARY 33.1
le * did , have done , is completed, has happened,
has changed (past action) (See dictionary under
have)
mi did not ; have not done ; was not -ing
-guo have [ever]; have [never]
zutin yesterday
yjng already
huli later, afterwards (refering to a past activity)

GRAMMAR 33.1

The word le is called a particle. It can't be used with the past of

just any verb (doing word). Compare in English how we don't say
did can or did be. We need to feel the context.
Apply le in the case of an activity, accomplishment or
achievement a process that can be completed (made perfect).
Don't apply le in relation to a state or a process that in Chinese
must be continuous or habitual, like be acquainted with or know.
Mi negates le but can be used a little more freely than le.
-guo is added to a verb to make clear completion of a past action.
Compare have gone and did go, went, or used to go.
* A complication is with a verb like xux. This is actually a
compound word formed from two characters. These are xu,
meaning learn, study, and x. The element x serves to qualify
xu. So, you can say T xu le, but not T xux le.

Shi q le ? Who went ?

Zutin w mi q ji. Yesterday I did not go home.
W qguo nde jhu. I have been to your meetings.
W mi[yu] d zhge xnx. I have not read this message.

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PRACTICE 33.1

W xux ptnghu. I study Mandarin.

W xu le ptnghu. I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
W mi xu[x] ptnghu. I did not study Mandarin.

PRACTICE 33.2
N q le ji ma? Did you go home?
N qguo wmende jhu ma? Have you been to our meetings?
W mi[yu] qguo nmende I have not gone to your meetings.
jhu.
Nmen miyu knjinguo zhge Did YOU not see this message?
xnx ma?
W mi xwng zh[ge]. I have not hoped for this.

PRACTICE 33.3
W li le ji. I came home.
Huli w q le dhu. Afterwards I went [to the] meeting.
T xu le. He studied.
Nmen rnshi tmen. YOU know them. (YOU knew them.)
W mi li. I did not come.
N mi q. You did not go.
T mi xu. He did not study.
Nmen b rnshi wmen YOU do not know us. ( did not )

PRACTICE 33.4

Convert these sentences to positive, by inserting le and removing mi.

Wmen mi xu Hnz. Wmen xule Hnz.
Tmen mi q wmende jhu. Tmen qle wmende jhu.
N mi li wde ji ma? N lile wde ji ma?
T mi shu ptnghu. T shu le ptnghu.
Nde dxing mi gosu wmen Nde dxing gosule wmen nmende

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nmende ho xioxi. ho xioxi.

PRACTICE 33.5

Convert these sentences to negative by inserting mi and removing le.

W xu le ptnghu. W mi xu ptnghu.
Nge rn qle wmende ji. Nge rn mi q wmende ji.
N li le wde ji ma? N mi li wde ji ma?
T shu le ptnghu. T mi shu ptnghu.
W jimi gosule w ho xioxi. W jimi mi gosu w ho xioxi.

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STUDY 34
34
cngli, cngli b, cngli mi ever, never

VOCABULARY 34.1
cngli ever, always
cngli b; cngli mi never
yngyun b never (in the future)
b zi no more; not any more; no longer; not
again

GRAMMAR 34.1

Cngli is normally used with b or mi to say never.

Cngli b is used to negate a habitual process. So, Jesus said,
W cngli b rnshi nmen.:I never knew you. (Matthew 7:23)
Cngli mi can be used with verbs where mi conveys not,
and cngli is added to convey ever. This makes never did.

W mi q ji. I did not go home.

W cngli b rnshi tmen I never knew them; I didn't know them.
W cngli b q nde jhu. I never go to your meetings..
W cngli mi[yu] qguo nde I never did go to your meetings..
jhu.
W cngli mi[yu] knguo I have never read this message.
zhge xnx. (I never did look at this message.)
Tmen yngyun b q jhu. They never go meetings.
Tmen b zi q jhu. They do not go to meetings any more.

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PRACTICE 34.1

W xux ptnghu. I study Mandarin.

W xu le ptnghu I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
W mi xu ptnghu I did not study Mandarin.

PRACTICE 34.2

N qguo wmende jhu ma? Have you [ever] been to our meetings?
W cngli mi[yu] qguo I have never gone to your meetings.
nmende jhu.
Nmen cngli miyu knjinguo Did YOU never see this message?
zhge xnx ma?
W cngli b xwng zh[ge]. I never hoped for this.

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EXERCISE 34.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate these sentences into English.

Wmen cngli mi xu Hnz.

Tmen cngli mi q wmende
jhu.
N cngli mi li wde ji ma?
T cngli mi shu ptnghu.
Wde dxing cngli mi gosu w
nmende ho xioxi.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 34.1

Wmen cngli mi xu Hnz. We never studied Hanzi.

Tmen cngli mi q wmende They never went to our meeting.
jhu.
N cngli mi li wde ji ma? Have you never come to our home?
T cngli mi shu ptnghu. He/she never spoke Mandarin.
Wde dxing cngli mi gosu w My brother never told me your good
nmende ho xioxi. news.

PRACTICE 34.3

Convert these sentences to positive, by using le and not cngli mi.

Wmen cngli mi xu Hnz. Wmen xule Hnz.

Tmen cngli mi q wmende Tmen qle wmende jhu.
jhu.
N cngli mi li wde ji ma? N lile wde ji ma?
T cngli mi shu ptnghu. T shule ptnghu.
Wde dxing cngli mi gosu w Wde dxing gosule w nmende
nmende ho xioxi. ho xioxi.

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STUDY 35
Yes and No

VOCABULARY 35.1

b! No! (responding to positive words)

shde! du! [Correct] No! (responding to negative words)
shde! Yes! [Correct!]
b! No! = but yes! (faulting negative words)
bx !; jnzh ! No ; is not permitted!

GRAMMAR 35.1

n mngbai ma? Do you understand?

b [mngbai], w b mngbai! No, I don't understand!
n b mngbai, du ma? You don't understand, do you?
du, w b mngbai! [Correct] No, I don't understand!
shde, w b zi mngbai! [Correct] No, I don't understand any
more!
b, w mngbai! [Incorrect] Not so, I do understand!

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STUDY 36
Connectives and, but, or

VOCABULARY 36.1 (Connectives)

h and (links nouns or pronouns)

rqi and (joins phrases, adjectives,
adverbs)
dnsh ; ksh but
b r not but ; and not ; but not
nsh ; dngsh [and] then
hu[zh] hu[zh] (either) or
hish or (alternatively)
brn or (otherwise; if not)

GRAMMAR 36.1

W h n sh ho pngyou. I and you are good friends.

W ho dnsh nge rn b ho. I'm fine, but that man is not well.
T hu li nsh wmen hu xux. He will come [and] then we'll study.
W hu jntin hu mngtin li. I'll come either today or tomorrow.
T jntian hish mngtin hu li ma? Will he come today or tomorrow?
Wmen q tde fngzi brn t b We go to his house or else he does not
xux! study!

PRACTICE 36.1

T li rqi t xux Shngjng. He comes and he studies the Bible.

T li le dnsh w mi zhdao. He came, but I did not know.
T hu li wde ji nsh wmen huShe will come to my home, then we'll
q jhu. go to the meeting.
Huzh w huzh n hu q dhu. Either I or you will go to the
assembly.
W xux, brn w b zhdao df. I study, or I dont know the answers.

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STUDY 37
More Connectives therefore, because, whether

VOCABULARY 37.1 (More Connectives)

ync ; suy therefore ; so,
yunyn [this is the] reason
ynwi as ; since ; because [of]
[omit ] that
shfu whether
[mi] yu have [not] ; there is [not] ; there are [not]
GRAMMAR 37.1
W b ho ync wo b hu li. I'm not well therefore I'll not come.
Ynwi t d Shngjng le suy t As he studied the Bible, [so] he knew
rnshi Shngd. (knows) God.
W b zhdao shfu t hu li. I don't know whether he will come.
T b zhdao n hu li tde ji He doesn't know [whether] you will come
hish wmen hu q nde fngzi. to his home or [whether] we'll go to your
house.
Yunyn w hu q nde jhu. For this reason I will go to your meeting.
Jntin yu dhu Today there is an assembly
dnsh mi yu qngti. but there are no invitations.
PRACTICE 37.2

W xu Shngjng le, I studied the Bible,

ync w zhdao df. therefore I know the answer.
T mi gi w tde qngti yunyn He didn't give me his invitation. For
w jntin b hu gi n n[ge]. this reason I won't give you that
today.
Ynwi n li le, suy wmen jntin Since you have come, [therefore] we'll
hu xux nde Shngjng. study your Bible today.
W zhdao n b hn ho. I know [that] you are not very well.

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PRACTICE 37.3

N zhdao ma Shngjng shfu shu Do you know if the Bible says that?
t?
Yu yge fngzi, dnsh mi yu ji! There is a house, but there is no
home!
N jntian hu xux wde xnx hish Today will you study my message or
Shngdde xnx ma? Gods message?

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STUDY 38
wishnme? ynwi reasoning why? because

VOCABULARY 38.1 (Reasoning Why)

wishnme why; for what
wishnme? why? for what?
wi for
wi(le) for the purpose of/that; so (that)
ynwi because

GRAMMAR 38.1
N wishnme q jhu? Why do you go to meetings?
W xwng gosu n wishnme w I'd like to tell you why I come to
li nmende jhu. your meeting(s).
T mi li ynwi t miyu qngti. He didn't come because he hasn't
(an) invitation.
T xwng shu ptnghu. Ync He wants to speak Mandarin.
t qle nde ji. Therefore, he went to your home.
Zhge qngti sh wi n. This invitation is for you.

