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glossary for geographic information system
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G!SGeography
Home > Giscareer > iS Dictonay ~ GeospalDefatlon Glossary
GIS Dictionary — Geospatial Definition
Glossary
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The Ultimate GIS Dictionary: Your Complete Guide to GIS
Despite what you may have heard, theres A LOT more to GIS than “maps and data’
‘Thats why we've put together this comprehensive list of GIS definitions:
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—
Mapping Out the GIs Software
Landscape
‘ArcGIS, QGIS, SAGA GIS to JUMP GIS. What GIS
software shouldyou be sing? We map out the GIS
softwarelandscape ané lst 30 options fr youto
choose ftom,
18 Free Satelite Imagery Data Sources
12 Free GS Software Options: Map the Worn
Open Source
MagneticNorth vs Geographic (Tue) North Pole
What is Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?
10 Free GIS ata Sources: Best Global Raster and
Vector Datasets
USGSEarth Explorer Download Free Landsat
Imagery
5 Free Global DEM Data Sources-pigtal Elevation
Models
Gls Spatial Data Types: Vector vs Raster onde Goede 27 Differences Beween ArcGIS and QGIS-The
(CBownioad Dictionary) Most Epi GIs Software Battlin GIS History
Image Classification Techniques in Remote
GIS Software seerg
‘We give you stunning visualizations so you can have 20/10 vision of each definition term.
From Ato 2, GIS professionals, students and everyone with an interest can sharpen their GIS
knowledge with these GIS dletionary definitions and meanings.
ALBICIDIELFIGIMINJIKILIMINIOLPIRISITIUIVIWIXIYIZ
Active Sensors: [Remote sensing] Active sensors illuminates its
‘target and measures the reflected backscatter that returns back to
‘the sensor.
‘Adjacency: [geometry Adjacency occurs when two objects share the
‘same boundary and are next to or adjoining with a common side or
vertex.
‘Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR): [Remote sensing] AVHRR collects
Infrared, visible and thermal images with an approximate 1 kilometer spatial resolution cell
Ine nsamaratvombietcirwntaen sls Affine transformation: [geometry] An affine transformation changes
points, polylines, polygons in a plane by scaling, rotating, skewing, or
translating coordinates in two or threedimensional spaces
preserving points, straight lines and planes.
‘Are: [data structure] Arcs are lines or polygon boundaries,
represented as a series of vertices or coordinate point.
[SEETTETTTT | Arccatalog: [software] ArcCatalog is an application in the ArcGIS
= suite used to manage geographic data ~ similar to windows file
== explore.
ArcGIS: [software] ArcGIS is a GIS software package produced by the Environmental Systems
Research Institute (Esi) which allows you to collect, store, manage, visualize, export, analyze
Ine nsamaratvombietcirwntaen sls ‘and map geographic data, ArcGIS isa suite of spatial analysis tools
‘and cartographic features on a customizable user interface that
allows you to be understand and make decisions with spatial data
AroGlobe: [software] ArcGlobe is a global three-dimensional
visualization and analysis environment as part ofthe Esri ArcGIS
suite (0 analyst), specializing in global datasets and larger study
‘AreScene: [software] ArcScene is a 30 feature and raster viewer part
of the Esri ArcGIS suite of applications (3D analyst) specializing in
‘small study area scenes.
‘American Standard Code for information Interchange (ASCI): fle
cri, format] ASCII uses a set of numbers between O and 255 for
penne Information storage and processing
‘Aspect [GIS processing] Aspect isthe slope direction on a terrain surface. Aspect is
measured clockwise starting North as 0° to 360° North again with fat areas given a value of
“1 (0r0 degrees)
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: ‘Atmospheric window: [remote sensing] An atmospheric window are
Wavelengths at which electromagnetic radiation (sunlight) from the
sun will penetrate the Earth's atmosphere overall constricting these
- = spectrum bands from reaching the Earth,
Attribute table: [data structure An attribute table stores nonspatil
/Grass| Information in columns and rows about geographic data - similarto
Swi spreadsheets
Aalmuth; [surveying] An azimuth is an angle between 0* and 360°
‘measured clockwise from Nort, True azimuths are based on tue
north
Magnetic azimuths ate based on magnetic north,
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CS Base station: [surveying] A base station is a precisely surveyed
location used as a fixed Global Navigation Satelite System (GNSS)
recording station, Base stations are typically used in differential
correction
Basemap: [cartography] Abasemap is a background georeferenced
Image that gives @ point of reference on a map. Basemaps are non-
editable and provides aesthetic appeal such as aerial imagery,
topography, terain and street layers.
Bearing: [surveying] A bearing isa direction expressed as a
‘geographic angle measured from a base ine used in surveying and
navigation,
Benchmark: [surveying] Benchmarks are precisely surveyed points
usually marked with a brass of metal disk in the ground. Benchmarks
|g generic term sometimes referred as survey marks, geadetic
‘marks and control stations.
