THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

EDITED BY
fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.

tE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. fW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d.

L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.b.hist.soc.

LUCIAN
IV
 LUCIAN
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
A. M. HARMON
or YALE CNIVKKSITT

IN EIGHT VOLUMES

IV

LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MCMLXI
 First printed 1925
Reprinted 1953, 1961

Printed in Great Britain

 CONTENTS
FAOB
NOTE vi

LIST OF LUCIAN's WORKS VU

ANACHABSIS, OB ATHLETICS 1

MBNIPPUS, OE THE DESCENT INTO HADES .... 71

ON FtJNERALS {Dt Luctu) Ill

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (RhetoTum prueceptor) 133

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET 173

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE (Imagines) 255

ESSAYS IS POBTRAITUBE DEFENDED (Pro Imoginibus) . 297

THE OODDBS8E OF SUBRYE (De Syria Dea) . . . 337

INDEX 413
 NOTE
In the constitution of this volume there are two
departures from the order in which Lucian's writings
are presented in the Codex Vaticanus 90. The
Asinus, which there follows the Menippus, has been
left out of this volume and relegated to the last
and Pro Imaginibus, which in the MS. is separated
by six pieces from Imagines, has been brought
forward and placed directly after it.

vi
 LIST OF LUCIAN'S WORKS
SHOWING THEIR DIVISION INTO VOLUMES
IN THIS EDITION

Volume I

I and II —
Phalaris Bath — Dionysus
Hippias or the
Heracles—Amber or The Swans—The Fly— Nigrinus
Demonax—The Hall—My Native Land— Octogenarians—
True Story and II—Slander—The Consonants at Law—The
I
Carousal or The Lapiths.

VOLXTMK II
The Downward Journey or The Tyrant Zeus Catechized—
— —
Zeus Rants The Dream or The Cock Prometheus —
—
Icaromenippus or The Sky-man Timon or The Misanthrope
— —
Charon or The Inspector Philosophies for Sale.

Volume III

The Dead Come to Life or —The Double

The Fisherman
Indictment or Trials by Jury —On —The Ignorant
Sacrifices
Book Collector—The Dream or Lucian's Career—The Parasite
—The Lover of Lies—The Judgement of the Goddesses— On
Salaried Posts in Great Houses.

Volume IV
—
Anacharsis or Athletics Menippus or The Descent into
— —
Hades On Funerals A Professor of Public Speaking
— —
Alexander the False Prophet Essays in Portraiture Essays
in Portraiture Defended — The Goddess of Surrye.
 LIST OF LUCIAN'S WORKS
Volume V
—
The Passing of Peregrinus The Runaways Toxaris or —
— — —
Friendship The Dance Lexiphanes The Eunuch Astro- —
— —
logy The Mistaken Critic The Parliament of the Gods
—
The Tyrannicide Disowned.

Volume VI
—Dipsades—Saturnalia— Herodotus—Zeuxis—Pro
Historia
Lapsu —Apologia—Harmonides—Hesiodus—Scytha—Hermo-
timus— Prometheus Es—Navigium.

Volume VII
Dialogues of the Dead —Dialogues of the Sea-Gods
Dialogues of the Gods (exc. Deorura Judicium cf. Vol. Ill)
Dialogues of the Courtesans.

Volume VIII
—Lucius or the Ass—Amores—Halcyon—Demos-
Soloecista
thenes — Podagra — Ocypus — Cyniscus — Philopatria — Chari-
demus —Nero.

via
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
Taking us back to the early sixtli century, Lucian lets us
listen to a conversation about Greek athletics between Solon,
the Athenian lawgiver, and that legendary figure, the
Scythian Anacharsis, who came to Greece in the quest of
wisdom just as Solon himself had gone to Egypt and
Lycurgus of Sparta to Crete.
K. G. Jacob, who tried to make out that Lucian was an
ardent reformer, laid great stress on this dialogue as a tract
designed to restore the importance of athletics in Greek educa-
tion by recalling how much they meant in the good old days
But Lucian, who in any case was no laudator temporis acti, says
nothing of any significance elsewhere to indicate either that
he thought athletics especiallj' in need of reform or that he
felt any particular interest in them ; and if the Anacharsis
had been written for any such purpose, surely it would have
ended with the conversion of the Scythian to the standpoint
of the Greek.
Let us say rather that Lucian, who was especially
interested in Anacharsis and Solon, as we see from his
Scythian, wished, perhaps for the edification of an Athenian
audience, to present them in conversation, and shrewdly
picks athletics for their theme as that feature of Greek
civilization which would be most striking and least intel-
ligible to the foreigner, the ' child of Nature.'
The conversation takes place in the Lyceum at Athens
The opening sentence assumes that Anacharsis has just
been enquiring about something else, and now turns to a
new topic.
 ANAXAP^IS H HEPI TTMNAtmN

ANAXAP2I2
TavTU 8e vfuv, (o ^oXcov, rivot ?peKa ol veoi
TTOLoOcriv; ol fiev avrcov irepLirXeKOfievoi aWrjXov^
VTTOcTKeki^ovcnv, ol Se a'^'yovcn kcu \vyi,t!ova-i koI
iv tQ> irrfKo) cTVvava<^vpovrat Kv\i.v8ovfi€POL SiaTrep
<rv€9. Kaijoi Kar ap')(^a<i evdu<; airohva-dfievot, —
ecopojv yap —Xlttu re rjX.ety^avro koX KaTeyjrrja-e
fiaXa €lpr}viK(o<; arepc} rov erepov iv rSt fiepei. fMera
Se ovK olB 6 Ti, Tradovre^ cuOovai re dW'^\ov<; avv-
vevevKora koI to. fiercoTTa (rvvapaTTOva-iv uxnrep
ol Kpioi. Kot rjv IBov dpapLCva eKeivoaX rov erepov
ex TOtv GKekolv d^P]Kev ei<? to e8a(jio<;, etr' iiriKa-
Tairecrcbv dvaKVTrreiv ovk ia, a-vvoiOcov Kara) elf
rov irtjXov riXo<i 8e rjSt] TrepcTrXe^a<; avrS ra
aKeXr) /card rr/v yaarepa rov irrj^vv viro^aXtov
r& Xaifiw dyyei dOXiov, o Se irapaKporel ei<i

rov ojfiov, iKerevwv reXeov diroTrvi-

olfiai, od<; fir)

yeirj. Kal ovBe rov eXaiov evexa (peiSovrai fir)

fioXvveadai,aW' d<\>aviaavrefi ro 'X^pla/xa Kal rov
fiop^opov dvairX'qadivre'i iv ISpoJri d/xa 7roXXa>

Available in photographs : rN.

 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS

ANACHARSIS

And why are your young men doing all this,

Solon ? Some of them, locked in each other's arms,
are tripping one another up, while others are choking
and twisting each other and grovelling together in
the mud, wallowing like swine. Yet, in the begin-
ning, as soon as they had taken their clothes off, they
put oil on themselves and took turns at rubbing each
other down very peacefully — I saw it. Since then, I
do not know what has got into them that they push
one another about with lowered heads and butt their
foreheads together like rams. And see there That
!

man picked the other one up by the legs and threw

him to the ground, then fell down upon him and
will not let him get up, shoving him all down
into the mud and now, after winding his legs about
;

his middle and putting his forearm underneath his

throat, he is choking the poor fellow, who is slapping
him sidewise on the shoulder, by way of begging off,
I take it, so that he may not be strangled completely.^

Even out of consideration for the oil, they do not

avoid getting dirty ; they rub off the ointment,
plaster themselves with mud, mixed with streams of

^ The under man is trying to break his opponent's hold, a

" half Nelson," by striking him on the upper arm,

3
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ryiXooTa ifiol yovv Trapixovaiv wairep al ^ ey^eXvef;
CK Tcbv ')(eLpo)v SioXiaOaivovTe^.
"EiTepoi Be iv tS> aWpuM t% avXi)^ to avTo
rovTO hpwatv, ovk iv irTfXw ovtol ye, aXXa -^dpfiop
Tavrrjv ^aOelav inro^aXopevoi iv ro) 6pvyp,aTi
TTaTTOvalv re aXXrjXov<i kuI avroi eKovre^; irra-
p,(t)VTai rrjv Koviv aXeicTpv6va>v Slkijv, co? acfyvKTo-
repob elev iv Tat<i (TVfj,TrXoKai<;, olp,ai, tt}? ylrdp>/xou
TOP 6Xia6ov d<^aipovari<i koX ^e^aiorepav iv ^VP^
irape-)(0V(T7]<; ttjv dvTLXrjyjnv.
Ot 8e opBocndhriv K€Kovip,€voL Kal avTol iraiovcriv
aXXrjXov<i irpocnrecrovre^ koX XaKTi^ovaiv. ovrocrl
yovv Koi TOv<i 686vra<; eoiKev diroTrrvaeLv 6 kuko-
haifxoiv, ouTQ}<i aiparo<i avT(p Kal ylrd/ifx.ov dvaTre-
Tr\7)aTaL to crTOfia, irv^, a)? 6pa<;, 'iraTa')(6evTo<i
el<i TTJV yvddov. dXX* ov8e 6 ap'^^av ovroal 8u-
aTi)cnv avTov^ koI Xvet ttjv p,d'^r)v — TeK/xalpofxai
yap Tfi iropfjiuplBc tcov dp^ovTCov Tiva tovtov
elvat — 6 Be Kal iiroTpvvei Kal tov iraTd^avTu
irraivei.
"AXXot Be dXXa')(^60i 7rdvT€<; iyKovovai Kol dva-
Tri]B(oaiv wairep 6eovTe<; eVi tov avTov [xevovTe<i Kal
elf TO dvco avvaXXo/iievoi XaKTi^ovaiv tov depa.
TavTU ovv ideXoi elBevai TLvo<i dyadov ^ av etr)
TTOielv d)<; ep,oiye p,avia pdXXov ioiKevai Bokci to
TTpdyp^a, Kal ovk ecTTiv 6aTL<i av paBioi^ fieTairei.-
aeii /A6 fit)? oy irapaTraiovcTLV oi TavTa Bpa)VT€<i.
^ otJacobitz : oi MSS.
* hya0ov vulg. : 01706^1' MSS.
^ "The exercise is iliat known in the modern gymnasium
as knees up,' and is apparently the same as that described
'

by Seneca ( iip. x v. ) as the fuller's jump,' from its resemblance

'
 AN ACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
sweat, and make themselves a laughing-stock, to me
at least, by slipping thi'ough each other's hands
like eels.
Another set is doing the same in the uncovered part
of the court, though not in mud. They have a layer
of deep sand under them in the pit, as you see, and
not only besprinkle one another but of their own
accord heap the dust on themselves like so many
cockerels, in order that it may be harder to break away
in the clinches, I suppose, because the sand takes off
the slipperiness and affords a firmer grip on a dry
surface.
Others, standing upright, themselves covered with
dust, are attacking each other with blows and
kicks. This one here looks as if he were going to
spew out his teeth, unlucky man, his mouth is so full
of blood and sand he has had a blow on the jaw, as
;

you see.But even the official there does not separate

—
them and break up the fight I assume from his
purple cloak that he is one of the officials on the
;

contrary, he urges them on and praises the one who

struck the blow.
all exerting themselves
Others in other places are ;

they jump up and down as if they wei*e running, but

stay in the same place and they spring high up and
;

kick the air.^

I want to know, therefore, what good it can be to
do all this, because to me at least the thing looks
more like insanity than anything else, and nobody can
easily convince me that men who act in that way are
not out of their minds.

to the action of a fuller jumping up and down on the clothes

in his tub." E. N. Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and
Festivals, p. 296.

.5
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
SOAflN
Kat 6t/coTa)9, ft) * Avd')^ap(Tt, Toiavrd aoi ra
yiyvo/jLeva (paLverai, ^eva ye ovra koI TrdfiiroXv
rSiv ^KvOiKMV idwv dirahovTa, Kadc'nrep kol vfitv
TToXXa elKof elvai ixadrjfiaTa koX eTrirrihevp.aTa
T0t9 KWr^aiv T)fiiv dWoKora elvac So^avra dv,
'

€t T4? rj/j,(t)v Mairep (tv vvv eTna-Tatr] avrol^. ttXtjv

dWd Odppet, (byadi' ov yap /navia rd ytyvofxevd
ear IV ouS' e^' v^pei ovroi Traiovcriv dWr)Xov<i Kal
KvXiovcnv iv rw irrfKw rj iTriTrdrTOvaiv rrjv kovlv,
dX>C e-xjet Tcpd ')(^peiav ovk dT-epirr) ro irpdyfia Kal
aKfirjv ov fiiKpdv iirdyei rot? crcofMacnv' fjv yovv
ivSiaTpiyjrrj^i, utanrep olp,ai ae iroirjaeiv, ttj 'EWdBi,
OVK 6t9 fiaKpav et9 Kal avros ear) tmv ireinjXQ}-
fievcov rj KeKovipevwv ovrw aoi to irpdyfia r/Sv re
cifia Kal XvaiTeXe<i etvai Bo^ei.

ANAXAP2I2
"Airaye, a> "^oXmv, vjjuv ravra yevoiro rd w^e-
Xip,a Kal repirvd, e/x.e 8e et Ti<i v/xwv roiovro ri
hiaOeirj, eXaerai w? ov /xdrijv Trape^dtafjbeOa tov
aKLvdKrjv. drdp elire fiot, ri ovopxi edeade Tol<i
yiyvofievoi';, rj ri ^oifiev iroielv avTov<i;

SOAflN
'O auT09, w Avd'^apat, yvfxvdcnov
pL€v ')((opo<; ^

v(f)' ovopd^eTai Kal ecrriv lepov ATT6XXo)vo<i

rjpLwv ^

TOV AvK€LOv. Kal TO dyaXfia Be avrov 6pa<i, tov

iirl Tfi aTTjXrj KeKXifievov, rfj dpKnepa fiev to
To^ov e^ovTa, rj Se^id Se virkp T/79 Ke<f)aXi]<; dva-
6
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS

It is only natural, Anacharsis, that what they are

doing should have that appearance to you, since it is
unfamiliar and very much in contrast with Scythian
customs. In like manner you youi-selves })robably
have much in your education and training which
would appear strange to us Greeks if one of us
should look in upon it as you are doing now. But
have no fear, my dear sir it is not insanity, and it is
;

not out of brutality that they strike one another and

tumble each other in the mud, or sprinkle each other
with dust. The thing has a certain usefulness, not
unattended by pleasure, and it gives much strength
to their bodies. As a matter of fact, if you stop for
some time, as I think you will, in Greece, before long
you yourself will be one of the muddy or dusty set ;

so delightful and at the same time so profitable will

the thing seem to you.

AN ACH ARSIS
Get out with you, Solon You Greeks may have
!

those benefits and pleasures. For my part, if one of

you should treat me like that, he will find out that
we do not carry these daggers at our belts for
nothing But tell me, Avhat name do you give to
!

these performances ? What are we to say they are

doing ?

SOLON
The place itself, Anacharsis, we call a gymnasium,
and it is consecrated to Lyceian Apollo you see his
statue — ;

the figure leaning against the pillar, with the

bow in his left hand ; his right arm bent back above
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KeK\a(T fjAvrj w<nrep ix KUfidrov fiaKpov avairavo-
8 fievov he'iKvvai rbv Oeov. rmv yv/jLvaarfMaToyv Be
TOVTfov TO fxev iv Tft> TTTjXo) eKcivo TrdXrj KaXelrai,
01 8' €V T7J Kovei TToXatovaL koX avTol, to Se iraieiv
ciWrjXov^ opdoaTaSrjv TrayKpaTid^etv Xeyopev.
Kal dWa Be rjplv €<tti yupvdaia TOiavTa 7rvyp.T]<;
Kal Slctkov Kal tov inrepdWeaOai, mv dirduTcov
dyS>va<; irpOTtdeiJiev, Koi 6 KpaTrjaa^ dpiaTO^ elvai
BoKei TOiv KaB' avTov koi dvacpeiTai- to, ddXa.

ANAXAP2I2
9 Ta Be dO\a tlvu vp,tv TuvTd eaTiv;

SOAflN
^OXvpLiriaai pbev crTe(f)avo<; eK kotLvov, ^\crdp.ol
Be e/c Tv'nvo'i, iv Ne/iea Be aeXivaov TreirXey fi€vo<;,

IlvOol Be fjbijXa tcov lepwv rov Oeov, Trap* rjfuv Be

Tot<? TiavaOrjvaiot,^ to eXaiov to €K t?}? px)pia^.
Tt iyeXaaas, (o 'Am^a/acrt; ^ Bioti fiiKpd aoi
elvac ravTa Bokci;

ANAXAP2I2
OvK, dXXd Trdvaefiva, co "SioXav, KUTeXe^w; to,
aOXa Kol d^ca Tol<i re BiaOelcnv avTa (piXoTifxel-
crOat eVt t^ fieyaXoBcopea koX TOt<; dycovcaTaU
avToU virepeaTTOvBaKevai irepl ttjv dvaipeaiv tS)v

^ Solon's statement is not quite full enough. The pan-

cratium included not only boxing, but kicking and wrestling,
and was practised not only upright but on the ground. It
was a rough and tumble affair, in which only gouging and
biting were barred. Some, at least, of the wrestlers in the
mud were engaged, strictly speaking, in the pancratium, as
the choking and striking show.
8
 —
ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
his head indicates that the god is resting, as if after
long exertion. As forms of athletics, that
for these
one yonder in the mud is called wrestling, and the
men in the dust are wrestling too. When they stand
upright and strike one another, we call it the pan-
cratium, i We have other such athletic exercises,
too —
boxing, throwing the discus, and jumping
in all of which we hold contests, and the winner is
considered best in his class and carries off the prizes.

ANACHARSIS
And these prizes of yours, what are they?

At the Olympic games, a wreath made of wild

olive,at the Isthmian one of pine, and at the
Nemean one of parsley, at the Pythian some of the
apples sacred to Apollo, and with us at the
Panathenaea, the oil from the holy olive. ^ What
made you laugh, Anacharsis Because you think
.''

these prizes trivial ?

ANACHARSIS
No, the prizes that you have told off are absolutely
imposing, Solon they may well cause those who
;

have offered them to glory in their munificence and

the contestants themselves to be tremendously eager

' The one planted on the Acropolis by Athena.

As to the
prize in the Pythia, it may have been apples before the re-
organization of the games in 586. But in that year the
competition had prizes " in kind," spoils of the Crisaean war
(xpriH-ariTris airh \a<pvpa)v : Marmor Parium) ; and from 582 it
was (TTepavlTTii, like the other three Panhellenic Festivals,
with a wreath of laurel.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
rrfkiKovrmv, ware firjXrav evexa xal aeXlvoiv roaav-
ra irpoTTOvelv koI KtvSuveueiv a'y)(OfJievov<i 7rpo<i
aWj]Xu)V Koi KaraKXco/jievov^, C09 ovk ivbv uTrpay-
jjLOVw^ evTToprjaai /JurjXcov otw iiridvfua fj creXlvcp
icrre(^avo)adai rj irlrvi fjuijre TTrfKw KaTa^pio/xevov
TO Trpocrcoirov /jb-qre XaKTi^ofievov eh rrjv <ya(T7epa
vTTo Tcov dvTaywpiaTWV.

20AnN
10 'AXA, , CO apiare, ovk et<f yjnXa ra SiBo/jieva
Tjfiel^ dno^XeTTO/jLev. ravra p.evyap iari crrj/xela
Koi yvcopicrfjLaTa oXrive^ 01 KparijaavTCf;.
tt)? viKrj<;
T) irapaKoXoudoucra tovtoi<; 86^a tov iravTOf;
Se
d^ia Tol<i veviKrjKoaiv, VTrep J79 kuI XaKTi^eaOai
KaX(o<; e%et rot? Oripcofxivoi^ rfjv ev/cXeiav eK rwv
TTovcov. ov y^p aTTovrjTl irpoayevoLTo av avTt],
dXXa ')(^pr} TOV opeyo/Lcevov avTrj<i iroXXa to, Svcr-x^eprj
dvacrx6pt,evov ev ttj apxv '^ot ijSr] to XvaCTeXh
Kol rjBu TeXo'i etc twv KafiaToyv irepifieveiv,

ANAXAP212
ToiJto <^^9, ft) ^6X(ov, TO Te\o9 178^ koX Xvai-
TeA,€9, OTL irdvTe^ avTov<; oyfrovTaL i(TTe(f)ava>p,evov<;
Kui cttI TTJ VLKT] eTraiveaovTat iroXv irpoTepov
olKTeipavTa eVt Tal<i 7rXr]yal<i, ol Be evBai/xovq-
aovaLV djrrl tmv ttovcov jxrfka koX aiXiva e%oi'Te9.

50AnN
" Kireipo^i el, (firj/jui, tmv •^p^Tepwv eTi' /jLeTct

fiiKpov Be dXXa aoi Bo^ei irepX avTwv, eireiBav

10
 !

ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
to carry off such guerdons, so that they will go
through these preliminary hardships and risks,
all
getting choked and broken in two by one another,
for apples and parsley, as if it were not possible for
anyone who wants them to get plenty of apples
without any trouble, or to wear a wreath of parsley
or of pine without having his face bedaubed with
mud or letting himself be kicked in the belly by
his opponent
SOLON
But, my dear fellow,
not the bare gifts that
it is

we have in view ! They

are merely tokens of the
victory and marks to identify the winners. But the
reputation that goes with them is worth everything
to the victors, and to attain it, even to be kicked is
nothing to men who seek to capture fame through
hardships. Without hardships it cannot be acquired ;
the man who covets it must put up with many un-
pleasantnesses in the beginning before at last he can
expect the profitable and delightful outcome of his
exertions.

ANACHARSIS
By this delightful and profitable outcome, Solon,
you mean that everybody will see them wearing
wreaths and will applaud them for their victory after
having pitied them a long time beforehand for their
hard knocks, and that they will be felicitous to have
apples and parsley in compensation for their hard-
ships !

SOLON
You are unacquainted with our ways, I tell
still

you. After a little you will think differently about

II
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
6t9 To,^ Travijyvpei'i dirioyv 6pa<; toctovto ttXt}^©?
avOpMTTwv avWeyo/ievov eTrl rrjv deav rayv roiov-
Tcov Kal Bearpa /xvpiavSpa (rvfnrXrjpov/jieva Koi
TOv<; dy(ovi(TTa<; eTraivovfievov^, top Se Kal viKrf'
(TavTa avTO)V iaodeov vofii^6/ui,evov.

ANAXAP2I5
11 AvTO TOUTO, (O "^OXCOV, KOI TO OtKTKTTOV icTTlV,
el fir} ctt' oXlyojv ravra •Trda')(ov(Tiv, dXka iv
Toaovroi^ dearal<i KaX fidprvai t^? v/Speco^, oi
8r)\a8r) evSai/novL^ovaiv avTov<i alfxari paivop>evov<i
opcovra rj d'y')(onevov<i viro tmv dvTnrd\(ov' ravra
yap TO, evSaifiovecrTara irpoaeari Trj vlktj avTO)V.
Trap rjpuv he toI<; %Kv6at<i rjv Ti<i, Si Zokwv, »;
Trard^T} riud twv iroXirSiv rj dvarpe'^r] Trpocnreawv
7) 6ol/jidria TTepippij^T], /xeydXa^i 01 TTpea^vrai rd^
^r]fjLia<ie-ndyovai, kov eV oKiyaiv paprvpwv rovro
irddrj Ti9, ovTi ye iv Tr]XtKOVTOi<; dedrpoL'i, ola cru
Birjyrj to ^ladfioc Kal to iv ^OXvfnria. ov firjv
dWa Tot'9 p>ev dycovi(Trd<i oiKreipeiv fioi eireiaiv
o)v 7rd(r)(pvcnv, twv he dearoiv 0&9 0^? diravra-
')(^odev TOv<i dpiarovi Trapaycyveadai et? Ta? iravq-

yvpet<i Kal irdvv Oavfid^co, el rdvayKala irapevre^;

a')(p\d^ovat,v eirl rol<i rocovroif. ovSe yap iKelvo
TTco 8vvap,ai Karavo-qaai o ri to repirvov avrol^,
opdv TratoyLtei/oi/? Te Kal 8ia7r\r)KTi^op,evov^ dvOpdi)-

7rov<i Kal TTyoo? TTjv yijv dpaTTOfievov^ Kal avvrpi-

fiofievovi utt' dWrjkwv.

20AnN
12 Et Kaipo<i Tjv, Oi ^Avd')(^ap(Ti, *0\vfnncov rj

^]<T0/j,lQiv rj UavaOrjvaicov, avro dv ae to yiyvo-

13
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
them, when you go to the games and see that great
throng of people gathering to look at such spectacles,
and amphitheatres filling that will hold thousands, and
the contestants applauded, and the one among them
who succeeds in winning counted equal to the gods.

ANACHARSIS
That is precisely the most pitiable part of it, Solon,
ifthey undergo this treatment not before just a few
but in the presence of so many spectators and wit-
nesses of the brutality, who no doubt felicitate them
on seeing them streaming with blood or getting
strangled by their opi)onents for these are the
;

extreme felicities that go with their victory With !

us Scythians, Solon, if anyone strikes a citizen, or

assaults him and throws him down, or tears his
clothing, the elders impose severe penalties upon
him, even if the offence takes place before just a
few witnesses, not to speak of such great assemblies
as that at tiie Isthmus and that at Olympia which
you describe. I assure you, I cannot help pitying
the contestants for what they go through, and
I am absolutely amazed at the spectators, the
prominent men who come, you say, from all sides
to the games, if they neglect their urgent business
and fritter their time away in such matters. I cannot
yet conceive what pleasure it is to them to see
men pummelled, dashed on the ground, and
struck,
crushed by one another.

SOLON
If it were the time, Anacharsis,
for the Olympic
or the Isthmian or the Panathenaic games, what

13
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fxevov iSiSa^ev o)? ov fiaTrju iairovSaKafiev iirl
rovTOt^. ov yap ovtco Xeycov dv ri<i irpocr^i-
fidcreUv ere tj] ijSovfj roiv eKei 8p(OfA,ei^cov, clx? el
Kade^opevo^ avTO<i iv p,eaoi<i rot^ Oearal^; ^A-CTTOt?
dpeTO,^ dvhpoiv koI KaWr) acopbdrcov koX eve^iaf
Oavpacrrd^ /cal ep^ireLpias SeLpd<; fcal 1(T')(^uv dpa-)^ov
Kol ToXpav Kol ^iXoTLpiav koI yv(op,a^ dT]TT7)rov<i
Koi (TTTOvBtjv oKeKTov VTrep r?}? vLKrjt;. ev yap Sr]
olSa &>9 ovK av iTravaco iiraivuv /cal eTri^ocov /cal
iiriKporcov.

ANAXAP2I2
13 N^ At, Si imyeXSiv ye irpoaeTt, /cal
^oXcjuv, Kal
eTri^Xevd^cov diravTa yap oirocra KaTr)pidp,ijaci)
i/ceiva, rd^; dperd^ /cal rd<; eve^la^ Kal rd /cdXXrj
Kol roXpav, opco ovBevo^ p,eydXou eveKa Trapair-
oXXvpeva<i vpuv, ovre Trar/otSo? KLvhvvevovar}^
0VT€ 'X^(i)pa<; 'JTopdovp^v7}<i ovre (f)iXo)v rj ol/ceicov
7r/30 9 v/3piv dirayopbevcov. ware rocrovTO) yeXoio-
repoi av elev, dpiaroc piiv, co? <^rj<i, ovTe<;, p.dTr]v
8e roaavra irda'^ovTe^ /cal raXanrcopovp,€voi Kal
aia')(yvovTe^ ra KdXXr] Kal rd peyeOrj rrj yp-dppo)
Kal Tot? vTTcoTTLOi^, ft)? p,t']Xou Kal KOTLvov iyKparel^
yevoLVTO viKr]aavTe<i. t)8v ydp p,oi, del p,ep.vrjadat
roiv ddXcov TocovTcov ovrwv. drdp elire pioi, Ttdyre^i
avrd Xap^dvovaiv ol dycoviarai;

SOAHN
OvBap,a)<i, dXXd eh i^ aTravroov, 6 KpaT'^aa<i
aVTMV,
14
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
takes place there would itself have taught you that
we had not spent our energy on all this in vain.
Just by talking about the delightfulness of the doings
there, one cannot convince you of it as thoroughly
as if you yourself, sitting in the midst of the spectators,
were to see manly perfection, physical beauty,
wonderful condition, mighty skill, irresistible
strength, daring, rivalry, indomitable resolution, and
inexpressible ardour for victory. I am very sure that
you would never have stopped praising and cheering
and clapping.