PRACTICE 38.1
Nmen wishnme li le? Why did you come?
Wde dxing hu gi n yge My brother will give you an
qngti. invitation.
Wishnme? Why?
Wile n nng li wmende jhu. So you can come to our meeting.
W mi li ynwi miyu qngti. I didn't come, as there was no
invitation.
Wishnme miyu jhu? Why is there no meeting?

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STUDY 39
yoshi, jir, rgu Conditional Sentences if, then

VOCABULARY 39.1 (Conditional Sentences)

yoshi , (ji) If (in the case that) , (then) [see whether]
jir [or yosh] , If (supposing that) ,
rgu , (nmu) If (on the condition) that , (then)

GRAMMAR 39.1 (Yosh)

See further examples in Study 47.

Yosh n b hn ho, w (ji) If you are not very well, (then) I will not
b hu q nde ji. go to your home.
Yosh mngtin nxi xnx [hu] If tomorrow those messages [will] come,
li, wmen (ji) hu xux tmen. (then) we will study them.

Note word order with ji after the noun w.

GRAMMAR 39.2 (Jir)
Jir Shngjng shu nge xioxi, If (supposing) your book is not there, will
n [hu] zhdao t ma? you know it?
Jir tmen b mngbai nde If they do not understand your invitation,
qngti, tmen hu li ma? will they come?

GRAMMAR 39.3 (Rgu)

Rgu n xwng xex, [nmu] If you wish to study, [then] I will come to
w hu li nde fngzi. your house.
Rgu tmen li, [nmu] If they come, [then] we study the Bible.
wmen xux Shngjng.

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STUDY 40
[zi] zhr / zhl; nr / nl [located] here, there

VOCABULARY 40.1 (Here, There)

[zi] zhr; [zi] zhl [located; be located] here

[zi] nr; [zi] nl [located; be located] there

GRAMMAR 40.1
Omit zi from these phrases if they occur at the beginning of a sentence.

Zhr miyu qngte. Here there is no message.

Miyu qngte zi zhr. Here is no message is located here.
T b ho ync t b hu li zhr. Hes not well, so he'll not come
here.
Nde sh zi zhl. Your book is [in] here.
Nr yu i Shngd de rn. There there are people who love
God.
Wde fngzi zi nr. My house is located there.
W hu knjin nde sh zi nl. I can see your book is [in] here.

PRACTICE 40.1
Yosh n b hn ho , w (ji) If you are not very well, (then) I will not
b hu q nr. go there.
Yosh mngtin nxi sh [hu] If tomorrow those books [will] come, we
li, wmen (ji) hu xux tmen. will study them.
Jir wde dxing zi nr, n If (supposing) my brother is there, will you
hubhu zhdao t sh shi? know [ or not know] who he is?
Jir t zi nr, t hu li ma? If he is there, will he come?
Rgu n xwng xex, [nmu] If you wish to study, [then] I will come
w hu li nr. there.
Rgu tmen li zhl, [nmu] If they come here, [then] we study this
wmen xux Shngjng. book.

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STUDY 41
[zi] zhr? / zhl; nr? / nl [located] where?

VOCABULARY 41.1
[zi] zhr? / zhl [located] where?
[zi] nr? / nl [located] where?

GRAMMAR 41.1
Nde ji zi zhr? Where is your home?
Tde sh zi nr. His book is [located] there.
N q nr? Where are you going?
N q nr xux? Where do you go to study?
Wmen xux zi jhu. We study at meetings.
* Zhr yu xwng. Here there is hope.
Qng li zhr. Please come here.

* NOTE: zi was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

PRACTICE 41.1

zi [to be] located at

[zi] zhr / zhl [located] here
[zi] zhr? / zhl [located] where?
[zi] nr / nl [located] there
[zi] nr? / nl [located] where?

PRACTICE 41.2
Wde ji zi zhr. My home is [located] here.
Wmen ky q zhr? Where can we go?
Wmen ky q nr? Where can we go?
Nmende xux zi zhr? Where is YOUR study?

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PRACTICE 41.3
T hu wishnme zi nr. Why will he be there?
T hubhu zi nr? Will he be there or won't he?
* Nr hu yu dxing jimi. There there will be brothers and sisters.
Wmende ji zi nr. Our home is [located] there.
Nmen ky q zhr ma? Can YOU go there?
Tmen ky q nr xux? Where can they go to study?

* NOTE: zi was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

PRACTICE 41.4
Nmende sh zi zhr? Where are YOUR books?
Tmen hu zi zhr. They will be here.
Shngd zi nr? Where is God?
T b zhdao wde ji zi nr? Does he not know where my home is?
Qng q nr. Please go there.
Qngti shu q nr xux. The invitation says go there to study.
* Nr wde ji. There is my home.

* NOTE: zi was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

ROUTINE 41.1
W [b] xhuan q nr xuxi nmende sh
Tmen xwng
Nde pngyou Shngjng
Zhxie dxing xhuan q zhr xux
Nxie rn [b] nmende sh
Dan Dxing nng li nr d
Jan Jimi zhge xioxi
W zhdao

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PRACTICE 41.5
Nde ji zi nr? Where is your home?
Wde dxing q le nr? Did my brother go there?
Nde jimi hu li zhr ma? Will your sister come here?
Tmende sh zi zhr? Where are YOUR books?
Wde Shngjng wishnme b zi zhr? Why is my Bible not here?
Tmen zi nr xux ptnghu? Where do they study Mandarin?
B zi zhr! It isn't here! / They aren't here!

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STUDY 42
de that which ; hu words; zhngyo important

VOCABULARY 42.1
de that which ; that of description
hu words; that which is said
zhngyo important

GRAMMAR 42.1
Shngd de hu zhngyo de. Gods Word [is] important.
N mngbai Shngd sho de hu! You see clearly what God said!
Nmen yu de sh hn ho. The book you have is very good.
W ptnghu shu de b ho. I don't speak Mandarin well.
[The way in which] I speak Mandarin
[is] not good.
N ptnghu shu de hn ho! You speak Mandarin very well!
[The way] you speak Mandarin [is]
very good!
Shngjng sh Yhhu de hu. The Holy Scriptures (Bible) are
Jehovah's word.

ROUTINE 42.1
Nmen [b] mngbai wde xnx [ma?]
N wmende
Tmen dng ho xioxi
Tde jimi [b] Shngd shu de [ma?]
Nde pngyou mngbai hu
Nmen w gosu nmen de

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INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 42.1

Work rapidly through incremental construction of these phrases.

n shu you say; you speak

n shu de as you say; of you speaking
n shu ptnghu de the way of you speaking Mandarin
T shu de hu the word {that He said}

t gi de as he gives; of him giving

t gi wmen de as he gives us; that he gives us
Shngd gi wmen de as God gives us; that God gives us
Shngd gi wmen de xnx the information that God gives us

n xwng you wish, would like, hope

n xwng de as you wish; that you'd like
n xwng yu de that you'd wish to have
n xwng yu de xioxi news that you'd wish to have
n xwng w shu de that you'd wish me to say
n xwng w shu de xioxi news that you'd wish me to say

nmen nng YOU can

nmen nng de that YOU can
nmen nng mngbai YOU can understand; can see clearly
nmen nng mngbai de hu words that YOU can understand

PRACTICE 42.1
W b dng nde hu. I don't understand what you say.
T xing mngbai Shngd de hu He wants to understand God's word.
W mngbai Yhhu shu de hu. I understand the word Jehovah says.
N dng t shu de hu ma? You see what he says, do you?
Tmen mngbai zhge xnx. They understand this information.

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PRACTICE 42.2
N sh Shngjng. N mngbai ma? That is the Bible. Do you understand?
N dng zhge xnx ma? Do you understand this information?
Dngbdng? Understand [or not]?
W xing mngbai t de hu. I want to see clearly what He said.
N dng wde hu ma? You understand my words, do you?

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STUDY 43
zu [to] do, make; sit; ride; xyo [to] need [to]

VOCABULARY 43.1
zu [to] make; treat as; [to] do, act as
zu [to] sit, ride
xyo [to] need [to]
gngzu [to] work; work; works; activity
shdang proper, suitable

GRAMMAR 43.1
Tmen zu shnme? What are they doing?
Nmen zi jhu zu shnme? What do YOU do at the meeting?
W hu gosu n w zu shnme. I'll tell you what I do.
W xyo q nr? Where do I need to go?
Qng zi zu. Please sit again.
N zu shnme gngzu? What work do you do?
T b shu shdang de hu. He is not saying proper words.
PRACTICE 43.1
Nmen hu zu shnme? What will YOU do?
Nde pngyou xyo q wde ji. Your friend needs to go to my home.
Wmen zi ji zu xux. We do the study at home.
Tmen b zu zh[ge] zi nr. They don't do this there.
W xwng zu Shngd shu de I wish to do what God says.
hu.
Nmen xyo zu shnme? What do YOU need to do?
N mi xu Shngjng ma? Haven't you studied the Bible?

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STUDY 44
yng manner; fngf way; fngsh method; l means, road

VOCABULARY 44.1
yng manner
znyng ? how; in what manner ?
zhyng in this manner; in this way; like this
zhyng in what manner?
nyng in that manner; in that way; like that
nyng in what manner?
fngf way, manner
fngsh method, style
l road, way, means, route

GRAMMAR 44.1

N hu znyng zu t? How will you do it?