Bilinear interpolation: mathematics) Bilinear interpolation is a technique for calculating
values of a grid location based on four nearby grid cells. assigns the output cell value by
taking the weighted average ofthe four neighboring cells in an image to generate new
values.
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Boolean Algebra: [mathematics] Boolean algebra are conditions.
sed to select features witha set of algebrale conditions, Conditions
Include AND, OR or NOT. Venn diagrams are often used to represent
Boolean operations.
Butfer: (61S processing] The buffer tool isa proximity function that
creates a polygon at a set distance surrounding @ selected feature or
features,
Bundle adjustment: [geometry] Bundle adjustment consists of
simultaneously removing geometric distortions given a set of
Images of three dimensional points at diferent viewpoints. This
process ultimately minimizes ertar between observed and predicted
image points during reprojection,
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Cartier-phase GPS: [Surveying] Cartier hase GPS signals are
relatively slow but are very accurate to determine position on the
‘ground, The accuracy of carrier-phase GPS signals can be within a
few centimeters or bette.
Cartesian coordinate: [surveying] A Cartesian coordinate system
specifies each point uniquely witha pair of numerical coordinates.
Three-dimensional coordinate space have three axes, Each axes has
2 single unit of length and orientation
Cartography. [GIS dictionary] Cartography isthe study and science of
representing real-world entities on maps. Cartography combines
‘aesthetics and science to communicate spatial information in two or
‘three dimensions.
Cartometry: [61S dictionary] Cartometry is a division of cartography
concemed with depicting objects with a high level of spatial
accuracy. Cartometric maps can be used to measure the perimeter of
coasts areas of countries, volumes, slopes and densities.
Centroid: [geometry] A centroid (or geometric center) isa central
point of an area feature. Centroids are defined as the average
position of all the points in the shape.
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oe Code-Phase GPS: [GPS] The coarse acquisitions (C/A) code or Code-
Phase GPS, which is available othe general publics @ GPS signal
‘hat delivers rapid low accuracy poston estimates. The accuracy of
d *his signals tens of meters
Coordinate Geometry (COGO):[etng] COGO is the entry of spatial
coordinate data points, usually obtained from field survey
equipment
‘Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD): [GIS dictionary] CAD is
primarily used by engineers and architects for the purpose of
producing two and three dimensional drawings.
Conformal Projection: [map projection] A conformal map projection preserves the correct
shapes of small areas. Atany given point on a conformal projected map, graticule lines
Intersect at 90° and the scale isthe same in all directions. Areas can be greatly distorted with
Ine nsamaratvombietcirwntaen sls we conformal projections,
CConie Projection: map projection] A conic projection uses a cone to
develop its surface on a plane. Meridians converge ata single point,
Which may or may not be the South or North pol.
AY Connectivity: [geomet] Connectivity is the representation ofthe
‘connectedness of linear features when arcs share a common node.
Two linear features or networks are connected if they traverse one
another spatially.
Continuous raster: [data structure] Continuous rasters are gid cells
with gradually changing data, Ths type of surface generally has no
distinct boundaries defining diferent features such as Digital
Elevation Models (DEM), temperature data or distance from features.
Contour Line: [data structure] A contour lines a constant value for mapping any variable
such as elevation and temperature maps, Contour lines are used to map equal values and
illustrate topography or relief on a map. They are also known as isopleth orisoline maps,
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Control point {coordinate system Control points are XY locations
<4 known to have a high degree of accuracy. They are used to convert
digitized coordinates from paper maps and georeferencing to
standard map projection coordinates.
Coordinate Transformation: [coordinate system] A coordinate
‘transformation is the conversion from a non-projected coordinate
system to a coordinate system using a series of mathematical
cor nTom "equations.
Coordinates: [coordinate system] Coordinates are palrs (X,Y) of
‘wiplets (XY, Z) of values that are used to represent points and
‘features on a two and three-dimensional space. The X-value
represents the horizontal position and Y-value represents the vertical
position. The Z-value generally refers to the elevation at that point
location.
Cubic Convolution interpolation: mathematics) Cubic convolution interpolation is similar to
bilinear Interpolation because It averages surounding cells. Instead of using the four nearest
cells, the output value is based on averaging the 16 nearest cells. This method is generally
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sed for continuous surfaces where much noise exists.
Cylindrical Projection: map projection} A cylindrical projection uses
2 cylinder to develop a plane surface on a map and can be
equidistant, conformal and equal-area, Cylindrical Projection
‘examples are equal area cylindrical projections, Mercator protections:
and Plate carree projections.
ata Model: [data structure] The two main GIS data models are
rasters (grids) and vectors. Rasters are sets of pixels with a specific
cal size. Vectors represent points, ines and polygons.