ANACH ARSIS
No doubt, Solon and laughing and gibing, into
;

the bargain for I see that all these tilings which

;

—
you have enumerated the perfection, the condition,
—
the beauty, the daring are being wasted for you
without any great object in view, since your
country is not in peril nor your farm-lands being
ravaged, nor your friends and kinsmen insolently
carried off. So the competitors are all the more
ridiculous if they are the flower of the country, as
you say, and yet endure so much for notliing, making
themselves miserable and defiling their beautiful,
great bodies with sand and black eyes to get
possession of an apple and an olive-branch when
they have won !You see, I like to keej) mentioning
the prizes, which are so fine But tell me, do all
!

the contestants get them .''

SOLON
Not by any means ; only one among them all, the
victor.

15
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ANAXAP2I2
Etra, Q) '^6\o)V, iirl tw aSrjXa) Kal dfKpt^oXo)
T^? ViK7]<i TOaOVTOt TTOVOVCTC, KoX TUVT etSoxe? OTl
6 fi€v vLKO)v et? ecnai 7rdvTco<;, ol he r)Tr(i)/j,evoi
irdfjiTToWoi, fMaTTjv ddXcot TTXrjyd'i, ol Bk Kol rpav-
fiara \a/36vT€<;;

20AQN
14 "Eoi/^a?, w ^Avd^apcri, firjheiTot) ivvevorjKevai
TTo\.neia<i opOfjq Trepi p.rjhkv' ov yap dv rd Kok-
\iara r&v edSiv ev '>^6'y(p iriOeao. rjp 8e croi

fi€Xi]ar) TTOTe elSivat ottco? dv rd KdWiara

olKrjOeir] iroX.L'i Kal otto)? dv dptcrToi. yevoiVTo ol
TToXlrai auT?}?, iiraivear] rore Kal rd<i d(TKrja€t,<i

Tavra<i Kal rrjv (piXorifjiiav 7]v (j)iXoTifiov/iieda trepl

avTd<i, Kal etcrr) otl iroXv to ')(^pr)cnfiov e'^ovcnv
iy Kara fiefXL^/jLevov rol<; 7r6voi,<;, el Kal vvv p,drr)V
airovBd^eaOai, hoKO.vaiv.

ANAXAP2I2
Kat iMrjV, &
X6Xa)v, Kar ovSev dXXo diro t?)?
SKvOla<; ijKO) ToaavTtjv fiev yrjv 810-
Trap' vfid<;
hev(Ta<i, fieyav he rou Ev^eivov Kal hv<T')(eip,epov
irepaicodel^, rj ottq)^ v6fiou<i re tou? 'EXXijvcov
€Kfiddoi/xi Kal edt) rd Trap' vficv KaTavor]aai/j,i, Kal
TToXnelav rrjv dplaTrjv eK/jieXeTi]aaifjLt. hio Kal ere
IxaXiara (filXov i^ dirdvTcav Adrjvaicov Kal ^evov
^

irpoeiXoixrjv Kard KXeo^i, eVetTrep -Ijkovov vo/jlcov re

avyypacpea rivd elvat ae Kal edwv rwv dplarayv
€upeTr}v Kal eTnrijhevfMdTcov co^eXificov elarfyrjryjv,
Kal oXtu? TToXueia'i Tiv6<i avvupfioaTijv. oicne ovk
16
 ANACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
ANACHARSIS
Then do so many undergo
hardships upon the
uncertain and precarious chance of winning, Solon,
knowing too that there will surely be but one
winner and very many losers, who, poor fellows, will
have received blows and in some cases even wounds
for nothing ?

SOLON
seems, Anacharsis, that you have never yet
It
done any thinking about the proper way to direct a
state otherwise you would not disparage the best
;

of institutions. If ever you make it your object to

find out how a state is to be organized in the best
way possible, and how its citizens are to reach the
highest degree of excellence, you will then praise
these exercises and the rivalry which we display in
regard to them, and you will know that they have
much that is useful intermingled with the hardships,
even if you now think our energy is spent on them
for nothing.

ANACHARSIS
I I had no other object in coming
assure you, Solon,
to your country from Scythia, over such a vast
stretch of land and across the wide and tempestuous
Euxine, than to learn the laws of the Greeks, to
observe your institutions, and to acquaint myself
with the best form of polity. That is why I selected
you in particular out of all the Athenians for my friend
and host, in deference to your reputation, for I used
to hear that you were a maker of laws, an inventor of
excellent institutions, an introducer of advantageous
practices, and in a word, the fashioner of a polity. So

17
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
av c})Odvoi<i 8i8d(TKa)V fie xal fiaOrfrrjv 7roiovfjL€uo<i'
to? e'ywfye rj8e(o<; av dairo^ aoi koI clttoto^ irapa-
Ka9e^6fievo<i, eh oaov av avTo<i SiapKoirj^; Xeycov,
Ke'X7}voi)<i iiraKovoiixL irepl irokneia^ re Koi voficov

8te^i6vTO<i.
SOAflN
15 Ta fiev TTCLvra ov pdScov, w iratpe, SieXBecv iv
^pa')(6l, dXXd Kara fiepr) einaiv elar) eKaara, ola
fxev irepl deoiv, ola he nrepl >yoveoiV rj irepl yd/xcov
rj TMV dWwv hoKel -qixiv. a he irepl tmv vecov
yiyvd)aKo/j,€v kuI otto)? avTot<i ')(^p(t)fjLe6a, eireihav
irpcoTov dp^wvrai crvvievai re rov ^eXriovof xal
TW acofiari dvSpl^eadai kul vt^icTTacrdai rov^
irovov^, ravra rjhrj aoL Sie^eifii, co? piddot,^ ovrcvo'i
XdpLV Ta? daKr'jdei^ ravTa<; irporedeLKafiev avTol<i
Kal Siairoveli' to (TM/xa KaravayKd^op-ev, ov p.6vov
evexa tmv dycovoov, oVtys" rd ddXa Svvaivro dvat,-
—
peladac e7r' eKelva /xev yap oXiyoL irdvv e|- dirdv-
Tcov ')(U)povai,v —
aWa. p,€i^6v ti dirdarj r^ iroXei
dyaOov €K tovtov Kal avrol<i eKeivoi^ irpoaKTco-
fievoi. K0ivb<i ydp Tt? dyaiv aXXof diraai rot<i
dya6ol<i iroXiraa irpoKeirat Kal aT€(f>avo<; ov
irirvo<i ovBe Korivov rj creXivwv, aW' 09 ev avTM
avXXa^oiV e^^i dvdpdairov evhaip-oviav, olov
rrjv
eXevdeplav Xeyco avrov re eKdarov Ihia Kal Koivfj
rTj<i irarpiho'i Kal irXovrov koI So^av Kal koproiv

nrarpiwv diroXavaiv Kal oIk€1(ov acorrjpLav, Kal

crvv6Xco<y rd KdXXiara av ri<i ev^airo yeveaOai
o)V
01 irapd rSiv deSiv. ravra irdvra rw are(f)dv(p ov
(f>r}p,c crvvavarreirXeKrai koI ck rov dyS)vo<i eKeivov

irepiyiyverai i<f>^ ov al daK^a€i<i avrai Kal 01 irovot

ay ova IV.
18
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
do be quick about teachinf? me and making a disciple
of me. For my part I would gladly sit beside you
without meat or drink as long as you could endure
to talk, and listen to you with avidity while you
described government and laws.

everything, my friend, in brief compass

To describe
is not an easy task, but if you take it up a little at
a time, you will find out in detail all the opinions
we hold about the gods and about parents, marriage,
and everything else. And I shall now tell you what
we think about our young men, and how we deal
with them from the time when they begin to know
good from bad, to be physically mature, and to bear
hardships, in order that you may learn why we pre-
scribe these exercises for them and compel them to
train their bodies. It is not simply on account of
the contests, in order that they may be able to take
—
the prizes very few out of the entire number have
—
the capacity for that but because we seek a certain
greater good from it for the entire state and for the
young men themselves. There is another competition
which is open to all good citizens in common, and
a wreath that is not made of pine or olive or parsley,
—
but contains in itself all human felicity, that is to
say, freedom for each individual singly and for
the state in general, wealth, glory, enjoyment of
ancestral feast-days, safety for one's family, and in
short, the fairest blessings that one could pray to
receive from the gods. All these things are inter-
woven in the wreath that I speak of and accrue from
the contest to which these exercises and hardships
lead.

19
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ANAXAP5I2
16 Etra, w Oau/jbdaie ^oXwv, rocavTci fiot kuI
rrfkiKuvTa e^fov aOXa Sie^ievai, firjXa Koi areXiva
oirjyou Kol daXXov iXaiwi aypLa<i kcu ttltw;

SOAflN
Kat ^Avd^apcri, ou8' eKeivd aoc cti So^ei
fjii]v, a>

fjLiKpa etvai, oirorav a Xiya KaTafid6r)<i' drro yap

TOi Tj;? auTr]<i yv(Ofjt,r)<} yiyveTai, Kol fiepr) irdvTa
ravTa iari fiiKpa tov fjbei^ovo<i eKelvov dySivo^ kuI
Tov (TTecpdvou oi^KaTeXe^a tov iravevBai/MOvo^. 6
Se X6yo<i, ovK ol8^ oirw'i uvrep/Sa? rr]v rd^tv, eKeivcov
irporepov^ errep^vrjaOri rSiv 'ladfiol yiyv ojjbevwv koX
^OXvp^TTiacn Kol iv Ne/ie'a. ttXtjv dXXa vo)—
(T'x^oXrjp yap dyo/j,ev koI av, 6i<i <^r)<i, TrpoOvfxf}
—
aKOveiv dvaSpafiovfieOa paSi'tu? 77^009 ttjv dp'^^'qv
Kal TOP Koivov dySyva hi ov <f)r]fu iravra ravTU
eiriTtihevecrOai.

ANAXAP2I2
^Afieivov, Si "XoXayv, ovt(o<;' kuO^ oSovyap av rjfuv
X6709 fjbdXXov kol
av tcro)? diro
'irpo)(u>poiri, Td')(^
TOVTOdv Treiadeirjv p,rjB€ eKeivcov ert KUTayeXdv,
el TLva tSoifit aefivvvofievov kotlvw rj aeXivu)
i(rT€(f)avQ)/jLevov. dXX el SoKel, et? to (txxtkuiv
eKclae dir6X06vTe<i KadiawfJiev iirX twv ddxcov, co?
fir) evo')(Xolev rjfilv ol^ iTrcKeKpayoTe^i Tocf ira-
Xaiovaiv. dXXco^ t€ elpyjcreTai yap — ovSe tov —
TjXiov €TL /saSttw? dve')(op,ai, o^vv kol (pXayficoSr)
ifiTTLTTTOPTa yvfivf) TTj Ke(f)aXf}. tov yap rrlXov
* irpSrfpov Halm : irporfpoov MSS.
' o't Jacobs : not in MSS.
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
ANACHARSIS
Then, Solon, you amazing person, when you had
such magnificent prizes to tell of, you spoke of apples
and parsley and a sprig of wild olive and a bit
of pine ?

SOLON
But even those prizes will no
really, Anaeharsis,
longer appear you when you understand what
trivial to
I mean. They originate in the same purpose, and
are all small parts of that greater contest and of the
wreath of complete felicity which I mentioned. Our
conversation, departing somehow or other from the
natural sequence, touched first upon the doings at
the Isthmus and Olympia and Nemea. However, as
we are at leisure and you are eager, you say, to hear,
it will be an easy matter for us to hark back to the

beginning, to the common competition which is, as I

•say, the object of all these practices.

ANACHARSIS
would be better, Solon, to do so, for by keeping
It
to thehighway our talk would make greater progress,
and perhaps knowing these prizes may persuade me
never again to laugh at those others, if I should see a
man putting on airs because he wears a wreath of wild
olive or parsley. But if it is all the same to you, let
us go into the shade over yonder and sit on the
benches, so as not to be annoyed by the men who
are shouting at the wrestlers. Besides —
I may as

well be frank ! —
I no longer find it easy to stand the

sun, which is fierce and burning as it beats upon my

bare head. I thought it best to leave my cap at
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fxoi a^ekelv olKodev eBo^ev,
to? fir) fiovo^i iv vjjliv
^evi^otfjit TM Se utpa tov €T0V<; 6 ri
(T)(^r]/jiaTC, rj

jrep TO TTvpcoBearaTov iari, tov darepo^ bv u/x.et?

Kvi/a (pare iravra KaTa(f)\iyovTO<i koI t6i^ aepa
^Tjpbv KoX SiuKai] ridevTO'i, 6 re f]\co<; Kara
/uLearj/jL^piav ijSr} vvep Ke(f)a\rj<i eiTLKeip^vo'i (pXoy-
IMOV rovTov ov (poprjTOV iTTayet, rot? aoo/juaa-iv.
Qxrre kuI crov Oavfjud^co, oircof yr)pai6<; rfhrj dv-
$p(07ro^ ovT€ I8iei<; 7r/)o? to 6d\'TTo<i uxxirep iyo)
ovre 6X(0'i ii^o)(\ovp,ivq) eoiKW^, ovSe TTepi^XeireL'i
avcTKiov ri kvda virohvcrrj, dWd Sexv tov rjXiov
€v/xap(o<i.

aOAXlN

Ot fiaraioi yap ovroi w Avd'^apai, koX

irovoi, ^

al o-vv€)(^6C<; ev rw
KV^KXTijaea kol at
irrjXGi
vrraidpoL ev rfj y^dpLp^w TaXaiTrcoplai tovto rjp,lv
TO dpbvvTrjpiov Trapexovcrc 7rpo9 Ta9 tov rjXiov
^oXd<i, Kol ovK€Ti ttIXov heopueOa 09 ttjv uktIvu
KcoXvaet KadiKvela0ai Tr}9 K€(f)aXr]<;.
17 'ATTtto/Aez/ 8' ovv. KoX 6irw<i p,r) KuOdnep v6p,oi<i
Trpoae^ei'i dv Xeyw 7ryoo9 ere, 0)9 e'f diravTO';
ol<i

TTLaTeveiv avTol<;, aXX' evOa dv croi p.r) opdoof tv

Xiyeadai SoKrj, dvTLXiyeiv eudv<; koX hcevOvveiv
TOV Xoyov. huolv yap duTepov 7rdvTco<; ovk dv
dp,dpTOLp,ev, rj ae ^e0aL(i)<; Treicrdrjvac eK^iavTa
OTToaa otei dvTiXcKTea elvai rj ep,e dva8c8a')(6})vac
0)9 GVK 6pda)<; yiyvcooKQ} irepX avTcov. /cal iv
TOVT(p TTaaa dv aoi rj 7roX-t9 17 ^Adrjvaicov ovk

^ A great pointed cap of felt or skin was part of tlie

Scytliian costume. The Greeks went bare-headed, unless
23
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
Ijome, so as not to be the only person among you in
a foreign costume.^ But the season of the year is the
very fieriest, for the star which you call the Dog burns
everything up and makes the air dry and parching,
and the sun, now hanging overhead at midday,
produces this blazing heat, insupportable to the body.
I wonder, therefore, how it is that you, an elderly
man, do not perspire in the heat as I do, and do not
seem to be troubled by it at all you do not even
;

look about for a shady spot to enter, but stand the

sun with ease.

SOLON
These useless exertions, Anacharsis, the continual
somersaults in the mud and the open-air struggles
in the sand give us our immunity from the shafts of
the sun and we have no further need of a cap to
keep its rays from striking our heads.
Let us go, however. And take care not to regard
everything that I may say to you as a law, so as to
believe it at all hazards. Whenever you think I am
incorrect in anything that I say, contradict me at
once and set my reasoning straight. One thing or
the other, certainly, we cannot fail to accomplish :

either you will become firmly convinced after you

have exhausted all the objections that you think
ought to be made, or else I shall be taught that I am
not correct in my view of the matter. In that event
the entire city of Athens could not be too quick to

they were ill, or on a journey, or regularly exposed to bad

weather, like sailors and farm-labourers, who wore a similar
but smaller cap.
23
 —
THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
av (f)0dvot ofioXoyovara' ocra 'yap av e'/ze
%a/9ti'
TTaihevcrr)^ Kol /LteTaTretcr?;? tt/jo? to BeXriov,
CKelvrjv TO, fieyiaTa ear) ox^eXrjKfo^. ovBev yap
av airoKpyy^aiixT^v avTt]v, aXX! evOv<i eh to fiecrov
Karadrjafo (pepcov Kal KaTaaTa<; ev ttj ttvvkI epo)
7rpo9 airavTa<;, " "A^S/je? ^Adrjvalot, eyo) fiev vpxv
eypa^\ra tov<; v6/xov^ o'lov<; wfirfv ^ (w^eXf/LtfOTttTOU?
'
eaecrdai t^ iroXet, 6 Be ^evo^ ovrocri hei^a<; ae,
ft)
—
^Kvd^apai, " ^Kvdr]^ /xev iari, aocfiof Be o)v
ixereiraihevae /xe Kal dWa
^eXrio) fiadtjfiaTa Kal
eTTirtjBevfiaTa eSiSd^aro' wcrre evepyerrj^; vfiwv
6 dvT)p dvay€ypd(j>dQ) Kal ')(a\KOuv avrov dvaarrj-
aare irapd r) ^ ev iroXei irapd rijv
tov<; eTrtovu/xov^
' Adijvav." Kal ev tadi tw? ovk ala'xyvelTai^ 77
^Adrjvaicov 7roX.i9 irapa ^ap^dpov Kal ^evov to,
crvfi(f)€povTa iK/xavOdvovTe^i.

ANAXAP2I2
ToOt' ixelvo dpa,
eyco irepl vfioiv yjkovov
rjv

TMV Adrjvaiwv,
^ elpwve^ ev rol<i Xoyoi^,
(09 etrjre
eVet TTodev av iyo) vop.d^ Kal 7r'Kdvr)<; dvdpco7ro<i,
e'^' dfjid^r)<i ^e^LWKoo^;, dWoTC dWrjv y?jv dfiel-
^(liv, TToXiv 8e ovT€ olKriaa<i TTcoiroTe oure dWore
rj vvv €copaK(o<;, rrrepl TroXtreta? hie^ioifii Kal
BiBda-KOifii avT6')(6ova<; dv8pa<i iroXiv Taxnrjv
dp^aiordTTjv TOcrovTOi<i yBr] ')(^pijvoi^ ev evvofxia
KarwK'qKora'i, Kal p^aXiara <re,^ w
%6\(av, u> tovto
i^ dp')(rj<i Kal fjiddi]fia, &)<? (f>aaLv, iyevero, eiri-

^ ^/jLTiv Cobet : hv ^/xifv MSS.

" t, 0. Miiller : not in MSS.
^ al(T XVI' f IT at Fritzsche : alffxvyvfai MSS.
* ffi vulg. : not in MSS.
24
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
acknowledge its gratitude to you, because in so far
as you instruct me and convert me to a better
view, you will have conferred the greatest possible
benefit upon her. For I could not keep anything
from her, but shall at once contribute it all to
the public. Taking my stand in the Pnyx, I shall
say to everyone :
" Men of Athens, I made you
the laws which I thought would be most beneficial
to the city, but this guest of mine"
I shall point to you, Anacharsis,
— — and then
" a Scythian,
indeed, but a man of learning, has converted me and
taught me other better forms of education and
training. Therefore let him be written down as
your benefactor, and set his statue up in bronze
beside the Namesakes ^ or on the Acropolis beside
Athena." You may be very sure that the city of
Athens will not be ashamed to learn what is to her
advantage from a foreign guest.

ANACHARSIS
Ah that is just what I used to hear about you
!

Athenians, that you never really mean what you say.

For how could I, a nomad and a rover, who have lived
my life on a wagon, visiting different lands at different
seasons, and have never dwelt in a city or seen one
until now — how could I hold forth upon statecraft
and teach men sprung from the soil, who have
inhabited this very ancient city for so many years in
law and order ? Above all, how could I teach you,
Solon, who from the first, they say, have made it a
special study to know how the government of a state

^ The ten Athenian tribes were named after legendary

heroes whose statues stood in the Potters' Quarter.

25
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
araadat oirwi av apiara iroki^ oIkoIto kui
olariaiv vo/jLoi<i ^/^a)/xe'^'^7 evBai/xovtjaeie ; ttXtjv
aXXa Kol TOVTO o)? voixoOerj) Treiareov croi, Kal
avrepoi rjv ri fioi Boktj fir) 6pd(o<i TUyecrdai, w?
^e^aiorepov jxadoLfxi.
Kat Ihov '^ap iKcj)vy6vT€<; top rjXiov iv t^
ijSr]

(Tvv)]p6(f)€l Kal KadeSpa /xdXa rjSela xal

icTfiep,
€VKaipo<; iirl "^jrv)(^pov tov Xidov. Xiye oiv rov
\6yov i^ dpX^l^ /ca^' o ri Tov<i veov<i irapaXa-
06vT€<; €K TraiSoov €v6v<i BiairoveiTe, Kal 07r&)9
v/juv apL(TToi dvSpa diro^aivovcnv iic tov irrjXnv
teal TMV dcTKIJ/JidTCOV TOUTOOV, Kal TL ff KOVIS Kal
ra Kv^iarrj/jLaTa avvreXei tt/jo? dperrjv avrol^.
TOVTO yap St) fidXicTTa i^ a/a^r)? €v9v^ eiroOovi)
aKovaai' to. S' dXXa et? vaTepov BcSd^rj fie kuto,
Katpov €Ka(TTOV iv Tw p,epei. eKeivov pAvTOL, w
'^oXoav, p^efjbvtjcyo fioi irapd ttjv prjcriv, otl tt/jo?
dvSpa ^dp^apov ip€c<i. Xiyeo 8e tw? firj TrepLvXeKr)';
fiTjBe aTTO/jirjKVvr]^ tol'9 X6yov<;' SeBia yap firj
iTTiXavOdvcofiai tcov irpcoTcov, el to. /iera tuOtu
TToXXd iiTippeoi.^

19 Xif
20AnN
TOVTO, a> ^Kvd')(ap(Ti, Tapnevar} dfieivov,
I
ev6a dv aoi Bokt) /jurj irdw aa<f)r]q 6 X0709 elvai r)
TToppco TTOi diroTrXavdcrdai cIkt] picov iprjcrrj yap
p,eTa^v o TL dv eOeXr]^ Kal 8iaK6'yfr€i<i avTov to
p,f]KO<i. rjv fiivToi /xr; e^aycovia fjurjSe Troppoy tov

aKOTTOv Ta Xeyo/xeva fj, KwXvcrei ovBiv, olfiai, el

Kal puKpa XeyoiTO, eirel Koi tt} ^ovXfj ttj i^
* dnippfoi Lehmann : iirippfn MSS.
26
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
can be conducted best and what laws it should
observe to be prosperous ? However, in this too,
since you are a law-giver, I must obey you so 1 ;

shall contradict you if I think that you are incorrect

in anything that you say, in order that I may learn
my lesson more thoroughly.
See, we have escaped the sun and are now in the
shade here is a very delightful and opportune seat
;

on the cool stone. So begin at the beginning and

tell why you take your young men in hand and train
them from their very boyhood, how they turn out
excellent men as a result of the mud and the
exercises, and what the dust and the somersaults
contribute to their excellence. That is what I was
most eager to hear at the beginning the rest you
:

shall teach me later, as opportunity offers, each

particular in its turn. But bear this in mind, please,
Solon, throughout your talk, that you will be
speaking to a foreigner. I say this in order that
you may not make your explanations too involved or
too long, for I am afraid that I may forget the
commencement if the sequel should be too profuse
in its flow.

SOLON
You
yourself, Anacharsis, can regulate that better,
wherever you think that my discussion is not fully
clear, or that it is meandering far from its channel
in a random stream for you can interpose any
;

question that you will, and cut it short. But if

what I say is not foreign to the case and beside the
mark, there will be nothing, I suppose, to hinder,
even if I should speak at length, since that is the

27
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
^Apeiov rrdyov, rjTrep ra^ ^oviKa<i -qfiiv St/ca?
SiKci^ei, Trdrpiov ovrco 'rrotelv. oiroTav yap dveX-
dovaa €L<i rov irdyov avyKade^rjiai (fiovov rj

Tpaviiaro<i e'/c irpovoiaf; rj irvpKaid^; SiKd(70VT€<;,

aTToSiSoTai X0709 eKarepo) tmv Kpivo/jLevcov Kal
Xeyovaiv ev t&> p^epei 6 fjcev Bicokcov 6 8e <f)€vycov,
rj avTol rj dva^ifid^ovTai tou? epovvra<i
p7]Topa<i
VTrep avrcov. ear dv fiev nrepl rov irpdy-
ol he
fxaro<; 'Keyoaaiv, dve-)(eraL 77 ^ovXrj KaO* r^av^lav
aKovovaa' tjv Be ri<; yj (f>poi,fj,iov etirr) irpo rov
Xoyov, ft)9 evvov(Trepov<; direpydaairo avrov<i, rj
oiKrov rj heivojaiv e^coOev eirdyrj ^ r& irpdyixari —
ola iroWa prjropcov iralSe^; iirl rovf; hiKa<Trd<i
p,r]x,avo)vrai —
irapeXOmv 6 Kijpv^ Kareaiioirrjo-ev
evdv<i,ovK ewv Xrjpelv Trp6<; r^v ^ovXrjv Koi irepi-
irerreiv to Trpdy/xa ev rol<i X6yoc<;, (U9 yvfxvd rd
yeyevrjfMcva ol ^ Apeo-rraylrai ^Xerroiev.
ere, w ^A.vd'X^apai, ^Apeoirayirrjv ev
"ricrre Kal
r5> Trapovri Troiov/xai eycoye, Kal Kara rov rrj<;
^ovXrj^; fiov vojjLOV aKove, Kal aKorrdv KeXeve, rjv
acaOrj Karappriropev6pevo<i' d-^^pi S' dv oiKela rm
Trpdyfiari Xeytjrai, i^earo) dirofMrjKvveiv. ov8e
yap ixji rjXio) en TroiTjcrofxeOa rrjv avvova-tav, &>?
d')(6e(Tdai el diroreivoLro 77 pijcn<i, dXXd rj re aKid
nrvKvrj Kal rjfiel^ a')(pXr]v dyofiev.

ANAXAP2I2
w XoXwv, Kal e7&)7e
l^vyvcofiovd <Tov ravra,
V^V X^P'^^ ^^ fiiKpdv olBd aoi Kal cVl rovroa,
on irdpepyov rov Xoyov Kal rd ev Apeitp trdy^ ^

* inifli Fritzsche : ivi-yoi MSS.

28
 —
ANACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
tradition in the court of the Areopagus, which
judges our cases of manslaughter. Whenever it
goes up to the Areopagus and holds a sitting to
judge a case of manslaughter or premeditated
wounding or arson, an opportunity to be heard is
given to each party to the case, and the plaintiff and
defendant plead in turn, either in person or through
professional speakers whom they bring to the bar to
plead in their behalf As long as they speak about
the case, the court tolerates them and listens in
silence; but if anyone prefaces his speech with an in-
troduction in order to make the court more favourable,
or brings emotion or exaggeration into the case
tricks that are often devised by the disciples of
rhetoric to influence the judges, — then the crier
appears and silences them at once, preventing them
from talking nonsense to the court and from
tricking the case out in words, in order that the
Areopagites may see the facts bare.
So, Anacharsis, I make you an Areopagite for the
present. Listen to me according to the custom of
the court and tell me to be silent if you perceive
that I am plying you with rhetoric. But as long as
what I say is germane to the case, let me have the
right to speak at length. Besides, we are not going
to converse in the sun now, so that you would find
it burdensome if my talk were prolonged ; the shade
is thick, and we have plenty of time.