Wmen xyo znyng zu? How do we need to act?
Tmen nng nyng zu t. They can do it that way.
N nng zhyng li wde ji. You can come to my home like this.
W [hu] nng znyng zhdao t How will I be able to know what he
shu de hu? * says? (How can I or How will I)
W zhdao n [] fngzi de l. I know the road of your house.
* Choose hu or nng but not two auxilliary verbs together.
You would normally state only the last de in an implied series.
PRACTICE 44.1
Nde jimi xyo nyang q. Your sister needs to go like that.
Wmen zi jhu zhyng xux. We study like this at the meetings.
Shngjng wishnme shu wmen Why does the Bible say we mustn't do
bk nyng zu? like that?
T xwng w b zu nyng. He wishes us not to do like that.

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ROUTINE 44.1

Wmen [b] xhuan zhyng zu

T znyng d
Nmen nng zhyng
Wmen [b] hu nyng zu
W [x]yo hn ho de
N xhuan xux
Tmen xing
b k shu

PRACTICE 44.2
W [hu] nng znyng zhdao t How will I be able to know what he says?
shu de hu? * (How can I or How will I)
Nde dxing xyo zhyang li. Your brother needs to come this way.
Shngjng gosu wmen bk The Bible tells us we mustn't do like that.
nyng zu.
N zi nr znyng zu? How do you act there?
Wmen mi zu zhyng. We didn't do like this.
Nyng zu de rn b ho. People who do like that are not good.
Qng wi w zu zhyng de sh. Please make this kind of book for me.

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STUDY 45
Measure Words (MW) : bn, and fn. See also Study 28+

VOCABULARY 45.1 (More Measure Words)

bn (MW) for editions; bound volumes

ybn (= y + bn) a ; an ; (e.g. a volume of )
zhbn this [bound volume of]
nbn that [bound volume of]
fn (MW) for leaflets, newspapers
yfn (= y + fn) a ; an ; (e.g. a leaflet of )
zhfn this [leaflet of]
nfn that [leaflet of]
ling a pair of; (two)
GRAMMAR 45.1

The Measure Words (MW) to which you have been introduced so far are:

ge (used generally) yge pngyou = a friend

bn (thick books) ybn sh = a book
fn (leaflets, news- yfn zzh = a leaflet, thin magazine, or
papers) thin document
xi (plurals) yxi rn = some people
y (before , ) a, an; (one) yge pngyou = a friend
yfn zzh = a leaflet
y (before ,
, ) ybn sh = a book
ling a pair of; (two) lingge dxing = a couple of brothers
lingbn sh = a couple of books
lingfn zzh = a pair of leaflets, thin
magazines, or thin documents

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GRAMMAR 45.2

NOTE : Yu is inserted at the start of a sentence before yxi.

ybn sh a book
zhfn zzh this magazine
zhxi zzh these magazines
lingfn zzh a couple of magazines
Qng d zhbn sh, ho ma? Please read this book, O.K.?
Qng n nbn sh. Please take that book.
Yu yxi rn b xwng nyng zu. Some people don't wish to do so.
Zhxi jimi shu de ho. These sisters speak well.
Nxi pngyou mi li zhr. Those friends did not come here.

PRACTICE 45.1
W gi le n wde ji. I gave you my home.
N gi w tmende sh. You give me their book.
Wmen hu gi tmen ybn sh. We will give them a book.

PRACTICE 45.2
Qng, n n wde sh. Please, you take my book.
W gi le n wde sh. I gave you my book.
N mi gi w nde sh. You did not give me your book.
W b hu n nbn sh. I will not take that book.
Nde ji hn ho de. Your home is very good.

PRACTICE 45.3

N yu zhbn sh ma? Have you this book?

N yu zhyng ybn sh ma? Have you a book like this?
Zh sh ybn Shngjng. This is a Bible.
W d le ybn sh. I read a book. (Past tense)
Wmen mi n nxi sh. We didn't take those books.

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PRACTICE 45.4

Zhxi sh hn ho de. These books are very good.

N yu hn ho de sh. You have a very nice book.
Yu yxi sh b ho de. Some books are not good.
N wishnme xux zhbn sh? Why do you study this book?
Zhxi dxing mi q nde ji. These brothers haven't gone to your
home.
Nmen hu nng zi nr xux ybn YOU will be able to study there a very
hn ho de sh. good book.
W b hu nng zi zhr xux nbn I won't be able to study here that
ptnghu de sh. * Mandarin book.

NOTE : Yu is inserted at the start of a sentence before yxi.

* NOTE: Choose hu or nng but not two auxilliary verbs together.

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STUDY 46
guny about; bngzh help; yng use

VOCABULARY 46.1
guny about
bngzh; bng [to] help
yng [to] use
[zi] yng [by] using; with; [by] making use of

GRAMMAR 46.1
T gosu wmen guny Shngd. It tells us about God.
Yhhu xing bngzh wmen. Jehovah wants to help us.
W hu bngzh n mngbai t. I'll help you to understand it.
N wishnme yng zhbn sh? Why do you use this book?
Yng Shngjng n nng mngbai. Using the Bible you can understand.
N nng mngbai zi Shngjng yng. You can understand using the Bible.

PRACTICE 46.1
Wmen xing bngzh n mngbai We want to help you understand the
Shngjng. Bible.
Zhge xnx sh shnme. What is this information?
Zhbn sh gosu wmen guny This book tells us about God's word.
Shngd de hu.
Shngd xing bngzh nmen God wants to help us understand the
mngbai T shu de hu. word he has spoken.
Wmen bngzh n zi Shngjng We help you with the use of the Bible.
yng.
Qng li wmen ptnghu yng de Please come to our meeting that uses
jhu. Mandarin.
Shngjng gosu wmen Yhhu The Bible tells us how Jehovah wants
xing wmen hu znyng zu. us to act.

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STUDY 47
yoshi , ji If , then : further examples
VOCABULARY 47.1
yoshi , ji If , then
, ji [If] , then
yo[shi] , If , [then]
GRAMMAR 47.1
See earlier examples of Conditional Sentences in Study 39.
Yosh n b hn ho, w ji b If you are not very well, (then) I will not
hu q nr. go there.
N xiwng q nr, wmen ji You want to go there, so we will do that
hu nyng zu. way.
Yosh nxi sh [hu] li, If those books [will] come, we (then) will
wmen (ji) hu xux tmen. study them.
Rn ji zhdao w sh Yhhu. Then the people will know I am Jehovah.
NOTE: word order with ji after the noun w.

PRACTICE 47.1
Yoshi n xing q wmende jhu, If you want to go to our meeting, then
w ji hu li bngzh n q nr. I will come to help you go there.
Yoshi tmen b ho, wmen ji hu If they are not well, then we will go to
q tmende ji. their home.
[Yoshi] n xing yu zhbn sh, w [If] you want to have this book, then I
ji nng gi n zh. can give this to you.
Yo n xux Shngd de hu n hu If you study God's word, you will be
nng mngbai T. able to understand Him.
Yoshi n zu Yhhu Shngd shu If you do what Jehovah God says, then
de hu, n ji ky yu yngshng. you can have everlasting life.
Yo nyng zu, n b q nr. Doing like that, you don't go there.

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STUDY 48
su what, that which; suyu whatever there is; duall

VOCABULARY 48.1

su what, that which, whatever

suyu whatever there is/are; all
whatever you have; possession
du all

GRAMMAR 48.1
{N su shu de} hn ho. {What you say} is very good.
{T su xing de}, T hu zu. {Whatever he wants to}, He will do.
Qng d {Shngjng su shu de}. Please read {what the Bible says}.
{N su d de} znyng bngzh n? How does {what you read} help you?
{Suyu b ho de hu} du b nng {Whatever bad saying there is}, they
bngzh wmen. all are unable to help us.
{T suyou de hu} du sh wi Whatever word of His there is, all of
wmen ho de. them are good for us.
PRACTICE 48.1
{Zhge rn so shu de} gosu {What this person said} tells us how to
wmen znyng q tde ji. go to his home.
Shngjng shu wmen xyo zu The Holy Scriptures say we need to do
{Shngd su xing de}. {whatever God wants}.
Wmen xwng zu {Shngjng su We wish we could do {what the Bible
shu de}. says}.
Qng yng {n su yu de Please use {whatever Bible you have}.
Shngjng}.

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STUDY
STUDY 49
Review of Interrogatives who? what? when? where? why?

VOCABULARY 49.1 (Interrogatives, Questions)

shnme ? what ?
shi ? who ?
wishnme ? why ? (what for?)
shnme shhou ? when ? (what time ?)
nl ? nr ? where ?
GRAMMAR 49.1
Zhge jhu sh shnme? What is this meeting?
N(ge dngxi) sh shnme? What's that (thing)?
N(ge rn) sh shi? Who's that (person)?
Shi q nr? Who goes there?
Tmen wishnme b li? Why aren't they coming?
N shnme shhou xux? When do you study?
Nde fngzi zi nl? Where is your house?
PRACTICE 49.1
Tmen zhr xux shnme? What do you study there?
N zhdao shnme? What do you know?
Nmen sh shi? Who are YOU?
Shi zutin li le? Who came yesterday?
N wishnme b zhdao nge hu? Why don't you understand that word?
PRACTICE 49.2
T wishnme n wde sh le? Why did he take my book?
Tmen shnme shhou hu q jhu? When will they go to the meeting?
Wmende sh zi nl? Where is our book?
Dhu de fngzi zi nr? Where is the house of meeting?
N wishnme b hu li zhr? Why will you not come here?

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STUDY 50
More interrogatives how? how much? whose? which?

