Chocolate and Coffee
Social, environmental and political
challenges
Case studies illustrating challenges
for the sustainability of some of the
minor crops that contribute to our
life style
http://knowyourgrinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/coffee-bean-growing-belt.png
Regions of Coffee Cultivation
Coffea robusta and Coffea arabica
r = robusta production, a = arabica, m = mixture
Arabica coffee more suitable for drinking than robusta,
which tends to be bitter but with 50% more caffeine and
resistant to disease
Coffees True Origin
Coffee is not a native
plant to Arabia
It is a native plant of
Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
and can be found
growing wild and
cultivated
From Ethiopia it was
brought to Arabia and
a variety of legends
exist to how coffee was
discovered
Coffee is said to discovered by an
Ethiopian goatherd whose name
was Kaldi . Around 800 A.D.
The Spread of Coffee
Coffee is not said to have
spread outside of Africa and
Arabia until the 1600s and
Arabia was known to make
export beans infertile by
boiling them
In 1690, the expansion
would soon reach European
colonies and the Dutch
introduced the first European
owned coffee estates on
colonial Java
From Java it made its way to
Sumatra and the Philippines
Coffee was then introduced
into Jamaica by the British
and Martinique by the French
Coffee then spread to the rest
of Latin America
Health and Coffee Consumption
Health and Coffee Consumption
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between
coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions.
Findings have been contradictory as to whether coffee has
any specific health benefits, and results are similarly
conflicting regarding the potentially harmful effects of
coffee consumption.
Area of very active study- Caffeine and Cognition
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18607
http://knowyourgrinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/coffee-bean-growing-belt.png
Where Does Chocolate Come From?
Inside the fruit are the
cocoa beans
Cacao Tree
with ripe fruit
Image taken from: www.hardyinst.com
Chocolate
Comes
from
seed
(bean)
cacao
trees
Scien3c
name
is
Theobroma
cacao
(Which
means
Drink
of
the
Gods)
Where does Cocoa come from?
First people who made chocolate were the Mayas and the
Aztecs. They drank chocolate as a bitter and spicy beverage
called xocoatl (bitter water)
Chocolate played an important role in their social and
religious life
It was a drink for wealthy and important people
(royalty, priests, etc.)
Chocolate - Some Dates
600: Cocoa beans used a currency/wealthy make chocolate drink
1492: Columbus brings Cocoa beans to Spain but did know how to use
them
1528: Hernn Cortz returned to Spain with
cocoa beans and the formula for the chocolate
drink
1615: The Spanish princess Anne of Austria married Luis XIII of
France, so chocolate came to France
1657: A Frenchman opened the first Chocolate House
in London became as popular as Coffee Houses
1674: The first solid chocolate in a stick form had been sold
1876: Swiss national Henri Nestle produced first milk chocolate
1879:Rodolphe Lindt who thought to add cocoa butter back to
chocolate
Benefits of Chocolate
Cocoa solids contain alkaloids such as theobromine and
phenethylamine, which have physiological effects on the
body. It has been linked to serotonin levels in the brain.
Some research has found that chocolate, eaten in
moderation, can lower blood pressure. Dark Chocolate has
recently been promoted for its health benefits, including a
substantial amount of antioxidants.
The presence of theobromine renders it toxic to some
animals, especially dogs and cats.
How About Antioxidant Effects of Chocolate?
ORAC* Value for Select Foods (USDA data)
ORAC units/serving
Dark Chocolate 9080
Blueberries 8708
Cocoa (natural) 8260
Raspberries 6895
Pecans 5382
Cranberries 5201
Cherries 4705
Walnuts 4062
Milk chocolate 3200
Grapes 1764
Almonds 1336
ORAC value Oxygen radical
absorbance capacity
Cocoa bean shells and nibs
Cocoa mass
Cocoa butter
http://www.infozentrum-schoko.de/schoko-schule.html
Inside chocolate
Dark
chocolate Milk chocolate White
Cocoa Milk 14%Milk
Milk
Solids
Butter Cocoa
Butter >55%Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Cocoa 20% Cocoa
Cocoa Sugar
Butter
Dark chocolate marketed as the healthiest chocolate.
Long Term Trends in Supply
World Cocoa Production
1,600,000
Brazil
CDI
1,400,000 Dom Rp
Ecuador
Ghana CDI
1,200,000 Indonesia
Malaysia
Mexico
1,000,000
Nigeria
PNG
Cameroon
MT
800,000
ROW-11
Ghana
600,000
400,000
Indonesia
200,000
0
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
05
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Continuing and Emerging Threats
to Supply
Pests and Disease
Political Impacts
Effects of Geographical Concentration
Poor Supporting Infrastructure
Competitive Attractiveness of Cocoa
Ethical and Environmental Concerns
Quality Attributes and Signature Needs
Lack of Geographical Diversity
COCOA PRODUCTION
1900 - 2000
BY REGION
1 26 TMT 2 81 TMT 8 07 TMT 10 50 TMT 15 23 TMT 29 53 TMT
100%
% of Global Cocoa Production
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Caribbean Wes t Africa
South America S outh East Asia
Climate Change: Annual Temperature
1964-2006 Ivory Coast
CDI Maximum Daytime Temperatures
Daytime temps rising by 1.0 deg C/ 25 years
35
y = 0.0455x + 31.574
34
Dry Season, Nov-Apr
33
32
y = 0.0393x + 29.04
31
Wet Season, May-Oct
30
29
28
27
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Annual Rainfall 1964 2006
CDI Seasonal Rainfall
Declining 1964-1998, Stable 1999-2005
1600
Wet Season, Apr-Oct
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Dry Season, Nov-Mar
400
200
0
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Pests and Diseases:
Loss of 1/3rd of the crop
Witches broom
(ranging from 20-100%)
Black Pod
(World wide)
Latin America
Cocoa Pod Borer-Asia
Frosty pod rot
Farmers Switch to
Alternative Crops
ETHICAL ISSUES:
Did you know that most cocoa
farmers have never tasted a
chocolate bar?
Low cocoa prices have meant severe
poverty and even child slavery for
thousands of families in West Africa,
tainting chocolate with the bitterness
of
social injustice.
Fair Trade
Commitment is to pay farmers a fair price and what they
deserve from producing that product
The price must cover the costs of production and must
also be stable
Fair trade means that the farmers get a fair price for their
crop. Its kind of like a global minimum wage.
For example, take Ghana, a country in West Africa, where
people are critically dependent on cocoa.
There, cocoa revenues account for more than 33 percent
of the countrys total export earnings.
What happens is fair trade gives farmers a GUARANTEED price for
ALL their coffee a very good thingBUT farmers then sell all their
BETTER quality ones to other traders for better prices and keep their
lover quality ones for the FAIR TRADE traders.
Child Labor Certification 2005
Industrys Commitment in the Protocol
www.cocoasustainability.mars.com
