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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
1
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U 1/29/2017

RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)

T EDDS calculation version 1.2.01.02

1000 350 1000

10 kN/m2

2000

2950
500
450
500

1900 450

2350

Wall details
Retaining wall type; Unpropped cantilever
Height of retaining wall stem ; h stem = 2000 m m
Thickness of wall stem ; t wall = 350 m m
Length of toe; l toe = 1000 m m
Length of heel; l heel = 1000 m m
Overall length of base; l base = l toe + l heel + t wall = 2350 m m
Thickness of base; t base = 450 m m
Depth of downstand; d ds = 500 m m
Position of downstand; l ds = 1900 m m
Thickness of downstand; t ds = 450 m m
Height of retaining wall; h wall = h stem + t base + d ds = 2950 m m
Depth of cover in front of wall; d cover = 500 m m
Depth of unplanned excavation; d exc = 500 m m
Height of ground water behind wall; h water = 0 m m
Height of saturated fill above base; h sat = m ax(h water - t base - d ds , 0 m m ) = 0 m m
Density of wall construction; wall = 23.6 kN/m 3
Density of base construction; base = 23.6 kN/m 3
Angle of rear face of wall; = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall; = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; h eff = h wall + l heel tan() = 2950 m m

Retained m aterial details

Mobilisation factor; M = 1.5
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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Moist density of retained m aterial; m = 18.0 kN/m 3

Saturated density of retained m aterial; s = 21.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; ' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction; = 0.0 deg

Base m aterial details

Moist density; mb = 18.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; 'b = 24.2 deg
Design base friction; b = 18.6 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; P bearing = 100 kN/m 2
Using Coulom b theory
Active pressure coefficient for retained m aterial
K a = sin( + ') 2 / (sin() 2 sin( - ) [1 + (sin(' + ) sin(' - ) / (sin( - ) sin( + )))] 2) = 0.419
Passive pressure coefficient for base m aterial
K p = sin(90 - 'b ) 2 / (sin(90 - b ) [1 - (sin('b + b ) sin('b ) / (sin(90 + b )))] 2) = 4.187

At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained m aterial; K 0 = 1 sin() = 0.590

Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 10.0 kN/m 2
Applied vertical dead load on wall; W dead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; W live = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; l load = 0 m m
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; F dead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; F live = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; h load = 0 m m

10

67.9 4.2 22.2

47.4 39.2
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
U 1/29/2017

Loads shown in kN/m , pressures shown in kN/m 2

Vertical forces on wall

W all stem ; w wall = h stem t wall wall = 16.5 kN/m
W all base; w base = l base t base base = 25 kN/m
W all downstand; w ds = d ds t ds base = 5.3 kN/m
Surcharge; w sur = Surcharge l heel = 10 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; w m_w = l heel (h stem - h sat) m = 36 kN/m
Soil in front of wall; w p = l toe d cover mb = 9 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total = w wall + w base + w ds + w sur + w m_w + w p = 101.8 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge; F sur = K a Surcharge h eff = 12.3 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; F m_a = 0.5 K a m (h eff - h water) 2 = 32.8 kN/m
Total horizontal load; F total = F sur + F m_a = 45.1 kN/m
Calculate stability against sliding
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; F p = 0.5 K p cos(b ) (d cover + t base + d ds - d exc) 2 mb = 32.2 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; F res = F p + (W total - w sur - w p ) tan(b ) = 60.1 kN/m
PASS - Resistance force is greater than sliding force
Overturning m om ents
Surcharge; M sur = F sur (h eff - 2 d ds) / 2 = 12 kNm /m
Moist backfill above water table; M m_a = F m_a (h eff + 2 h water - 3 d ds ) / 3 = 15.8 kNm /m
Soil in front of wall; M p_o = F p [2 d ds - t base - d cover + d exc ] / 3 = 5.9 kNm /m
Total overturning m om ent; M ot = M sur + M m_a + M p_o = 33.8 kNm /m
Restoring m om ents
W all stem ; M wall = w wall (l toe + t wall / 2) = 19.4 kNm /m
W all base; M base = w base l base / 2 = 29.3 kNm /m
W all downstand; M ds = w ds (l ds + t ds / 2) = 11.3 kNm /m
Moist backfill; M m_r = (w m_w (l base - l heel / 2) + w m_s (l base - l heel / 3)) = 66.6 kNm /m
Total restoring m om ent; M rest = M wall + M base + M ds + M m_r = 126.6 kNm /m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning m om ent; M ot = 33.8 kNm /m
Total restoring m om ent; M rest = 126.6 kNm /m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Check bearing pressure
Surcharge; M sur_r = w sur (l base - l heel / 2) = 18.5 kNm /m
Soil in front of wall; M p_r = w p l toe / 2 = 4.5 kNm /m
Total m om ent for bearing; M total = M rest - M ot + M sur_r + M p_r = 115.8 kNm /m
Total vertical reaction; R = W total = 101.8 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar = M total / R = 1138 m m
Eccentricity of reaction; e = abs((l base / 2) - xbar) = 37 m m
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; p toe = (R / l base) + (6 R e / l base2) = 47.4 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; p heel = (R / l base) - (6 R e / l base2) = 39.2 kN/m 2
PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
 Project Job Ref.

Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
U 1/29/2017
 Project Job Ref.

Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
5
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
U 1/29/2017

RETAINING WALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)

T EDDS calculation version 1.2.01.02

Ultim ate lim it state load factors

Dead load factor; f_d = 1.4
Live load factor; f_l = 1.6
Earth and water pressure factor; f_e = 1.4

Factored vertical forces on wall

W all stem ; w wall_f = f_d h stem t wall wall = 23.1 kN/m
W all base; w base_f = f_d l base t base base = 34.9 kN/m
W all downstand; w ds_f = f_d d ds t ds base = 7.4 kN/m
Surcharge; w sur_f = f_l Surcharge l heel = 16 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; w m_w_f = f_d l heel (h stem - h sat) m = 50.4 kN/m
Soil in front of wall; w p_f = f_d l toe d cover mb = 12.6 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total_f = w wall_f + w base_f + w ds_f + w sur_f + w m_w_f + w p_f = 144.5 kN/m
Factored horizontal at-rest forces on wall
Surcharge; F sur_f = f_l K 0 Surcharge h eff = 27.9 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; F m_a_f = f_e 0.5 K 0 m (h eff - h water) 2 = 64.7 kN/m
Total horizontal load; F total_f = F sur_f + F m_a_f = 92.6 kN/m
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; F p_f = f_e 0.5 K p cos(b ) (d cover + t base + d ds - d exc ) 2 mb = 45.1
kN/m
Factored overturning m om ents
Surcharge; M sur_f = F sur_f (h eff - 2 d ds) / 2 = 27.2 kNm /m
Moist backfill above water table; M m_a_f = F m_a_f (h eff + 2 h water - 3 d ds) / 3 = 31.3 kNm /m
Soil in front of wall; M p_o_f = F p_f [2 d ds - t base - d cover + d exc] / 3 = 8.3 kNm /m
Total overturning m om ent; M ot_f = M sur_f + M m_a_f + M p_o_f = 66.7 kNm /m
Restoring m om ents
W all stem ; M wall_f = w wall_f (l toe + t wall / 2) = 27.2 kNm /m
W all base; M base_f = w base_f l base / 2 = 41.1 kNm /m
W all downstand; M ds_f = w ds_f (l ds + t ds / 2) = 15.8 kNm /m
Surcharge; M sur_r_f = w sur_f (l base - l heel / 2) = 29.6 kNm /m
Moist backfill; M m_r_f = (w m_w_f (l base - l heel / 2) + w m_s_f (l base - l heel / 3)) = 93.2 kNm /m
Soil in front of wall; M p_r_f = w p_f l toe / 2 = 6.3 kNm /m
Total restoring m om ent; M rest_f = M wall_f + M base_f + M ds_f + M sur_r_f + M m_r_f + M p_r_f = 213.2 kNm /m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning m om ent; M ot = 33.8 kNm /m
Total restoring m om ent; M rest = 126.6 kNm /m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Factored bearing pressure
Total m om ent for bearing; M total_f = M rest_f - M ot_f = 146.5 kNm /m
Total vertical reaction; R f = W total_f = 144.5 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar_f = M total_f / R f = 1014 m m
Eccentricity of reaction; ef = abs((l base / 2) - xbar_f) = 161 m m
Reaction acts within middle third of base
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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U 1/29/2017