ANACHARSIS
What you say is reasonable, Solon, and already I
am more than a little grateful to you for incidentally
teaching me about what takes place in the Areopagus,

29
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
f^Lyvofxeva iSiSd^o) fie, davfidaia a)<? a\r)6a>^ Kal
dyadSiv ^ovXevTOiv ep<ya 7rp6<i akrjdeiav oiaovrcov
rrjv ^r](f)ov. iirl Tovroi'i ovv y]Sr] Xeye, koX 6
^Apeoirayirr}'; iyo) —
tovto yap edov p>€ tcark —
axVf^^ T% ^ov\rj<; CLKOvaofxai aov.

SOAHN
20 OvKovv Bia ^pa\€wv irpoaKOvaai "X^pij ae a
•nepX Tr6\eQ)<i xal ttoXitcov r}p,iv SoKei. irokiv yap
ov rd olKohop,r)ixara r]yovp,eda etvac, olov
r)fjiei<;

T€LX.V 'f^'' i€pd Kal veo)(TOiKOv<i, dWd

ravra p,ev
wcnrep crcopd ri ehpalov Ka\ aKLvrjTOv virdp^^eiv
619 v7ro8o)(^7)v Kal dcr^dXeiav rS>v TToXtTevo/nevcov,
TO Se irdv Kvpo<; iv rot? iroXLrai'i ride^ieda'
TovTov<; yap elvai TOV<i dvafrXrjpovvTa^; Kal Bta-
rdrrovra^ Kal eVtreXoOi/Ta? CKaara Kal ^vXdr-
TOfra?, olov ri iv rj/uv 6Kd<n(p iarlv rj yp^v^^tj.
TOVTO 8r) TOivvv KaTavorj(javTe<i €TrLp,e\ovp,€da
pbiv, ft)<? opd^, Kal Tov a(op,aTo<; t?}? TroXeo)?, KaTa-
KO(TfxovvT€(; avTO CO? KoWiaTOV rjfiiv etr], evhoOev
T€ olKo8ofii]/jia(Tcv KaTecTKevaafievov Kal rat?
€KToa9ev TavTaif 7repi^o\ai<i el<i to dcr^aXe-
(TTaTov 'ire<^payp,evov. fidXicrTa Se Kal ef diravTOf;
tovto irpovoovfiev, ottco^; ol •rroXiTai dyaOol fiev
rdf yjrv'X^d'i, l<j-)(ypol he tA acapuTa yiyvoivTO'
Tov<i yap ToiovTOv<i (T<f>Lcn re avT0i<; /ca\w9 XPV'
aeadai iv elprjvp avprroXiTevop^ivov^ Kal iK iroXe-
fiov (Ttocreiv Trjv iroXiv Kal eXevdepav Kal evhai-
fiova 8ca(f)vXd^€iv.
Tr)v pev 8r) irpQiTrjv dvaTpo(f>T)V avT&v prjTpdai
Kal TiTdait Kal 7rai8ay(oyol<i iTTiTpiirop^v vtto

30
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
which admirable and what good judges
is truly
would do, who
intend to cast their ballot in
accordance with the facts. On these conditions,
therefore, proceed, and in my capacity of
Areopagite, since you have made me that, I shall
give you a hearing in the manner of that court.

Then you must first let me tell you briefly what

our ideas are about a city and its citizens. We
consider that a city is not the buildings, such as walls
and temples and docks. These constitute a firm-set,
immovable body, so to speak, for the shelter and
protection of the community, but the whole
significance is in the citizens, we hold, for it is they

who fill it,plan and carry out everything, and keep

it safe ; they are something like what the soul is
within the individual. So, having noted this, we
naturally take care of the city's body, as you see,
beautifying it so that it may be as fair as possible,
not only well furnished inside with buildings but
most securely fenced with these external ramparts.
But above all and at all hazards we endeavour to
insure that the citizens shall be virtuous in soul and
strong in body, thinking that such men, joined
together in public life, will make good use of them-
selves in times of peace, will bring the city safe
out of war, and will keep it always free and
prosperous.
Their early upbringing we entrust to mothers,
nurses, and tutors, to train and rear them with
31
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
dyeiv re Kol rpetfteiv avrov<;,
iraiBeiai'i i\evd6pL0i<i
eTreiSav Beavverol r^hrj r^lyvoiVTai rSiv koXw^
iXOVTCov, Kol atScb? KoX ipvOrj/xa Kal <f)6^o<; xai
eTriOvfila ro)v apia-roiv aua(f)V7]Tai avrot^, Kal
avTa 7]8r) ra crco/iara d^ioy^pea 8o/cfj tt/oo? tov<;
TTOvovi irayioirepa yiyvofieva Kal tt/jo? to la\yp6-
repov a-vvLaTdp,eva, rrjviKavTU ijBrj Trapa\a^6i>T€<i
avTOV<i BiSdaKopev, dWa /nev tt}? ^i^X% padrf-
para xal yvpbvdaia irpoTidevTe^, aWo)? Be 7rpo<;
TOVf TTOvovi Kal TO, a(t)p,ara eOi^ovTe<;. ov yap
iKUvov rjpiv eBo^e to p,6vov (f>vi'ai ft)? e<f>u eKaaTo<;
ijTOt Kara to aSip/i rj Kara ttjv "^f^'^V, aX,Xa Kal
iraiBeixreax; Kal padrjpdroyv eir' avrov-; Be6p,eda,
v(f)' d)v rd T€ evcfiVQ)^ BiaKeipeva ^eXrifo irapa
TToXv ylyvoiTO av Kal rd <pavX(o<; e'xpvja pera-
KOcrp,oiro Trp6<i to ^eXriov. Kal to irapdBeiypa
r)p,lv irapd twv yecopywv, ot to. <pVTa pe^pi' P^v

irpocryeLa Kal v/)Trid eaTi, aKe-rrovaiv Kal Trepi-

(ppdrTovacv a>9 p.r) ^XdtTTOivTO viro tcov irvev-
p,dTCi)v, iireiBdv Be ijBrj Tra^vvrjTai to epvo<i,
TrfvLKavTa TrepcTep-vovacv t€ to, ireptTTa Kal
7rapaBiB6pTe<i auTa TOt? dve/jiot<; Bovelv Kal Bia-
aaXevetv KaprnpcoTepa e^epyd^ovTai.
21 Tr)v pev Toivvv yfrv^V^ povaiKjj to irpoiTOv Kal
dpidp,r)TiKfj dvappiTTi^opep, Kal ypdpujxaTa ypd-
yjraaOat Kal Top5><i avTa e-mXe^aadai SiBdaKopev
Trpolovaiv Be tjBtj (TO(f>cov dvBpoiv yvci)p,a<; Kal
epya iraXaid Kal Xoyov^ to^eA-t'/iou? ev peTpoi<i
KaTaKo<Tp,7]cyavTe<;, eb? pdXXov p,vi]p,ov€voiev, pa-
yjroiBoup^v avTol<i. oi Be Kal dKovovTe<i dpi(TTeia<}
Tivd<; Kal Trpd^€i<} doiBLp,ov<; opeyovTat, KaTa

32
 :

ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
liberal teachings ; but when at length they become
able to understand what is right, when modesty,
shame, and ambition spring up in them, and
fear,
when at length their very bodies seem well fitted
for hardships as they get firmer and become more
strongly compacted, then we take them in hand and
teach them, not only prescribing them certain dis-
ciplines and exercises for the soul, but in certain
other ways habituating their bodies also to hard-
ships. We have not thought it sufficient for each
man to be as he was born, either in body or
in soul, but we want education and disciplines
for them by which their good traits may be much
improved and their bad altered for the better. We
take example from the farmers, who shelter and
enclose their plants while they are small and young,
so that they may not be injured by the breezes
but when the stalk at last begins to thicken, they
prune away the excessive growth and expose them
to the winds to be shaken and tossed, in that way
making them more fruitful.
Their souls we fan into flame with music and
arithmetic at first and we teach them to write their
letters and to read them trippingly. As they
progress, we recite for them sayings of wise men,
deeds of olden times, and helpful fictions, which we
have adorned with metre that they may remember
them better. Hearing of certain feats of arms and
famous exploits, little by little they grow covetous

33
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fiiKpbv Kol'JTpo<{ /MifiTjaiv irreyetpovTac, a)9 kuI avrol

aBoivro Kal Oavfid^oivTO vtto rSiV varepov. ola

TToXXa Ho"toSo9 re rjixlv Kol "Ofirjpo^ eiroiriaav.
'ETretSav Se TrXTjcnd^axTi Trpo? rrjv iroXnelav
/cat Be-p avTOv<; rjBrj fxeTa)(^6tpi^ea-0ai, to, kolvcl —
KacTOi e^co tov d<y(bvo<; tcro)? ravTW ov yap ottw?
Ta9 i|ru;^a9 avrcov daKov/xev i^ dp')(fj<; rrrpovKeiro
elrrelv, dXka 8i o ri T0i9 rotovToi^ irovoi'i Kara-
•yv/xva^eiv auTOv<{ d^iov/xev. were ayro? ifiavTO)
aicorrdv TrpoardnQ), ov TrepL/xeiva'; tov KtjpvKa
ovBe TOV ^Apeo7rayLTr]v ae, 09 utt' alSovf, olp,ai,
dvi)(rj XrjpouvTa 7]8t] ToaavTa e^oa tov irpdyfiaTo^.

ANAXAP2I2
EtVe fioi, 0} SoX-ft)!/, 7r/309 Be Brj Tovf t^ dvay-
KaioTUTa fir) XkyovTa^ ev 'Apetw trdyt^, aKkh
dirocncorroovTa^;, ovBev ttj ^ovXj} irpocTTifiov iiri-
vevoTjTat;

SOAflN
Tt TOVTO rjpov fie; ovBeirio yap BrfKov.

ANAXAP2I2
"Ort TO, KdWiaTa Kul ifiol uKOvcrai rjBiaTa
7ra/36t9, TO, Trepl Trj<i '^v)(rj<i, to, yjttov dvayxala
\eyetv Biavofj, yvfivdaia kuI Biairovijaei^ tcov
(Ta>/ji,dT(i)v.

20AnN
ydp, w yevvaie, t&v air* dp')(^rj<i
M.ifivr}/xai
•npopprjaecov Koi diroTrXavdv ov ^ovXofiai tov

34
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
and are incited to imitate them, in order that they
too may be sung and admired by men of after time.
Both Hesiod and Homer have composed much
poetry of that sort for us.
When they enter political life and have at length
to handle public affairs —
but this, no doubt, is foreign
to the case, as the subject proposed for discussion at
the outset was not how we discipline their souls, but
why we think fit to train their bodies with hardships
like these. Therefore 1 order myself to be silent,
without waiting for the crier to do it, or for you, the
Areopagite it is out of deference, I suppose, that
;

you tolerate my saying so much that is beside the

point.
ANACHARSIS
Tell me, Solon, when people do not say what is

most the Areopagus, but keep it to

essential in
themselves, has the court devised no penalty for
them ?

SOLON
Why did you ask me that question ? I do not
understand.
ANACHARSIS
Because you propose to pass over what is best
and for me most delightful to hear about, what
concerns the soul, and to speak of what is less
essential, gymnastics and physical exercises.

SOLON
Why, my worthy friend, I remember your admoni-

tions in the beginning and do not wish the discussion

35
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Xoyov, fiT) aov iirtTapd^r) rr)v fj,pi]/j,r)v iTTippioov.
TrXrjv aXka Kai ravra epco Sia ^pay^eoav, a>? olov
TO fyap aKpi^e<i t% jrepX avroiv 8iaaK€-^e(i)<i
re'
iripov av eirj \6yov.
22 PvOpL^ofiev ovv Ta<; yvQ)fj,a<; avroiv vofiov; re
rov<i KOtvov<i €K8i8d(TKOVT€<;, oc 8r)p,0(Ti,a irdai
irpoKeivrai dvaytypcocrKeiv p,eyd\oi<i ypdfjipxi<rtv
dvayeypapp^evoc, KeXevovra a re XPV TroLelv koX
(ov dire'xecrd CLL, KaX dyadoiv dvSpcou (TvvovcrLai<i,
Trap Syv Xeyeiv ra heovra iK/xarOdvovai Kot
irparreLv ra SiKaia kol ck tov laov dWtjXoi'i
<Tvp,Tro\iT€uea6at koI p,7) icfiiea-dai, tmv al(T')^p(bu
Kal opeyeadai rSyv koXcov, ^laiov Se p^rjhev TTOieiv.
oi 8e dv8pe<s ovrot ao(f)ccrTal Kal (f)tX6(T0<f)0i irpo'i
T)p.(av 6vop,d^ovTai. Kal p,ei>TOi Kal ei? to OeaTpop
avvdyouT€<i avTOv<i hr]px)aia iraiZevop.ev vtto kod-
p,(dhiai<; Kal Tpay(p8iaL<i dpeTd<; re dvhpSiv iraXaiMP
Kal KaKLa<i 6ecdpevov<i, m? tmv fiev diroTpeiroiVTO,
€7r' eKelva he cnrevSocev. T049 8e ye Ka)p,a)8ol^ Kal
Xoi8op€i(T0ai Kal aTToaKcoTrTetv e(^iepsv el<i tou?
TToXiTa^ 0O9 av aia")(pd Kal dvd^ia tt)? TroXeo)?
i'7rtTr]8evovTa'i atadcovTai, avTOiv re eKeivtov ')(^dpiv,
dp.eivov^ yap ovtq) yiyvovTat 6vei8i^6p€voi, Kal
Twv TToXXojv, CO? <f)evyoiep tov iirl Toi<i ofxoioi^
eXeyxov.
ANAXAP2I2
23 EiSoj/, w SoXcov, ov<i (t)T)<i Tov<i Tpayw8ov<i Kal
K(op,oi)8ov<:, et ye eKeu'ol elaiv, vTrohijp^ara p,ev
^apea Kal vyjrrjXd vTro8e8ep,evoi, ^/auffai? 8e Tai-
viai,<t T'qv iaOrJTa ireiroLKiXpAvoL, Kpdvr) 8e eiriKei-

36
 ANACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
to meander out of its channel for fear of confusing your
memory with its flow. However, I shall discuss this,
too, in brief, as best I can. To consider it carefully
would be matter for another conversation.
We harmonize their minds by causing them to
learn by heart the laws of the community, which are
exposed in public for everyone to read, written in
large letters, and tell what one should do and what
one should refrain from doing also by causing them
;

to hold converse with good men, from whom they

learn to say what is fitting and do what is right, to
associate with one another on an equal footing, not to
aim at what is base, to seek what is noble, and to do
no violence. These men we call sophists and philoso-
phers. Furthermore, assembhng them in the theatre,
we instruct them pubhcly through comedies and
tragedies, in which they behold both the virtues and
the vices of the ancients, in order that they may
recoil from the vices and emulate the virtues. The
comedians, indeed, we allow to abuse and ridicule
any citizens whom they perceive to be following
practices that are base and unworthy of the city, not
only for the sake of those men themselves, since they
are made better by chiding, but for the sake of the
general public, that they may shun castigation for
similar offences.

ANACHARSIS
have seen the tragedians and comedians that
I
you are speaking of, Solon, if I am not mistaken ;

they ^ had on heavy, high footgear, clothing that

was gay with gold stripes, and very ludicrous head-
^ The tragedians. There may be a lacuna in the text.

37
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fjuevoLirayyiXoia Kexv^ora Trafi/xeyede^' avrol Be
evBoOev jxeyaXa re eKSKpayecrav koX Sie^aivov ovk
otS' OTTW? a(T<f)a\(o<i iv rot? uTrohijfiaaiv. Aiovvao)
Be olfiai Tore rj ttoX,*? ecopra^ev. ol Be KWfJiwBol
j3pax^T€pot fiev eK€iV(op koI ire^ol xal avOpco-jn-
vciOTepoi KoX TfTTOV ifiotov, Kpdvrj Be ttoXv yeXoio-
repa. koX to dearpov <yovv dirav eyeXa eir aurot?*
eKCLVcov Be rcav vyjrrjXoov aKvOpco-rrol airavTes
rjKovov, olKTeipovTe<;, olfiai, aurov^ ireBa^ rrjXi-
Kavra<; einavpopbevov^.

20AnN
Ovk €K€ivov<;, SiyaOe, mKreipop, dXXa iroiijTr]';

law^ dp^aCav rivd (Tvp-(popdv eireBeiKwro rol'i

6eaTai<; kuI pr]aei<; olKTpa<i erpaycpBeL Trpo<i to
dearpov u^' wv et? BaKpva KareairSiVTo ol clkov-
ovT€^. etVo? Be ere Kal avXovvra<s ewpaKevai rivd<i
Tore Kal aXXov^ (TwdBovra^ ev kvkXw (rvve(TTCOTa<i.
ovB^ avrd, w ^Ava^cipcn, d^peca acrfiara Kal
avXyjfiaTa.
TovToi^ S' ovv diTacn Kal rot? roiO'uroi<i irapa-
Orjyop^voi Ta<? y^v'^d'i dp.elvov<; 'qpZv yiyvovrai.
24 Ta Be Brj aco/xaTa, oirep fidXiara eirodei^i ukov-
aai, cjBe Karayv fxvd^oixev diToBvcravre<; avrd, co?
.

ovKert diraXa Kal reXeov dtrvpLiTayrj ovra,

€(f)r}v,

rrpoirov fiev eOi^eiv d^covfiev tt/jo? rop depa, (tvi/oi-

KeLovvre<i avrd ral<i a>pai<; €Kd(Trai<;, eo? fitjre
ddXrro<i Bvaxepaiveiv /xijre d-nayo-
tt/jo? Kpvo<i
peveiv, eireira Be xpLOfxev eXaiw Kal Kara/j,aXdr-
TOfJiev, o)? evrovdarepa yiyvoiro' drorrov ydp, el
ra fiev (TKvrrf vofii^Ofieu virb tw iXalcp fiaXarro-
fxeva Bvcrpayearepa kov iroXXw BiapKearepa yiyve-
38
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
pieces with greats gaping mouths they shouted
;

loudly from out of these, and strode about in the

footgear, managing somehow or other to do it safely.
The city was then holding a feast, in honour, I think,
of Dionysus. The comedians were shorter, nearer
to the common level, more human, and less given
to shouting, but their headpieces were far more
ludicrous. In fact the whole audience laughed at
them but they all wore long faces while they
;

listened to the tall fellows, pitying them, I suppose,

because they were dragging such clogs about 1

SOLON
It was not the actors that they pitied, my dear
fellow. No doubt the poet was presenting some
calamity of old to the spectators and declaiming
mournful passages to the audience by which his
hearers were moved to tears. Probably you also saw
flute-players at that time, and others who sang in
concert, standing in a circle. Even singing and
flute-playing is not without value, Anacharsis.
By all these means, then, and others like them,
we whet their souls and make them better.
—
As to their bodies for that is what you were
especially eager to hear about —
we train them as
follows. When, as I said,^ they are no longer soft
and wholly strengthless, we strip them, and think it
best to begin by habituating them to the weather,
making them used to the several seasons, so as not
to be distressed by the heat or give in to the cold.
Then we rub them with olive-oil and supple them
in order that they may be more elastic, for since
we believe that leather, when softened by oil, is
harder to break and far more durable, lifeless as it
1 P. 33

39
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
aOai v€Kpd ye ijSrf ovra, to S' eVi ^ft)^9 fieT€)(^ov
arco/xa firj av d/xeivov rjyoLfxeOa vtto tov eXalov
hiareOrjaecrOaL.
Tovvrevdev TroiKiXa ra yv/jLvdaia eTTivoi]aavTe<i
Kol 8cBaaKd\ov<; eKacTTcov iiriaT^cravTe^; rov fiev
Tiva TTVKTeveLv, rov 8e irayKpaTid^eiv 8i8d(TKO/j,6v,
to? Tov<; re irovovi Kaprepeiu idi^oivro koX ofMoae
')(^(opetv Tat? 7rX?77ai9 /xrjBe diroTpetroLVTo hiei rSiv
rpavixarwv. tovto 8e rjfxlv hvo rd uxpeXipbdiraTa
i^epyd^erat ei> irapaa-Kevd^ov
avrol<i, dvixoeihel^ re
elf Toi'9 KLvhvvov<i Koi rwv acofxdTcop d(f)eiB€CV koI
Trpoaeri eppcoaOai koX KapTepov<i elvai.
'
Oaoi 8e avTOiv Kdrco avvvevevKore^ iroKaiovaiv,
KaTaTTLTTTeiv Te d(T<^a\oi<i p,av6dvovcn koX dvi-
aracrdai evpbapo)^ koX wOi,afiov<i teal 7repnr\oKd<i koi
Xvyia/mov'i koL dy^eadai 8vvaa6ai /cat €l<i vyfrwi
dva^aardaai rov avriiraXov, ovk dypela ov8e
ovTOi eKpe\€TOi}VT€<;, aWa ev fiev to irpcoTOV kul
pbeyL(7Tov dva/ii(f>i^6\a)<; KTcop^evor BvcnraOicrTepa
yap Kai KaprepcoTepa Ta acop-ara yiyvovTai av-
Tol<i BiaTTOvovtieva. CTepov 8e ov8e avTO pi/cpov
ep-ireipoi yap 8r) e'/c tovtov KaOiaTavTai, el ttotc
d<f)[K0iVT0 et? '^(pelav tcov paOij/mdrcov tovtwv iv
oir\oi<i' BrjXov yap oti Kal iroXep.Uo dv8p\ 6
ToiovTO<i avpirXuKel^: KaTappi-yJrei re Outtov vtto
CKeXLaa<i Kal KaraTrecrodv eicrerai &)? pdaTa e^avi-
(TTaadai. irdvTa yap TuvTa, & ^Avd'x^apat, eV
iveivov TOV dycova iropi^opeda tov ev toI<; 07rXoi<i
Kul Tjyovpeda ttoXv dpeivocrc ')(pTj(racrdai toI<;
ovTa><i daKrjdeicnv, enT€i8du irpoTcpov avrcov yvp,vd
Ta croofiaTa KaTapaXd^avTa Kal Biairovrja-avTe^
eppwp,€ve(rT€pa Kal aXKi/ntoTepa i^epyaaco/xeOa Kal
40
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
would be extraordinary if we should not think
is, it

that the living body would be put in better condition

by the oil.

After that, having invented many forms of ath-

letics and appointed teachers for each, we teach one,
for instance, boxing, and another the pancratium, in
order that they may become accustomed to endure
hardships and to meet blows, and not recoil for fear
of injuries. This helps us by creating in them two
effects that are most useful, since it makes them not
only spirited in facing dangers and unmindful of
their bodies, but healthy and strong into the
bargain.
Those of them who put their bent heads together
and wrestle learn to fall safely and get up easily, to
push, grip and twist in various ways, to stand being
choked, and to lift their opponent high in the air.
They too are not engaging in useless exercises on;

the contrary, they indisputably acquire one thing,

which is first and greatest their bodies become less
:

susceptible and more vigorous through being exercised

thoroughly. There is something else, too, which
itself is not trivial: they become expert as a result
of it, in case they should ever come to need what
they have learned in battle. Clearly such a man,
when he closes with an enemy, will trip and throw
him more quickly, and when he is down, will know
how to get up again most easily. For we make all
these preparations, Anacharsis, with a view to that
contest, the contest under arms, and we expect to
find men thus disciplined far superior, after we have
suppled and trained their bodies naked, and so
have made them healthier and stronger, light and

41
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KOV(f}a Kol evrova kcu to, avrh fiapia toc^ dvra-
'yoiviarai^.
25 ^EjVvo€i<i "ydp, olfiai, to fiera jovro, o'iov<i €Iko<;
<Tvv oTr\oi<; eaecrOai rov'i koI ^vfivov<; av (f)6^ov
T0?9 Bvcr/jievecrcv ifMiroci^aavTa^, ou iroXvaapKiav
apjov Kot XevKrjv rj aaapKiav jxera 0)')(^p6Tr)T0<;
iTriB€iKvvfievov<; ola yvvaiKcov aoyixara viro cKta
/jL€fjiapa(Tfi€va, rpefiovra [hpoyri re iroXk'fi ev6v^
peofjLeva kuI daOfialvovra vtto tS) Kpdvei, koI
fidXiaTU rjv koX 6 r'jXio^ wo" 776/3 vvv to fMearj/ju^pc-
vov i7n(f)\e'yr). oh re av rt? XPi]cyaLTO Biyjrcoai,
Kal TOP KovLoprov ovK dve')(pp,evoi,<i koX el al/xa
iBoiev, evdv'i rapaTTop.€voi<; KaXirpoaTTodvi'-iaKOvai
Tvplv ev7o<i /SeXoi'? yevicrOac koX el<; ')(etpa<^ iXdeiv
Tot? TToXe/itot?;
OvToi 8e 'qfuv vTripvOpoi el<i to /jueXavrepov vtto

Tov rj\iov K6')(^pa)cr/x€V0i koX appevcoiroL, ttoXu to

Kal Oepfiov Kal dvBpcoB€<; eiri^aivovTe^,
efjbtjrvxov
ToaavTr]<i eue^ta? dTroXd/jbirovre^,^ oine piKvol Kal
KaT€<TK\r}KOT€^ oxiTG TTepiTrXrjdeh eh ^dpo<;, dWd
eh TO avfifieTpov Trepiyeypa/ji/jievoi, to fiev d'^^pelov
rwv aapKwv Kal irepmov joh Ihpwaiv e^avaXco-
/coTe?, Be la'xyv Kal rovov Trapelx^v ajxiye^ tov
(jiavXov TrepiXeXetfjifjLevov ippwfxevco^ ^vXdrTOvre'i.
oirep yap Br) ol XiKp,covTe<; tov irvpov, tovto r^iiiv
Kal rd yvfxvdcria epyd^eTUi ev Toh adop-acri, ttjv
fiev d^vrjv Kal Tov<i dOepa<i d7ro<pvaMVTa, Kadapov
Be TOV Kapirov BievKpLvovvra Kal irpoa-oipevovTa.
26 Kai Bid TOVTO vyiaiveiv Te dvdyKrj Kal eirl
firjKiaTov BiapKelv ev Toh KUfiaTOc^' oyjre Te av
^ airo\ifiirovres J. F. Reitz ; iiroKafiVTovrfS TE, iLiroAavovTes
N, vulg.
42
 — ;

ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
elastic,and at the same time too heavy for their
opponents.
You can imagine, I suppose, the consequence
what they are likely to be with arms in hand when
even unarmed they would implant fear in the enemy.
They show no white and ineffective corpulence or
pallid leanness, as if they were women's bodies
bleached out in the shade, quivering and streaming
with profuse sweat at once and panting beneath the
helmet, especially if the sun, as at present, blazes
with the heat of noon. What use could one make
of men like that, who get thirsty, who cannot stand
dust, who break ranks the moment they catch sight
of blood, who lie down and die before they get
within a spear's cast and come to grips with the
enemy ?
But these young men of ours have a ruddy
skin, coloured darker by the sun, and manly faces
they reveal great vitality, fire, and courage; they
are aglow with such splendid condition; they are
neither lean and emaciated nor so full-bodied as
to be heavy, but symmetrical in their lines ; they
have sweated away the useless and superfluous part
of their tissues, but what made for strength and
elasticity is left upon them uncontaminated by what
is worthless, and they maintain it vigorously. In fact,
athletics do in our bodies just what winnowers do to
wheat they blow away the husks and the chaff, but
:

separate the grain out cleanly and accumulate it for

future use.
Consequently a man like that cannot help keeping
well and holding out protractedly under exhausting
labours ; it would be long before he would begin