Database Management System (DBMS): [data structure] A DBMS is
2 collection of tools that permits the entry, storage, input, output and
organization of data, It serves as an interface between users and
‘heir database,
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lg Database Schema: data structure] A database schema is supported
in relational database management systems (RDBMS) and acts as
= blueprints for now database ety willbe constructed
Developable Surface: map projection A developable surface
(oylinders, cones, planes, ete) is the geometric shape that a map
projection can be built on, Each surface is mathematically fattened
based on those geometric shapes,
~~ Differential Global Navigation Satelite System (GNSS): [surveying]
Differential GNSS is a highly accurate (within centimeters)
conventional surveying technique which uses a known location from
cicero determine an nition poston
Digital Elevation Model (DEM): [GIS processing] A DEM is a bare
earth elevation model representing the surface of the Earth. DEMs
‘iter out non-ground points such as bridges and trees.
Digital Line Graph (OLG): ile format] DLG is vector data format developed and distributed by
the United States Geological Survey (USGS). DLGs depict information about geographic
features about terrain, administrative, hydrography, transportation, man-made features and
more.
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Digital Orthophotos Quadrangle (D0Q); fe format] DOQ is a
‘geometrically-corected photograph produced by the USGS,
Othoimages are geometrically corected and have an area of interest
a scale of 1:40,000, The spatial resolution is about 1 meter
pixels.
Digital Raster Graphies (DRG): file format] DRG isa digital version
‘map of USGS topographic maps. They include imagery (NAIP),
roads, place names, hydrography, elevation contours and.
boundaries,
Digital Surface Model (DSM): fle format] A digital surface model is
an elevation that includes the top of buildings, tree canopy,
powerlines and other features above the bare earth, For example, the
‘first return of LIDAR consists of a DSM.
Digital Terrain Model (DTM): [le format] DTM is a bare earth representation ofthe Earths
surface that is augmented natural features such as ridges and breaklines,
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Digitize; editing! When you digitize in a GIS, you are creating
‘geographic computer-compatible stored data with lines, points and
polygons ina spatial database
Dissolve tool: (6/8 processing] The dissolve tol is @ common GIS
processing task where boundaries are merged with neighboring
boundaries based on common attribute values.
Easting: [coordinate system] Eastings refer to the x-axis (eastward)
approximately parallel to lines of equal latitude commonly used in
‘the Universal Transverse Mercator map projection. A pair of
tes eastings and northings refers to a Geographic
te point on Earth. a
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Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum: remote sensing] The EM spectrum
refers tothe range of energy wavelengths or frequencies from xays,
Ultraviolet, visible infrared, microwave to radio waves.
Elipsoid: [surveying] Reference ellipsoids are mathematical models
of the shape ofthe Earth with the major axis along the equatorial
radius, They are primarily used as a surface to specify point
coordinates such as latitudes (north/south), longitudes (east/west)
and elevations (height).
Elipsoid Height [surveying] The ellipsoid heights the height
‘measured from an ellipsoidal surface to @ point onthe surface of the
Earth. Reference ellipsoids are mathematical models ofthe shape of
‘the Earth with the shape of flattened sphere.
Endlap: [remote sensing] Endlap is the overlap in aerial photographs
‘from endo-end between fight lines. Flight lines are the paths that
airrafts take for complete coverage of an area. These fight lines are
positioned to give endlap between succession photos.
Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM#): [remote sensing] ETM+ is a
‘sensor equipped on Landsat-7 which generates images of the Earth
in 8 spectral bands. The blue, green, red, NIR and midnfrared (MIR) a
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have 30m resolution (bands 1-5, 7). The panchromatic (band 8) has
15m resolution, The thermal band is 60 m resolution.
Ent: [cartography] Entities represent real-world point, line or
polygon features with a geographic location. Features may referto
‘ire hydrants, hospitals, state boundaries, roads, rivers, lakes etc
Entities are stored in databases, where they can be retrieved and
displayed using GIS software,
Equal Interval Classification: [cartography] The equal interval
classification method divides attloute values into equal size ranges.
For example, if you create 5 classes with attbute values from 0-100,
‘the 5 classes will be 0-20, 21-40, 47-60, 61-80 and 81-100,
Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine: [software]
ERDAS Imagine is a GIS and remote sensing processing software
‘owned by Hexagon Geospatial, ERDAS Imagine s a leading remote
sensing software package with a range of classification, NOVI and
image processing tools for satelite, hyperspectral, radar, LIDAR and
other remote sensing data
ep nsamaratyombietcirrtdian asa se Facet [data structure) A facets a triangular face ina Triangular
Irregular Network (TIN). TINS ae three-dimensional coordinates
depicting elevation surfaces.
False northing: [coordinate system] A false northing is a number
‘added in a map projection in they direction to avoid negative
coordinate locations within the specified area of that map projection.
Feature: [data structure] A feature isa cartographic point, lin or
polygon object with a spatial location in the realworld landscape
‘that can be used in a GIS for storage, visualization and analysis.