Bearing pressure at toe; p toe_f = (R f / l base) + (6 R f ef / l base2) = 86.8 kN/m 2

Bearing pressure at heel; p heel_f = (R f / l base) - (6 R f ef / l base2) = 36.2 kN/m 2
Rate of change of base reaction; rate = (p toe_f - p heel_f) / l base = 21.57 kN/m 2/m
Bearing pressure at stem / toe; p stem_toe_f = m ax(p toe_f - (rate l toe), 0 kN/m 2) = 65.3 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at m id stem ; p stem_mid_f = m ax(p toe_f - (rate (l toe + t wall / 2)), 0 kN/m 2) = 61.5 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at stem / heel; p stem_heel_f = m ax(p toe_f - (rate (l toe + t wall )), 0 kN/m 2) = 57.7 kN/m 2

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall toe (BS 8002:1994)

M aterial properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; f cu = 20 N/m m 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcem ent; f y = 250 N/m m 2
Base details
Minim um area of reinforcem ent; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcem ent in toe; c toe = 30 m m
Calculate shear for toe design
Shear from bearing pressure; V toe_bear = (p toe_f + p stem_toe_f) l toe / 2 = 76 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; V toe_wt_base = f_d base l toe t base = 14.9 kN/m
Total shear for toe design; V toe = V toe_bear - V toe_wt_base = 61.2 kN/m
Calculate m om ent for toe design
Mom ent from bearing pressure; M toe_bear = (2 p toe_f + p stem_mid_f) (l toe + t wall / 2) 2 / 6 = 54.1 kNm /m
Mom ent from weight of base; M toe_wt_base = ( f_d base t base (l toe + t wall / 2) 2 / 2) = 10.3 kNm /m
Total m om ent for toe design; M toe = M toe_bear - M toe_wt_base = 43.8 kNm /m
414
450

100

Check toe in bending

W idth of toe; b = 1000 m m /m
Depth of reinforcem ent; d toe = t base c toe (toe / 2) = 414.0 m m
Constant; K toe = M toe / (b d toe2 f cu ) = 0.013
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm ; ztoe = m in(0.5 + (0.25 - (m in(K toe, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) d toe
ztoe = 393 m m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_toe_des = M toe / (0.87 f y ztoe) = 513 m m 2/m
Minim um area of tension reinforcem ent; A s_toe_min = k b t base = 585 m m 2/m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_toe_req = Max(A s_toe_des, A s_toe_min ) = 585 m m 2/m
Reinforcem ent provided; 12 m m dia.bars @ 100 m m centres
Area of reinforcem ent provided; A s_toe_prov = 1131 m m 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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U 1/29/2017

Check shear resistance at toe

Design shear stress; v toe = V toe / (b d toe) = 0.148 N/m m 2
Allowable shear stress; v adm = m in(0.8 (f cu / 1 N/m m 2), 5) 1 N/m m 2 = 3.578 N/m m 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; v c_toe = 0.410 N/m m 2
v toe < v c_toe - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall heel (BS 8002:1994)

