CSC102 Discrete Mathematics
LECTURE # 11
ORDERED PAIR:
An ordered pair (a, b) consists of two elements a and b in which a is the first
element and b is the second element.
The ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if, and only if, a= c and b = d.
Note that (a, b) and (b, a) are not equal unless a = b.
EXERCISE:
Find x and y given (2x, x + y) = (6, 2)
SOLUTION:
Two ordered pairs are equal if and only if the
corresponding components are equal. Hence, we obtain the equations:
2x = 6 (1)
and x + y = 2 ..(2)
Solving equation (1) we get x = 3 and when substituted in (2) we get y = -1.
ORDERED n-TUPLE:
The ordered n-tuple, (a1, a2, , an) consists of elements a1, a2, ..an together with the
ordering: first a1, second a2, and so forth up to an. In particular, an ordered 2- tuple is
called an ordered pair, and an ordered 3-tuple is called an ordered triple.
Two ordered n-tuples (a1, a2, , an) and (b1, b2, , bn) are equal if
and only if each corresponding pair of their elements is equal, i.e., ai = bj, for all
i = 1, 2 n.
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS:
Let A and B be sets. The Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A B (read A
cross B) is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in A and b is in B.
Symbolically:
A B = {(a, b)| a A and b B}
NOTE
If set A has m elements and set B has n elements then A B has m n
elements.
EXAMPLE:
Let A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b, c} then
A B = {(1,a), (1,b), (1,c), (2,a), (2, b), (2, c)}
B A = {(a,1), (a,2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
A A = {(1, 1), (1,2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
B B = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b),(c, c)}
REMARK:
1. A BB A for non-empty and unequal sets A and B.
2. A = A =
3. | A B| = |A| |B|
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF MORE THAN TWO SETS:
The Cartesian product of sets A1, A2, , An, denoted A1 A2 An, is the set of
all ordered n-tuples (a1, a2, , an) where a1 A1, a2 A2,, an An.
Symbolically:
A1 A2 An ={(a1, a2, , an) | ai Ai, for i=1, 2, , n}
BINARY RELATION:
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Let A and B be sets. A (binary) relation R from A to B is a subset of A B.
When (a, b) R, we say a is related to b by R, written a R b.
Otherwise if (a, b) R, we write a R b.
EXAMPLE:
Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3}
Then A B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
Let
R1={(1,1), (1, 3), (2, 2)}
R2={(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
R3={(1, 1)}
R4= A B
R5=
All being subsets of A B are relations from A to B.
DOMAIN OF A RELATION:
The domain of a relation R from A to B is the set of all first elements of the
ordered pairs which belong to R denoted Dom(R).
Symbolically:
Dom (R) = {a A| (a,b) R}
RANGE OF A RELATION:
The range of a relation R from A to B is the set of all second elements of the
ordered pairs which belong to R denoted Ran(R).
Symbolically:
Ran(R) = {b B|(a,b) R}
EXERCISE:
Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3},
Define a binary relation R from A to B as follows:
R = {(a, b) A B | a < b}
Then
a. Find the ordered pairs in R.
b. Find the Domain and Range of R.
c. Is 1R3, 2R2?
SOLUTION:
Given A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3},
A B = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}
a. R = {(a, b) A B | a < b}
R = {(1,2), (1,3), (2,3)}
b. Dom(R) = {1,2} and Ran(R) = {2, 3}
a. Since (1,3) R so 1R3
But (2, 2) R so 2 is not related with3.
EXAMPLE:
Let A = {eggs, milk, corn} and B = {cows, goats, hens}
Define a relation R from A to B by (a, b) R iff a is produced by b.
Then R = {(eggs, hens), (milk, cows), (milk, goats)}
Thus, with respect to this relation eggs R hens , milk R cows, etc.
EXERCISE :
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Find all binary relations from {0,1} to {1}
SOLUTION:
Let A = {0,1} & B = {1}
Then A B = {(0,1), (1,1)}
All binary relations from A to B are in fact all subsets of
A B, which are:
R1=
R2={(0,1)}
R3={(1,1)}
R4={(0,1), (1,1)} = A B
REMARK:
If |A| = m and |B| = n
Then as we know that the number of elements in A B are m n. Now as we
know that the total number of and the total number of relations from A to B are2m n.
RELATION ON A SET:
A relation on the set A is a relation from A to A.
In other words, a relation on a set A is a subset of A A.
EXAMPLE: :
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Define a relation R on A as
(a,b) R iff a divides b {symbolically written as a b}
Then R = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,3),
(4,4)}
REMARK:
For any set A
1. A A is known as the universal relation.
2. is known as the empty relation.
EXERCISE:
Define a binary relation E on the set of the integers Z, as
follows:
for all m,n Z, m E n m n is even.
a. Is 0E0? Is 5E2? Is (6,6) E? Is (-1,7) E?
b. Prove that for any even integer n, nE0.
SOLUTION
E = {(m,n) Z Z | m n is even}
a. (i) (0,0) Z Z and 0-0 = 0 is even
Therefore 0E0.
(ii) (5,2) Z Z but 5-2 = 3 is not even
so 5E2
(iii) (6,6) E since 6-6 = 0 is an even integer.
(iv) (-1,7) E since (-1) 7 = -8 is an even integer.
a. For any even integer, n, we have
n 0 = n, an even integer
so (n, 0) E or equivalently n E 0
COORDINATE DIAGRAM (GRAPH) OF A RELATION:
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x, y}
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Let R be a relation from A to B defined as
R = {(1, y), (2, x), (2, y), (3, x)}
The relation may be represented in a coordinate diagram as follows:
EXAMPLE:
Draw the graph of the binary relation C from R to R defined as
follows:
for all (x, y) R R, (x, y) C x2 + y2 = 1
SOLUTION
All ordered pairs (x, y) in relation C satisfies the equation x2+y2=1,
which when solved for y gives
Clearly y is real, whenever 1 x 1
Similarly x is real, whenever 1 y 1
Hence the graph is limited in the range 1 x 1 and 1 y 1
ARROW DIAGRAM OF A RELATION:
Let
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x, y} and
R = {1,y), (2,x), (2,y), (3,x)}
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be a relation from A to B.
The arrow diagram of R is:
DIRECTED GRAPH OF
A RELATION:
Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3}
and R =
{(0,0), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2),
(3,0), (3,1)}
be a binary relation on A.
MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF A RELATION
Let A = {a1, a2, , an} and B = {b1, b2, , bm}. Let R be a relation from A to
B. Define the n m order matrix M by
EXAMPLE:
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x, y}
Let R be a relation from A to B defined as
R ={(1,y), (2,x), (2,y), (3,x)}
x y
1 0 1
M 2 1 1
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EXAMPLE:
For the relation matrix.
1 2 3
1 1 0 1
M 2 1 0 0
3 0 1 1
1. List the set of ordered pairs represented by M.
2. Draw the directed graph of the relation.
SOLUTION:
The relation corresponding to the given Matrix is
R = {(1,1), (1,3), (2,1), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3)}
And its Directed graph is given below
EXERCISE:
Let A = {2, 4} and B = {6, 8, 10} and define relations R and S
from A to B as follows:
for all (x,y) A B, x R y x | y
for all (x,y) A B, x S y y 4 = x
State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A B, R, S, RS and RS.
SOLUTION
A B = {(2,6), (2,8), (2,10), (4,6), (4,8), (4,10)}
R = {(2,6), (2,8), (2,10), (4,8)}
S = {(2,6), (4,8)}
R S = {(2,6), (2,8), (2,10), (4,8)}= R
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R S = {(2,6), (4,8)}= S
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