VOCABULARY 50.1 (More Interrogatives, Questions)

znyng? how ? (in what manner ?

znme ? how ? (in what manner ?
du [shn] ? how [far, much] ? (what extent)
dusho ? how much ? how many ?
shi de? shu de? whose?
n [y]ge? * which? (singular)
nxi? which? (plural)
* Change the measure word ge, if necessary.
GRAMMAR 50.1
Nde pngyou jntin du ho? How well is your friend today?
Nmen yu dusho rn? How many of you are there?
Zhge fngzi sh shi de? This house is whose?
Nmen xux nbn sh? Which book do YOU study?
Nmen xux nxi sh? Which books do YOU study?
PRACTICE 50.1
N znme hu li zhr? How will you come here?
Tmen xux du shn le? How [far] did you study?
Dusho fngzi sh nmende? How many houses are YOURS?
N yu dusho pngyou? You have how many friends?
Shi de sh zi zhr? Whose book is here?
Nge rn sh shi de pngyou? That person is whose friend?
T q le shi de fngzi? He went to whose house?
Wmen hu xux nbn sh? We will study which book?

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PRACTICE 50.2
Tmen znme q nr le? How did they go there?
Nge rn gi n zhbn sh le? Which person gave you this book?
[zi] Zhl dusho sh? Here are how many books?
T sh shi de mma? She is whose mother?
Shi de bba gi n n le? Whose father gave you that?

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STUDY 51
Try [to]

VOCABULARY 51.1

lt [to] try, endeavour

sht [to] attempt, try

GRAMMAR 51.1
Tmen lt le q nr. They tried to go there.
W lt zu Shngd su shu de. I am endeavouring to do what God
says.
Wmen sht bngzh n. We are trying to help you.
N mi sht zu n. You didn't attempt to do that.
Qng sht d zhfn zzh, ho ma? Please try to read this magazine, O.K.?

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STUDY 52 52
Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions

VOCABULARY 52.1

rng [to] let; make have to

lng [to] lead to feel
sh [to] cause; make; enable; employ
shu [to] experience, undergo
shuk [to] suffer [hardship]
nnt difficulties, problems
k hardship
qngkung conditions; situation

GRAMMAR 52.1
Rng wmen d zhbn sh. Let's read this book.
Rng wmen d {T su shu de}. Let's read {what He says}.
T rng wmen d tde sh. He lets us read his book.
N lng w goxng. You make me feel happy.
W yjng sh tmen rnshi n de I already made them know [well] your
mng. name.
N nng sh Shngd goxng. You can make God happy.
Zhge xioxi lng w goxng. This news makes me feel happy.
PRACTICE 52.1
Wmen shu so b ho de. We suffer what is bad.
Wmen wishnme shu nnt? Why do we suffer problems?
Shngd b rng wmen shu zhxi Does God not let us undergo these
qngkung ma? conditions?
Shngd wishnme rng wmen Why does God let us undergo these
shu zhxi nnt. problems?
T b sh wmen zu zhyng de. He doesnt make us act like this.

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PRACTICE 52.2
Rng w li bngzh n. Let me come and help you.
Shngd sh wmen zhdao {t su God makes us know {what the wants}.
xing de}.
T b xing wmen shuk. He does not want us to suffer hardship.
Shngd rng wmen mngbai God lets us know why there are these
wishnme yu zhxi qngkung. conditions.
T sh wmen de ji hn ho de le. He made our home very good.
Shi sh zhge j b ho de? Who makes this home bad?
Shngd wishnme rng wmen Why does God let us undergo these
shuk? problems?
Ync wmen zhdao wmende So we know our works are not proper.
gngzu sh b shdang de.
T b sh wmen zu zhyng de. He doesnt make us act like this.
Shngd xing wmen shu {hpng God wants us to experience {conditions
de qngkung}. of peace}.
Zhge xioxi sh {lng w goxng This news is {one that makes me feel
de}. happy}.

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STUDY 53 53
Direction: to, from

VOCABULARY 53.1 (Direction)

h ; tng ; gn to (speaking with a hearer)
do to (a place); up to ; as far as
cng from (from such place, e.g. China)
cng ch from ; out from ; out of

GRAMMAR 53.1

n gn w shuhu You spoke to (with) me.

le.
w shu gn n mma le. I spoke with your mother.
t hu n wde She will give [to] you my
gi sh. book.
t hu nmen nbn He will give YOU that book
gi sh.
tmen q do Lndn They went to London.
n cng Zhng- li ma? You came (come) from
gu China, mm?
wmen li cng Bijng le We came from Beijing.
t cng t de li le. He came [out] from his
fngzi house.
ch
w cng zhbn xux t. I learned it from this.
sh

PRACTICE 53.1
Qng cng zhr do nr d. Please read from here to there.
N cng nr li le? From where did you come?
W gn tde f qn shuhu le. I spoke with his father.

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STUDY 54
Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf

VOCABULARY 54.1 (Route)

chunggu through: from one side to the other
tnggu through: by way of, via
fng de mng through ; in the name of
lgu pass by way of

GRAMMAR 54.1

w tnggu zhbn xu[x] le. I learned by way of this

sh book.
w shu fng w I speak in the name of my
bba father.
de
mng.
t lgu nge fngzi le. It came through that
house.

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STUDY 55
Purpose, for, due to

VOCABULARY 55.2 (Purpose)

gi ; wi for [giving to] [a beneficiary]
wi ; wile for the purpose of ; in order that
hojio
yuy due to
r on the grounds of ; because of
(linking the cause of an action with the
action itself); and so
t for ; on behalf of
di for ; on behalf of

GRAMMAR 55.2
Nbn sh sh gi zhge rn. That book is for this person.
Zh wi[le] mngtin de jhu sh. This is for the purpose of tomorrows
meeting.
Hojio tmen zhdao n de mng. In order that they know your name.
Wmen lile yuy nde nnt. We came due to your problem.
W li t w bba. I come on behalf of my father
T lile r knjin wmen. He came and so got to see us.
T ynwi mma b ho r mi li He did not come because his mother is
not well.

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STUDY 56
Position: [located] in, at, on

VOCABULARY 56.1 (Position)

(zi) l (is) in
(zi) lmian (is) inside
(zi) shang [mian] (is) on , upon
(zi) [mian] (is) at
mian in the location (described by zi )

GRAMMAR 56.1

Note that zi is normally omitted at the start of a sentence. *

T zi sh l It [is] (positioned) in the book.
* [zi] fngzi lmian Inside the house
T zi sh shang [mian] It [is] (located) on the book.
W zi tde fngzi [mian] I [am] (positioned) at his house.
PRACTICE 56.1
Use words you have learned and make more sentences with these grammar
detail.

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STUDY 57
Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near

VOCABULARY 57.1

(zi) shang; zi shngmian (is) up, over ; located upon, on top of

(zi) xi [mian] (is) down; under ; below
(zi) l[mian] (is) in[side]
(zi) wi[bian], (zi) wimian (is) out[side]
(zi) qin[mian] (is) [located] ahead; in front of
(zi) hu[mian]; (is) [located] behind
(zi) hu[bian]
(zi) png[bin] (is) by [the side of] ; beside
(zi) [f]yn (is) near[by]

GRAMMAR 57.1

Nde sh zi n shang [mian] Your book [is] up there

Fngzi zi nge lshng mian The house [is] up on that
road
Tde sh zi zhr xi [mian] Her house [is] under here
Tde hu zi nde sh lmian His word [is] in your
book
Wmen zi fngzi wibian hu li We will come [and be]
outside your house
T zi nge fngzi l le He [was] in that house
W zi nde fngzi homian I [am] behind your house
T zi nmen pngbin q le He went * beside YOU
Tmen nr l They [are] in there
* [continuing in the position beside; alongside]

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EXERCISE 57.1 (Answers given below)

Translate these sentences from Chinese Mandarin into English.

W zi nde mma pngbin zu xi

le r d tde sh.
Nde sh zi wde zzh humian.
Wmen de jhu zi nge fngzi
lmian.
Shi zi nde fngzi qinmian zu
xi le?
Qng zi w fyn zu, ho ma?
Ys Jd zi tde F qn xi.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.1

W zi nde mma pngbin zu xi I sat down beside your mother and

le r d tde sh. read her book.
Nde sh zi wde zzh humian. Your book is behind my magazine.
Wmen de jhu zi nge fngzi Our meeting is inside that house.
lmian.
Shi zi nde fngzi qinmian zu Who is sitting in front of your
xi le? house?
Qng zi w fyn zu, ho ma? Please sit near me, O.K.?
Ys Jd zi tde F qn xi. Jesus Christ is below his Father.

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EXERCISE 57.2 (Answers given below)

Translate these sentences from English into Chinese Mandarin

There is a person on top of your

house.
We will be in front of their home.
Your father is beside your mother.
Your house is near our meeting!
Please look under your book, O.K.?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.2

There is a person on top of your Yu yge rn zi nde fngzi

house. shngmian.
We will be in front of their home. Wmen hu zi tmende ji wibian.
Your father is beside your mother. Nde f qn zi nde mqn
pngbin.
Your house is near our meeting! Nde fngzi zi wmende jhu
fyn.
Please look under your book, O.K.? Qng zi nde sh ximian kn, ho
ma?

ACTIVITY 57.1

Students converse in groups of two or three, exchanging informative

statements.

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STUDY 58
Circumstances: before, with, during, after

VOCABULARY 58.1 (Circumstance)

(zi) yng with (by means of, by the use of)

h (yq); gn yq; tng with (in the company of)
miyu ; [miyu] without ; [do not have; didn't]
(zi) yqin before
(zi) qjin during
(zi) yhu after
cng yli; cng q; yhu since ; from on

PRACTICE 58.1

W xux n zi yng zhbn sh. I study it by means of this book.

W zi jhu yqian li le I came before the meeting.
Wmen xux zhl do n li le We studied here until you came.
T xux zi fngzi lmian le He studies inside the house.
T li le miyu tde sh He came without his book.
Wmen b nng xux ynwi We cannot study because we are without
wmen miyu nbn sh (don't have) that book.
Wmen zi jhu yhu q fngzi We go to the house after the meeting.