Field (Attribute Table): [data structure] An attribute field (or tem) are
characteristics used to describe each feature in a geographic data
set usually viewed as columns in a table,
Information Processing Standard (FIPS): organization] FIPS isa federal code used
to define political or physical features inthe United States. twas created because it could be
used as unique identifier in data processing
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Flow direction: (GIS processing] Flow direction calculates the
direction water will flow using slope from neighboring cells. This is
Usually determined by the direction ofthe steepest descent in each
cell The zvalue difference and slope are calculated between
neighboring cells to understand the steepest drop.
Focal Operation: (mathematics) The focal operation is a spatial
function that computes an output value of each cell using
neighbothood values. Convolution, kemel and moving windows are
‘examples of image processing techniques that use focal operations.
GDAL: [GIS software] Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) is
2 C+ library for reading and writing raster geospatial data formats,
Implementing common GIS operations (unions intersections joins,
clipping ete) with command line utilities. it supports old hardware
and operating systems and requires very low amounts of memory.
ep nsamaratyombietcirrtdian asa Generalization Tool: (GIS processing] The Generalization Tool is an
editing process that simplifies the shapes and edges of linear or
polygon features in a map. Using an offset tolerance, the output will
reduce the numberof vertices used in the line or polygon.
Geocentrie: [geodesy] Geocentrc is a measuring system that uses
the center of the Earth as its origin, The WGS 1984 datum is a tue
‘geocentric datum while the NAD83 datum is offset by about two
meters from the center of the Earth,
Geocoding: (61S processing] Geocoding is the process of assigning
‘geographic coordinates to places based on street address, town/city,
province/state and country.
Geodesy: [GIS dictionary] Geadesy (ot Geodetles) isa branch of
‘applied mathematics and earth science of locating and assigning
‘three dimensional points on Earth by measuring the shape of the
Earth,
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): [GIS dictionary GIS is a computer-based tool that
analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic information on a map. GIS links
geographic locations on Earth with attribute information enabling users to visualize patterns,
understand relationships and trends,
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Goi: [gcodesy] A geoidis a measurementbased mode of the
shape ofthe Earth primarily used as a basis of assigning terrain
height. A geod works by calculating what height the oceans would
sate to when pulled by gravity onto the surface ofthat elipsoid
(cauipotenta surface)
Geomedia: [software] GeoMedia isa GIS software package produced
by Hexagon Geospatial (previously Intergraph) used to analyze, store
and visualize geographic data
Global Mapper: [software Global Mapper was originally developed
by USGS for the purpose of displaying elevation DEM data, Itis a
commercial GIS software product that allows users to view, edit,
merge and export hundreds of supported file formats with flexibility
Global Operation: mathematics] A global operation isa process or function thats
Performed on each output cell using all ofthe cells ofthe input raster.
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Gnomonic Projection: map projection] A Gnomanic projection uses
the center of the spheroid asthe projection center. Gnomonic
projections are said to be the oldest map projection. They are used in
seismic maps because seismic waves tend to travel along great
circles.
GRASS GIS: [software] GRASS GIS (Geographic Resource Analysis
‘Support System) was developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers
andis a ree and open source GIS software. GRASS GIS is highly
used in academic institutions with over 400 modules for GIS
analysis,
Graticule: [coordinate system) Graticules are lines of latitude or
longitude on a digital or hard copy map and assist showing the
‘geographic locations of map features.
ian (Prime Meridian (coordinate system) The Greenwich meridian isa line
‘of longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, In a
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o
Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80): [geodesy] GRS8O is a
‘geodetic reference system consisting of a global reference ellipsoid
and a gravity field model (geoid). For practical applications the
reference ellipsoids GRSBO and WGSA4 are identical
Horizontal Datum: [geodesy] A horizontal datum provides a frame of
reference as a basis for placing specific locations at specific points
(onthe spheroid, A datum is the model that is used to translate a
‘spheroid int locations on Earth with latitude and longitude lines.
Example: North American Datum of 1983 (NADE3)
Hydrography. [GIS dictionary] Hydrography is @ term describing the
‘geographic representation of water features such as streams, rivers
and lakes ina GIS,
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Hypsography: [GS dictionary] Hypsography is the geographic
representation of features on a map related to elevation, altitude and
height above sea-level from a reference surface. (Hypso is Greek for
height)
Idris: (software) irisi fsa GIS/remote sensing software package
developed by Clark Laboratories in 1987. Itis widely used in
education systems with a range of tools including ~ image
classification tools, restoration, enhancement, temporal a
object based image analysis.