M aterial properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; f cu = 20 N/m m 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcem ent; f y = 250 N/m m 2
Base details
Minim um area of reinforcem ent; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcem ent in heel; c heel = 30 m m
Calculate shear for heel design
Shear from bearing pressure; V heel_bear = (p heel_f + p stem_heel_f) l heel / 2 = 46.9 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; V heel_wt_base = f_d base l heel t base = 14.9 kN/m
Shear from weight of downstand; V heel_wt_ds = f_d base d ds t ds = 7.4 kN/m
Shear from weight of m oist backfill; V heel_wt_m = w m_w_f = 50.4 kN/m
Shear from surcharge; V heel_sur = w sur_f = 16 kN/m
Total shear for heel design; V heel = - V heel_bear + V heel_wt_base + V heel_wt_ds + V heel_wt_m + V heel_sur = 41.8
kN/m
Calculate m om ent for heel design
Mom ent from bearing pressure; M heel_bear = (2 p heel_f + p stem_mid_f) (l heel + t wall / 2) 2 / 6 = 30.8 kNm /m
Mom ent from weight of base; M heel_wt_base = ( f_d base t base (l heel + t wall / 2) 2 / 2) = 10.3 kNm /m
Mom ent from weight of downstand; M heel_wt_ds = f_d base d ds t ds (l ds - l toe + (t ds - t wall ) / 2) = 7.1 kNm /m
Mom ent from weight of m oist backfill; M heel_wt_m = w m_w_f (l heel + t wall ) / 2 = 34 kNm /m
Mom ent from surcharge; M heel_sur = w sur_f (l heel + t wall) / 2 = 10.8 kNm /m
Total m om ent for heel design; M heel = - M heel_bear + M heel_wt_base + M heel_wt_ds + M heel_wt_m + M heel_sur = 31.4
kNm /m

150
450

414

Check heel in bending

W idth of heel; b = 1000 m m /m
Depth of reinforcem ent; d heel = t base c heel (heel / 2) = 414.0 m m
Constant; K heel = M heel / (b d heel2 f cu ) = 0.009
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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U 1/29/2017

Compression reinforcement is not required

Lever arm ; zheel = m in(0.5 + (0.25 - (m in(K heel , 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) d heel
zheel = 393 m m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_heel_des = M heel / (0.87 f y zheel ) = 367 m m 2/m
Minim um area of tension reinforcem ent; A s_heel_min = k b t base = 585 m m 2/m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_heel_req = Max(A s_heel_des, A s_heel_min ) = 585 m m 2/m
Reinforcem ent provided; 12 m m dia.bars @ 150 m m centres
Area of reinforcem ent provided; A s_heel_prov = 754 m m 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate
Check shear resistance at heel
Design shear stress; v heel = V heel / (b d heel ) = 0.101 N/m m 2
Allowable shear stress; v adm = m in(0.8 (f cu / 1 N/m m 2), 5) 1 N/m m 2 = 3.578 N/m m 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; v c_heel = 0.358 N/m m 2
v heel < v c_heel - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall downstand (BS 8002:1994)

M aterial properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; f cu = 20 N/m m 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcem ent; f y = 250 N/m m 2
Base details
Minim um area of reinforcem ent; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcem ent in downstand; c ds = 30 m m
Calculate shear for downstand design
Total shear for downstand design
V down = f_e K p cos(b ) m d ds (d cover + t base + d ds / 2) = 60 kN/m

Calculate m om ent for downstand design

Total m om ent for downstand design
M down = f_e K p cos(b ) m d ds [(d cover + t base) (t base + d ds) + d ds (t base / 2 + 2 d ds / 3)] / 2 = 29.5 kNm /m
414
450

150

Check downstand in bending

W idth of downstand; b = 1000 m m /m
Depth of reinforcem ent; d down = t ds c ds (down / 2) = 414.0 m m
Constant; K down = M down / (b d down 2 f cu ) = 0.009
Compression reinforcement is not required
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
U 1/29/2017