PRACTICE 58.2

W cng nge jhu yli zhdao I [have] know[n] since that meeting.
T h w li zhl le He came here with me. (He and I )
Tmen zi jhu qjin mi li They didn't come during the meeting
W zhdao t cng w kn zhge I [have] know[n] it since I saw this
xioxi yli message
Tmen shuhu guny dhu ma? Did they speak about the convention?
W hu q nr gn n yq I'll go there along with you.

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STUDY 59
Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want

VOCABULARY 59.1 (Auxilliary Verbs Desire)

xing [to] want to ; would like to
xhuan ; x'i [to] like [to] , have an interest in ;
[to] enjoy
xwng [to] wish to , have a desire to
[to] hope to ; would like to
kwng [to] wish to

PRACTICE 59.1
W xhuan xux ptnghu. I like (am interested) to study Mandarin
W xwng q dhu I'd like (hope) to go to the meeting.
T xing xux zhbn sh. He wants to study this book.
T kwng sh nde pngyou. He wishes to be your friend.
Tmen xing mngtin li. They want to come tomorrow.
N xhuan yu zhbn sh ma? Are you interested to have this book?
PRACTICE 59.2
W kwng q wde fngzi. I wish to go to my house.
Nge rn xwng sh nr. That person hopes to be there.
Wmen xing q nr. We want to go there.
Tmen kwng li zhr. They wish to come here.
N xing d zhge xioxi ma? Would you like to read this message?
W kwng shu ptnghu. I wish to speak Mandarin.

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STUDY 60
Auxilliary verbs complusion: need to, must, should, ought to

VOCABULARY 60.1 (Auxilliary Verbs Compulsion)

xyo [to] need to , have to ;
it is necessary that
ydng definitely, surely, indeed, really
bx ; ydng di ; bdb [to] have an obligation to ; must
ydng yo [to] to have a necessity to ; must
xing yo [to] want to order (meals, products)
ynggi should ; ought to

PRACTICE 60.1
w xyo xux ptnghu I need to study Mandarin
w bx q dhu I must go to the convention.
t ydng yo xux zhbn sh He must study this book.
t ynggi sh nde pngyou He ought to be your friend.
nmen xyo mngtin li YOU need to come tomorrow.
t ydng di shuhu zh He's obligated to say this.
n ynggi gi t tde sh You ought to give him his book.
n bx li jntin You have to come today.
t bdb q nr He has no option but to go there.
xyo nde fngzi hu zi nr It is necessary that your house [will] be
there.
wmen ydng yo q jhu We must go to the meeting.
w xing yo nge dngxi I would like to order that thing.

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STUDY 61
Auxilliary Verbs ability: may, can, try to, let, allow

VOCABULARY 61.1 (Auxilliary Verbs Ability)

knng ; yx may , [to] have a chance or opportunity to
ky may , [to] have permission to
nng can
nng ; do [to] have a possibility or ability to
hu ; nng can , [to] know how to
jnl ; lt [to] try (endeavour) to
sh ; sht [to] try (attempt) to
shyng [to] try out in use
rng [to] let; [to] allow
gi [to] let be done

PRACTICE 61.1
w ky xux ptnghu I'm permitted to study Mandarin.
w knng q dhu I have a chance to go to the meeting.
t nng xux zhbn sh He can to study this book.
t jnl sh tmende pngyou He tries to be their friend.
tmen do mngtin li They could to come tomorrow.
n rng t n wde sh ma? You let him take my book?
PRACTICE 61.2
wmen sh q dhu le We tried to go to the meeting.
t shyng xux cng wde sh He is trying to study using our book.
wmen rng t q nr We let him to go there.
tmende pngyou do li ma? Their friend could come, is it so?
n hu shu ptnghu ma? Can you speak Mandarin?
w lt shu shdang de ptnghu I try to speak Mandarin properly.
gi w kn n! Let me see that!

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STUDY 62
Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do

VOCABULARY 62.1 (Combining of Verbs)

zhn; [zhnxing; zhnsh]; [zhnl] true; [the truth]; [a truth, truths]
bng; bngzh [to] help, assist
zh [to] live, reside
hu [to] return, go back
fngwn [to] visit, call on
li xi; lixia; di [to] stay, remain
jinmin [to] meet
zu [to] do, make (something)
PRACTICE 62.1
Zhbn sh shu zhn de dngxi. This book says true things.
N hu bng w ma? Can you help me?
Tmen zh zhr. They live here.
T hu fngzi le. He returned to the house.
Wmen q nge rn fngwn le. We went to visit that person.
Tmen di nr. They stay there.
Wmen jinmin zhr. We meet here.
N hu zu zh ma? Can you do this?
PRACTICE 62.2 (Combining of Verbs)
W xhuan zu n. I like to do that.
W xwng zh zi zhr. I'd like to live here.
T xing hu fngzi. He wants to return to his house.
W kwng q fngwn t. I wish to go and visit him.
Yoshi tmen jntin nng li ho I wish they could come today. = If they
le. could come today it would be good.
Tmen xyo mngtin li. They'll have to come tomorrow.
Wmen xyo q bng t. We must go and help him.
N nng tng w jinmin ma? Can you meet with me?
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STUDY 63
Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write

VOCABULARY 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)

jin; (knjian) [to] see; ([to] see a sight)
tng [to] listen to
tngjian [to] hear
kn [to] read, look at and comprehend; [to] look at
d ; nin [to] read aloud
xi [xn] [to] write [a letter]
PRACTICE 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)
N knjian wde fngzi ma? Can you see my house?
W kn b jin yge fngzi. I cannot see a house.
Mngtin jin! See you tomorrow!
W fqn b xing tng nde hu. My father does not want to listen to
your word.
Tmen tngjian yu rn zi nde They heard [there is] a person inside
fngzi lmian. your house.
W tng b jin n su shu de. I cant hear what youre saying.
W xing d nbn sh. I want to read that book.
Qng nin zhge xnx. Please read this message [aloud].
Qng gi w xi xn, ho ma? Please write [to] me a letter, O.K.?
PRACTICE 63.2 (Combining of Verbs)
w xhuan d sh I like to read books.
t xing tng zhg ho xioxi. She wants to hear this good news.
tmen xyo mngtin nin They'll have to read out our message
wmende xioxi tomorrow.
wmen xyo q kn nge fngzi We must go and look at that house.
n nng knjian shnme? What can you see?
w lt xi Hnz. I try to write Hanzi.

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STUDY 64
Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive

VOCABULARY 64.1 (Use of Verbs)

i [to] love (someone)
iho [to] love (something)
mngbai; lji; dng [to] understand
yu [to] have, possess
ddo; shudo [to] obtain, receive, get
PRACTICE 64.1 (Use of Verbs)
N i t ma? Do you love her?
T iho d tde sh He loves to read his book.
N mngbai ptnghu ma? Can you understand Mandarin?
N yu yge fngzi ma? Do you have a house?
Mngtin yu yge dhu. Tomorrow there is an assembly.
W iho nbn sh. I love that book.
T iho nin tde sh. He loves to read his book [aloud].
N hu ddo Shnd de xngf You can obtain Gods blessings.

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STUDY 65
de and its various uses; ; Relatives and Correlatives
GRAMMAR 65.1 (List of Uses of de; Relatives and Correlatives)
de 1 of
2 of possessor
3 of quality described as
4 the thing of the quality described as
5 of manner described as
6 of action described as
7 Possibility of an action
8 of relative/correlative description
GRAMMAR 65.2 (Use of de : Of)
fngzi de l way of the house
dhu de fngzi house of the meeting; meeting house
GRAMMAR 65.3 (Use of de : Possession)
wde sh my book
wde mine
wde sh sh zhr My book is here.
n sh wde That is mine.
w * mma my mother
n * bba de sh your father's book; the book of your father
* NOTE: Omit de for closely related persons

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GRAMMAR 65.4 (Use of de : Quality Adjectives Describing Nouns)

Use de if the quality described is written in more than one character
hn ho de pngyou very good friend(s)
b ho de rn not a good person; bad person(s)
Omit de if the quality is described using only one written character
ho pngyou good friend(s)

GRAMMAR 65.5 (Use of de : Person or Thing of the Quality Described)

ho de sh wde The good one is mine

GRAMMAR 65.6 (Use of de : Manner Adjectives to Form Adverbs)

shdang proper, suitable

shdang de properly, suitably
t shdang de shu He speaks properly

GRAMMAR 65.7 (Use of de : Action Forming an Adverbial Phrase)

n shu de hn ho How you speak is very good.
You speak very well.
t shu de b ho. How he speaks is not good.
He speaks badly.
w sh zutin li de I came yesterday ! (Emphasis)

GRAMMAR 65.8 (Use of de : Possible Result of an Action)

zu de do can manage to; is capable of doing
wmen shu de xux We [would] learn to speak
wmen shu b xux * We would not learn to speak
* For a negative possibility, b replaces de.