lysis and
Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation: [mathematics] IDW
interpolation is a technique used to estimate values of unsampled
locations based on the value and distance af known, sampled
locations,
IKONOS: remote sensing] IKONOS is @ high resolution commercial
Imaging satelite that provides 1-meter panchromatic and 3-meter
‘multispectral (blue, green, ed, near-infrared) imagery. KONOS
Products: © CNES 2011-15, Distribution Arbus DS. Courtesy of
BlackBidge
ep nsamaratyombietcirrtdian asa Infrared: remote sensing] An infrared image represents reflectance
rid cells that are recorded inthe near-infrared wavelengths, typically
0.710 1.1 micrometers
SIs inatmats eatin st estaten
Lunsampled locations based on known location sampled values,
Interpolation is often used in deriving elevation, temperature and
cother predicted variables in a grid
Intersect Tool (Overlay): [GIS proessing] The intersect tol is @ GIS
processing operation that uses two inputs to generate an output
layer. It restricts the output similar to clip and preserves the attrioutes
inboth input layers,
K
e @ Kriging: [GIs proessing]Kiiging isa statistical technique based on
Jeostatstcs thal uses known locations values to interpolate values
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Ine nsamaratvombietcirwntaen sls Land Information System (LIS): [GIS dictionary definition] LIS was a
name originally applied for GIS systems specifically developed for
property ownership and boundary records management.
Landsat remote sensing] Landsat is NASA/USGS mission spanning
‘more than three decades and eight sateltes with space-bome
remote sensing capabilities of scanning land resources,
Latitude: [coordinate system Latitudes are spherical coordinates of
Earth locations that vary in North-South directions. Lines of latitude
‘are angles on the Earths surface which ranges from 0° atthe
Equator to 90° (North or South) atthe poles.
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR): [remote sensing] LIDAR uses
laser pulse measurements to identify heights, depths and other
properties of features on the Earths surface. Example outputs for
LIDAR ate digital elevation models, light intensity and digital surface
models
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Local Operator: [GIS processing} A local operation is a spatial
‘operation where the output extent is limited to the same location as
the input. Examples of local operations are arithmetic, statistical,
relational, tigonometic, exponential and logarithmic operations,
Locator Map: cartography] Locator maps show the extent of the
primary map in relation toa larger extent area. It provides context to
the map reader to gain a better understand of the overall area,
Longitude: [coordinate system] Longitudes are coordinate on Earth
‘that vary in east-west directions. They are usually expressed in
degrees ranging from 0° to +180" east and ~180" west. The prime
‘meridian marks the 0° longitude and passes through the Royal
Observatory in Greenwich, England.
‘Magnetic North Pole: [geodesy] The magnetic north is a point in
Norther Canada where the northem lines of attraction enter the
Earth, Compass needles point inthis direction which differs from
true geographic north,
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Manifold GIS: software] Manifold is a GIS software package used
formapping, CAD, DBMS and image processing, twas frst released
ln 1998 by CDA Intemational in Carson City, Nevada,
Map Algebra: mathematics] Map algebra is the combination of
spatial data using spatial and mathematical, statistical and
trigonometric operations to generate new raster outputs.
Map Legend: [cartography] A map legend is a visual graphic of the
symbology used in a map that tells the map reader what the
polygons, lies, points or grid cells represents,
Map Projection: [cartography] A map projection is a systematic
rendering of features that renders a 3D ellipsoid or spheroid of Earth
to 20 map surface. Because 30 surfaces cannot be displayed
perfectly ina two-dimensional space, some distortions of
conformality distance, direction, scale, and area always results from
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Mapinfo: [software] Mapinfo by Pitney Bowes (founded in 1986) is a
GIS location inteligence suite that allows users to manage and
create geospatial data create for visualization and export to PDF and
various file formats,
Meridian: [coordinate system] Meridians (orlines of longitudes) are
coordinate on Earth that vary in east-west directions, They are
usually expressed in degrees ranging from 0 to +180" east and
180" west. The prime meridian marks the O° longitude and passes
through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England.
Metadata: [data structure] Metadata is data about data. Metadata
describes the characteristics of a dataset which includes abstract,
coordinate system, attribute information, origin and accuracy.
Minimum Mapping Unit remote sensing] A minimum mapping unit
|e the smallest resolution area when interpreting remately-seemed
satelite or aetial imagery.
Moderate Resolution Imaging Sensor (MODIS): [remote sensing] MODIS is a high spectral
resolution and moderate spatial resolution (250-1000 meters) imaging scanner that is part of
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[NASAls Mission to Planet Earth.
Moving Window: mathematics] A moving window is a rectangular
arrangement of cells that applies an operation to each cellin a raster
LE sxtasarviie siting in postion ently,
“Multispectral Imagery: [cemote sensing] A multispectral image is a
‘multichannel raster consisting of several spectral bands of
wavelengths. Example: Red, green, blue and NIR.
Nadir remote sensing] Naciris the point dtectly below the aircraft
wii is usually near the center of the aerial image.