43
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Ihieiv 6 rotovTO<i ap^airo koX 6\iydKi<i av aaOevwv
(paveiT}. wairep av el irvp ri<; (f)€po)v ap,a i/ji^dXoi
et<? nrvpov avrov koI et? Trjv KaXdp,i]v avrov Kal

et? T^i' dxvrjv —avdi<; yap eVt rov \LKp,o)VTa

iTrdvei/jLi — daTTOv dv, olfiac, irapd ttoXv 77 Ka\dp,r]
dva<f}\e<yei'q, 6 Se irupb^ tear oXiyov ovre (f)Xoy6<;
fieydXri^ dvc(TTafi€VT]<; ovre viro fxcd Tjj opfifj, dXXd
Kara p,iKpov vTroTv<f)6fievo<; ')(^p6v(p varepov Kal
avTO^ dv KaraKavOeirj.
Ov Toivvv ouSe voao^ ov8e Kap-aro^i et? toiovto
(Tci)p,a epbireaovra paSioy^; eXey^ecev dvovS' iiriKpa-

Tt]a€i€V €vp,ap(o<;- evhodev re yap ev rrapecrKeva-

arai avro) Kal rd e^oy p,dXa Kaprepoi^; necfypaKTai
TTyoo? avrd, (09 p.r] irapUvat eh to eicrto, ptjSe
rrapahe')(ea6ai /ZT/re rfXiov avrov pLrjre Kpvos eirl
Xvp^Tf Tov (rct)fjLaTO<i. irpo^ re to evSiSov ev toi<;
trovoi^ TToXv TO OepfMov TO evhodev emppeov, are
eK iroXXov TTpoirapea^Kevaapevov Kal eh rrjv
dvayKaiav ')(^peiav d-rroKeipevov, dvairXTjpol evdv<i
eirdpSov rrj Kal dKapdTOV<i cttI irXeicrTOV
dKp,f]
Trape~)(eTar to yapirpoirovrjcraL iroXXd Kal irpo-
Kap,eiv ouK dvdXcocriv Tr}9 l(T^vo<i, dX^C (Trihoaiv
ipyd^eTai, koI dvappnri^opivTj irXeiwv ylyveTai.
11 Kai pJr]v KoX 8pop.iKov^ elvai daKovpev avrov^
eh p-rJKos re hiapKelv edi^ovre^ Kal eh to ev ^pa^^t
MKvraTov eTriKov<pi^ovTe^' Kal 6 hpop.o'i ov tt/jo?
TO (Treppbv Kal dvTLTVirov, dXXd ev yjrdppo) ^aOeia,
evda ovTe ^e^aL(i)<; aTrepelcrai ttjv ^dcriv ovTe
eTria-TrjpC^ai paSiov virotrvpopevov 7rpo<i to vTreiKov
TOV TToSo?. aXX,a Kal virepdXXeadai Td<f>pov, el
Beoi, rj el tc dXXo ep,7r68cov, Kal tt/jo? toOto
dcTKOvvrai, f^pXv, €tc Kal p,oXv^8i8a<i ')(eipo7rXr]0eh
44
 ANACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
to sweat, and he would rarely be found ill. It
is you should take firebrands and throw them
as if
simultaneously into the wheat itself and into its
—
straw and chaffs for I am going back again to the
winnower. The straw, I take it, would blaze up
far more quickly, while the wheat would burn
slowly, not with a great blaze springing up nor
at a single burst, but smouldering gradually, until in
course of time it too was totally consumed.
Neither illness nor fatigue, then, could easily
invade and rack such a body, or readily overmaster
it for it has been well stocked within and very
;

strongly fortified against them without, so as not

to admit them, nor yet to receive either sun itself
or frost to the detriment of the body. To prevent
giving way under hardships, abundant energy that
gushes up from within, since it has been made
ready long beforehand and stored away for the
emergency, fills them at once, watering them with
vigour, and makes them unwearying for a very long
period, for their great preliminary hardships and
fatigues do not squander their strength but increase
it; the more you fan its flame, the greater it
becomes.
Furthermore, we train them to be good runners,
habituating them to hold out for a long distance,
and also making them light-footed for extreme
speed in a short distance. And the running is not
done on hard, resisting ground but in deep sand,
where it is not easy to plant one's foot solidly
or to get a purchase with it, since it slips from under
one as the sand gives way beneath it. We also
train them to jump a ditch, if need be, or any other
obstacle, even carrying lead weights as large as they

45
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
€p raiv xepoti' e^ovre';. elra irepl ukovtiov /SoXr)?
et? fxrjKO^ (ifjLiWwvTaL. elhe<i he koX ri ev aWo
Tw yv/jtvaalw -^uXkovv Tr€pt(f)ep€<i, acnrihi fxiKpd
eoiKO<i o^civov ovK exovcrrj ovhe reXafiwva^, koX
iirecpdOij'i ye avrov /cecfievov ev rm fiecro) KuliSoKet
croi ^apv Koi BvcrXrjTTTOv viro \et6rr}To<i. eKelvo
ToCvvv dvQ) re dvappiTnovaiv et? rov dkpa kuI
ei<? TO nroppw, (piXoTi/xov/jtevoi 6ari<i eirl firjKiarov

i^eXdot fcal Tov<i dXXov^ vTrep^dXotro' koX 6 7r6vo<;

ovTO<; u>/j,ov<; re avrwv Kparvvei koI rovov roh
dKpoi<i evrtOrjcrtv.
28 'O 7rr]Xo<i he xal r) k6vi<;, direp aoi yeXoiorepa
i^ dpx^'i eSo^ev, d/covaov, « OavjidaLe, orov eveKa
VTTo/Se^Xrjrai. Trpcorov fxev, a)9 MV eVt to Kpa-
raiov 77 TTTfticrt? avrol'i yiyuoiro, dXX' eirl ro
fiaXafcov da^aXoi<i iriirroiev eTrecra koL rbv oXi-
crOov dvdyKrj TrXeLco ytyvea-dac, iSpovvrcov ev ra>
irrfXS), o (TV Tat? eyxeXeatv eLKa^e<;, ovk d-)^pelov
ov8e yeXolov 6v, dXXd teal rovro eh Ict'X^vv koI
rovov OVK oXiya avvreXel, oirorav ovr(o<i e)(^6vr(ov
dXX^]Xo)V dvayKa^covrac eyKpar5i<i dvriXap,^d-
vecrOai /cat (Tvve')(eiv SioXiaOdvovra'i' aXpeaOai re
ev irrfXti) ihpcoKora fxer iXaiov, etcireaeiv koI hiap-
pVYjvai rSiv ^eipcov arrovhd^ovra, fit) fiifcpov elvai
vofii^e. Kal ravra rrdvra, oxrirep e(fir)v e/xTr poa-dev,
eh rov<; iroXep.ov^ Kal ')(^pricnpi,a, el heoi <f)iXov
rpcoOevra paBL(o<i dpdp,evov vire^eveyKelv rj Kal
TToXe/xiov (TvvapTrdaavra rjKevv p^erewpov Kop,L-
^ovra. Kal Sid rovro eh virep^oXrjv daKOvp^v,
rd ^(^aXeTrwrepa 7rporiO€vre<i tu? rd fiixporepa
p,aKpa) evKoXcorepov (jiipoiev,

46
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
can grasp. Then too they compete in throwing
the javelin for distance.And you saw another
implement in the gymnasium, made of bronze, cir-
cular, resembling alittle shield without handle or
straps ; you tested it as it lay there, and
in fact,
thought it heavy and hard to hold on account of
its smoothness. Well, they throw that high into the
air and also to a distance, vying to see who can
go the farthest and throw beyond the rest. This
exercise strengthens their shoulders and puts muscle
into their arms and legs.
As for the mud and the dust, which you thought
rather ludicrous in the beginning, you amazing
person, let me tell you why it is put down. In
the first place, so that instead of taking their
tumbles on a hard surface they may fall with im-
punity on a soft one secondly, their slipperiness
;

is necessarily greater when they are sweaty and

muddy. This feature, in which you compared them

to eels, is not useless or ludicrous it contrib-
;

utes not a little to strength and muscle when

both are in this condition and each has to grip
the other firmly and hold him fast while he
tries to slip away. And as for picking up a
man who is muddy, sweaty, and oily while he
does his best to break away and squirm out of
your hands, do not think it a trifle All this,
!

as I said before, is of use in war, in case one

should need to pick up a wounded friend and carry
him out of the fight with ease, or to snatch up
an enemy and come back with him in one's arms.
So we train them beyond measure, setting them
hard tasks that they may manage smaller ones with
far greater ease.

47
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
29 Tr)v jxevroL KoviveVt to ivavTi'ov 'x^prjcrifji.rjv
OLOfxeOa etvai, co? hidXiaddvoLev avfiirXeKoiievoi.
/j,f)

iireihav ^yap iv tw TrrjXu) daKr)Oa)cnv crvve')(^eiv to

BiaSiSpdcTKOv VTTO yXia-x^poTrjrof;, eOi^ovrat, eK^ev-
<yet.v avrol XTjcpOevra €k rcov ')(eip6)v, koI ravTa

€v a<f>vKTa) i-^^^ofievot. Kal firjv koI rov ISpcora

avve'X^eiv 8oK€t rj k6vl<; dOpoov eK')(e6fJi,evov iiri-
TraTTo/jbevi], koI 7ro\v SiapKciv Troiei rr]v
iirl
8vva/j.ip, Kol KcoXv/xa ycyverai ixrj ^Xdirreadac
VTTO TOiv ave/XQ)P dpaiOk<; totc kuI dvecoyoatv rot?
(Tcofxacriv i/JLTmrrovTOiv. dX\o)<; re koI tov pvirov
dTToafX'i Kal (rnXTTVorepov noiel rov duBpa. koL
670)76 7}8eo)<i dv Trapaarrjadfxevo'i irXtjaiOV Toiv re
XevKOiv Tiva iKeivcov koI vtto (tklo, SeBiTjTrj/xevoyv
Koi op dp eXrj rwy eV TcS AvKeCm yufipa^o/jiepcov,
aTTOirXvpa'; ^ rrjp kopip koI top tttjXop, ipotmji' dp
ae TTOTepw dp 6p.0L0<s ev^aio yepecrdar olBa yap
60? avTLKa eXoLO dp ck irpoiiTT}^ Trpoaoyp-ecof;, el Kal
firj errl t(op epycop TT€ipaO€ir)<; eKajepov, avpe-
cm]KQ)<; Kal avyK6KpoTrjp,epo<; eJpai p,dXXop rf
dpinrreaOai Kal Bcappeip koI Xcvkoi;'^ elpai diropia
Kal <f>vyfj et? rd etaco rov aXp^ara.
30 Taur' earip, o> ^Apd-)(apaL, d tou9 piou<i r)/j,et<i
daKovfj^p ol6p.epoL (f)vXaKa<; rj/xip t/";? ttoXcox}
dyaOov<; yepeaOai Kal ip eXevdepla ^icoaeaOai Be
avTov<i, KpaTovvT€<; fxep r&p Bvapepcop el iirloiep,
(po^epol Be to?? 7repcoiKoi<; oVre?, (09 vTroimfjaaeLP
re Kal viroTcXeip rjfiip tou<? TrXeicrjovi avrSip, ip
elprjprj re av iroXv ufxeipoaip avrol<i -x^pcop^da irepl
p,7]Bep roip ala^pcop <j}tXorifiovfiepoL<; prjB^ utt'

* iirojrAui'ai Dindorf : itiroirKvvai MSS.

48
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
The dust we think to be of use for the opposite
purpose, to prevent them from slipping away when
they are grasped. After they have been trained
in the mud to hold fast what eludes them because
of its oiliness, they are given practice in escaping
out of their opponent's hands when they themselves
are caught, even though they are held in a sure grip.
Moreover, the dust, sprinkled on when the sweat is
pouring out in profusion, is thought to check it it ;

makes their strength endure long, and hinders them

from being harmed by the wind blowing upon their
bodies, which are then unresisting and have the
pores open. Besides, it rubs off the dirt and makes
the man cleaner. I should like to put side by side

one of those white-skinned fellows who have lived

in the shade and any one you might select of the
athletes in the Lyceum, after I had washed off the
mud and the dust, and to ask you which of the two
you would pray to be like. I know that even
without testing each to see what he could do, you
would immediately choose on first sight to be firm
and hard rather than delicate and mushy and white
because your blood is scanty and withdraws to the
interior of the body.
That, Anacharsis, is the training we give our
young men, expecting them to become stout
guardians of our city, and that we shall live in
freedom through them, conquering our foes if they
attack us and keeping our neighbours in dread of us,
so that most of them will cower at our feet and pay
tribute. In peace, too, we find them far better,
for nothing that is base appeals to their ambitions

» \fvKhs C. C. Reitz : \evKhv MSS.

49
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
dpyia^ elf v^piv rpeiroixevoif, aWa irepX ra roiavra
hiarpl^ovcTiv koL aa')(^6Xoi<i ovaiv iv avTOi<i. koI
oirep e<pr]v to kolvov ayaOov koI rrjv ctKpav TroXedi)?
evZaifioviav, tout eariv, oTTore ^ et? re elpijvrjv
Kal ei9 TToXefiov ra aptara rrapeaKevacfjiivr) (pcd-
voiro -q veoTrfii trepX ra KoXKiara iq/Jbcv aTrovSd-

ANAXAP2I2
31 OvKovv, 0} 1t6\(ov, rjv irore vfuv eiriwffLv ol
TToXefiioL, ')(pi(Td/j.evot Ta> iXaCo) Kal Koviadfievot,
irpone fcal avrol irv^ ra? 'x^elpa'i eV avrov<i irpo-
^€^\r)/j,€vot, KaKelvoi SrjXaBr) VTrorrrrjaaovcriv Vfid^i
Kal (pevyovcriv Be8i6re<i fir) cr^icn Ke^n^ocn Trda-arjre
TTfP ylrdfjbfiov ei? to aTOfia rj 7repnrr)8^(TavT€<}, o)?
KaTu vcoTov yevrjade, TrepnrXe^rjTe avTol<i tu a-Kekr]
rrrepl Tr)v yaaTepa Kal Sidy^rjTe to Kpdvo<i
vtto
v7ro^a\6vT€<: top 'rrr})(^vv. Kal vrj AC ol fiev To^ev-
(Tovai SrjXov otl Kal dKovTiovaip, vficov 8e &a7rep
dvBpidvTCov 01) KaOl^eTai Ta ^iXrj Ke^pwa-fxevcov
irpo'i TOP rjXiov Kal ttoXv to alfia neTroptafievcov.
ov yap KaXdfit) Kal dOepe^ vfxeC^ etrre, co? Ta;^t<TTa
epStSovat, 7r/909 Ta9 7r\r)yd<;, dXXd oyfre Trore dp
Kal fj,6Xi<i KUTaTC/jiPOfiepoi ^adecri rots Tpavfjuaaip
alfxa oXiyop vTroSel^aiTC,^ TOiavTa yap ^r;?, el
32 fiT) irdpv irapiJKOvaa tov 7rapa8elyfiaT0<;. rj Td<i
Travo'TTXiat e/cetVa? totc dpaXrj-^eaOe Ta^i toop
KwixwhoiP Te Kal TpayqyScop, Kal yjp irpoTedfj vplp
€^o8o<i, €K€ipa Ta Kpdprj irepiOrjcreade Ta Ke^nvoTa,

» 6T6Tf Dindorf : 6*6ray MSS.

* 6iro8«((atTc Fritzsche : vroSfl^trf MSS.
SO
 ;

ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
and idleness does not incline them to arrogance,
but exercises such as these give them diversion and
keep them occupied. The chief good of the public
and the supreme felicity of the state, which I
mentioned before, are attained when our young men,
striving at our behest for the fairest objects, have been
most efficiently prepared both for peace and for

ANACHARSIS
Then if the enemy attack you, Solon, you your-
selves will take the field rubbed with oil and
covered with dust, shaking your fists at them, and
they, of course, will cower at your feet and run away,
fearing that while they are agape in stupefaction
you may sprinkle sand in their mouths, or that after
jumping behind them so as to get on their backs,
you may wind your legs about their bellies and
strangle them by putting an arm under their
helmets. Yes, by Zeus, they will shoot their arrows,
naturally, and throw their spears, but the missiles
will not affect you any more than as if you were
statues, tanned as you are by the sun and supplied
in abundance with blood. You are not straw or
chaff, so as to give in quickly under their blows
it would be only after long and strenuous effort, when

you are all cut up with deep wounds, that you

would show a few drops of blood. This is the gist
of what you say, unless I have completely mis-
understood your comparison. Or else you will
then assume those panoplies of the comedians and
tragedians, and if a sally is proposed to you, you
will put on those wide-mouthed headpieces in order

51
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
CO? (j)o^€pcoTepoi etrjTe toi? ivavrioi^ /xopfioXvTTo-
fievoi avTov<;, /cat virohrjcreaOe ra v^jrrjXa eKelva
hqXahi^' (}>€vyoucrL re yap, r)v Serj, KOV(f>a, Kal rjv
SiooKTjre, d(f)VfCTa rot^ 7ro\€p,LOi<; earai, vjxSyv ovrco
fxeyaka Sia^aivovTcov eV avTOv^.
'AXX' 6pa fjbT} ravra fiev vfuv rh Kop,y^a
\rjpo<i y Kal TracSca aXX,co<; Kal Siarpi^al apyov-
ai Kal padvfietv eOeXovtri, rol<i veaviaKoi^. el Se
^ovXeaOe 7rdvTCii<; iXevdepot Kal €v8al/jiOV€<i elvai,
dWfov vfuv yvfjivaaiwv herjaet Kal daKrjcreo}^
a\r]divr]<; tt}? iv rot? OTrXot?, Kal tj a.p,iWa
ov 7r/309 dXX'^\ov<; pbera TraiSidf, dXXd Trpo?
Tou? 8va/j,evel<i earai fierd kivSvvcov psXeTOiai,
Trjv upeTijv. M(TT€ d(f)€PTa<; ttjv koviv koI to
eXaiov BihacTKc avTov<i ro^eveiv Kal dKovri^eiv fxr)
Kov(pa BiBov<i rd dKovria Kal ola Siacjiepecrdai
Trpo<i Tov dve/uLOP, a\V ea-Tw X6y')(r] ^apela fj^erd
(Tupiy/jLov iXiTTOfieuf) Kal XiOo^ ')(eipo'nXridri<i Kal
adyapi^ Kal ykppov iv rfj dpiarepa Kal dcopa^ Kal
Kpdvof.
33 'n<? 8e vvv e-x^re, OeSiv rivo^i evp^veia aca^^eaOai
/jloi SoKelre, oi p,r)BeTr(o diroXdoXare viro tivwv
dXiyayv -^^LXoyv eTTLTreaovrayv. IBov ye rot, rjv aira-
aduevo'i ro fiCKpov tovto ^i<f>i,8iov to irapd ttjv
^(ovr]v fj,6vo<i eTreicnrecrco Tot? veoi<i vficov diracriv,
avTo^oel dv eXoifii to yu/xvdaiov <^vy6vro)v
eKeivodv Kal ovBevo<i avTi^Xeireiv t^ criBtjpq) toX-
p,(t)vro<i, dXXd Trepl Tov<i dvBpidvra<i dv irepuard-

fievoi KoX trepl tou? Kiova<; KaTaKpvTTTo/xevoi

yeXara dv fioc irapdcryoiev BaKpvovT€<i ol iroXXol
Kal TpefiovTe<;. koI tot' dv tBoi<i ovk€tc epvdpiMv-
Ta? avTOV<i Ta a(o/xaTa olot vvv elaiv, dXXd
5*
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
that you may be more formidable to your opponents
by playing bogey-man, and will of course wear those
high shoes, for they will be light to run away in,
if need be, and hard for the enemy to escape from,
if you go in pursuit, when you take such great strides
in chase of them.
No, I am afraid that all these clever tricks of
yours are nothing but child's play, amuse-
silliness,
ments for your young men who have nothing to do
and want to lead an easy life. If you wish, whatever
betides, to be free and happy, you will require other
forms of athletics and real training, that is to say,
under arms, and you will not compete against each
other in sport, but against the enemy, learning
courage in perilous conflict. So let them give up
the dust and tlie oil teach them to draw the bow
;

and throw the spear; and do not give them light

javelins that can be deflected by the wind, but let
them have a heavy lance that whistles when it is
hurled, a stone as large as they can grasp, a double
axe, a target in their left hand, a breastplate, and
a helmet.
In your present condition, it seems to me that
you are being saved by the grace of some god or
other, seeing that you have not yet been wiped out
by the onfall of a handful of light-armed troops.
Look here, if I should draw this little dirk at my belt
and fall upon all your young men by myself, I should
capture the gymnasium with a mere hurrah, for they
would run away and not one would dare to face the
steel ; no, they would gather about the statues and
hide behind the pillars, making me laugh while
most of them cried and trembled. Then you would
see that they were no longer ruddy- bodied as they
53
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Oi)^pol airavre^ avTiKa jivotvT av vtto tov 8eov<i
fjL€Ta^a(p€VT€<;. ovTa)<i v/j,d<i r} elpijvr} BiuTeOetKe
^adela ovaa, <u9 /mtj av paSio)<; avaaykadai, \6(f)0v
€va Kpdvov; iroXefuov l86vTa<;.

20AnN
34 Ov ravra e(f)acrav, ^Avd'X^apai, ®paK(ov re
(o

o(Toi ixer EvyLtoXTTou io-rpdrevcrav /cal al

e(jb r}ixa<i

'yvvalK€<; iifMoov al fxera IvrTroXuTr;? iXdaaa-ai iirl

Ttjv TToXiv ovSe 01 dWot oaoi tjixwv ev ottXoi^;
iireipdOijaav, '^/Jb€l<i ydp, w fiaKapie, ovk eVetTrep
ouTco lyvfiva to, a-cofiara iKiroi'ovjXGV twv vicov, 8id
rovro Kal dvoTrXa i^dyofxev eVt tou? Kivhvvovi,
aX,X,' eTTethdv Kad* avTov<; dptaroi jivcovrai,
daKovvrai to fierd tovto avv T0t9 OTrXot?,
Kal iroXv dfjueivou y^prjaaivT av avToh ovto)
BcaKeifjLevoi.

ANAXAP2I2
Kal TTOV rovTO vpuv eVrt to yvfivdacov to iv
Tol<i o7rXot9/ ov <ydp elSov e^wye ev tjj iroXei toi-
ovTOv ovBiv, dtraaav avTrjv iv kvkXo) TrepieXOcov.

SOAfiN
'AWa i8oi<i av, Q) ^Avdyapai, iirl vXeov rjixlv

avvBiaTplyffa'i, Kal oirXa CKuaTO) fiaXa 'rroXXa,

ol? 'xpw/j.eda OTTOTav dvay/calov y, Kal X6<f)0v<i Kal
(f)dXapa Kal 'iTnrovi, Kal tTTTrea? axeSbv to T€Tap-
Tov T&v TToXiTcov. TO fiivTOt oirXocfyopelv del koI
aKivdKijv irape^wadai irepnTOv ev elprjvr) olofieOa
elvai, Kal irpoaTCfiov 7' eaTiv, oaTi<i iv daTet

54
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
are now they would all turn pale on the instant,
;

dyed to anotherhue by fright. Profound peace has

brought you to such a pass that you could not easily
endure to see a single plume of a hostile helmet.

SOLON
The Thracians who campaigned against us with
Eumolpus did not say so,Anacharsis, nor your
women who marched against the city with
Hippolyta,^ nor any others who have tested us under
arms. It does not follow, my unsophisticated friend,
that because our young men's bodies are thus naked
while we are developing them, they are therefore
undefended by armour when we lead them out
into dangers. When they become efficient in them-
selves, they are then trained with arms and can
make far better use of them because they are so well
conditioned.

ANACHARSIS
Where do you do this training under arms I .''

have not seen anything of the sort in the city,

though I have gone all about the whole of it.

SOLON
But you would see it, Anacharsis, if you should
stop with us longer, and also arms for every man in
great quantity, which we use when it is necessary,
and crests and trappings and horses, and cavalrymen
amounting to nearly a fourth of our citizens. But
to bear arms always and carry a dirk at one's belt is,
we think, superfluous in time of peace ; in fact, there
is a penalty prescribed for anyone who carries
* The Amazons.

55
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

aiBrjpocpopoir} firjSev Siov r) oirXa e^eveyKoi ^ el<i ro

Brjfioawv. vfiet'i Se avyyvoio-Tol iv 07rXot<? ael

^iovvT€<;' TO re yap iv acppuKTO) oIkcIv paSiov et9
CTTL^ovXrjv, Kul ol TToXe/jLOL^ fidXa ttoWol, kcli

ahrjXov oTTore Tt? eTTtcTTa? Koifj,cofi€vov Kara-

(TTracra? airb tt}? dfid^f; (fiovevaeiev rj re Trpos
dW'^Xovq dirLaiia, avOaip€rco<; koI fjurj iv v6fi(p
av/x7ro\iTevo/ji€V(ov, dvayKalov del rov (xihrjpov
TToiel, CU9 •nX'qaiov elvai d^ivvovvja, ei Ti<i ^id^oiro.

ANAXAP2I2
35 Etra, w "^oXayv, <nhripo(f)opeiv fiev ovSevbs
dvayKalov eveKa irepLTTov vfuv BoKel, Kai rwv
OTrXatv (pelSeade,^ &)? /a?) 8id 'x^6ip6<i ovra (^deipono,
dWd (jivXaTTere drroKei^va cb? '^^prjaofievoi Tore,
tt}? ^peta? iTricrrdar)<;' rd Sk crco/xaTa rwv vecov
ov8ev6<; Beivov inreiyovTO'; KarairovelTe Tratovre?
KaX iiTTO KaravaXiaKOVTe^, ov ra-
TOiv IhpdiiTwv
[iievofxevoi, Trpo^ to dvayKalov ra? dXKat; avTwv,
aXV ecKt] iv t« ttijXm Kal rij Kovei iK')(^€OVT€^

SOAfiN
"EotAca?, w 'Ai'a^a/jo-t, TOiovSe rt hvvdp,ea><; irept
ivvoeiv, (w? otvco rj vSari rj dXXat tcov vypwv
ofioiav avT-qv ovaav. heZia^ ovv f/r) coarrep ef
dyyeiov xepafieov Xddrj hiappvelca iv Tol<i Trovoa
* i^tvfjKot vulg. : i^eufyicri MSS.
du Soul.
' iroKffjLtoi But the allusion is to the tribal
struggles so familiar to readers of Horace. Cf. Herod. 4, 65.
56
 AN ACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
weapons unnecessarily within the city limits or brings
armour out into a public place. As for your people,
you may be pardoned for always living under arms.
Your dwelling in unfortified places makes it easy to
attack you, and your wars are very numerous, and
nobody knows when someone may come upon him
asleep, drag him down from his wagon, and kill him.
Besides, your distrust of one another, inasmuch as
your relations with each other are adjusted by
individual caprice and not by law, makes steel always
necessary, so as to be at hand for defence if anyone
should use violence.

ANACHAHSIS
Then is it possible, Solon, that while you think it
superfluous to carry weapons without urgent reason,
and are careful of your arms in order that they may
not be spoiled by handling, keeping them in store
with the intention of using them some day, when
need arises yet when no danger threatens you wear
;

out the bodies of your young men by mauling them

and wasting them away in sweat, not husbanding
their strength until it is needed but expending it
fruitlessly in the mud and dust ?