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GRAMMAR 65.9 (Use of de: Relative and Correlative Pronouns)

de person or thing of this description
The use of de transforms the words
into a noun or a noun phrase.
zh sh (shuhu ho de ) pngyou This is a friend (who speaks well).
This is a friend ([of this description:]
he speaks well).
The above example has expressed the
relative pronoun who. Also, de is
used to express the relative forms of
what, who, where, why, when, how,
whose, and which.
(ho fngzi de ) rn person (of / with a nice house)

GRAMMAR 65.10
zh sh (t * gi w This is (what he gave me).
This is ([the thing of this
de) This is (the thing that he
description:] he gave
gave me). it).
nge rn sh (ho de) That person is a friend
That person is a friend
pngyou (who is good). ([of this description:]
good.)
nxi (b xux de) rn Those are persons (who Those are persons ([of
don't study). this description:] they
don't study).
* su can be whatever w su shu whatever I said
inserted for de

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GRAMMAR 65.10 (Continued)

zh sh (w b xux This is the reason (why I This is the reason ([of

nbn sh de) yunyn don't study that book). this description:] I don't
study that book).
mntin sh (wmen q Tomorrow is (when we Tomorrow is ([the time
dhu nsh de) * go to the meeting). of this description:] we
go to the meeting then).
zh sh (tmen xux de) This the house (where we This is the house ([of this
fngzi study). description:] we
study).
zh sh (wmen q This is how we go to our This is the way ([of this
wmende dhu de) l meeting. description:] we go to
our meeting).
n sh (w xux tde sh That is the person whose That is the person ([of
de) rn book I study. this description:] I study
his book).
zh sh (n gi de) sh This is the book which This is the book ([of this
you gave. description:] you
gave).
w q (za nde fngzi l I'm going to the meeting I'm going to the meeting
de) dhu which is in your house. ([of this description:] in
your house).
* nsh can be omitted

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STUDY 66
Measure Words (MW)

VOCABULARY 66.1
yjin idea, opinion
hu painting or drawing
wnzhng article written; editorial; essay
zhuzi table
VOCABULARY 66.2 (Measure Words)
y (before a, an; (one) ybn sh = a book
)
y (before ) yge pngyou = a friend
ling a pair of;(two) lingbn sh = a couple of books
ge (used generally) yge pngyou = a friend
bn (thick books) ybn sh = a book
fn (leaflets, news- lingfn zzh = a pair of leaflets, thin
papers) magazines, or documents
c (-ce; times) yc = once; lingc = twice
zhng (kinds of) ling zhng rn = two kinds of people
bin (full cycles) nbn sh w knle lingbin =
I read that book twice [completely].
din (ideas) lingdin yjin = two opinions
dun (sections, parts) zhdun l = this section of road
f (pictures) yf hu = a painting or a drawing
li (types of) zhli dngxi = this type of thing
pin (write-up) npin wnzhng = that article
tio (item of news) zhtio xioxi (/ xnx) = this message
zhng (flat, squarish) yzhng zhuzi = a table
zu (buildings) yzu fngzi = a house

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PRACTICE 66.1
t lile zhr lingc She came here twice.
n zhfn zzh Take this magazine.
nin n ho de Read that [aloud] well.
yzhng rn sh ho b ho Two kinds of person are good and bad.
PRACTICE 66.1
zh sh yge ho rn This is a nice person.
n zhdao yge yunyn ma? Do you know a reason?
w mi kn nbn sh I did not read that [volume of the] book.
gi w mma zhbn zzh Give my mother that (thick) magazine
wmen gile ling fn zzh We gave a pair of (thin) magazines.
t q nr lingc He went there on a couple of occasions.
w rnshi yzhng pngyou I know one kind of friend.
PRACTICE 66.2
t di zi dhu qjin lingbin le She stayed during [all] the assembly
twice.
wmen yu ydin yjin guny We have one idea about the truth.
zhnxing
zi ndun jhu wmen hu xux In that section of the meeting we will
zhfn zzh study this magazine.
nli fngzi hu sh hn ho wi That house will be very good for our
wde jhu meeting.
qng kn jntin nfn zzh de Please read today this article in that
zhpin wn zhng magazine.
w knjian t le zi nzhng zhuzi I saw it on that table
shang
w xwng zu yzu ho fngzi I would like to make a nice house.

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STUDY 67
b Comparative; zu Superlative; gender
VOCABULARY 67.1
b than (in comparison with)
zu most, the most (indicating the superlative)
nn- male (relating to humans)
n- ; nxng de female (relating to humans)
nnhir boy
nhir girl
GRAMMAR 67.1
n sh ho de sh That is a good book.
zhbn sh sh ho (de) This book is good.
zhbn sh sh hn ho de This book is very good.
nbn sh sh b ho de That book is not good.
zhbn sh b nbn sh ho This book is better than that book. (= this
book compared to that book is good)
zh b n ho This is better than that.
wmende b tmende ho Ours is better than theirs.
GRAMMAR 67.2
zhbn sh sh zu ho de This book is best.
zhbn sh sh zu ho de This book is the best.
zh sh zu ho de sh This is the best book.
GRAMMAR 67.3
zhge nnrn sh tde nnpngyou This man is her boyfriend.
w sh nge nhirde bba I am that girl's father
zhge nrn rnshi nge nnhir This woman knows that boy.
nge nnrn b nxi rn ho That man is better than those people.

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STUDY 68
Numbers

VOCABULARY 68.1 (Numbers)

0 lng 12 sh'r
1 y 20 rsh
2 r 21 rsh'y
3 sn 100 bi
4 s 102 ybilngr
5 w 112 ybish'r
6 li 1000 yqin
7 q 10,000 wn
8 b 1,000,000 ybiwn
9 ji
10 sh

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STUDY 69
Days, months, and dates

VOCABULARY 68.1 (Days, Months, and Dates)

r day
xngqy Monday (Day 1)
xngq'r Tuesday (Day 2)
xngqsn Wednesday
xngqs Thursday
xngqw Friday
xngqli Saturday
xngqr Sunday

shngw before noon

xiw afternoon
zoxi shhou early in the day
wnxi shhou late in the day

yu month
yyu January (Month 1)
ryu February (Month 2)
snyu March
syu April
wyu May
liyu June
qyu July
byu August
jiyu September
shyu October
shyyu November
sh'ryu December

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nin year
qnin the year gone; last year
jnnin this year
mngnin coming year; next year
shj century
Gngyunqin Before our Common Era (BCE)
Gngyun Common Era (CE)
j? how many; what number?
ho day (in a date when spoken about)
r day (in a date when written about)
jntin j ho? What is the date today?
shngge last, previous
xige next, following
PRACTICE 69.1

Jntin j ho? What is the date today?

Jntin rlngshsn nin liyu Today is Wednesday, June 26th,
rshli r xngqsn (2013 nin 6 2013.
yu 26 r xngqsn).
Xngqr yu wmende jhu. On Sunday there is our meeting.
Cng xngqw do xngqr yu From Friday to Sunday there will be
yge dhu. a convention.
Mngnin qyu w b hu zi nr. Next year in July I will not be there.
T xi za Gngyunqin w shj He wrote in the fifth century B.C.E.
le. (Before Our Common Era).
Shngge yu t li le zhr. Last month he came here.
T xing zhge xngq q nde ji. He wants to go to your home this
week.
T hu xige xngqr q zj de He will go next Sunday to his own
fngzi. house.

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STUDY 70
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Chinese Mandarin to English

VOCABULARY 70.1 (Chinese Mandarin to English)

i love
bogu value
biomng show [to ~]
B! Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to
+ve)
bwnmi imperfect
chngwi become [to ~]
chngbi worship [to ~]
chshng birth
cuw error, mistake
cuw de zngjio false religion
dogo pray [to ~]
d earth
dshang on earth
dngxi thing
du! Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
dusho how many; how much
[rn] wicked [person]
fshng event, happening
fcng obey [to ~]
fhu resurrection
gngzu work [to ~]
guwng king
jitng family
jich end [to ~]
jish end; be ended; bring to an end
[to ~]
jigu result
jijng clean; cleanliness [to ~]

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jzi report; record

k difficulty; pain; suffering
kuile happiness, joy; happy, joyful
knn bitter hardships
lyun paradise
lzi example
nnt difficulties; problems
qinbi humble
qngkung conditions, situation
qnjn approach, draw near to [to ~]
rnli humankind
rnwi think [to ~]
rzi day
rngy easy
shnghu way of life; be living
shngmng life
shnme shhou what time, when
Sh! Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
Shde! Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
shhou time
shji world
shji ransom
s[wng] death
tng listen to [to ~]
tngcng listen; obey [to ~]
tngjian hear [to ~]
tngzh rule [to ~]
tngzhzh ruler
wnggu kingdom
wnmi perfect
xn new
xn believe [to ~]
xnxn faith
xnyng belief; religion

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ynggi should, ought

yngx promise
yngd please [to ~]
yjng already
y[rn] righteous [person]
ysi meaning
yunyn reason
yu month
yun approval
znmi praise [to ~]
zhngmng proof
zhngqu de zngjio true religion
zhhu wisdom
zhng xn de faithful
zhngyo important
zngjio religion

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STUDY 71
71
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS English to Chinese Mandarin

VOCABULARY 71.1 (English to Chinese Mandarin)

approach, draw near to [to ~] qnjn
approval yun
become [to ~] chngwi
belief; religion xnyng
believe [to ~] xn
birth chshng
bitter hardships knn
clean; cleanliness [to ~] jijng
conditions, situation qngkung
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve) du!
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve) Sh!
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve) Shde!
day rzi
death s[wng]
difficulties; problems nnt
difficulty; pain; suffering k
earth d
easy rngy
end [to ~] jich
end; be ended; bring to an end jish
[to ~]
error, mistake cuw
event, happening fshng
example lzi
faith xnxn
faithful zhng xn de
false religion cuw de zngjio
family jitng
happiness, joy; happy, joyful kuile

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hear [to ~] tngjian

how many; how much dusho
humankind rnli
humble qinbi
imperfect bwnmi
important zhngyo
king guwng
kingdom wnggu
life shngmng
listen to [to ~] tng
listen; obey [to ~] tngcng
love i
meaning ysi
month yu
new xn
Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to B!
+ve)
obey [to ~] fcng
on earth dshang
paradise lyun
perfect wnmi
please [to ~] yngd
praise [to ~] znmi
pray [to ~] dogo
promise yngx
proof zhngmng
ransom shji
reason yunyn
religion zngjio
report; record jzi
result jigu
resurrection fhu
righteous [person] y[rn]
rule [to ~] tngzh