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National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD): [organization] The NLCD is @
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) based classification of land coverin
the United States
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admi
ation (NOAA):
[organization] NOAA is the US government agency that oversees the
evelopment of national datums and several weather and ocean
satelite,
National Wetlands Inventory (NWI): [organization] The NWis @
dataset compiled by the US Fish and Wildlife Services that describes
‘the type and extent of wetlands in North America,
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation: mathematics] Nearest neighbor
interpolation involves taking the output value from the nearest input
layer cell center. This type of interpolation works well for discrete
data lke land cover and is fastest to process.
Neat Line: fcartography] A neat lineis a cartographic element that surrounds all the data,
legend, scale and other features in a map. A neat line can be solid or multiple line border that
helps map readers focus on details in the map.
Ine nsamaratvombietcirwntaen sls Neighborhood Operation: [mathematics] A neighborhood operation
Is a spatial function where the output location, area and extent
comes from areas larger than and adjacent tothe input cells
Network: [data structure] A networkin GIS is a connected set of line
features used to model for and demand through real-world networks
such as rivers and roads.
Node: [data structure] A node is an important point along a line
feature where two lines intersect.
Nominal Seale: cartography] A nominal scale isa types of measurement that indicates the
diference between classes or categorie of data
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North American Datum 1927 (NAD27):[geodesy] NAD27 is the
adjustment of long-baseline surveys to establish a network of
standardized horizontal positions on North America. This datum
uses the Clarke Elipsold of 1866 with a fixed latitude and longitude
at Meadés Ranch, Kansas.
North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83): [geadesy] NADB3 is the
successor of NAD27 ands the current network of standard
horizontal positions for North America, NADBS is based off the
reference ellipsoid GRSBO. tis not geocentric with an offset of about
‘swormeters|
North American Vertical Datum of 1929 (NAVD28): geodesy]
NAVD29 or National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD28)
ives a vertical measurement network reference frame for which
vertical elevations and depressions can be based in North America,
North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88): [geodesy] NAVD88 isa vertical datum
that provides a reference surface which vertical helghts (altitude) and depth (depression)
above and below mean sea level are measured
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North Arrow: [cartography] A north arrow gives orientation to the
‘map reader by showing the north direction in a graphic.
a
&
Northing: [coordinate system] A northing is the axis in the
approximate north-south direction (or y-value) in UTM and other
standard coordinate systems.
°
Ordinal Seale: [coordinate system An ordinal scale represents the
relative order of values but does not record the magnitude of
differences between values.
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Orthographic Projection: map projection An orthographic projection
is a map projection that represents 3D data in 2D where all the
projection lines are orthogonal othe projection plane.
Orthometric Height [map projection] Orthometric height is a height,
EAM Menai tom be ead auaceta a point on he ace of he
SS cath
Orthophotograph: remote sensing] An orthophotograph Isa vertical
photograph with an orthographic view using geometry and
‘measurements to reduce tt, terrain and perspective distortions,
Overshoot [editing An overshoot isa digitized line that extend past
the intended line of connection,
Pp
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Panchromatic Image: editing] A panchromatic image records
2 wavelengths in only one band resulting in grayscale images.
Parallax : remote sensing] Parallax is term used in photogrammetry
that describes the apparent shift in relative positions of Earth
SS features when it viewed indifferent locations
43 Passive Sensors: remote sensing] Passive remote sensing measure
e natural energy from the sun as reflected sunlight or thermal
\ radiation. Passive sensor examples are Landsat, SPOT and GeoEye.
Big We
a, Pixels (GIS); [data structure] Pixels are the grid cells that make up
raster images, Each cell is identical in size and records a brightness
az and color in an image.
Planar Topology: editing] Planar topology requites that intersections for lines and polygons,
ina digital data layer is enforced and that no two lines or polygons cross.
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Polygon: [data structure] A polygon is @ closed, connected set of
lines that defines @ geographic boundary with an area and perimeter
Examples are lakes, forests and country boundaries.
Positional Dilution of Precision (PDOP}: [data structure] PDOP is a
‘Quantitative measurement used to represent the quality of the
satelite geometry when taking GPS readings. Low PDOP signifies a
higher probability of horizontal accuracy.
Public Land Survey System (PLSS): [organization] The PLSS is a
land measurement system used in the western United States to
define parcel boundarles and locations.
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QGIS: [software] QGIS (formerly Quantum GIS) isa free and open
source software package that allows you to create, edit visualize,
analyze and publish geospatial information
Quad-Trees: [remote sensing] Quad-Trees are raster data structures
based on successive reduction of homogeneous cells forthe
purpose of reducing storage requirements,
‘Quantile Classification: [cartography] Quantile classification is a
classification method that divides classes so thatthe total number
of features in each class is approximately the same.
Query: [programming] A query is @ request or search of spatial or
tabular data based on userdefine erteri. For example, the results of
‘query is subset or selected records, SQl. Python and Java are
programming languages how queries are made.