SOLON
Apparently, Anacharsis, you think that strength
is like wine or water or some other liquid-. yVnyhow,
you are afraid that during exertions it may leak
away unnoticed as if from an earthen jar, and then

(pflitadf du Soul : (ptlSttrOai MSS,

57
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kara rjfuv kcvov koX ^rjpov ot'x^Tjrat to aoifia
KaroKLTTOvaa inro fir)8€v6<i evhoOev dvaTrXrjpou-
fievov. TO Be ov')( ovT(ji><i e%ei aoc, aXka 6cra> TL<i
av avTTjv e^avrXfj rot? ttovol^, Toa&Se /xdWov
eirippel kuto, tov Trepl tt}? "T8pa<i fxvdov, et Tiva
'>]KOV(Ta<;, &)<? avrl fiid^ TfirjOeicrrjf; 8v*
K€(f)a\'f]<i
aei dWai he a-yvfjLvaaTO'i e^ ap)(^rj^
ai'€(f)VOVTO. rfv
Koi UTOVO^ fj fi7]8e 8tapKfj Tr)v vXrjv e^V vtto-
j3€^r)/j,ev7}v, TOTe vrro tcov Ka/xdrav ^Xutttoito
av Kal KaTafiapaivoiTO, olov ti eirl irvpo^ xal
Xv'X^vov yiyvcTai. viro <ydp tm avrcp (pvaijfiaTt.
TO fiev TTvp dvaKava6ta<i dv Kal fxel^ov ev ^payel
iroLifjcreLa'i tm irvev/xaTi, xal to tov
irapaOrj'yoiiv
\v)(yov (^Si<i d'Tro(X^eaeia<i ovk e)(^ov drro'X^pcocTap
Ti]<i vXr)<i TT)v y^opr^iyiav, a)9 8iapKr] elvai irpof ro
avTiTTveov ov yap dir* la-')(ypd'i, otfiai, t^9 pi'^V^
dve(f)veTO.

ANAXAP2I2
36 TavTi fxev} S> ^oXoiv, ov irdvv avvi,r}/j,r Xcttto-
Tcpa yap r) KaT ifie eXp7]Ka<;, dKpi^ov<i tivo<{
^povTi8o<i Kal 8iavoia<i o^u 8€8opKVLa<i 8e6fi€i>a.
eKelvo 8e p,oi irdvTco'i elrre, rCvof eveica ov')(l ical
€v Toi<; dyaxTi rot? ^OXv/jLTriaai Kal ^IcrOfiol Kal
YlvOol KOX Toi<i d\Xoi<;, ottotc ttoXXol, to? <^»79,
avvLacriv oyfrofievoi TOv<t veov<i dycovi^ofievovf;,^
ov8eiTOTe iv o7rXoi<i rroielade ttjv afMiXXav, dXXd
yvfivoix; ei? to fiecrov •napayayovTe'i XaKTt^o-
fiivov^ Kal Traiofievov^ eTriBecKwre Kal viKrjcraac
firfXa Kal kotlvov 8l8ot€; d^iov yap elBevai tovto
ye, ovTivo<i evcKa ovto) iroteiTe.

58
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
be gone, leaving our bodies empty and dry, since
they are not filled up again with anything from
within. As a matter of fact, this is not the case, my
friend the more one draws it out by exertions, the
:

more it flows in, like the fable of the Hydra, if you

have heard it, which says that when one head was
cut off, two others always grew up in its place.
But if a man is undeveloped from the beginning, and
untempered, and has an insufficient substratum of
reserve material, then he may be injured and reduced
in flesh by exertions. Something similar is the case
with a fire and a lamp for with one and the same
;

breath you can start the fire afresh and speedily

make it greater, stimulating it with your blowing,
and you can put out the light of the lamp, which
has not an adequate supply of fuel to maintain itself
against the opposing blast the root from which it
:

sj)rang was not strong, I suppose.

ANACHARSIS
I do not understand this at all, Solon what you ;

have said is too subtle for me, requiring keen intellect

and penetrating discernment. But do by all means
tell me why it is that in the Olympic and Isthmian
and Pythian and the other games, where many, you
say, come together to see the young men competing,
you never match them under arms but bring them
out naked and show them receiving kicks and blows,
and when they have won you give them apples and
parsley. It is worth while to know why you do so.

* fifv Dindorf : yap MSS.

s iyuvi^oufvovs Jacobit/. : ayuyiffo/xivovs MSS.
59
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

20AnN
*li<yov/j,€Oa yap, w ^Avd'X^apiJi, ttjv et? to,

yvf^vdaia Trpodvjxiav ovTto^; av TrXeto) iyyepiaOai

avTOi<i, el TOti<? dpiarevovTa'i ev tovtol^ thoiev
Ti/jicofX€vov<; Kol dvaKT]pvrTOfj,€vov(i iv [xecroi^ rot?
"EX.Xiyo't. KoX Bid TovTo tt><? ei9 ToaovTovi
diroSuaofievoL ev6^ia<i re ein/xeXovvTai, cb? /mt)
al(r)(yvoivro yv/iiv(odevT€<;, kuI d^ioviKOTarov
€KaaTO<i avrov direpydl^eTai. Koi rd ddXa, oiaTrep
efjLTrpoadev elirov, ov fj,iKpd, 6 e7raivo<i 6 irapd rSiv
dearcov koI to iTrio-r/fMOTaTOv yeveaOai koI Sel-
KvvaOat Ta> SaKTvXM dpicrrov elvai twv kuG" avTOV
hoKOvvra. TOtydproi TroWdi tmv dearSiV, 0I9 Kad^
rjXiKLav €Ti daKrj(TL<i, diriaaiv ov /xeTpi,co<i €k tOjV
TOiovT(i)V dp€Tr]<; teal ttovcov epaadevre^. ye o)? el
Tt9, Avd)(apaL, top t?}? eu/cXeta? epcora e«ySa-
ft) ^

\oi eK rov ^Lov, xt av en dyaOov rjfiiv yevoiro,

7) rl<; dv Ti Xa/jLirpov epydaaaOat €7ridvp,7](Tei€V

vvv he KOI diro rovrmv etKd^etv 'rrape-)(oiev dv aoi,

OTTOLOL ev TTo\epoL<i vTcep iraTpiBo^ Kal iraihtov koX
yvvaiKcov Kal iepcov yevoivT dv 6ir\a €')(^ovTe<; 01
KOTLVov Trept Kal p^rfkwv yv/xvol roaainrjv irpo-
Ovfiiav et? to viKav eliKpepo/uievoi.
37 Kairoi tl dv irddoL'i, el dedcraio Kal oprvywv
Kal dXeKrpvoveov dy(ova<; Trap" iqfilv Kal airovhqv
eirl TOVTOi^ ov puKpdv; rj yeXdarj BrjXov on, Kai
fidXiara rjv fxd6rj<i 009 v'Jro v6/u.a) avTO hpCyp-ev
Kal TrpoareraKrai Trdai to4<? eV rfXiKia irapelvai
Kal opdv rd opvea BiairvKTevovra p-exP'' "^V^
ecrxdrr)(i dirayo pevaeo)^ ; riXV ovhe tovto yeXolov
VTToBverai ydp Tt? rfpepa Tat? 'yjrvxal'i opfirj eh

60
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS

We think, Anacharsis, that their zeal for the

athletic exercises willbe increased if they see those
who excel in them receiving honours and having
their names proclaimed before the assembled Greeks.
For this reason, expecting to appear unclothed
before so many people, they try to attain good
physical condition so that they may not be ashamed
of themselves when they are stripped, and each
makes himself as fit to win as he can. Furthermore,
—
the prizes, as I said before, are not trivial to be
praised by the spectators, to become a man of mark,
and to be pointed at with the finger as the best of
one's class. Therefore many of the spectators, who
are still young enough for training, go away im-
moderately in love with manfulness and hard work
as a result of all this. Really, Anacharsis, if the
love of fame should be banished out of the world,
what new blessing should we ever acquire, or who
would want to do any glorious deed.^ But as things
are, even from these contests they give you an oppor-
tunity to infer what they would be in war, defending
country, children, wives, and fanes with weapons
and armour, when contending naked for parsley and
apples they bring into it so much zeal for victory.
What would your feelings be if you should see
quail-fights and cock-fights here among us, and no
little interest taken in them .''
You would laugh, of
course, particularly if you discovered that we do it in
compliance with law, and that all those of military age
are required to present themselves and watch the
birds spar to the uttermost limit of exhaustion. Yet
this is not laughable, either: their souls are gradually
penetrated by an appetite for dangers, in order that
6i
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TOV? KlvBvVOV<;, CO? flT) d<y€VV€<TT€pOl Koi UToXflO-
repoi (f)aLVOtvTO TOiv oKeKr pvovcov fMrjoe Trpoaira-
yopevoiev viro Tpavfidrcov r) Kap-drov rj tov aWov
hv(T')(epov^.
To Se 3^ eV oirXoif; freipda-dai avrwv Koi opav
TiTpcoa-Kopevovi —
uTraye' 6T)pi6!>8e<; yap Kal Setveo^
(TKaiov Kal irpocreTi ye d\vcrire\e<i airocr^aTTeiv
rov<; dpiarovi Kal ol? dv rt? dpeivov '^^pija-aiTo

Kara rcov Bua-pevcov.

38 'ETret Se (f)^<;,
co 'Aya;\;ap(Tt, Kal rr)v dWi^v 'EX-
\dha iireXevaeaOai, pipvrjao rjv vore Kal et<f AaKC-

halpova €\0r]<;, p,r) KarayeXdaai prjBe ixelvcov prjSe

oUaOai paTTjv novelv avrov<i, oirorav 77 (r<paLpa<;
TTepi iv rw Oedrpw (Tvpireaovre'i iralwcriv dW^fKov<i
rj 6t9 'X(tipiOv ela€k66vr€<i vhan irepiyeypappivov,
€19 <f>d\ayya BiaaTdvT€<;, rd iroXeptoyv aXXr]\ov<;
epyd^ayvrai yvpvol Kal avroi, dxpi^ civ eK^aXaxri
rov Trepiypdpparo^ to erepov avvTaypxt 01 erepoi,
Tou? Kara AvKovpyov oi Ka6^ '\{paK\ea rj e/x-
iraXiv, <Tvvo)dovvT€<i et9 to vBayp' to yap otto
TovTov elprjvr) Xovttov Kal ovhel^ dv en iraiaeie.
p,d\i<na he rjv 6pa<; pa(XTiyovpevov<i avrov<i eirl
T(p /3(opm Kal a'lpaTL peopevov;, 7raT€pa<; Be koI
p,Y)repa<i irapearwaa'; oy% otto)? dvioapueva^ ern
Tot9 yiyvopevoi<i dWa Kai aTreiKovaa'St ei /J>r)

dvTexoiev 7r/oo9 Ta9 Kal iKeTevovaa<i eiri

7r\r]yd<i,
pi]KiaT0v 8iapK€(rai 7r/309 tov ttovov Kal eyKap-
Teprjaai T0t9 Beivoi<;. ttoWoI yovv Kal evaire-
davov T(o dycovc p,T) d^iooaavre^ aTrayopevaai
fwvT69 €Ti iv 6<f)0a\pol(: Twv oIkclcov pr]8e ei^ac
Tot9 <T(opaa-iv' d)v Kal TOi'9 dvBpcdvTa<: 6-\lrei Tipco-
p,evov^ Srjpocria vtto Tfj<i XTrdpTij'i dvaaradevra'i.
6a
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
they may not seem baser and more cowardly than
the cocks, and may not show the white feather early
on account of wounds or weariness or any other
hardship.
As for testing them under arms, and watching
them get wounded no— !It is bestial and terribly
cruel and, more than that, unprofitable to kill off
the most efficient men who can be used to better
advantage against the enemy.
As you say that you intend to visit the rest of
Greece, Anacharsis, bear it in mind if ever you go to
Sparta not to laugh at them, either, and not to sup-
pose that they are exerting themselves for nothing
when they rush together and strike one another in
the theatre over a ball, or when they go into a place
surrounded by water, divide into companies and treat
one another like enemies, naked as with us, until one
company drives the other out of the enclosure,
—
crowding them into the water the Heraclids driving
—
out the Lycurgids, or the reverse after which there
is peace in future and nobody would think of striking
a blow. Above all, do not laugh if you see them
getting flogged at the altar and dripping blood while
their fathers and mothers stand by and are so far
from being distressed by what is going on that they
actually threaten to punish them if they should not
bear up under the stripes, and beseech them to
endure the pain as long as possible and be staunch
under the torture. As a matter of fact, many have
died in the competition, not deigning to give in before
the eyes of their kinsmen while they still had life in
them, or even to move a muscle of their bodies you
;

will see honours paid to their statues, which have

been set up at public cost by the state of Sparta.
63
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
"Orav Toivvv opa<i Kaicelva, firjre fialveadai
v7ro\d^7)<; avTOV^ jxrjTe €i7rr]<;, co? ovSefitd^ ev6Ka
alTLa<i dvayKai,a<; TaXatirmpovai, ixr^Te Tvpdvvov
^ia^ofi€vov fi7]T€ TToXefiicov hiaridevrwv. eiiroi
yap dv aoL koX virep eKelvwv Avicovpyo<; o vo/xo-
6eTq<i avTMv irdXkd rd evXoya Kal d avviBcbv
KoXd^ei avTov<;, ovk e'xOpo'i wv ovBe vtto /jllctov^
avTO hpS)v ovhe veoXatav Trj<; 7ro\e&)9 elKrj
ttjv
•jrapavaXicTKcov, dWd
KaprepiKcoTdTov; koI irav-
T0<; Seivov Kpeirrova^ d^icov elvat rovi aco^eiv

fiiWovTa<; rrjv iraTpiZa. kuItoc kuv fxr) o Av-

Kovpyo^ elirr), ivvoei<;, oi/xai, kui avTO<i to? ovk
dv TTore \ri(f)0el<; 6 tolovto^ iv iroXefiw diropprjTOV
ri e^eiTTOL rrj<; STraprrj? aiKL^ofMCVoyv rS)v exOpSiv,
d\Xd KUTayeXfov uutmv fiacmyolro dv apiXXco-
fji.€vo<i 7rpo«? rov iraiovra, 6ir6T€po<i^ dTrayopevaeiev.

ANAXAP2I2
39 'O AvKovpyo<i Se kuI avr6<i, oi ^oXutv, ip.acni-
yovTO €0' rjXi/cla^, rj eK7rpo0€(Tp,o<i mv rjSr) rov
dywvo'i da<f>d\a)<; rd roiavTa iveavievaaro;

SOAflN

Ilpea^vTr)<i ^Srj a)v eypa-sjre Toy? v6fiov<; avTol<}

K-pTjrrjOev d(pi,K6fj,€V0<i. aTroSeBrj/jLi^KeL Se irapd

Tov<i KprJTa<;, on rjKovev evvoficoTdrovi elvai,

MiV(oo<i Tov Ato9 vopbodeTrjcravro^ iv avTol<;.

* iwirtpos A.M.H.: itt trpirfpos MSS.

64
 ANACH ARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
When you see all that, do not suppose them crazy,
and do not say that they are undergoing misery with-
out any stringent reason, since it is due neither to a
tyrant's violence nor to an enemy's maltreatment.
Lycurgus, their law-giver, could defend it by telling
you many good reasons which he has discerned for
punishing them ; he is not unfriendly to them,
and does not do it out of hatred, nor is he
wantonly wasting the young blood of the city, but
he desires that those who are destined to preserve
their country should be tremendously staunch and
superior to every fear. Yet, even if Lycurgus does
not say so, you see for yourself, I suppose, that such
a man, on being captured in war, would never betray
any Spartan secret under torture inflicted by the
enemy, but would laugh at them and take his
whipping, matching himself against his flogger to see
which would give in.

ANACH ARSIS
But how about Lycurgus himself, Solon ? Did he
get flogged in his youth, or was he then over the age-
limit for the competition, so that he could introduce
such an innovation with impunity .''

SOLON
He was an old man when he made the laws for
them on his return from Crete. He had gone to
visit the Cretans because he was told that they
enjoyed the best laws, since Minos, a son of Zeus,
had been their law-giver.

65
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ANAXAP2I2
Tt OVP, S) SoXtor, OV)(i Kal (TV €fllfJL1]<TfO Av-
fcovpyov KoX fiaaTi<yoc<i Tov<i veov<;; KaXa yap kui
TavTa Kal d^ia vfiwv iaTiv.

20AnN
"Ort iKavd,
rj/iitv w 'Ai/a;^a/0O't, ravra ra
yvfivdaia otKeia ovra' ^rfKovv he to, ^eviKci ou
irdvv d^iovfiev.

ANAXAP2I2
Ovk; dWa crvvLr]^, oifiai, olov rt, ion (laan-
yovaOai yvfivov dv(o Td<; ')(a.pa<i iTraipovra nT]B€vo<i
eveKa cDcpeXi/Jiov rj avTO) eKaarm r) koivtj ttj iroXei.
to? eyaye r)v %TrdprT} Kad^
irore i'jnh'qpbrjcrw rfj
ov Kaipov ravra Bpwai, 8ok(o fioi rd^t^crra Kara-
Xevadrjaecrdai Srjfxoaia tt/oo? avroiv, iTnyeXMv
CKacrroi^, oirorav opco rvirroixevov; KaOdirep
KXeTTra<i rj XwTTohvra'i rj ri dXXo roiovrov epya-
aafJi,€vov<i. dre^i'ft)? yap iXXe^opov heladai fxoi
BoK€i t] 7ro\t9 avrwv KaraykXaara v(f>^ avrfj<;
Ttda'xovaa.
20AnN
40 Mt; yevvale, fjujBe rwv dvBp&v dirov-
eprjixrjv, to

rcov fiovof) avr6<; Xeywv otov Kparelv earai ydp

Tt9 o Kal virep CKeivcov <toi rd eiKora iv XTrdprrj
dvrepSiv.
T\Xr]v dXXh eTrelTrep iyo) rd rjfierepd aoi, Bie^e-
\i]Xv6a, (TV Be ov irdw
dpeaKOfiev(p avrol<i
eoiKa^, OVK dBiKa alrrjCTeiv eoiKa irapd (tov d)<i
Kal avrb<i iv ra> /xepei Bi€^€XdT)<i 7rp6<i fie ov

66
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
ANACHARSIS
Then why is it, Solon, that you have not imitated
Lycurgus and do not flog your young men ? It is a
splendid practice, and worthy of you Athenians !

SOLON
Because we are content, Anacharsis, with these
exercises, which are our own ; we do not much care
to copy foreign fashions.

ANACHARSIS
No : I think, what it is like to be
you understand,
flogged naked, holding up one's arms, for no advan-
tage either to the individual himself or to the city in
general. Oh, if ever I am at Sparta at the time
when they are doing this, I expect I shall very soon
be stoned to death by them publicly for laughing at
til em every time I see them getting beaten like
robbers or sneak-thieves or similar malefactors.
Really, it seems to me that the city stands in need
of hellebore ^ if it mishandles itself so ridiculously.

SOLON
not think, my worthy friend, that you are win-
Do
ning your case by default, or in the absence of your
adversaries, as the only speaker. There will be
someone or other in Sparta who will reply to you
properly in defence of this.
However, as I have told you about our ways and
you do not seem to be much pleased with them, I do
not think it will be unfair to ask you to tell me in

* The specific for insanity.

67
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TpoTTOv vfiei<; oi XkvOui BiacrKelre tov<; veovs to 1)9
irap^ vfMcv Kal ol(TTiai yvfivaatoi^ avaTpe<j)ere kol
PTTCD^i vfxlv avhpe<i dyaOol yCyvovTai.

ANAXAP2I2
AiKaiorara fiev ovv, o) 'EoXcov, xal e'fw'ye
8ir)yrj<To/Liat ra ^kvOmv v6/xifia, ov cre/Mva L(rco<i

ouSe KaO^ v/xd^, oX ye ovSe /card K6ppr]<; ttutu-

')(ff rival roXfujaaifiev av fiiav TrXrjy^v SeiXol yap
eapLev dWd elptjaerat ye oirola dv 17.^ et9 aupiov
fiivToi, el hoKel, virep^aXcop^eda rrjv arvvovaiav,
(09 d le avTO'i €(f>rj<i eVt /xdWov ivvofjaaifMC Kaff"
rjcrv^iav d re ^ph CiTreiv avvaydyoipt rfj p,vr'jfiT)
eTreXOcov. to Se vvv e\ov dtriwixev eirl TouTot9'
earirepa yap y]8r].

» ^ Fritzsche ; dv MSS.

68
 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLETICS
your turn how you Scythians discipline your young
men, what exercises you use in bringing them up,
and how you make them good men.

ANACHARSIS
It is entirely fair, tobe sure, Solon, and I shall tell
you the Scythian customs, which are not imposing,
perhaps, or on the same plane as yours, since we
should not dare to receive a single blow in the face ;

we are cowards ! They shall be told, however, no

matter what they are. But let us put off the
discussion, if you will, till to-morrow, so that I may
quietly ponder a little longer over what you have
said, and get together what I must say, going over
it in my memory. At present, let us go away
with this understanding, for it is now evening.

69
 MENIPPUS
OR THE DESCENT INTO HADES
Menippus, who in the Icaromenippus (II. 267) described
his ascent to Heaven to discover the truth about the nature
of the universe, now tells the story of his descent into Hades
to find out the right way to live. Utterly perplexed by the
philosophers, who neither agree in their doctrines nor practise
what they preacli, he goes below to consult Teiresias, who
tells him to disregard them that the ordinary man's way of
;

living is best.
The unity of the dialogue is badly marred because Lucian
has given it a double point, aiming it not only at the
philosophers but at the rich. Indeed, it is not the philo-
sophers but the rich and powerful who are getting on badly
in Hades, and against whom a decree is passed by the assembly
of the dead.
This curious defect arises, I believe, from the way in
which Lucian adapted his model, the Necyia of the real
Menippus. Helm argues, to be sure, that the Menippus is a
mere epitome and revision of the Necyia, but in my opinion
the Necyia must have been a satire against wealth and power,
in which Menippus told how he (or someone else) had
learned, by his own observation and from the lips of Teire-
sias, that kings and millionaires fared ill in the hereafter, and
that the life of the ordinary man was preferable to theirs. This
Cynic sermon Lucian parodies and turns against the philo-
sophers, retaining the response of Teiresias, but twisting its
point so that the "ordinary man" is now contrasted, not
with kings and plutocrats, but with philosophers. He ought
to have carried out this idea by recasting the whole show in
Hades but he wanted to work in a decree of the dead, which
;

could not be directed against the philosophers without steal-

ing the thunder of Teiresias. So he aimed it at the rich, and
retained the stage setting of Menippus to lead up to it.
The dialogue probably was written in a.d. 161-162 (p. 90,
note). Helm's discussion {Lucian und Menipp, 15 fF.) contains
much valuable comment, especially upon the magic ritual.
On Menippus, see the Index.
71
 MENinnOX H NEKTOMANTEIA

MENinno2
"fl X<^^P^ fJi'i^adpov TrpoTTvXd 0' ecrria? ifJLrj<i,

609 da-/j,ev6<; cr' iaelBov e? (f>do^ /jloXcov.

IA02
Ov Mei/tTTTTO? ovro9 ecrrtv 6 kvwv ; ov fih> ovv
a\Xo<i, el fir) M€vnrwo<; 6Xo<;.^
iyoo Trapa^XeTTO)'
Tt ovv avTO) ^ovXerai to uXXokotov tov a^Vf^ciTO^,
TTtXo? Kal Xvpa kul XeovTi) ; irXrjv dXXa irpoaireov
je avTOK ')(aipe, (o Met'tTTTre* iroOev rifilv dcpl^ai ;

TToXi/f yap ypovo'i ov 7r€(})r}va<; iv rfj iroXei.'

MENinnos
"H/fo* vcKpojp Kevdixcova Kal okotov rrvXas
XtTTWv, IV "AlStjs ;(a)pi? (VKiarai Oecov,

«IA02
'H/aa/eXet?, iXeX^Oei MiviTTTrofi r)p,a<i dtroda-
va)v, Kara i^ inrapxrj'; dva^e^lcoxev ;

Available in photographs r, PN.

* Graevius : MffiTrirouj oKovi 7,8.

* Cf. Dial. Meretr. 10. 1. : oii yap iwpoKa xoXvs ff8ij xp6voi
avrhv vap vfiiy,

72
 ! — '

MENIPPUS
OR THE DESCENT INTO HADES
MENIPPUS
ye halls and portals of my home
All hail,
What joy you give mine eyes, to light returned !

A FRIEND
Menippus the Cynic? Assuredly nobody
Isn't this
else, unless 1 cannot see straight Menippus all over.
;

Then what is the meaning of that strange costume

a felt cap, a lyre, and a lion's skin ? Anyhow, I must
go up to him. Good day, Menippus; where under
the sun have you come from ? It is a long time since
you have shown yourself in the city.

MENIPPUS
Icome from Dead Men's Lair and Darkness Gate
Where Hades dwells, remote from other gods.^

Heracles Did Menippus die without our knowing

!

it, and has he now come to life all over again ?

* Euripides, Hercules Furens, 523-4.

' Euripides, Hecuba, 1 ; spoken by Polydorus as prologue.

73
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
MENinnos
OvK, dX)C er etxirvovv 'At8rj<; fi ehe^aro.

*IA05
T/9 hr] alria croi t^9 xaivi]^ KaX trapaho^ov
TavTT)^ d'iro8r}/j,ia<i ;

MENinno2
NeoT»79 fi iirrjpe koX Opdaof tov vov wXiov.

*IA02
Tlavaai, fiaKcipie, Tpayo)Ba)v KaX Xeye ovruxri
TTO)? d7r\Si<i KaTa0d<; cItto twv lanQeLcov, ri<i 17
aToXij ; TL croi t^<? Karat iropeia^ iherjaev ; dW(o<i
<yap oif^^ -^Seld rtf ou8e dairdai.o'i t) 0S09.

MENinnos
fl (ftiXoTT}^, %/?efC(> /i€ Kar^yayev eh ^AtSao
^VXV XPV^ofiePov Stj^aiov TeipeaLao.

4>IA02
Oi'T09, a\V 77 TrapaTrateif' ov yhp &v ovTco^
ififierpaxi eppay^(p8et^ 7rpb<; dv8pa<i ^iXovii,

MENinnos
Mr) Oavfid<TT}<i, a> kralpe' vewarX yhp ^vpnrihr]
Kai Ofi^prp avyyevofievof ovk olS* 07rft)9 dveTrXrj-
<r0T]v T(t)v eiroiv Ka\ avTOfxard fioi rd fiirpa eirX

^ Attributed to Euripides play unknown, perhaps the

;

PeirUhoiiH (Nauck, Trag Oraec. Fragm., p. 663).

* Perhaps from the lost Andromeda of Euripides (Nauck,

p. 403).
* Odyssey 11, 164. Lucian aubstitutea "Friend" for
Homer's "Mother."
74
 !

MENIPPUS
MENIPPUS
Nay, I was living when I went to Hell.*

FRIEND
What reason had you for this novel and surprising
trip ?

MENIPPUS
Youth spurred me, and I had more pluck than

My dear fellow, do stop your play-acting ; come

off your blank-verse, and tell me in plain language
like mine what your costume is, and why you had
to go down below. Certainly it is not a pleasant
and attractive journey

MENIPPUS
Friend, 'twas necessity drew me below to the
kingdom of Hades,
There to obtain, from the spirit of Theban
Teiresias, counsel.-^

FRIEND
Man, you are surely out of your mind, or you
would not recite verse in that way to your friends !

MENIPPUS
Don't be surprised, my dear fellow, I have just
been in the company of Euripides and Homer, so
that somehow or other I have become filled with
poetry, and verses come unbidden to my lips.*
* The Greek words form a trimeter, possibly borrowed
from some comedy.
IS
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
2 TO aTOfxa epx^rai. arap etVe ixoi, 'ira)<i ra virep
yrj'i e)(^6i koI ri TToiovaiv ol iv rfj irSXei ;

*IA02
Kaivov ovSev, a.X\' ola koI irpo rov' diird^ov-
(TLV, ilTLOpKOXXTLV, TOKOyXv(f)OUaCP, 6/3oXo(TTa'
Tovaiv.
MENinnos
AdXioi Kal /caKoBal/jiov€<i' ov yap laacriv oia
epay^o^ KeKvpwrai irapa toc<; kuto) kuI ola
Kex^ipoTovtirai to, ylrrj^lafMaTa Kara roiv ttXov-
alcov, d p,d rov Kep/Sepov ovSep^ia firj^avr) ro
hia(f>vyelv avTOv<i.
*IA02
Tt <j)i]<; ; BeBoKTai ri veoiTepov TOi<i Kara) irepX
tS)v ivddBe ;

MENinnos
N^ Ata, Ka\ iroXkd ye' aW' ov 0€/j,i<i €K(f)€p€tv
avrd irpo^aTravra'i ovBe i^ayopeveiv rd dTTopprjra,
fir) Kai Ti<i r)p,d<; ypd-\}rr]Tat ypa(}>r)p dae^eia^ iirl

Tov 'VaBafidvdvo^.
IA02
M»;Sa/i.&><f,
b) Me'viTTTre, npo'i tov /^i6<i, p,r)
TcovXoycov (plXo) dvBpr Trpo? yap elBora
(f>6ovy]crr)<:

aKOTTav €pel<i, rd r dXXa Kal Trpo? fiep.vrip.evov.