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ruler tngzhzh
should, ought ynggi
show [to ~] biomng
thing dngxi
think [to ~] rnwi
time shhou
true religion zhngqu de zngjio
value bogu
way of life; be living shnghu
what time, when shnme shhou
wicked [person] [rn]
wisdom zhhu
work [to ~] gngzu
world shji
worship [to ~] chngbi

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STUDY 72
Review of Words Learned

VOCABULARY 72.1 (Review of Words Learned)

This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Part 1: Studies 1-29.
[See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.]

a, an yge, etc. MW (Part 2 shows more

measure words.) Use y before ,
, or , otherwise use y
[to] be able; can nng; hu
about guny
address dzh
[email] address [ymir] dzh
again zi
all du (see whatever)
[to] be allowed ky
[to] be not allowed; must not bk
already yjng
always, ever cngli (usually with b or mi)
answer, comment hud
answer, reply, response df
[to] approach qnjn
approval yun
[to] ask [a question] wn [wnt]
assembly, convention dhu
[to] attempt, try sht
[to] be (am, is, are) sh
[to] be able; can nng; hu
[to] be acquainted with rnshi
[to] be not allowed; must not bk
[to] be present zi
because ynwi
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[to] become chngwi

[to] begin, start kish
belief; religion xnyng
[to] believe xn
Bible, Holy Scriptures Shngjng
birth chshng
bitter hardships knn
blessd happiness xngf
[a] book [ybn] sh
brother dxing; xingd
Brother X X Dxing
[to] be called; call jio
[to] be called by the name X jio X mngzi
can; [to] be able nng, hu
[to] cause; make; enable; use sh
chapter zhng
[to] clean; cleanliness jijng
[to] come li
[to] comment; remark pngln
conditions; situation qngkung
convention, assembly dhu
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve) Du! Sh! Shde!
day rzi
death s[wng]
did le (le is just after the verb)
did guo (guo shows action was
completed)
didn't ; wasn't -ing mi
[to] die s
difficulty; bitter hardship k; knn
difficulty; problems knnn; nnt
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as zu
[to] draw near to qnjn
each mi

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earth d
on earth [zi] dshang
easy rngy
email [address] ymir [dzh]
[to] enable; cause; make; use sh
[to] end, bring to a finish jich
[to] end, come to a finish zhodo
[to] endeavour, try lt
[in, using] English [yng] Yngwn
error, mistake cuw
event, happening fshng
everlasting life yngshng
example lzi
excellent fi chng ho
exist zi
[to] experience, suffer shu
faith xnxn
faithful zhng xn de
false religion cuw de zngjio
family jitng
[to] feel gndo
[to] make feel lng
[to] find out, learn, inquire lioji
fine, well, good ho
the first d y
[to] go on foot zul
for wi; wile
for the purpose that; so that wi; wile
for what; why wishnme
friend pngyou
from, starting at cng
[to] give gi
[to] go q
God Shngd

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god shn
good, well, fine ho
Hanzi Hnz
happening, event fshng
happiness; happy kuile; goxng
blessd happiness xngf
bitter hardships knn
[to] have; there is/are yu
[to] have not; there is/are not miyu
have done ; is completed le (le is at the end of the
sentence)
he, she, it t
Hello! N ho!
[to] help; assistance bngzh; bng
hence ync
her tde
here [zi] zhr; zhl
his tde
home (where you live) ji
how, in what way/manner znyng; znmeyng
How are you? N ho ma?
how many dusho
how much dusho
however ksh
humanity rnli
humble qinbi, wnh, qinh
I w
if , then yoshi , ji
if , [then] yoshi , [ji]
[if] , then [yoshi] , ji
if , then rgu , nmu
immediately mshng
imperfect bwnmi
important zhngyo; zhngsh

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impossible b knng
Incorrect! (No! to +ve; Yes! to -ve) B!
indeed, surely hn
[to] be interested in du gn xngq; yu xngq
invisible kn b jin de
invitation [fn] qngti
is it so? ma?
it, he, she t
its tde
Jehovah Yhhu
joy; joyful kuile
king guwng
kingdom wnggu
[to] know (information) zhdao
[to] know (a person) rnshi
[a bit] later [gu] yhur
[to] learn, find out lioji
[to] let; make have to rng
life shngmng
life, way of living shnghu
life everlasting yngshng
[to] give a lift by car rng dch
would like, wish hope xwng
like what? znyng? znmeyng
like this zhyng
like that nyng
[to] listen; obey tngcng
[to] look, watch, read (silently) kn
love i
-ly de
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as zu
[to] make; cause; enable; use sh
[to] make feel lng
Mandarin ptnghu

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mankind rnli
manner, how yng
meaning ysi
meeting jhu
message xioxi; xnx
mistake cuw
mm, is it so? ma?
Monday Xngqy
month yu
morning zoshng
must; [to] have to bx
[to] be not allowed; must not bk
my wde
name mngzi; mng
never did cngli mi
never have cngli b
new xn
news xioxi
good news ho xioxi
the next xi yge
nice to see you hn goxng jindo n
[telephone] number [dinhu] hom
No! ( to +ve); Incorrect! B!
No! (to -ve); Correct! Du! Sh! Shde!
not b (Note: b sh)
[to] obey fcng
[to] obey, listen tngcng
of de
OK! Hode!
one y
ought, should ynggi
our wmende
pain k
paradise lyun

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paragraph dun
peace hpng
perfect wnmi
person, people rn
Pinyin Pnyn
Please! qng!
[to] please yngd
it is possible that knng
quite possibly hn knng de
[to] praise znmi
[to] pray dogo
the previous shang yge
problems; difficulty knnn; nnt
proof zhngmng
promise yngx
prophecy yyn
question wnt
ransom shji
read kn; d
read aloud d ; nin
reason yunyn
the reason why; therefore; so suy
record, report jzi
regarding, on the part of, about du
religion, belief xnyng
religion zngjio
[to] remark, comment pngln
report; record jzi
reply, response df
result jigu
resurrection fhu
[to] ride; ride zu
righteous [person] y[rn]
[to] rule tngzh

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ruler tngzhzh
s men (persons)
s xi (changes this to these; a to
some, etc)
's, s' de
sad nngu
scripture, verse ji
Holy Scriptures Shngjng
[to] see, catch sight of knjin
[to] get to see, meet jindo
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as zu
several, some yxi (Yu yxi at start of
sentence)
she, he, it t
should, ought ynggi
[to] show biomng
[to] sing [a song] chng [g]
sister jimi, zmi
Sister X X Jimi
[to] sit, ride zu
[to] sit down zu xi
situation; conditions qngkung
so, therefore ync; suy
someone murn
song g
[to] speak, say shu
[to] stand up zhn qli
[to] start, begin kish
study; [to] study xux
[to] suffer, experience shu
suffering k
[to] take n
talk, sermon toln
telephone [number] dinhu [hom]

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[to] tell gosu

Thanks! Xixie!
Thank you! (polite form) Xixie nn!
Thank you for reading. Xixie nn d.
that (pronoun) n
that nge
their tmende
if , then yoshi , ji (See if )
there [zi] nr; nl
there is/are; [to] have yu
there is/are not; [to] have not miyu
therefore; so ync; suy
these; these zhxi; zhxi
they tmen
thing dngxi
[to] think rnwi
this (pronoun) zh; zhi
this zhge
those; those nxi; nxi
through (in) the name of Jesus fng Ys de mng;
through the name of Jesus tnggu Ys de mng
time shhou
to, as far as do
tomorrow mngtin
topic hut
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as zu
true religion zhngqu de zngjio
[to] try, attempt sht
[to] try, endeavour lt
[to] undergo, experience, suffer shu
[to] understand dng
[to] understand; see clearly mngbai
[to] use; cause; make; enable sh
[to] use; usage yng

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using zi yng
value bogu
verse, scripture ji
very hn
visible knjin de
volume of bound edition of [y] bn (e.g. sh, book)
[to] want to xing
way, manner yng
this way zhyng
that way nyng
what way? znyng? znmeyng
we wmen
Welcome! hunyng!
well, fine, good ho
what shnme
whatever; that which su
whatever there is; all you have suyu (often used with du - all)
what time shnme shhou
when shnme shhou
where? [zi] nr; nl; zhr; zhl
who shi
why wishnme
wicked [person] [rn]
will (future action) hu
wisdom zhhu
words; that which is said hu
[to] work gngzu
world shji
[to] worship chngbi
Yes! ( to +ve); Correct! Du! Sh! Shde!
Yes! (to -ve); Incorrect! B!
you[r] n[de]
YOU[R] nmen[de]

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APPENDIX A
Sentence Structure

GRAMMAR A1.1

A sentence is not just a string of words. It is a chain of groups of words.

Your fluency depends on respect for these discrete groups and the detail
they contribute to the overall message of the whole sentence.

Mastering the Use of Sentence Structure

Keep it simple! Let's all not lose sight of the wood for the trees.
To work quickly in one or more languages at a time you need to
picture in your mind the key ideas being communicated.
When composing the expression of your own idea, paint the main
features of your thought picture. You can then add more and more
detail, but only do this if you progressed enough with the language and
if you need to do so. Dont add irrelevant or unimportant detail.
When registering what someone else has expressed, simplify the picture.
See its main features. Identify other details, if you can and need to.
Dont focus on or repeat irrelevant detail that others have said.

We need to develop the skill of building up the structure of a sentence.