Lever arm ; zdown = Min(0.5 + (0.25 - (m in(K down , 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) d down
zdown = 393 m m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_down_des = M down / (0.87 f y zdown ) = 345 m m 2/m
Minim um area of tension reinforcem ent; A s_down_min = k b t ds = 585 m m 2/m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_down_req = Max(A s_down_des , A s_down_min ) = 585 m m 2/m
Reinforcem ent provided; 12 m m dia.bars @ 150 m m centres
Area of reinforcem ent provided; A s_down_prov = 754 m m 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall downstand is adequate
Check shear resistance at downstand
Design shear stress; v down = V down / (b d down ) = 0.145 N/m m 2
Allowable shear stress; v adm = m in(0.8 (f cu / 1 N/m m 2), 5) 1 N/m m 2 = 3.578 N/m m 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; v c_down = 0.358 N/m m 2
v down < v c_down - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall stem (BS 8002:1994)

M aterial properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; f cu = 20 N/m m 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcem ent; f y = 250 N/m m 2
Wall details
Minim um area of reinforcem ent; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcem ent in stem ; c stem = 30 m m
Cover to reinforcem ent in wall; c wall = 30 m m
Factored horizontal at-rest forces on stem
Surcharge; F s_sur_f = f_l K 0 Surcharge (h eff - t base - d ds ) = 18.9 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; F s_m_a_f = 0.5 f_e K 0 m (h eff - t base - d ds - h sat) 2 = 29.7 kN/m

Calculate shear for stem design

Shear at base of stem ; V stem = F s_sur_f + F s_m_a_f = 48.6 kN/m
Calculate m om ent for stem design
Surcharge; M s_sur = F s_sur_f (h stem + t base) / 2 = 23.1 kNm /m
Moist backfill above water table; M s_m_a = F s_m_a_f (2 h sat + h eff - d ds + t base / 2) / 3 = 26.5 kNm /m
Total m om ent for stem design; M stem = M s_sur + M s_m_a = 49.6 kNm /m
312
350

150

Check wall stem in bending

W idth of wall stem ; b = 1000 m m /m
Depth of reinforcem ent; d stem = t wall c stem (stem / 2) = 312.0 m m
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Ground Conditions
Section Sheet no./rev.
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U 1/29/2017

Constant; K stem = M stem / (b d stem 2 f cu ) = 0.026

Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm ; zstem = m in(0.5 + (0.25 - (m in(K stem , 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) d stem
zstem = 296 m m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_stem_des = M stem / (0.87 f y zstem ) = 770 m m 2/m
Minim um area of tension reinforcem ent; A s_stem_min = k b t wall = 455 m m 2/m
Area of tension reinforcem ent required; A s_stem_req = Max(A s_stem_des, A s_stem_min ) = 770 m m 2/m
Reinforcem ent provided; 16 m m dia.bars @ 150 m m centres
Area of reinforcem ent provided; A s_stem_prov = 1340 m m 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate
Check shear resistance at wall stem
Design shear stress; v stem = V stem / (b d stem ) = 0.156 N/m m 2
Allowable shear stress; v adm = m in(0.8 (f cu / 1 N/m m 2), 5) 1 N/m m 2 = 3.578 N/m m 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; v c_stem = 0.507 N/m m 2
v stem < v c_stem - No shear reinforcement required

Check retaining wall deflection

Basic span/effective depth ratio; ratio bas = 7
Design service stress; f s = 2 f y A s_stem_req / (3 A s_stem_prov) = 95.8 N/m m 2
Modification factor; factor tens = m in(0.55 + (477 N/m m 2 - f s)/(120 (0.9 N/m m 2 + (M stem /(b d stem 2)))),2) = 2.00
Maxim um span/effective depth ratio; ratio max = ratio bas factor tens = 14.00
Actual span/effective depth ratio; ratio act = h stem / d stem = 6.41
PASS - Span to depth ratio is acceptable