MENinnos
'KaXeTTov pev i'nndrrei<i ro eiriTaypM KaX ov
trdvrrf evcr€^6<i' TrXrjv dXXd aov ye evcKa
roXfiTfreov. eBo^e Brj rov<i irXovaiovt rovrov<i
76
 !

MENIPPUS
But tell me, how are things going on earth, and
what are they doing in the city ?
FRIEND
Nothing new just what they did before stealing,
;
—
lying under oath, extorting usury, and weighing
pennies.
MENIPPUS
Poor wretches They do not know what decisions
!

have been made of late in the lower world, and

what ordinances have been enacted against the rich ;
by Cerberus, they cannot possibly evade them

FRIEND
What that?
is Has any radical legislation been
passed in the lower world affecting the upper?

MENIPPUS
Yes, by Zeus, a great deal but it is not right to
;

publish it broadcast and expose their secrets. Some-

one might indict me for impiety in the court of
Rhadamanthus,
FRIEND
Oh, no, Menippus ! In Heaven's name don't
withhold your story from a friend ! You will be
telling a man who knows how to keep his mouth
shut, and who, moreover, has been initiated into
the mysteries,
MENIPPUS
It is a perilous demand
that you are imposing
upon me, and one not wholly consistent with piety.
However, for your sake I must be bold. The
motion, then, was passed that these rich men with
77
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KOt 'jr6\v')(^prifiaTov<t KaX ro -x^pvaLov KaraKXeia-TOV
wairep rrjv Aavdrjv <f>v\dTTOVTa<i —
IA02
M^TTporepov ecTrijf;, coyaOe, to, SeSojfieva irplv
€K€iva SieXdeiv a fidXicTT av rjSeto^; aKovaatfii
aov, Tt? 17 eTrivoid aoi tt}? KaOohov iyeveTO, rt? S'
o T?79 TTO/oeta? ^yeficov, elO^ e^T]<; d re etSe<? d re
rjKovcra^ irap avTol<i' elKo<i yap Brj (^lXokoXov
ovra ae firjSev twv d^icov d€a<i rj dtcorj'^ irapa-
Xnrelv.
MENinnos
3 TTTOvpyrjTeov kol ravrd aoi' tl yap dv Ka\
irdOoi Tt9, OTTore <f)iXo<; dvr)p ^id^oiTO ; Kal Srf
irpwrd aoi Bieifii rd irepX t^<? yv(o/jLr)<; t^9 ifxi]^,
60 ev mpfirjd'qv irpo^t rrjv Kard^acriv. iyo) ydp,
a')(^pt fiev ev iraiaXv rjv, aKOvwv 'Ofiijpov Kal
HcTioBov 7ro\e/j,ov<; Kal (TTdaei<i Sirjyov/jiivcov ov
dWd
fiovov tS)V r}fjbi6e(0Vy Kal avrciyv rjBr) tmv Oea)v,
en he Kal p,ot')(€ia<i avrcov Kal ^ia<i koX dptra-
yd<; Kal St/ca? Kal TraTepcov e^eXatret? Kal aSeX^wy
ydfiov<;, iravra ravra evofxi^ov elvai Ka\d kuI ov
irapepyo)'; eKtvovfxrjv irpo'i avrd. ejrel Be ei<f

dvBpa<i TeXelv T^p^dfirjv, irdXiv av imavOa

rfKovov TOiv vofMfov TavavTia rot? TTOiT/rat?
KcXevovToyv, firjre fioi-x^eveiv fi>]Te araaid^eiv /xrjre
dpTrd^eiv. ev fieydXrj ovv KadeiaT^fceiv dfi<f>i-
/SoXia, ovK €lB(b<i 6 ri '^(^pijaaifMTjv ifiavrm' ovre
ydp dv TTOre tov<; 0€ov<; p,0L')(ev<Tai Kal aracridaai
irpo? dXXi]Xov<i rjyovfirjv el ^r) el)? trepl KaXwv
TOVTcov eyiyvai(TKOv, ovt dv TOv<i vop,odeja<i
rdvavria irapaivelv el firj XvaireXeiv vireXd/x^a'
78
 —
MENIPPUS
great fortunes who keep their gold locked up as
closely as Danae

Don't quote the motion, my dear fellow, before

tellingme what I should be especially glad to hear
from you that is to say, what was the purpose of
;

your going down, who was your guide for the

journey, and then, in due order, what you saw and
heard there for it is to be expected, of course, that
;

as a man of taste you did not overlook anything

worth seeing or hearing.

MENIPPUS
Imust meet your wishes in that, too, for what
is a man to do when a friend constrains him ?
First, then, I shall tell you about my decision
what impelled me to go down. While I was a
boy, when I read in Homer and Hesiod about wars
and quarrels, not only of the demigods but of the
gods themselves, and besides about their amours and
assaults and abductions and lawsuits and banishing
fathers and marrying sisters, I thought that all these
things were right, and I felt an uncommon impulsion
toward them. But when I came of age, I found
that the laws contradicted the poets and forbade
adultery, quarrelling, and theft. So I was plunged
into great uncertainty, not knowing how to deal
with my own case for the gods would never have
;

committed adultery and quarrelled with each other,

I thought, unless they deemed these actions right,
and the lawgivers would not recommend the opposite
course unless they supposed it to be advantageous.

79
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
i vov. iirel Se Sirjiropovv, eBo^e fioi eXdovra irapa
Tou? KaXovfiivov^ tovtov^ <pi\oa6^ov<i iyx^iplcrat
re ifxavTov koI SerjOfjvai avTcov '^prjcrOai fioi o ri
^ouXoLVTO Kai Tiva 686v dirXijv koX ^e^acov vtto-
Sel^ai Tov ^iov.
Tavra jxev Brj <J3pov(ov irpocrrjeiv avrol<i, eXeXtj-
deiv 5' ifiavTov et? avro, to irvp ex rov
(f)aal,
KaiTvov ^ia^6/x€Vo<;. irapa Br) tovtol^
'yap
fidXccrra evpiaK^v eTriaKotT&v rrjv dyvoiav koI
Trjv diropiav TrXeiova, ware fxoi rd^iara "X^pvaovv
direBei^av ovTOi rov roiv IBiwroiv tovtov ^iov.
^AfiiXei, fi€v avrSiv Trapyvei to irdv rjBecrdat,
Koi flOVOV TOVTO CK TTaVTO'i fl€Tl€Vai' TOVTO ydp
elvai TO evBatfMov. 6 Be rt? efiiraXiv, irovelv ra
irdvTa Kol fMo^delv kuI to aco/xa KaTavay/cd^eiv
pVTTcovTa Kal av')(^p,S)vTa koX nda-i BvaapeaTovvTa
Kai XotBopovfxei'Ov, crvvex^f iirippailruiBoiv rd
/rdvBrj/uua eKclva TOV 'MaioBov irepl t^? dp€Trj<;
eirrj koL tov IBptOTa Kal Tr)v eirl to UKpov
dvd^aaiv. dXXo<i Kara^povelv "y^pr^fidTwv irap-
eKeXevcTo Kal dBid(f>opov oieadai ttjv ktyjctlv
avTOiv 6 Be Tt? ep/rraXiv dyadov elvai Kal tov
ttXovtov dire^aiveTO. irepl fiev yap rov Koa/xou
ri -^prj Kal Xeyeiv ; 09 ye lBea<i Kal da-cofMara Kal
drofjLOV^ Kal Kevd Kal roiovrov riva o^Xov 6vop,d-
Twv oarrjfiepat Trap* avrcbv dKovcov ivavriayv. Kal
TO 7rdvTQ)v dT07rd)Tarov, on rrepl rcov ivavrKord-
Toav €Ka<TTO^ avrSiv Xeycov (r(f>6Bpa viKO)vra<; Kal
7n0avov<; Xoyov^ eiropi^ero, ware ixrjre ru> Oep/Mov
TO avro 'npdyixa Xeyovri fi'qre tco t/fvxpov avri-
^ Works and Days, 287 sq. ; Lucian is always making fun
of the philosophers for quoting this.
80
 MENIPPUS
Since I I resolved to go to the
was in a dilemma,
men whom they philosophers and put myself into
call
their hands, begging them to deal with me as they
would, and to show me a plain, solid path in life.
That was what I had in mind when I went to
them, but I was unconsciously struggling out of the
smoke, as the proverb goes, right into the fire For!

I found in the course of my investigation that among

these men in particular the ignorance and the per-
plexity was greater than elsewhere, so that they
speedily convinced me that the ordinary man's way
of living is as good as gold.
For instance, one of them would recommend me
to take my pleasure always and to pursue that under
all circumstances, because that was happiness but ;

another, on the contrary, would recommend me to

toil and moil always and to subdue my body, going
dirty and unkempt, irritating everybody and calling
names and to clinch his argument he was per-
;

petually reciting those trite lines of Hesiod's about

virtue, and talking of "sweat," and the "climb to
the summit." ^ Another would urge me to despise
money and think it a matter of indifference whether
one has it or not, while someone else, on the con-
trary, would demonstrate that even wealth was
good. As to the universe, what is the use of talking
about that? "Ideas," " incorporealities," "atoms,"
"voids," and a multitude of such terms were dinned
into my ears by them every day until it made me
queasy. And the strangest thing was that when
they expressed the most contradictory of opinions,
each of them would produce very effective and
plausible arguments, so that when the selfsame
thing was called hot by one and cold by another,
8i
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
\eyeiv e')(eLv, koX ravr elhora (ja<^S>^ to? ovk dv
TTore Oepfiov ri kuI -^v^^^pov ev tuvto) 'x^povw.
ecrj

aT€')(yS)'i ovv eira(T')(^ov Tot9 vvai-d^ovcn tovtoi<;

o/jioiov, dpri fiev iirtveuiov, dpn Se avavevoav
efiTraXiv.
5 rioXXco Se TOVTCDv ixetvo aX,oy(OTepov' toi»9 yctp
avrov^ rovTov^ evpiaKOv iTnrrjptov ivavTicorara
TOt? avTWV \oyoi^ iiriTTjSevovTa^. tov<; yovp
KUTacppovelp irapaivouvTa^i ')^pr)fidrQ}v ecapwv aTrpl^
e-)(op.evov<i avreov Kal Trepl t6k(ov Siacfiepo/xevov;
Kal eVl fita-ffo) TTathevovra^; koX irdvra evexa
Tovrav v'iTOfievovTa<i, toi;9 re rrjv ho^av diro-
^aXXop€VOV<; avTr]<; Tavrr]<i %a/3ti' ra irdvTa Kal
irpdrrovra^ koX \eyovTa<i, rjBovrj<} re av cr^eSop
diravTa'i KaTijyopovvra^, Ihia Be fiovy Tavrrj
7rpoa7]pTr)p,€Vov^.
6 S0aXet9 ovv koI TrjarBe rf]<; ikirlBo^ en fiaXXov
iBvcr^epaivov, rjpeixa Trapafivdovfjuevo^ ifiavrop
OTi /xeTo, TToWcov Koi (TO(f)(bv Kal (T(f)68pa cttI

avvecrei Bia^e^oijp^evcov dvorjro^i t€ eifii /cot

rd\TjO€<; €Ti dyvowv Trepcepxop'ai. kuI fiol trore
BcaypvTrvovvTi tovtwv evcKa eBo^ev et? Ba^vXmva
iXdovra BerjOijvai, tiuo<; r5)v fidycov rmv Zoypod-
arpov fiaOrjTcbv Kal BiaB6')(^cov' rjKovov S" avrov^
iiTwBal'i re Kal T€\€Tai<i riaip dvotyecv rov" AiBov
rd^ TTvXa^ Kal Kardyecv bv av ^ovXeovTai d<T(f)aXS)^
Kal OTTLo-m av6i<i dvairifiTrecv. dpicnov oZv
r)yoviJL'qv elvai irapd Tivo<i tovtcov Biairpa^dfievov

83
 MENIPPUS
it was impossible for me to controvert either of
them, though I knew right well that nothing could
ever be hot and cold at the same time. So in good
earnest I acted like a drowsy man, nodding now this
way and now that.^
But there was something else, far more unreason-
able than that, I found, upon observing these same

people, that their practice directly opposed their

preaching. For instance, I perceived that those who
recommended scorning money clove to it tooth and
nail, bickered about interest, taught for pay, and
underwent everything for the sake of money and ;

that those who were for rejecting public opinion

aimed at that very thing not only in all that they
did, but in all that they said. Also that while
almost all of them inveighed against pleasure, they
privately devoted themselves to that alone.
Disappointed, therefore, in this expectation, I was
still more uncomfortable than before, although I con-
soled myself somewhat with the thought that if I
was still foolish and went about in ignorance of the
truth, at all events I had the company of many wise
men, widely renowned for intelligence. So one time,
while I lay awake over these problems, I resolved to
go to Babylon and address myself to one of the
Magi, the disciples and successors of Zoroaster, as
I had heard that with certain charms and ceremonials

they could open the gates of Hades, taking down in

safety anyone they would and guiding him back again.
Consequently I thought best to arrange with one of
1 More literally, " now inclining my head forward, and
now tossing it backward " ; that is, assenting one moment
and dissenting the next. To express disagreement, the head
was (and in Greece is now) thrown back, not shaken.

83
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
rrjv Kard^aaiv eXdovra irapa Teipeaiap rbv
Boimriov fiadelv irap avTOv are /xdvT€ci)<; kul
(TO(f)OV, rL<; eariv 6 dpi(TTO<; /3t09 Kal op dv rtf
e\.otTo ev (^povoiv.
Kat hrj dvairrjhrjaa^i 009 ei'xpv rd^ov^ ereivov
evdv BaySuXwi^o?* avyyiyvofiaL tivi
i\da>v he
TOiv ^a\8aLcov aro^ta dvBpl Kol decnreaiw rr)v
re'X^vrjv, ttoXi^ fi€V tt^v ko/mtiv, yeveiov Se fidXa
crefivov Kadeifxevw, rovvofia Be rjv avTW ^\idpo-
^ap^dvr)<;. SerjOel^ Be koI KaOiK€T€v<Ta<; poyi^;
iireTv^ov trap avTOu, €<p' otw ^ovXocto fiicrdo),
7 Ka6r)yi]<Taa0ai fioi oBov.
irapaXafioDV Be fie
ri]<;

evvea KaX eiKoanv dfia

6 dvT]p Trpcora /mev r)fj,epa<i
rfj (TeXrjvrj dp^dpevo^ eXove Kardywv ecodev cttI
TOP Kv(l>pdrr]v 7rp6<; dvia'XpvTa rov rfKiov, prjaiv
TLva fiaxpav iiriXeycov rj^ ov <T(f)6Bpa kut^kovov
utairep yap ol ^avXoi twv ev T0I9 dywac fcrjpvKoyv
eiriTpoxov Tt KaX aerate? ecfiOeyyeTO. ttXtjv ewKei
ye Tiva<i eiriKaXeladai, BaLp,ova<i. fierd 8' ovv
TT)V €Tr<pBT]v rpl<; dv p,ov tt/oo? to Trpoacorrov
aTTOTTTUcra?, eiravrjeL TrdXiv ovBeva twv diravrdiv-
TODV Trpoa^Xe-ncov. Kol ania fiev Tjv ri/xlv rd
dKpoBpva, TTOTOV Be ydXa Kal fieXvKpaTov KaX to
Tov XoaCTTToy vBa>p, evvr) Be viraiOpio't eirX t^9
7r(Ja9.
'ETret S' a\t9 elye rr}<i irpoBLanrjaeo)^, irepX
/xeaaf vvKTaf iirX tov TlyprjTa irorafiov dyayoiv
eKdOrjpev re fie KaX direpba^e KaX irepirjyviaev
BaBX KaX aKiXXri KaX dXXoc<; TrXeioaiv, d/xa KaX
rijv eTTwBrjv eKeivrjv virorovdopvaa';. elrd p-e
oXov Karaixayevaa^ KaX trepteXOtov, iva p,r)
fiXaiTTOLfirjv VTTO T&v <f)aafidTa)V, iiravdyei et9
84
 ;

MENIPPUS
these men for my going down, and then to call upon
Teiresias of Boeotia and find out from him in his
capacity of prophet and sage what the best life was,
the life that a man of sense would choose.
Well, springing to my feet, I made straight for
Babylon as fast as I could go. On my arrival I
conversed with one of the Clialdeans, a wise man of
miraculous skill, with grey hair and a very majestic
beard ; his name was Mithrobarzanes. By dint of
supplications and entreaties, 1 secured his reluctant
consent to be my guide on the journey at whatever
price he would. So the man took me in charge, and
first of all, for twenty-nine days, beginning with the

new moon, he took me down to the Euphrates in the

early morning, toward sunrise, and bathed me
after which he would make a long address which I
could not follow very well, for like an incompetent
announcer at the games, he spoke rapidly and indis-
tinctly. It is likely, however, that he was invoking
certain spirits. Anyhow, after the incantation he
would spit in my face thrice and then go back again
without looking at anyone whom he met. We ate
nuts, drank milk, mead, and the water of the
Choaspes, and slept out of doors on the grass.
When he considered the preliminary course of
dieting satisfactory, taking me to the Tigris river
at midnight he purged me, cleansed me, and con-
secrated me with torches and squills and many other
things, murmuring his incantation as he did so. Then
after he had becharmed me from head to foot and
walked all about me, that I might not be harmed
by the phantoms, he took me home again, just as

85
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tr)v oIkiuv, ft)9 el^ov, avaTroSi^ovra, teal to Xoittov
8 afi(f)i ttXovv €'i')(Ofi€v. avTo<; fiev ovv ^wyiKrjv
riva iveBv aroXrjp ra TToXka eoiKvcav Tjj ^IrjSiKf],

i/xe 8e rovTOKTi(f>€p(op iveaxevaae, to5 triXa) kuX

rrj XeovTr) Kol irpoaeTt, rfj Xvpa, koI TrapeKeXev-
aaro, rjv ri<; epijTai /xe rovvofia, M.evcTr7rop fxt)

Xeyeiv, 'HpaKXea Se rj 'OSvaaea rj ^Op<f>ea,

*IA02
'fl<f Sr) Tt TOVTo, a> MeVtTTTre ; ov yap avvirjpii
rrjv alriav ovtc rov a')(r][iaro^ ovre twv
ovofidrcov.
MENinnos
Kat /j,r)v irpoSrfXov ye rovro Kal ov TravreXw?
airoppriTOV inel yap ovroi trpo r}p.S>v I^Sivret eh
"AiSov KareXrjXvOeaav, rjyeiTO, et fie arreiKaaeiev
avToU, paSico<; av rrjv tov AlaKOv (ppoupav 8ia-
Xadelv Kul aKQ}XvT(o<i av irapeXOelv are avv-qde-
arepov, rpayiKOi<i jxdXa TrapaTrefnro/xevov viro rov
a'^rjfiaTO'i.
9 "HSt; S' ovv V7re(f)aivev r}p,epa, Kal KareXOovre^;
€Trl TOV TTorafiov irepl dvayojyrjv eyiyvofieda.
irapea Kevaaro 6' ainco Kal (tku^o^ Kal lepela koI
fieXiKparov Kal dXXa oaa irpo^; tijv reXerrfv
'^pr)(Ti,fia. ifi^aXofievoi ovv diravra rd irape-
<rKeva<Tfieva ovra) 8r) Kal avTol

^aivo/M€v d'^vvfievoi, daXtpov Kard 8dKpv

)(^eOVT€<i,

86
 ;

MENIPPUS
I was, walking backward. After that, we made
ready for the journey. He himself put on a
magician's gown very like the Median dress, and
speedily costumed me in these things which you
see— the cap, the lion's skin, and the lyre besides
and he urged me, if anyone should ask my name,
not to say Menippus, but Heracles or Odysseus or
Orpheus.

FRIEND
What was his object in that, Menippus? I do
not understand the reason either for the costume
or for the names.

MENIPPUS
Why, that, at any is obvious and not at all
rate,
shrouded in mystery. Since they had been before
us in going down to Hades alive, he thought that
if he should make me look like them, I might easily
slip by the frontier-guard of Aeacus and go in un-
hindered as something of an old acquaintance for ;

thanks to my costume they would speed me along

on my journey just as they do in the plays.^
Well, day was just beginning to break when we
went down to the river and set about getting under
way. He had provided a boat, victims, mead, and
everything else that we should need for the I'itual.
So we shipped all the stores, and at length ourselves
" Gloomily hied us aboard, with great tears falling
profusely." ^

^ There were many comedies with this motive. The only

one extant is the Frogs of Aristophanes, where Dionysus
descends in the costume of Heracles.
/. 11, 5.
87
 —
THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kal fjiexpt l^^v Tivo<; vTrecpepo/j-eda iv ra> Trora/icT,
elra Se elaeTrXeva a/xev ei? to eXo? fcal rrjv Xlfivrjv
et? fjv 6 EiV(f)pdTr](; a^avi^erai. irepatcodevTe^ 8e
Koi ravTijv a^iKvovfxeda eh ri 'X^wpiov eprj/xov kuI
vX(o8e<; Kol dvijXiov, et? o kuI 8r) d'jro0dvTe<; —
riyeiTO Be 6 M^iOpo/Sap^avrj^ —
^odpov re oopv^d/xeOa
Kal rd firjXa Karecr(f>d^afu,ev koI to alp-a irepl
avrov ecnreifrap.ev. 6 he fidyof; iv ToaovTW haha
KaiopLevrjv e%a)i/ ovKer rjpeixaia tt] <f)Q}vfj, Tra/j,-

fi€y€Oe<; Be, to? olo? re ^v, dvaKpayoov Baip.ovd<i rt

6/jlov TrdvTa<; eire^odro /cal Ilocvd<i Kal ^Fiptvva<i

Kal vv-)(iav 'EiKdTijv Kal e-waivr^v Yiepcrec^oveiav,

TrapafMiyvv'i dfia ^ap^apiKd riva Kal dai]/xa
ovofuna Kal iroXvcyvWa^a.
10 Eu^u? ovv diravra eKelva ecraXeueTO Kal vtto
Ti}?eVw^r}? rouBa(f)0<i dvepprjyvuro Kal vXaKrj rov
Kep^epov iroppcoOev rjKOveTO Kal to irpdypa
vTrepKar7]^e<i rjv Kal o-KvdpeoTTOV.

eBBeiaev 8' virevepdev ava^ evepwv 'Ai'Seorey?

Karei^aivero yap rd TrXelara, Kal 17 Xip-vt] Kal

rjBrj

6 HvpL^Xeyedcov Kal rov YiXovrcovo^ rd ^acriXeia.

KareXd6vre<i B' 6[xw^ Bid rov x^afiaro<i rov /xev
'VaBdp,av6vv evpo/xev redveoira /xiKpov Betv vtto
rov Beov<;' u Be Kep/5ep09 vXaKrrjae fiev ri kuI
rrapeKivrjcre, Ta')(y Be /xov Kpov(Tavro<; rijv Xvpav
irapaxp^P-Ci eKtjXijdr] rov fieXov^. eirel Be
vtto
7r/)o<? rrjv Xi,/j,vr]v d(^LK6p.eda, puKpov fiev ovBe
i7repai,d)dr)fi€v' rjv ydp 7rXi]p€<; rjBr) ro rropO fielov
Kal ol/jLa)yr]<i avdirXeiov, rpavp.ariai Be irdvre'i

* Source of the verse unknown. * Jliad, 20, 61.

88
 ^ —
MENIPPUS
For a space we drifted along in the river, and
then we sailed into the marsh and the lake in which
the Euphrates loses itself. After crossing this, we
came to a deserted, woody, sunless place. There
at last we landed with Mithrobarzanes leading the
way ; we dug a pit, we slaughtered the sheep, and
we sprinkled their blood about it. Meanwhile the
magician held a burning torch and no longer
muttered in a low tone but shouted as loudly as
he could, invoking the spirits, one and all, at the
top of his lungs ; also the Tormentors, the Furies,
" Hecate, queen of the night, and eery Perse-
phoneia."*
With these names he intermingled a number
of foreign-sounding, meaningless words of many
syllables.
In a trice the whole region began to quake,
the ground was rent asunder by the incantation,
barking of Cerberus was audible afar off, and
things took on a monstrously gloomy and sullen
look.

"Aye, deep down it affrighted the king of the

dead, Aidoneus" —
for by that time we could see almost everything
the Lake, and the River of Burning Fire, and the
palace of Pluto. But in spite of it all, we went
down through the chasm, finding Rhadamanthus
almost dead of fright. Cerberus barked a bit, to be
sure, and stirred slightly, but when I hastily
touched my lyre he was at once bewitched by the
music. When we reached the lake, however, we
came near not getting across, for the ferry was
already crowded and full of groaning. Only
89
VOL. IV, D
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
iiriirXeov, 6 fiev to (TKeXo<i, 6 Bk rrjv Ke^aXrjV, o
8e dWo rt o-vvTCTpt/jL/xivo^, ifiol BoKeiv, €K tivo<;
iroXifiov irapovre^.
"OfX(ti<i S' ovv 6 ^k\rL<no<t l^dpcov o)? elBe ttjv

Xeovrrjv, ol'r]dei<i fie TOv'HpaKXea elvai, etaeoe^aro

Kcu BieiropO fievaev re dcrpevo^ koI airo^aai
1 1 Bi€(ri]fx,r]ve TTjv arpaiTov. eVet Be rjfiev ev tw
(TKOTW, irpOTjei fiev 6 MiOpo^ap^dvrji;, elirofATjv Be
iyo) KaroTTiv e%o/A€i/09 avrov, ea)9 tt/oo? Xeifitova

/jbiyiaTov a^iKvovfxeOa tc3 d(T(f)oBeXa) Kardt^vTov,

evda Bt) TrepierrerovTO r)fid<; Terpiyvlai tmu veKpcav
ai (TKiai. Kar oXlyov Be irpolovje^ ntapayiyvo-
jxeOa irpo'i ro rov Mtveoo? BiKaarijpiov' erv'yyave
Be 6 i^ev eirl dpovou Tivo<i vy^rjXov Kadrjp.evo<i,
irapeiarrjKearav Be avrS) Uoival Kal ^Epivve<; kuI
'AXacTTO/oe?. erepcodev Be ir pocrijyovro ttoXXol
rive^ e(f)e^r)<;, dXvaec fiaKpd BeBefxevoi' eXeyovro
Be elvat fiotxol icaX iropvo^oaKoi koI reX&vac koI
KoXaxe^ Kal avKo^avTai Koi rotovTO^ 6/j.iXo<i rwv
irdvTa KVKWVTWV ev r^ ySt'eo. %&)/3t9 Be o'C re
TrXovaiot Kal TOKoyXvcfioi irpoarjecrav w^pol koI
Trpoyd(TTope<; Kal iroBaypol, kXolov €Kaaro<; avrtav
Kal KopaKa BirdXavrov eiriKeip.evo'i. e^e<noire<;
ovv r]/jL€i<; ewp&fjiev re ra ytyvo/neva koI tjKovofiev

TMv dTToXoyovfjLevcov Karrjyopovv Be avrojv Kaivoi

Tiv€<i Kal TrapdBo^ot pr^rope^.

* Supposed to refer to the disasters of a.d. 161 in the

Parthian war.