This applies essentially to the learning of any language.
See how a sentence is a chain of a few simple parts. Each of these may be
expanded with more detail.
As you begin to compose sentences, keep them very simple. Only add
detail as and when you need to and are able to.
Many students dont see the wood for the trees. This is particularly
noticeable at meetings where a publication is used as the basis for a
question-and-answer discussion. Some students find it difficult to advance
beyond underlining and quoting lines from the publication instead of
speaking in their own words and from the heart the key points. Are such
comments up-building to the speaker or to the hearers?

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For example, consider the short sentence, They give him this invitation.
This simple sentence is already an expansion of a simpler sentence.
1) They give.
2) They give this.
3) They give him this. (= They give this to him.)
This can be expanded much further with far more detail.

1) They give.
2) They give this.
3) They give this invitation.
4) They give him this invitation.
5) " (eagerly) " the man an invitation.
6) The (with great offer the man in the their important
brothers urgency) street invitation.
7) The bold (at every would the person they their invitation
proclaimers opportunity) like to meet in the for an
give street important
meeting.

GRAMMAR A1.2

Illustrations of Simple Structure

A SCULPTURE
If we can first construct a basic skeleton (such as they give), we can then
build up the body of the sentence on it.

A GOODS TRAIN
Using the table above, imagine a simple sentence as being like a goods
train that has an engine, a fuel tender, and maybe also a variety of trucks
attached. Each vessel has its own contents separate from the others.
Similarly a sentence must have an doer of something (subject) and an
action that is done (verb). It may also have other blocks of information
such as an object being acted upon (the indirect object in the accusative
case) or an object receiving the action (direct object in the dative

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case). Other information in the simple sentence serves to provide more

detail about the above parts.

A CHAIN
A chain is a series of elements each with its own integral structure.

GRAMMAR A1.3

Can you identify the main parts of a simple sentence?

Doer Subject Who or what is e.g. They

doing the action?
Action done Verb What is the e.g. give
action?
Object acted upon Indirect Object Is there someone e.g. this
or something invitation
being acted upon?
Object receiving Direct Object Is there someone e.g. him
action or something
receiving the
action?

PRACTICE A1.1

Please find some simple sentences and identify the doer and the action
done. Strip out all the other information from it.

PRACTICE A1.2

Using the same simple sentences as in the previous practice also identify
the indirect and direct objects, if these exist.

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PRACTICE A1.3

Take the same simple sentences again and see if it is possible to simplify
them, so that you would find it a lot easier to translate their main points.

The following sentences are examples that you could simplify.

1) If I could find the time and energy, I would like to go to college in the
evenings after work (perhaps) and learn to speak Chinese fluently like a
native who's been speaking it all his life.

2) My friend's brother's wife, or is it mother-in law, was walking down the

High Street one evening last week when a child ran across the road, just
avoided getting knocked down by a car and then nearly knocked her
down in the process.

3) My friend and I have been talking to your neighbours this morning

about, Do you think we shall ever be able to enjoy a peaceful earth?

4) Have you ever wondered why we are here?

GRAMMAR A1.4

More Complex Sentence Structures

There are more complex sentence structures than the simple sentences
considered above. However, the following approach will help you to break
them down, simplify them, and express the main points of each discrete
section. This is not only important for composing your own sentences, but
also to facilitate fluent, understandable reading of others' texts.

A sentence is made more complex when it uses more than one active verb
(doing word) group. A sentence will always have a main clause
formed like the simple sentences described earlier. Other claused (each
with their own action word) are attached to the main clause.

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For example, see the underlined active verbs and the logic of the stacked
brackets in the following sentences.

1) [I hope that {you will come (when it stops raining.)}]

2) [He said that {(you would come) and (* see me)}]
* NOTE you would is omitted, as it is understood or inferred.
3) {(He comes) and (we study the publication.)}
NOTE This sentence appears to have two main clauses.
4) {You will know, (if you're wrong!)}
5) {(If you are wrong), then you will know!}

In examples 1) and 2) the word that is often omitted in many languages.

This is so in English and Mandarin.

Form 3) is a useful form for beginners to copy. It is far easier to form lots
of short, simple sentences or main clauses, even if your language might
sound just a little unnatural. Your style can be improved after you have
established a sound foundation.

The conditional statements in examples 4) and 5) are important tools in the

reasoning process. However, we can again simplify these. Essentially, we
can strip out the if and then words, express the thought in each clause
using the methods discussed already, and then put back the if and then
words.

PRACTICE A1.4

Select sections of text and mark them with brackets around groups of
words that should be registered together for ease of reading, understanding,
summarizing in your own words (paraphrasing), or translating. This will
also help you isolate the key thoughts from such texts, if they are the basis
of a question-and-answer discussion.

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APPENDIX B
CONDUCTING A MEETING IN CHINESE MANDARIN

Welcome Hunyng!
subject hut
this subject zhge hut
about this subject. guny zhge hut.
study about this subject. xux guny zhge hut.
We Wmen
We will Wmen hu
We will study Wmen hu xux
We will study about this Wmen hu xux guny zhge
We will study about this subject. Wmen hu xux guny zhge
hut.
verse ji
Bible Shngjng
s (of) de
Bibles verse (the scripture) Shngjng de ji
this verse (scripture) zhge ji
Please Qng
Please read Qng d
Please read this [item] Qng d zhge
Please read this scripture Qng d zhge ji
Please read the scripture, O.K.? Qng d zhge ji, ho ma?
Brother Dxing
Sister Jimi
Brothers and Sisters Dxing Jimi

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Thanks Xixie
Thank you Xixie nn
Thank you, brother Xixie nn, Dxing.
Thank you, sister Xixie nn, Jimi.
would like to; wish one could xwng
would like to; want to xing
We Wmen
We would like to [wish we could] Wmen xwng
We would like to learn (or study). Wmen xwng xux.
the answer hud
these questions zhxi wnt
(of) to these questions zhxi wnt de
the answers to these questions zhxi wnt de hud
We would like to learn the answers Wmen xwng xux zhxi wnt
to these answers. de hud.
those answers. nxie hud.
We would like to learn those Wmen xwng xux nxie hud.
answers.
to start kish
to finish, end jish
lesson k
chapter zhng
verse ji
paragraph dun
the first (number one) verse d y ji
(from) the first verse (cng) d y ji
the second (number two) verse d r ji
(as far as) the second verse (do) d r ji

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a verse yge ji
the previous verse shang yge ji
the next verse xi yge ji
the first paragraph (Paragraph 1) d y dun
the previous paragraph shang yge dun
this paragraph zhge dun
the next paragraph xi yge dun
this paragraphs question zhge dun de wnt
Who'd like to read ? Shi xing d ?
Please read this paragraph. Qng d zhge dun.
Please read the question. Qng d wnt.
Thank you for reading! Xixie nn d.
Please give YOUR Qng gi nmende hud/pngln.
answers/comments.
Thank you for your answer. Xixie nde hud.
A good answer! Ho de hud!
Very good! Excellent! Fi chng ho!
Correct! Du!
Do you understand? N mngbai ma?
to feel gndo
to feel happy gndo goxng
{to make} (someone) sad {lng} (murn) nngu
about this [matter] guny zh[ge]
Jehovah feels happy. Yhhu gndo goxng.
How do you feel about this? N guny zh znyng gndo?
Now we must do what is the right Wmen xing zu ho de dngxi.
thing.

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stand zhn
[Please] stand (up) [Qng] zhn (qilai)
everybody dji
[Please] sit (down) [Qng] zu(xia)
[Let us] sing a song (in praise to [Rng wmen] chng g (znmi
Jehovah). Yhhu).
Let us pray (to Jehovah) Rng wmen dogo (Yhhu)
[through] the name (of Jesus) [fng] (Ys de) mng.

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APPENDIX C
HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES

Chungshj Genesis Chundosh Ecclesiastes

Chijj Exodus Yg Song of Solomon
Lwij Leviticus Ysiysh Isaiah
Mnshj Numbers Ylmsh Jeremiah
Shnmngj Deuteronomy Ylmig Lamentations
Yushyj Joshua Yxjish Ezekiel
Shshj Judges Dnylsh Daniel
Ldj Ruth Hxsh Hosea
Smrj Shng First Samuel Yursh Joel
Smrj Xi Second Samuel mssh Amos
Liwngj Shng First Kings bdysh Obadiah
Liwngj Xi Second Kings Yunsh Jonah
Ldizh Shng 1st Chronicles Mjish Micah
Ldazh Xi 2nd Chronicles Nhngsh Nahum
Yslj Ezra Hbgsh Habakkuk
Nxmj Nehemiah Xfnysh Zephaniah
Ystij Esther Hgish Haggai
Yubj Job Sjilysh Zechariah
Shpin Psalms Mljsh Malachi
Zhnyn Proverbs

B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 178 26 June 2013

 Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

APPENDIX D
CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES

Mti Fyn Matthew Tmti Qinsh First Timothy

Mk Fyn Mark Tmti Hush Second Timothy
Lji Fyn Luke Tdush Titus
Yuhn Fyn John Filmnsh Philemon
Sht Xngzhun Acts Xblish Hebrews
Lumsh Romans Ygsh James
Glndu First Corinthians Bd Qinsh First Peter
Qinsh
Glndu Second Bd Hush Second Peter
Hush Corinthians
Jiltish Galatians Yuhn Ysh First John
Yfsush Ephesians Yuhn rsh Second John
Filbsh Philippians Yuhn Snsh Third John
Gluxsh Colossians Yudsh Jude
Tislunji First Qshl Revelation
Qinsh Thessalonians
Tislunji Second
Hush Thessalonians

B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 179 26 June 2013