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. Random Location Sampling: [statistics] Random location sampling
is a statistical technique where sample locations are selected by a
© random process with minimal biases.
Raster Data: [data structure) A raster is @ data model used in GIS
Which are usualy regulary-size rectangular or square shaped grid
cells arranged in rows in columns.
Raster Resampling: [mathematics] Raster resampling is a technique
foes used to recalculate and assign new cell values when adjusting cell,
size or orientation ofa raster grid
Record: [data structure] A record in an attibute table row that
specifies an instance of an entity, I represents a spatial feature in
the dataset in 2 oneto-one relationship.
Registration : [61S processing] Registration isthe alignment or assignment of coordinates
from a nonprojected coordinate system to a coordinate system,
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ae Remote Sensing: [GIS dictionary definition] Remote sensing is the
science of obtaining information about the Earth without physically
J/g thre. Examples rete snag ahi ary tlt
unmanned aerial vehicle and airraft,
Rubbersheeting : [mathematics] Rubbersheeting Isa transformation
‘technique using polynomial or other nondinear functions to match
feature geomety.
Rotate: [mathematics] An affine transformation changes points,
oe pelyines, polygons ina plane by scaling, rotating, skewing or
= translating coordinates in two or thee dimensional paces.
ep nsamaratyombietcirrtdian asa ws Scale Bar: mathematics] A scale bar graphically shows the distance
‘on the map with units such as kilometers or meters, Scale bars are
—
7 “proportional tothe scale of the map,
Seale: mathematics] An affine transformation changes points,
polylines, polygons in a plane by scaling, rotating, skewing, or
translating coordinates in two or three- dimensional spaces,
o-
Selection Took (GIS processing] The selection tool identifies an
objector set of objects based on user-selected criteria and properties,
‘ypically with Structured Query Language (SQL).
SQLYy
‘Semi+Major/Minor Axis: [geodesy] The semi-major axisis one-half
of the major axis thats the larger ofthe two radial axes that define
{an ellipsoid, The semi-minor axis is one-half of the minor axis that is
the shorter of the two radial axes that define an ellipsoid
Semivariance: [statistics] Semivariance is the variance between valued samples given an
inter-sample distances known as lag. Points close together expect to have srvall
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‘Server: [hardware] A server is a computer program component that
a
—_—
offers data storage and organization providing subsets of GIS data
in response to user requests,
ina database based on operators such as ‘greater thar, ess thar,
‘equal t' or not equal to’ using command lines such as SQL.
# Set Algebra: [mathematics] Set algebra is a method to select items
WA
Shaded Relief remote sensing] A shaded relief map displays the
brightness and shadows of terrain reflection given a sun angle and
direction of sunlight
‘Sidelap: [remote sensing] Sidelap (or side overlap) consists of the overlapping edge areas of
photographs between adjacent fight ines. a
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‘Skeletonize: [GIS processing] Skeletonizing isthe process of
thinning a raster line toa single pixel width, typically for conversion
to vector data format.
\{
‘Skew: [mathematics] An affine transformation changes points,
(ms polylines, polygons in a plane by scaling, rotating, skewing, or
‘ranslating coordinates in two or three-dimensional spaces.
Sliver: [eiting] A slivers @ small, spurious gap considered as a
topology error. Sivers are found between polygons as a result of,
lmprecise digitization of features in GIS.
‘Slope: [mathematics] Slope is the change in elevation with respect to change in location
measured in degrees or percent slope. Slope indicates the incline/dectine and steepness of
the surface, typically measure in a fixed interval
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polygons will occupy the same location of existing features.
Soll Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO): organization]
‘SSURGO is a fine-scale, countyleve, sol survey database prepared
by the National Resource Conservation Service.
Spaghetti Data Model: [data structure! The spaghetti data model is a
1 iY simple GIS model where lines may cross without intersecting or
V topology and usually no attributes are created,
‘Spatial Relationship: [data structure] A spatial relationship links GIS features with a table by
‘a unique identifier ll stored in a relational database management system.
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‘Spherical Coordinates: [coordinate system] Spherical coordinates is
‘a coordinate system based on a sphere defined by two angles of
rotation in orthogonal planes, The most common is latitudes and
longitudes ina geographic coordinate system
‘Spherotd:(geodesy] A spheroid isa threedimensional mathematical
‘model representing the shape of the Earth. Its based on the
equation of a sphere.
‘Spline: (mathematics) A spline isan interpolation method that
‘generates a smooth surface by using multiple constrained
polynomial functions minimizing the overall surface curvature
State Plane Coordinates: [coordinate system] State Plane Coordinates isa standardized
system in the United States based on Lambert conformal conic and transverse Mercator
projections.