90
 MENIPPUS
wounded men were aboard, one injured in the
leg, another in the head, and so on. They
were there, in my opinion, through some war
or other. 1
However, when good old Charon saw the lion-skin
he thought that I was Heracles, so he took me in,
and not only ferried me across gladly but pointed
out the path for us when we went ashore. Since we
were in the dark, Mithrobarzanes led the way and
I followed after, keeping hold of him, until we
reached a very large meadow overgrown with
asphodel, where the shades of the dead flitted
squeaking about us. Going ahead little by little,
we came to the court of Minos. As it chanced,
he himself was sitting on a lofty throne, while
beside him stood the Tormentors, the Furies, and
the Avengers. From one side a great number of
men were being led up in line, bound together
with a long chain they were said to be adulterers,
;

procurers, tax-collectors, toadies, informers, and all

that crowd of people who create such confusion in
life. In a separate company the millionaires and
the money-lenders came up, pale, pot-bellied, and
gouty, each of them with a neck-iron and a
hundred-pound "crow" upon him.^ Standing by,
we looked at what was going on, and listened to
the pleas of the defendants, who were prosecuted
by speakers of a novel and surprising sort.
* We are left to conjecture as to the nature of Lucian's
"crow," for the word does not seem to be used elsewhere
in a similar application. The extreme weight, however,
suggests something resembling a ball-and-chain, a weight
attached by a hook to a chain which perhaps was fastened
to the neck-iron. It would have to be carried in the
hand.
91
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
*IAOS
TiV€<i ovTOi, 7rpo<i Ato<> ; firj yap OKvrjarj^ koI
TOVTo eiirelv.

MENinnos
OlaOd TTov TavTaal t^9 Trpo? top ^\iov diro-
T€\ovfi€va<; (TKia^i vtto t&v ato/xdrcov ;

4>IA02
Udvv fj^v ovv.
MENinnos
Avrai roivvv, ineiSdv diroOdvwfxev, kuttj-
yopovcrc re koI KarafiapTvpovai kuI 8t€\iy)(^ovcTi
TO. TTeirpaypbiva rj/xiv Trapd top ^iov, KaX (T<^6hpa
Tiv€<i d^ioTTicrTOt SoKovatv are del cruvovcrai Kal
firjheTrore d^icyrdpuevai,rwv (TCOfidTcov.
12 'OS' ovv M.LVco<{ €7nfjL€\a)<i i^erdt^tov direireiMTrtv
eKaarov 649 top twv dae^oov ^((opop SIktjp v(f)€^0PTa
Kar^ d^iap twj/ TeToX.fxr)/j,€PQ)v, Kal fidXiara
cKeipcov riTTTero tcop iirl Tr\ovTOi<; re Kal dp)(^al<;
T€Tv({>o)fi6P(OP Kal Kal TrpoaKVPeiadai
fiopopou')(l
TTepipbepoPTwp, Trjp re 6Xtyo')(^p6piop dXa^opeiap
ai/Tcov Kal rrjp vTrepoyjnap fivaaTTOfxepo^;, Kal on
fjii} €p,€p.pr]pro Oi'rjTOL re 6pTe<i avTol Kal Oprjrcov
dyaOSiP TeTV)(r]K6r€^. ot Be dirohvadpepoi rd
Xa/MTrpd €Ketpa irdpra, irXoinovi Xeyay Kal yeprj
Kal hvpa(Treia<i, yvfivol Kara) vepevKOTd irapei-
(nrjKeaav oyairep ripd opeipop dpairep.Tral^op.epoi
rf]v Trap rj/xip evSaifWpiap' war eycoye ravra
6p5)P u7rep€)(^ai.pop Kal et ripa ypcoplcraip,i avrcop,
irpocTioov dp rjav^rj 7r&)9 VTrepLfxprjcTKOP olo<; rjp
trapd TOP filop Kal rfXiKov €(f>vaa t6t€, ^pUa

92
 ;

MENIPPUS
FRIEND
Who were they, in Heaven's name ? Don't
hesitate to tell me tliat also.

MENIPPUS
You know these shadows that our bodies cast in
the sunshine ?

FRIEND
Why, to be sure !

MENIPPUS
Well, when we die, they prefer cliarges and give
evidence against us, exposing whatever we have
done in our lives ; and they are considered very
trustworthy because they always keep us company
and never leave our bodies.
But to resume, Minos would examine each man
carefully and send him away to the Place of the
Wicked, to be punished in proportion to his crimes
and he dealt most harshly with those who were
swollen with pride of wealth and place, and almost
expected men to bow down and worship them for ;

he resented their short-lived vainglory and super-

ciliousness, and their failure to remember that they
themselves were mortal and had become possessed
of mortal goods. So, after stripping off all their
—
quondam splendour wealth, I mean, and lineage
—
and sovereignty they stood there naked, with
hanging heads, reviewing, point by point, their
happy life among us as if it had been a dream. For
my part I was highly delighted to see that, and
whenever I recognized one of them, I would go up
and quietly remind him what he used to be in life
and how puffed up he had been then, when many men

93
 :

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

TToWol /iev ewdev iirl r&v ttvXmvcov TrapeLaT^fceaav
Tr}v npooBov avTOv TrepifiivovTe'i ooOov/jievoi re kuI
airoKXecofMevoc Trpo? tcoi' ocKercov' 6 8e /ioXt? dv
TTore avareC\.a<i avTOi<; 'irop(f>vpov'; rt? rj TTepl')(pv(TO<i
q OLaTToiKiXoti ev8alfxova<i aiero koI fiaKapiov;
airo^aiveiv tov<: irpoaetirovTa'i, el ^ to (rrr]6o<i rj
T7)v he^LCLv Trporelvwv hoir] KaratpiXeiv. cKelvoi
fieV OVV T^VICOVTO dKOVOVT€<i.
13 T« 8e Mt'i/ft) fiia ti<; koI 7rpb<; ^a/Jtv ehiKaadrj'
rov <ydp rot ^iKe\i.corr]v Aiovvaiov ttoWu ye kuI
Seivd /cat dvocna vtto re Ai,(apo<; KaTijyoprjdevTa
Koi VTTO Tr]<i (TKLcci Karafiaprvp7]6ivra trapeXOcov
ApLaTLTnro<i o Kvprjvalo<; dyovai S' avrov iv —
Tip,7J KoX Bvvarai p^eycarov iv TOi<i kuto) p,iKpov —
Belv rfi Xipalpa irpoahedevra^ nrapeXvae Tf]<i
KaraScKrjf; Xeycov 7roWol<; avrov rSiv TreTratSev-
pevoov 7r/J09 dpyvpiov yeveadai Be^iov.
14 'AiTocrTai'Te*? Be 6p,a)<; rov BiKacxTTjpiov 7r/3o<? to
KoXaarijpiov dt^iKvovpeda. evda Brj, Si (piXoTrj'i,
iroXXd Kol eXeeivd rjv kcu aKovcrai /cal IBelv
pucrriycov re yap 6p,ov \lr6(f>o^ r^Kovero koI olpcoyt)
Tcov cttI tov irvpo'i oTrrcop^ivcov koI crTpi^Xai kuI
KV(f>Q)ve<; Kal Tpoxoi, koI rj X.tpaipa iaTrdparrev
Kol 6 Kep/3eyoo9 eBdpBaTrrev. eKoXd^ovTo re dpa
7rdvTe<i, /SacrtXet?, BovXoi, aarpdirai, irevqTe^,
irXovaioL, wroi^oi, koX p,eTep,eXe irdai rwv re-
ToXp,r)p,€Vcov. iviov<i Be avrcov kol iyvcopiaapev

* ej Dindorf : fi &, fiv y.

* trporeQfvra Seager, Fritzsche. But compare Horace
Carm. i. 27, 23-24
Vix illigatum te triformi
Pegasus eipediet Chimaera.

94
 !

MENIPPUS
stood at liis portals in the early morning awaiting
his advent, hustled about and locked out by his
servants, while he himself, bursting upon their
vision at last in garments of purple or gold or gaudy
stripes, thought that he was conferring happiness
and bliss upon those who greeted him if he
proffered his right hand or his breast, to be covered
with kisses. They chafed, I assure you, as they
listened
But to return to Minos, he gave one decision by
favour ; for Dionysius of Sicily had been charged
with many dreadful and impious crimes by Dion as
prosecutor and the shadow as witness, but Aristippus
of Cyrene appeared — they hold him in honour, and
he has very great influence among the people of
—
the lower world and when Dionysius was within
an ace of being chained up to the Chimera, he got
him let off from the punishment by saying that
many men of letters had found him obliging in
the matter of money.^
Leaving the court reluctantly, we came to the
place of punishment, where in all truth, my friend,
there were many pitiful things to hear and to see.
The sound of scourges could be heard, and there-
withal the wails of those roasting on the fire there
;

were racks and pillories and wheels Chimera tore

;

and Cerberus ravened. They were being punished

all together, kings, slaves, satraps, poor, rich, and
beggars, and all were sorry for their excesses. Some
of them we even recognized when we saw them, all

* Aristippus had lived at the court of Dionysius the

Younger. Among the men of letters there present were
Plato, Xenoerates, Speusippos, and Aesohines the Socratic.

95
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
IBovrc;, OTToaoi rjaav rwv €va<y')(^o'i TereXevTrjKOTcov'
oi he eveKaXvTTTOvTo re koL aTrecrrpe^ovTo, el Se
Kol irpoa ^Xevoiev jxaXa SouXoTrpeTre? tl koL
,

KoXuKevTiKov, KoX ravTu TTw? oi'et /3apei9 6vTe<i

Koi virepoTTTai irapa rov ^iov ; rot? fievroi
irevrjaiv rjfxtTeXeia twv kukcov iSiSoro, koI
SiavaTravofievoi iraXcv eKoXd^ovTO. xal fx-qv
KUKelva elhov ra fivdooSr}, rov 'l^Lova koX rov
Xi<TU(f)ov Kul rov ^pvya TdvTokov, ;;^a\e7ra)9 ye
e^ovra,^ kuI rov yrjyei^rj Tirvov, 'HpdK\ei<i 6ao<i'
eKeiro yovv roirov ini'X^cov dypov.
15 Ai€\d6vre<i Se xal rovrov<; eh to ireZiov
ela^aXXofiev ro 'A')(epov(riov, evpia-Ko/xiv re
avroOc Toy? rjpjtOeovi re kcu ra? rjpmva^; Kal rov
dWov ofiiXov rcov vexpwv Kara edvr) Ka\ Kara
<^u\a Btairo)/ji6vov<;, roix; fiev 7ra\aiov<; rtva<; Kal
€vp(orcMvra<; Kal w? (f>'t](TLV "OfMrjpoi;, d/jL€vr]vov^,
Toy? S' ert v€a\ei<i Kal avvearrjKora'i, Kal fxaXiara
T0U9 AlyvTrrcovt avrSiv Sia to iroXvapKe^ t»7?
Ta/jt%eiai?. to fievroi SiayiyvcoaKetv eKaarov ov
Trdvv rcTjv pdhiov diravref; yap dre-)(yw dWrjXoi'i
yiyvovrai op^oioi rSiv 6ara>v yeyvfivayfievcov. irXrjv
dX\a fioyi<; re Kal hid ttoWov dvadewpovvre^
avrov<i iytyvcocTKo/iev. cKeuvro S' eir aK\rfkoi,<i
dp^avpol Kal darjfioi Kal ovhev en ra>v irap tj/jliv
KaXSiv ^v\drrovre<i. dfieXet iroWcov ev ravrS
(TKeXercav Keifievoyv Kal irdvrwv 6fioico<; <f>o^ep6v ri
Kal BidKevov hehopKorcov Kal yv/j.vov<i rov<i 6h6vra<i

*
X"^*'"'*' 7* ?x<"'^* A.M.H. :
x*^^"''"'! t€ Ix*"^" ^- Not
in PN. Frilzsche reads xo^*'""' &\ye' ^x""^"'

^ A reflection (purposely bald and prosaic, in order to

96
 —
MENIPPUS
that were recently dead. But they covered their
faces and turned away, and if they so much as
cast a glance at us, it was thoroughly servile and
obsequious, even though they had been unimaginably
oppressive and haughty in life. Poor people, how-
ever, were getting only half as much torture and
resting at intervals before being punished again.
Moreover, I saw all that is told of in the legends
Ixion, Sisyphus, Tantalus the Phrygian, who was
certainly in a bad way,^ and earth born Tityus
Heracles, how big he was Indeed, he took up land
!

enough for a farm as he lay there ^ !

After making our way past these people also, we

entered the Acherusian Plain, where we found the
demigods and the fair women and the whole crowd
of the dead, living by nations and by clans, some of
them ancient and mouldy, and, as Homer says,
"impalpable," while others were still well preserved
and substantial, particularly the Egyptians, thanks
to the durability of their embalming process. It
was not at all easy, though, to tell them apart, for
all, without exception, become precisely alike when
their bones are bare. However, with some difficulty
and by dint of long study we made them out. But
they were lying one atop of another, ill-defined,
unidentified, retaining no longer any trace of earthly
beauty. So, with many skeletons lying together,
all alike staring horridly and vacuously and baring

fetch a smile) of Homer's x«^«f' &>^y^ exoyra (Odyssey, 11,

582).
*He covered nine pelethra; Odyssey, 11,577; unfortunately
we do not know how much a Homeric pelethron was. But
when Athena took the measure of Ares, who could shout as
loud as nine or ten thousand soldiers, it was but seven
pelethra {11. 5, 860; 21, 407).

97
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ifiavrov wrivc 8ia-
'irpo(f)aiv6vT(ov, r]Tr6povv irpo'i
fcptvacfii rov ©epaiTrjv diro rov koXov Nt/je'eo? rj
TOP fieTaizTjp ^\pov atro rov ^aiaKcov ^acrtXeco^ rj
Hvppiav rov fidyeipov uTrb rov ^AyafMefMvovo<i.
ovSev yap en rojv ira\aio)V yvfopiafidrcov avrol<i
irapefievev, dW ofioia rd ocrrd rjv, dhrfka koX dv-
€7riypa(f>a koI vtt ovSevo^ en BiaKpLveaOac Bvvd-
fieva.
16 Tocydprot eKCiva opwvri fioi iSoKci 6 rcov
dv6 pcoTTbiv ^LO<i TTOfiirfj rivi p,a/cpd irpoaeoLfcivai,
^opr)y€tv Se Kal Siardrreiv eKaara r] Tv'xr), Sid-
<f)opa Kal TTOLKika rol^; rro/u,7revra2<i rd ayrjixara
TTpoadrrrovaa' rov fiev yap Xa^ovcra, et, Ti/^ot,
^aaiKiKO)^ SiecTKevaaev, ridpav re emdelaa Kal
Bopv(f>6pov^ Trapa^ovaa Kal rijv Ket^aXrjvare^^aaa
rS) BiaBtjfxarc, r& he OLKerov (T'xi]/jLa TrepiedrjKev
rov he riva koKov elvai eKocrfxiiaev, rov he dfiopcpov
Kal yeXolov irapeaKevaaev Travro8a7rr)v ydp,
oljxai, Sec yeveadai rrjv Oeav. 7roXXdKi<i he nal
hid fie<Tr)<i t^9 tto/attj)? fiere^aXe rd ivicov (T')(r)ixara
ovK ecbaa el<i reXo^ hta7T0fx,7rev(Tai a)9 erd')(dri(7av,
aXKa ixerajK^teaaaa rov fiev Kpoiaov r^vdyKaae
rrjv rov olKerov Kal al-)(^/jiaXci)rov cTKevrjv dvaXa-
^elv, rov he Maidvhpiov rea)<; ev rol<; oiKerai'i
rrofiirevovra rr)v rov IloXvKpdrov<i rvpavviha
fierevehvae. Kal fJ'€Xpi' P'^v rivo<; etaae '^^prjaOai
Tft) axvi-^CLri' iirethdv he 6 t^9 Tro/iTr?)? Kaip6<i
rrapeXdrj, rrjviKavra e/tacrro? dirohovf; rrjv cTKevrjv
Kal aTTohvadixevot ro a^^p-a fierd rov a(t)p.aro<i
eyevero olotrrrep r]v irpo rov yeveadai, fiTjhev rov
TrXrjalov hiacfiepcov. evioi he vtt dyvtofioavvr}^,
iirethdv dirairfi rov Koap.ov emardaa "q Tt/^iy,
98
 MENIPPUS
their teeth, I questioned myself how I could dis-
tinguish Thersites from handsome Nireus, or the
mendicant Irus from the King of the Phaeacians, or
the cook Pyrrhias from Agamemnon ; for none of
their former means of identification abode with
them, but their bones were all alike, undefined,
unlabelled,and unable ever again to be distinguished
by anyone.
So as I looked at them it seemed to me that
human life is like a long pageant, and that all its
trappings are supplied and distributed by Fortune,
who arrays the participants in various costumes of
many colours. Taking one person, it may be, she
attires him royally, placing a tiara upon his head,
giving him body-guards, and encircling his brow
with the diadem ; but upon another she puts the
costume of a slave. Again, she makes up one person
so that he is handsome, but causes another to be
ugly and ridiculous. I suppose that the show must
needs be diversified. And often, in the very middle
of the pageant, she exchanges the costumes of several
players; instead of allowing them to finish the
pageant in the parts that had been assigned to
them, she re-apparels them, forcing Croesus to
assume the dress of a slave and a captive, and shift-
ing Maeandrius, who formerly paraded among the
servants, into the imperial habit of Polycrates. For
a brief space she lets them use their costumes, but
when the time of the pageant is over, each gives
back the properties and lays off the costume along
with his body, becoming what he was before his
birth, no different from his neighbour. Some, how-
ever, are so ungrateful that when Fortune appears
to them and asks her trappings back, they are vexed

99
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ax^ovrai re xal dyava/cTovcrip oiairep ocKeicov
TivSiv (TTepKTKofievoi KoX ov)(^ a TTpbg oXCyov ixPV'
aavTo aTTo8iB6vr€<;.
Olfiai 8e (re koX twv evrt rrj^ (TKr}V7]<; 7roWd.Ki<;
kcopaKevat Tov<i TpayiKov<; vTro/cpira^; tovtov<; 7rpb<;
Ta9 ^(^/jeta? rcov hpafidrcov dprt, p.ev K.p€ovTa<i,
eviore he Ylpidfwv<i yoy vofxivovi rj ^ Ay a fii/xvova^,
Kot o auT09, el rvxpt, fiiKpov e/jLirpocrdev fidXa
aefivSiq TO Tov Ke/cpoTTO? rj ^¥^pe)(dea)<i a-^jripLa
/xi/jbr]crd/x€vo<; fier okiyov oiKeTij'i irporfkOev inro
TOV TToirjTOv K€Ke\evcr [jAvo<i- rjhrf he Trepan; €XOVto<;
TOV hpapxiTO^ dTTohv(7dp.evo<i CKacrToq avTMV ttjv
Xpvo'oTraaTOv eKeivr^v iadqra xal to irpoaairelov
dTro6efievo<; koI Kara^ds aTro twv ifi^aTcov 7revT)<;
Kal TUTreivb^ Trepleicnv, oukct ^Ayafjue/ivoyv 6
'Arpect)? ovhe Kpetov 6 Meyot/cew?, dWd
Il(b\o<i
Xapi/cXeou? '^ovviev<; 6vofxa^6/jLevo<i rj ^dTVpo<i
%eoye'iTovo^ Mapadcovto<;. ToiavTa xal ra tmv
dvdpciiirayv TrpdyfiaTd iaTiv, a>9 Tore fxoi opcovTi
eho^ev.
*IA05
17 EtTre fioi, Si tou? TroXuTeXei?
Mei^tTTTre, ol he
T0VT0v<; Kol vylrrjXov^i e^ovTe^ virep 7^9
Tdcf)ov<;
KOL crT'^\a<i Kal eiKova^ kol eTnypd/jifiaTa ovhev
TifiiooTepoi Trap* avTolf elcri tS)v ihttoTOiv veKpSov ;

MENinnos
yovv ^avatoXov
—Xeyoi he tov K.apa, tov tov
Kripel'i, Si ovTO'i' el ededcrco
avTov, eK tov tu^ov
Trepi^orjTov— ev alha oti ovk dv eiravao) yeXoiv,
ovTco TaireLvo'i eppiTTTO ev Trapa^vaTOi wov
100
 MENIPPUS
and indignant, as if they were being robbed of their
own property, instead of giving back what they had
borrowed for a little time.
I suppose you have often seen these stage-folk
who act in tragedies, and according to the demands
of the plays become at one moment Creons, and
again Priams or Agamemnons ; the very one, it may
be, who a short time ago assumed with great dignity
the part of Cecrops or of Erectheus soon appears as
a servant at the bidding of the poet. And when
at length the play comes to an end, each of them
strips off his gold-bespangled robe, lays aside his
mask, steps out of his buskins, and goes about in
poverty and humility, no longer styled Agamemnon,
son of Atreus, or Creon, son of Menoeceus, but Polus,
son of Charicles, of Sunium, or Satyrus, son of Theo-
giton, of Marathon. 1 That is what human affairs are
like, it seemed to me as I looked.

But tell me, Menippus those who have such

;

expensive, high monuments on earth, and tomb-

—
stones and statues and inscriptions are they no
more highly honoured there than the common dead ?

MENIPPUS
Nonsense, man ! If you had seen Mausolus him-
self — mean the
I Carian, so famous for his monument
— I know rightwell that you would never have
stopped laughing, so humbly did he lie where he

^ Polus and Satyrus were famous actors, both of the fourth

century B.C.
 —
THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
XavOdvcov iv r& Xoittm 8'^/xq) rwv veKpwv, i/xol
8o/celv, rocrovrov airdKavwv rov fivi]fj.aTO<;, irap
oaov e^apvvero ttjXlkovtov a')(6o^ iTriKei/xevof;'
eTTeiSav yap, Si eralpe, 6 KlaKO<i afrofieTprjcrri
e/cao"TW Tov roirov, —
SlSaxri Be to /xeyiarov ov
irXiov 7ro5o9 avdjKr] ayairwyra KaTaKelcrdai,
TT/oo? TO jxerpov crvve(nakp,evov. iroWS) 8' av
olfiai p,aWov iyi\a(Ta<;, el edeaao) Tov<i trap
qjMv ^aaiXea^ koX aarpd'jra'; irrw'xevovra'i Trap
avTOL<i Kal ^TOi TapL')(oira)\ovvra<i vir diropia^ r)
Ta TTpSiTa 8i8daKOvra<; <ypdp,p,ara Kal viro tov
TV')(^6vT0<i v^pi^op,evov<; Kal Kara K6ppr}<i iraio-
pevov<i coairep tmv avSpairoStov ra dTiporara.
^IXiinrov yovv tov Ma«e8ova €70) deaadpuevo^
ovBe KpaTelv epavTOv BuvaTOf; rjv eBei'X^dr} Be tioi
iv ycovia tivi piaOov dKovp,evo<; to, aadpa tmv
vTToBrjpdTcov. 7roX\ov<i Be xal dWov<; ^v IBelv iv
Tat9 TpioBoif; p€TatTovvTa<i, Ee/o^a? Xeyco xal
AapeLov<i kuI n.oXvKpdTa<:.

«IA02
18 "Atottu Birjyjj to. rrepl tmv ^aaCXeoav Kal puKpov
Belv airicTTa. Tt Be 6 X(OKpdTr}<; etrpaTTev koI
Acoy€vr]<; Kal ei ti<; dXXo^ twv ao<p(ov ;

MENinno2
'O pLev 'Eo)KpdTT]<; KaKel irepieicnv BieXeyxwv
arravTa^' avveaTi B avT&TIaXapijBrj^: Kol^OBua-
aev<i Kal NecrT(op Kal et Ti<i dXXo^ XdXo<i veKp6<;.
€Ti pevToi iTr€<pvcrrjT0 avTO) Kal BimBtjkci. iK t?}?
<f>appaK07ro(XLa<i to, crKeXr]. 6 Be j3eXTi(TT0<i Ato-
yevrji; irapoiKel p,ev XapBavaTraXXcp t& 'A<T(Tvpi(p
 MENIPPUS
was flung, in a cubby-hole, inconspicuous among the
rest of the plebeian dead, deriving, in my
opinion,
only this much satisfaction from his monument, that
he was heavy laden with such a great weight resting
upon him. When Aeacus measures off the space
for each, my friend —
and he gives at most not over
a foot —
one must be content to lie in it, huddled
together to fit its compass. But you would have
laughed much more heartily, I think, if you had
seen our kings and satraps reduced to poverty there,
and either selling salt fish on account of their needi-
ness or teaching the alphabet, and getting abused
and hit over the head by all comers, like the
meanest of slaves. In fact, when I saw Philip of
Macedon, I could not control my laughter. He was
pointed out to me in a corner, cobbling worn-out
sandals for pay !Many others, too, could be seen
—
begging at the cross-roads your Xerxeses, I mean,
and Dariuses and Polycrateses.

What you say about the kings is extraordinary

and almost incredible. But what was Socrates
doing, and Diogenes, and the rest of the wise men ?

MENIPPUS
As Socrates, there too he goes about cross-
to
questioning everyone. His associates are Palamedes,
Odysseus, Nestor, and other talkative corpses. His
legs, I may say, were still puffed up and swollen
from his draught of poison. And good old Diogenes
lives with Sardanapalus the Assyrian, Midas the
103
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Kai MtSa T(p ^pvyX Koi aX\ot<; Tial t&p ttoXvtc-
XwV CLKOVCCV he olfllO^OVTCOV avTcov Kal ttjv
iraXatav tvxv^ avafieTpovfxevoyv yeXa re koI
repireTai, xat, ra iroXXa v'itt(,o<; KaTaKei/jievo^ aSei
fxaXa Tpa')(^€La koX drrrjvel i-fi (f)Q)vfj ra<i ol/JLa>ya<i
avTcov eTriKaXvTTTcov, Mcrre aviacrdai rov<; av8pa<;
Kal SLaaKeTTTeadai fieroiKelv ov (pepovTWi top
^loyivrjv.

IA02
19 Tavrl fiev Ikuvw';' tl 8e to ^frr](|ilafla rjv, oirep
iv ap^y €Xeye<i K€Kvp(oa6ai Kara rtov TrXovalaiv

MENinnos
Ev 76 ov yap oW ottw^ Trepl rov-
V'jreixvrjaa<i'
rov Xeyeiv 7rpo0e/j,€vo<i rrdfnroXv dTre-jrXav^dTjv
Tov Xoyov.
AiarpL^ovToii yap /xov Trap' avTOL<; rrpovdeaav
twv Koivp avfi(^ep6v-
01 Trpvrdvei'i iKKXija-lav Trepl
rmv IScovovv iroXXov^ avvOeovTa^ dvajxi^aii
ifiavrov tol^ vsKpol^ evdv^ el? kcu avTO'i rjv roiv
eKKXr}(Tiaarcov. SiMKijOrj p,ev ovv Kal dXXa,
reXevralov he to irepl rSyv irXovaioov eirel yap
avTMV KanjyoprjTO iroXXd Kal heivd, ^la Kal
dXa^oveia Kal virepo-^ia Kal dhiKia, reXot
dvaa-rd^ Tt? t€)v Brjfiaywycov dveyvco ylr'^(f>i<r/xa
TOIOVTOV.

*H*I2MA
20 " 'ETretS^ iroXXd xal irapdvo/xa oi irXova-ioi
Spcbai irapd tov ^iov dp'ird^ovre<; Kal ^la^ofievoi
Kal iravra rpoirov rdv irevi^Tcov KaTa(f>povovvT€<i,
104
 ;

MENIPPUS
Phrygian, and several other wealthy men. As he
hears them lamenting and reviewing their former
good-fortune, he laughs and rejoices and often he
;

lies on his back and sings in a very harsh and un-

pleasant voice, drowning out their lamentations, so
that the gentlemen are annoyed and think of chang-
ing their lodgings because they cannot stand
Diogenes.

FRIEND
Well, enough of this, but what was the motion
that in the beginning you said had been passed
against the rich .''