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State Soil Geographic (STATSGO); organization] (STATSGO is a
coarse resolution digital soll dataset derived from more detailed soll
survey maps. Areas without surveys were compiled using geology,
topography, vegetation, climate and Landsat data
‘Stereo Pairs: [remote sensing] Stereo pairs are overlapping photos
‘taken at different positions but ofthe same area. Parallax is used to
Interpret height differences within the overlapping area
Stereographie Projection: map projection] A stereographic
projection isa mapping function that projets an entre sphere on @
plane ~ except at one point the projection pole.
Structured Query Language (SQL): map projection] SQL isa set of commands used to
‘manage data stored in relational database management systems (RDBMS).
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Survey Station: [surveying] A position where surveys are performed
from, During land surveys, survey stations make accurate
‘measurements on the ground from these positions.
‘Systematic Sampling: [statistics] Systematic sampling involves
selecting samples using a regular and ordered sampling framework
‘Systeme Pour lObservation de la Terre (SPOT) Satellites: remote
sensing] SPOT satelite are a group of French high resolution
optical imaging Earth observation satellite which has been in
‘operation for aver 20 years.
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‘Terrestrial Reference System: (geodesy] The terrestrial reference
system is a set of measured points used to define a geodetic datum,
‘Thematic Layer: [data structure] A thematic layers @ distinct spatial
entity in a data layer. They are usually delineated as points lines and
Polygons,
‘Thematic Mapper (TM): remote sensing] The Thematic Mapper was
2 high resolution scanner on Landsat satellites (Landsat 4 and 8). It
collected images in visible, near infrared, mid infrared and thermal
bands of the EM spectrum,
“TNTmips: [software] TNTmipsis a GIS software application
produced by Microimages Inc that specializes in image manipulation
and vector processing,
ep nsamaratyombietcirrtdian asa 98 Topography: [software Topography is the study and mapping of
Earth's features including land surfaces, relief (elative positions and
clevations) and the position of natural (water features, physiographic
features, tc) and constructed features (boundaries cites, parks,
landmarks, transportation, buildings, etc)
Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
(TIGER): organization] TIGER i the central hub for United States,
census data (as well as teritories like Samoa, Puerto Rico and
Guam). TIGER also is an inventory of other spatial data related to
rivers, lakes, buildings, cites, politcal areas and roads,
Topology: [editing] Topology isa set rules that dictates the spatial
properties of point line and area features such as connectivity,
adjacency and contiguity
Traverse: [surveying] A traverses a set of survey stations along
spanning a survey Traverses are closed when they return to their
starting point
‘Triangular Irregular Networks (TIN): [data structure] TINs are vectorbased madels depicting
‘three-dimensional elevation surface terains,
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Undershoot: editing] An undershoot is considered to be a digitizing
ondemeot eror in which the new line falls short of the intended connection
/ segment.
Union Took: [61S processing] The union tool spatially combines two
=—1 data layers preserving the features from both layers at the same
extents,
United States Geological Survey (USGS): organization] USGS is a
United States agency responsible for Landsat satellites, nationwide
‘map-making and spatial data development.
ep nsamaratyombietcirrtdian asa Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM): [coordinate system] UTM
coordinate system is a standard set of map projections with a
central meridian for each six-degree wide UTM zone,
Variable Distance Buffer: [6S processing] Variable distance buffer
uses a feature atibute from the input to create rng around the
feature that varies in distance.
Vector Data Model: [data structure] A vector data model s a
2 common GIS feature representation of spatial information baseé on
defining coordinates and attribute information. Vectors are points,
polylines and polygons,
Vertex: [data structure] A vertex is a point that specifies @ position on
aline, Arcs and polylines are comprised of sets of vertices all
Interconnected in individual features
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Vertical Datum: [geodesy) A vertical datum isa reference surface
which vertical heights are measured. They are the zero surface to,
Which elevations or depths are referred,
Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP): [GPS] VDOP is a quantitative
‘measurement used to represent the quality of the height based on
satelite geometry when taking GPS readings, Low VDOP signifies a
higher probability of height accuracy
Wavelength: emote sensing] An electromagnetic wave produce
sinusoidal pattems with distinguishable shape and length. A
wavelength is the distance between the peak of a wave and its
Web Mapping Service (WMS): [Web Mapping] A WMS is nothing but
2 bunch of tiles pre-established on the server side that has images of
‘the layers you're interested in, When you request a map, the server
‘sends you image pieces of that map in tiles. For performance, they
can pre-cache the images ahead of time with set scales ahead of
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Web Feature Service (WFS): [Web Mapping) A Web Feature Service
allows you to ingest over the internet the lines, points, polygons that
make up a map. AWES also allows you to visualize and edit GIS,
data
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS): [GPS] WAAS is a
satelitebased signal correction which improves the estimation of
GPS positions primarily by removing atmospheric distortion,
World Geodetic System 1984: [geodesy] WGS84 is a reference
ellipsoid usee for defining spatial locations in three dimensions.
\WoS84 Is commonly used as a basis for map projections.
Zenith: mathematics] The zenith angle isthe angle measured
directly above in the z-