MENIPPUS
Thanks for reminding me. Somehow or other,
in spite of my intention to speak about that, I went
very muchastray in my talk.
During my stay there, the city fathers called a
public meeting to discuss matters of general interest
so when I saw many people running in the same
direction, I mingled with the dead and speedily
became one of the electors myself. Well, various
business was transacted, and at last that about the
rich. After many dreadful charges of violence and
mendacity and superciliousness and injustice had
been brought against them, at length one of the
demagogues rose and read the following motion.

(motion)
"Whereas many lawless deeds are done in life
by the rich, who plunder and oppress and in every
way humiliate the poor,

105
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
" AeSo-x^dco ^ovXfi Koi t& hrnxw, eireiZav
TTJ
airoddvoiai, ra (TcofxaTa avTcov KoXd^ea-Oat
ixev
Kadairep koX to, tmv dWojv irovyipoiv, ra? 8e
-\|ri;^a9 dva7re/j,(pdeL<Ta^ dvoy el^; rov fftov /caraBve-

(jdai et9 Toi'9 ovov^y d)(pi<; dv ev tw roiovTw 8ia-

yaycoai /j,vpid8a<; eroiv Trivre Kal eoKoaiv, ovoi i^
bvwv '^L'^vdpuevoi Kal d)(9o(f)opovvT6(; Kal viro rSiv
Trevijrcov iXavvofievoi, rovvreuOev 8e \olitov i^elvai
avTol^ aTToOauelv.
" EtTTe rrjv yvoofirjv K-pavimv ^Ke\eri(ovo<i Ne«u-
crtei"? (pv\rj<i ^AXi,0avTi8o<i"

TovTov dvayvwadevTOf; rov \lr7](f)i(TfiaT0<; iire-

yjrijcfitaav /xev al dp^ai, €7re)(^ei,poT6vr]ae 8e rb
irXrjdo^ Kal i^pi/ji7](raTO rj Bpi/xo) Kal vXdKzrjcrev
o l^ep^epos' ovTO) yap ivreKy) yiyverai Kal Kvpia
• ra eyvcoa/xeva.
21 TavTa fjblv hrj aoi rd iv rfj eKKXrjaia. iyo) Be,
ovirep d(f)i,y/xr]v evsKa, tw Teipeaia irpoaeKdmv
iKerevov avrop rd irdvTa Sirjyqcrdfievof; eiiTeiv
TTpo? fie TTolov Tiva rjyelrai rov dpiarov ^iov. b
8e —
yeXdaa<i ecrri Se rv(f)\6v rt yepovrcov Kal
W-^pbv Kal XeTTTO^WVOV "'H T€KV0V," (PlJCTL,
" rrjv /lev alriav olhd am tt}? d'wopia'i on irapd
TMV cro<p(ov eyevero ov ravrd yiypcoaKovrcov eav-
Tol<;' drdp ov dep,i<i Xeyeiv 7rpb<i ere' d7Teipr]Tai yap
VTTO rov 'VaSap-di^Ovof;" " MT^Saytico?," e^rjv, " a)
rrarepiov, dXhJ el-rre Kal firj TrepiiB-rjf; p,€ <rov
rv(f)\6repov rrepuovra iv rm /Sift)." 6 Be Brj p.e

uTrayaycov Kal ttoXv rSiv dXXcou aTrocnrdaas

rjpefjLa irpoaKvy^a^ irpb'i rb ov<; (prja-iv, " 'O rcov
IBicorcbv dpiaro<i ^io^, Kal acocfipovearepoi;^ iravcrd-

io6
 MENIPPUS
"Be resolved by the senate and people, that
it
when they die their bodies be punished like those
of the other malefactors, but their souls be sent
back up into life and enter into donkeys until they
shall have passed two hundred and fifty thousand
years in the said condition, transmigrating from
donkey to donkey, bearing burdens, and being
driven by the poor and that thereafter it be
;

permitted them to die.

"On motion of Scully Fitzbones of Corpsebury,
Cadavershire."
After this motion had been read, the officials put
it to the vote, the majority indicated assent by the

usual sign, Brimo brayed and Cerberus howled. That

is the way in which their motions are enacted and
ratified.
Well, there you have what took place at the
meeting. For my part, I did what I came to do.
Going to Teiresias, I told him the whole story and
besought him to tell me what sort of life he con-
sidered the best. He laughed (he is a blind little
old gentleman, pale, with a piping voice) and said :

" My son, I know the reason for your perplexity ; it

came from the wise men, who are not consistent
with themselves. But it is not permissible to tell
you, for Rhadamanthus has forbidden it." " Don't
say that, gaffer," said I. "Tell me, and don't allow
me to go about in life blinder than you are." So he
took me aside, and after he had led me a good way
apart from the others, he bent his head slightly
toward my ear and said " The life of the common
:

sort is best, and you will act more wisely if you

^ Kol craxppovfffTtpos y : &s r^s h.^po<rvvr)s &.

107
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
/xevof Tov fiereoipoXoyelv /cal riXr) xal apxa<i
eiTLCTKO'irelvkoX KaraTTTVcra'; rcov ao(f>a)v tovtmv
avWoyicr/XMV Koi ra TOiavra \rjpov r)yr]crdfi€vo<i
TOVTO fiovov i^ UTravro'i Orjpdcrr), ottco'; to irapov
ev OefX€vo<i Trapa8pd/j,T]<i yeXayv ra noWa Kal
irepX firjoev iaTrovBaKO}^"

0)9 eitrmv irdXiv wpro Korf d(X(f)oBe\.ov Xetfiwva.

22 '£70) Be — —
Kol yap rjSrj 6^jre rjp ""Aye B^, Si
Midpo^ap^dvrj," (prjfjii, " Tt BiajxeWo jxev Kal ovk
aTTtfiev avdi<i ei? tov ^iov " ; 6 Be Trpo<i ravra,
" ®dpp€i," (f)r](riv, " m Mevnnre' rw^elav yap aoi
Kal dirpdy/xova viroBel^w drpairov^^ Kal Brf
dyayoov fie 7rpo<> rt ')(wpiov rov oKXov ^o(f>epdiT€pov
BeL^a<i TTJ X^ipl TToppfodev d/xavpov koI Xemov
Mairep Bid K\€i6pia<i (/xw? elapeov, " 'Kkcivo,^^ €(f)r],
" iaTiv TO lepov to Tpo(f)(Oi>iov, KciKeWev Kariaaiv
ol aTTo BofftjTta?. Tavrrjv ovv dvtOt, Kal evdv^
ea-T] iirl t-^? 'EX,XaSo9." rjaOeh Be Tol<i elprj/biivoi^i
iyo) Kal TOV fxdyov d<nraaap,evo'i '^^^aXeirco'; fiaXa
Bid TOV (TTOixiov dvepirvaa'i ovk olB^ 6ir(i)<i ev
Ae^aBela yiyvofiai.

108
 MENIPPUS
stop speculating about heavenly bodies and discussing
final causes and first causes, spit your scorn at those
clever syllogisms, and counting all that sort of thing
nonsense, make it always your sole object to put
the present to good use and to hasten on your way,
laughing a great deal and taking nothing seriously."
" So he spoke, and betook him again through the
asphodel meadow."^

As it was late by then, I said: "Come, Mithro-

barzanes, why do we delay ? Why not go back to
life again ? " To this he replied " Never fear,
:

Menippus I will show you a quick and easy short

;

cut." And then, taking me to a place murkier than

the rest of the region and pointing with his finger
to a dim and slender ray of light coming in as if
through a keyhole, a long way off, he said " That :

is the sanctuary of Trophonius, where the people

from Boeotia come down. So go up by that route

and you be in Greece directly."
will Delighted
with his words, I embraced the sorcerer, very
laboriously crawled up through the hole somehow,
and found myself in Lebadeia.
* Apparently a cento from Homer; cf, Odyssey, 11, 539.

T09
 ON FUNERALS
In the introductory note on Sacrifices (III. 153) it has been
indicated that Sacrifices and Funerals are closely related.
There is reason, I think, to believe that Sacrifices was written
later than Funerals, to be read in public as a continuation of
that piece. After the lecture it was put into circulation as a
separate piece because Funerals was already in the hands of
the public, and because the supplement seemed independent
enough to stand alone. Thus, without ignoring the fact that
the two pieces have come down to us separate, we may
account for the further fact that the first sentence of one
takes up the last sentence of the other as if it had been
meant to do so (see the note on p. 131).
Though Lucian here follows the Cynic pattern pretty
closely, and may indeed be drawing directly upon Bion the
Borysthenite (p. 128, note 1), there is a difference. He can-
not forget his inborn artistry and his rhetorical training. So,
instead of preaching at his hearers, he lectures to them,
censuring "the many" for the delectation of "the best."
Moreover, his constant desire for novelty in literary form
finds characteristic expression. In an inconspicuous way he
employs once more a "frame" device, somewhat as in the
Prometheus. The most usual form of this device, and the
oldest, is that in which dialogue " frames" narrative, as in
Lucian's /.orerq/"Xt>s, and Plato's PAaerfo. In the Prometheus,
—
dialogue forms a setting for plea and counter-plea the accusa-
tion of Hermes and the defence of Prometheus. Here, in
a setting of diatribe, we come upon threnody and para-
—
threnody the father's lament, and the dead son's reply. It
may be remarked also that the source and chfc^aeter of the
reply contribute a truly Lucianic fillip of surprise.

III
 HEPI HENeOTS

1 "A^iov ye Traparrjpelv to, vtto rcov ttoWwv iv

Tolf TTevdeai yfyvofieva /<al Xeyopeva koX to, vtto
TOiv TrapafivOovfxevtov Brjdev avTOV<; av6t<i \ey6-
fieva, Kul ft)9 d(f)6pr)Ta rjyovvrai to, avp-^aivovra
acf)i,at avTot^ oi oSvpofxevot
re kuI eKeivot,^ ov<i
oBvpovrat,, ov fia rov UXovrtova kol ^epcre^6vy]v
Kar ovSev einaTd/jbevot aaipw'i ovie el irovrjrd
Tavra Kai XvTrrj^; d^ia ovre el^ Tovvavjiov jjBia
Koi /SeX-Ttft) T0t9 iradovai, vopLW he koI crvvrjOeia
TYjv XvTTTjv eimpeiTovTe'i. eireiBav toIvvv diro-
6dvr) Tt<?, ovTQi TTOiovcriv — pdXXov 8e irporepov
elirelv ^ov\o/xai dajLva^i irepX avrov tov davdrov
B6^a<i €-)(ovcyLv ovtco yap ecnai (pavepop ovTivo<i
evefca to. irepnrd exelva eTriTrjBevovo'iv.
2 'O fiev St) ttoXv^ 6fJi,i\o<;, ov<; l8icoTa<; ol ao^ol
KoXovaiv, Kal 'HaioSw koI rot? dWoi'i
'Opbrjpoi re
fivBoTTOiolfi irepl rovrcov rretOofievoi Kal v6/.lov
depevov Trjv Troirjcnv avroov, tottov riva vtto rfj yfj
^aOvv "AiSrjv vTreiXrj^aaiv, peyav Be KaX ttoXv-
')(aipov TovTOv elvai Ka\ ^o^epov Kal dvrfkLov, ovk
oI8' 0770)9 auT0t9 4>coTL^€cr6aL BoKovvra 7rp6<i to
Kul Kadopdv roiv evovToav eKaaTov ^acrCkeveiv Be
Codices available in photographs : r, UPN.
* oirt c( vulg. : tirt fly, ij 3-
 ON FUNERALS
Truly, it is well worth while to observe what most
people do and say at funerals, and on the other
hand what their would-be comforters say to observe
;

also how unbearable the mourners consider what is

happening, not only for themselves but for those
whom they mourn. Yet, I swear by Pluto and
Persephone, they have not one whit of definite
knowledge as to whether this experience is un-
pleasant and worth grieving about, or on the con-
trary delightful and better for those who undergo
it. No, they simply commit their grief into the
charge of custom and habit. When someone dies,
—
then, this is what they do but stay First I wish
!

to tell you what beliefs they hold about death itself^

for then it will become clear why they engage in
these superfluous practices.
The general herd, whom philosophers call the
laity, trust Homer and Hesiod and the other myth-
makers in these matters, and take their poetry for a
law unto themselves. So they suppose that there is a
place deep under the earth called Hades, which is
large and roomy and murky and sunless I don't ;

know how they imagine it to be lighted up so that

everything in it can be seen. The king of the
113
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tov 'x^dcTfxaTO^ aBeX^bv tov Ai09 TTKovreova KeKKrj-
fiivov, CO? fioc rwv ra rocavra Seivatv rt? eXeye,
8ia TO TrXovrelp toi<; v€Kpol<i rfj irpocrrfyopia
TOVTOV Se TOV TiXovrava ttjv Trap
r€Ti/ii7)fX€Vov.
avrw TToXtrelav koI tov Kara) ^iov Karacnrjcraadai
TOIOVTOV K€KXr)pcbaOai fjL€V yap aVTOV ap^€LVT(OV
airoOavovTfOV, /caraSe^dfievov Be avTov<; Kal napa-
Xaj3ovTa KaTe')(^€iv Secr/iot? d(f)VKTOi<i, oi/Bevl to
irapdirav t?}? dvco oBov v(j)ie^€VOV irXrjv i^ diravTO';
TOV aloivo<i Trdvv oXlywv iirl /j,ey[(TTac<i alTiai^.
3 irepippelaOai Be ttjv ')((opav avTOv TTora/xol'i
/j,€ydXoi,<i re Kal (f)o^epoi<; Kal eK fjuovcov twv
ovop^uTcov KcoKVTol yap Kal Jlvpi(fiXeye0ovTe<i
Kal ra roiavra KeKXrjprai. ro Be ixeyicrrov, r)
^A^epovala Xifivrj TrpoKeirai irpcorTj Be-y^Ofievr]
rov<i diravTMvraf;, y)v ovk evi BiairXevaat rj

rrapeXOelv dvev rov iropOfieco^' ^aOeld re yap

Trepdaai roi^ irocrtv Kal Biavtj^aadai ttoXXtj, kuI
oX&)9 OVK dv avTT)v BiaTrrair} ovBe ra veKpd roiv
4 opvewv. irpo^ Be avrfj r^ KaOoBw Kal TrvXr) ovarj
dBapavTLvrj uBeXcfiiBov^ rov ^acnXeco^ Ata/<:o?
eajTjKe rrjv (ppovpdv i'7rirerpap,p,evo<; Kal rrap^
avrw Kvwv rpiKe(f)aXo<i fxdXa Kdp-x^apo^i, rov<i pev
d^iKvov pievovi <f>i,Xi6v ri Kal elprjvLKOv irpoa^Xe-
irtov, Tou? Be ireipwvra^ aTroBiBpdaKecp vXaKroiv
5 Kal T& 'X^dafxari BeBirT6pevo<i. TrepaicoOevra'i Be
TT)v XlpLvrjv €49 TO elaco Xeipbcov vTroBe~)(eraL p,eya<i

^ The Greeks derived the name Plouton (Pluto) from

ploutein (to be rich), and generally held that it was given
to Hades because he owned and dispensed the riches that
are in the earth. So Lucian in the yimon (21), Here, ho w-
114
 ON FUNERALS
abyss is a brother of Zeus named Pluto, who has
been honoured with that appellative, so I was told
by one well versed in such matters, because of
his wealth of corpses.^ This Pluto, they say, has
organized his state and the world below as follows.
He himself has been allotted the sovereignty of the
dead, whom he receives, takes in charge, and retains
in close custody, permitting nobody whatsoever to
go back up above, except, in all time, a very few
for most important reasons. His country is sur-
rounded by great rivers, fearful even in name for ;

they are called " Wailing," " Burning Fire," and the
like. But the principal feature is Lake Acheron,
which lies in front and first receives visitors it ;

cannot be crossed or passed without the ferryman,

for it is too deep to ford afoot and too broad to
—
swim across indeed, even dead birds cannot fly
across it ^! Hard by the descent and the portal,
which is of adamant, stands the king's nephew,
Aeacus, who is commander of the guard and be- ;

side him is a three-headed dog, very long-fanged,

who gives a friendly, peaceable glance to those who
come in, but howls at those who try to run away
and frightens them with his great mouth. After
passing the lake on going in, one comes next to a

ever, we have in substance the view of Cornutus (5) : "He

was called Pluto because, of all that is perishable, there is
nothing which does not at last go down to him and become
his propert}'."
* Many places on earth, men thought, exhaled vapours so

deadly that birds, attempting to cross them, fell dead the;

most famous of these " Plutonia" was the lake near Cumae,
called "Aopvos par excellence, whence Avernus. If live birds
could not fly across Avernus, surely the ghost of a bird
could not fly across Acheron.

"5
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tft) acr^oSeXa KaTd(f>VTO<i xal ttotov fiv^firj^ ttoXc-
fiiov A^Or)^ yovv 8ia rovro wvo/jLaarai. ravra
<yap afieXei SiT)yi]cravTO Tol<i iraXat, ixeWev
a(f)iy/j,evoL "AX/CT^crri? re Kal YlpcoTeaiXaofi oi
0eTTaX.ot KoX Sr](r€v^ 6 tov Klyewi koX 6 rov
'OfiTJpov 'OSfcrcreyf, fidXa aefivol koI d^toTnaToi
fidpTvpe^, ifiol 8oKeiv ov iriovre^ t^? ttj/^tJ?* ov
yap av ifxi/jbvrjvro avrSiV.
6 'O p,ev ovv YlXovTwv, Q)'i eKelvoi €(t)aa-av, kuI rj
^€pa€(f)ovr) SwaarevovcTi Kal rrjv tcov oXcov
heairoreiav exovcriv, vTrijpeTovai S' avTol<i Kal rrjv
dp^r]V avvZiaTT pdrrovcTLv 6')(Xo<i ttoXu?, 'E/jii/ue?
re Kal Woival Kal ^o^oi Kal 6 'Fipfirj*;, ovro<} jxiv
7 76 ovK del (TV/xirapoov. virapxoi he Kal aaTpd-rrat
Kal htKacnal KdOrjvTat Bvo, M/yw? re Kal *PaSa-
[UtvOvi 01 K.pr}T€(;, 6vre<i viol rov i^l6<;. ovtoi he
rov<; fiev dyadov<i tmv dvhpSiv Kal SiKaiov; Kal
Kar dperr^v /Se^KOKora^, iireiSdv (TvvaXiaOcoai
TToXXoi, KaOdnrep et9 aTroLKuav rivd irefiTrovaiv eh
TO ^HXvaiov TreSiov t& dplarm ^io) (Tvvecro/jb€vov<;.
8 av Si Tiva<; rcop Troprjpcop Xd^toai, rat? ^Kpivvcri
TrapaSovref et? rov r(ov dcre^Siv ^wpov elaire/j,-
TTovai Kara Xoyov rij^ dhiKia^ KoXaadrjaofievovi.
ev9a Bt] rl KaKwv ov 'jrd(T')(pvcn arpe^Xov/juevoi re
Kal Kaiofjbevot, Kal viro yvrrSiv iadiofievoi Kal
rpo'X^u) (TVfi'irepi4>ep6fievoL^ Kal Xidovf dvaKv-
Xi,ovre<; ; 6 fiev yap Tai'TaXo? eir avr^ rfi Xtfivrj
avo<i earrjKev Kiv8vvev(ov vtto St-v/roy? o KaKoSat/xcov
9 dirodavelv. ol he rov fieaov 0lov, ttoXXoI 6vre<i
ovTOL, ev ra> Xeificovt irXavSivrai dvev rav ato/xdrcov
axial yevofievoi Kal vtro rfj d<f)f) KaOdrrep Kairvb'i
* (rvfiirfpif(p6fA.tvot B61in de Balluu : <rvfi<(>(p6/ifvoi MSS.
tt6
 ON FUNERALS
great meadow overgrown with asphodel, and to a
spring that is inimical to memory in fact, they
;

call it " Oblivion " for that reason. All this, by

the way, was told to the ancients by people who
came back from there, Alcestis and Protesilaus of
Thessaly, Theseus, son of Aegeus, and Homer's
Odysseus, highly respectable and trustworthy wit-
nesses, who, I suppose, did not drink of the spring,
or else they would not have remembered it all
Well, Pluto and Persephone, as these people said,
are the rulers and have the general over-lordship,
with a great throng of understrappers and assistants
in administration — Furies, Tormentors, Terrors, and
also Hermes, who, however, is not always with them.^
As prefects, moreover, and satraps and judges, there
are two that hold court, Minos and Rhadamanthus
of Crete, who are sons of Zeus. These receive the
good, just men who have lived virtuously, and when
many have been collected, send them off, as if to a
colony, to the Elysian Fields to take part in the best
life. But if they come upon any rascals, turning
them over to the Furies, they send them to the
Place of the Wicked, to be punished in proportion
to their wickedness. —
There ah what punishment
!

do they not undergo? They are racked, burned,

devoured by vultures, turned upon a wheel they ;

roll stones uphill ; and as for Tantalus, he stands

on the very brink of the lake with a parched throat,
like to die, poor fellow, for thirst !But those of
the middle way in life, and they are many, wander
about in the meadow without their bodies, in the
form of shadows that vanish like smoke in your

^ Hermes had to serve two masters, Zeus and Pluto.

Dovmward Journey, 1-2 (ii, 5).
117
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
d(f)avt^ofi€voi,. Tp€<povTai Se dpa rai<i irap rjfiiv
j(oal<i Kul Toif KaOayc^o/xii'ot.'; eVt rwu rd<pwv' o)?
el Tft) fMrj €17] KaTa\e\€ifj,/xevo<; vrrep 7779 ^tXo? 17
avyy€vrj<;, dairof ol»to9 V6Kp6<i koI XificoTToyv iv
avTOL<; TToXireveTai.
10 TavTu ovTa><; l(T')(yp5><i •nepieXrfKvde rovf
TToWov^ (oare ineiSdv Ti? diroddvr) rwv OiKeidiv,
irpwra /j,ev (f)epovr€<; o^oKov eh to crrofia Karedrj.
Kav avT(p, fitcrdov t5> iropOfiei t^9 vavriSlas
yevrjaofievov, ov irpojepov e^erdaavrefi oirolov
70 vo/jbia-fia vofxl^erai Kal
hia^uipel irapd toc^
/cdrm, Kal el hvvaraL irap €KeLvot<; 'ArTt/co? rj
M.aKe8oviKO<i Tj Alyivalo<; o^oXo^, ouS' on ttoXv
KaXkiov Tjv fXT} e')(eLV rd iropO^ela /cara^aXelv
ovTco yap dv ov trapahe^afxevov rov •nopdpiAa)^
dvaTTofiTTi/jioi TrdXiv ei<i rov ^iov dc^LKvovvro.
11 Mero. Tavra he Xovaavre'i avTov<i, &>? ov)(
iKavrj^; rrj^ Kdrao Xifivq^ Xovrpov elvai roi^ e«et,
Kal fivpo) t5> KoXXicTTm ^ptcrai'Te? to aSyp.a Trpo^;
hv(T(i)hiav 7]8ri ^la^ofievov Kal aT€<f)avci)(TavT€<i
Tot9 oopaioi^ dvOecri TrpOTidevTat Xa/j,7rpa><;
d/J,<f)iecravT€<;, Lva fx-q piymev hrfXov on, irapd
rrjv ohov /unjSe yvfivol ^Xeiroivro tS> Kep^epw.
12 OlfKoyal Se enl tovtoi<; Kal KmKVTo^ yvvaiKotv
Kal TTapd irdvTwv BdKpva Kal arepva Tvirrofieva
Kal <nrapaTT0/jL€vr} KOfxr} Kal (})0ivi(T(T6/x€vat
irapeiai' Kai ttov Kal ecr^^? KaTapprjyvvrai Kal
k6vi<; iirl rfj Ke<^aXfi vdcxaerai, Kal oi ^covre?
olKrporepoi rov veKpov' oi p.ev yap 'x^ap.al
KvXivSovvrai rroXXdKi'i Kai Ta<i Ke(f)aXa<; dpdr-
Tovcri Trpof to €8a(po<;, 6 S' eva^VH'^^ ^'^^ KaXo<i
Kal Kad^ vTrep/3oXr]v €(TT€(f)avQ)fievo<i vyJnjXb^ irpo'
118
 ON FUNERALS
fingers. They get their nourishment, naturally,
from the libations that are poured in our world and
the burnt-offerings at the tomb so that if anyone
;

has not left a friend or kinsman behind him on

earth, he goes about his business there as an unfed
corpse, in a state of famine.
So thoroughly are people taken in by all this that
when one of the family dies, immediately they bring
an obol and put it into his mouth, to pay the ferryman
for setting him over. They do not stop to consider
what sort of coinage is customary and current in the
lower world, and whether it is the Athenian or the
Macedonian or the Aeginetan obol that is legal
tender there ; nor, indeed, that it would be far
better not to be able to pay the fare, since in that
case the ferryman would not take them and they
would be escorted back to life again.
Then they bathe them the lake down below
(as if
were not big enough for the people there to bathe
in); and after anointing with the finest of perfume
that body which is already hasting to corruption,
and crowning it with pretty flowers, they lay them
in state, clothed in splendid raiment, which, very
likely, is intended to keep them from being cold
on the way and from being seen undressed by
Cerberus.
Next come cries of distress, wailing of women,
tears on all sides, beaten breasts, torn hair, and
bloody cheeks. Perhaps, too, clothing is rent and
dust sprinkled on the head, and the living are in a
plight more pitiable than the dead for they roll on
;

the ground repeatedly and dash their heads against

the floor, while he, all serene and handsome and

119
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Keirat Kai fMerecopo^ atatrep eh Trofnrrjv K€/coafi7)-
fievo<i.

13 EZ^' r} fitjTTjp rj Kol vrj ACa 6 Trarrjp €K fieatov

T&v auyyevMV irpoeXOcov xal 'ir€pf)(ydeX<i avr^ —
irpoKeicydw <ydp Tt9 viof Kal icako^, "va koI
aKp^aiOTcpov to eir' avTa> Spdfia rj — <f)(i)va<; aXXo-
KOTOvq Koi naTaia<i dcpirjcri, tt/jo? a<i 6 vcKpo^
avT6<; dTTOKpivaiT dv, el Xd^oi (fxovijv (f)'^cr€i yap
Trarrjp yoepov ri (})deyy6fievo<; Kal TrapaTeivwv
eKaarov rcov ovofidrwv, " TeKvov rfhiarov, ocxV
fioi Kal Tedvr]Ka<i Kal irpo Mpa<i dvjjpirdadrj'i,
fiovov ifie TOP ddXtov KaTaXnrcov, ov ya/xtjcra^,
ov TraiSoTToi'qa-dfjLevo'i, ov aTpaTev(rd/ji,evo<i, ov
yea)pyi]aa<i, ovk eh yr]pa<i iXOoov ov K(op,d<Tr}

irdXiv ov8e ipacrOrjari, tckpov, ov8e ev <TV/i7roaloi<i

fieTCL Tcov ijXtKKOTCOV fie0vcr67]arj"

14 TavTa Se Kal tu ToiavTa <f>'^aei olofxevo^ top

vlop BelaOai fiep ert tovtcop kuI eTrtOvfieip Kal
fiCTa TTjP TeXevTrjP, ov Svpacrdai Se p,eTe)(^eiv

avTWP. KatToi TL TavTa yap Kal <f>r)/j,(, ; iroaoi

tTTTrov?Kal iraXXaKiSa^, oi he Kal olvo')(^oov<i
evcKaTecrcpa^av Kal e(rdf]Ta Kal top dXXov Koap^op
<rvyKaTe(f)Xe^ap rj crvyKaTcopv^ap tw? 'XPV^op.epoa
eKcl Kal aTToXavcrovcnp avTWP KdTco ;

15 *0 S' ovv Trp€cr^vT7]<; 6 irepOwv ovTwal TavTa

irdpTa OTToaa eiprjKa Kal ert tovtwp irXeiopa
ovT€ Tov TraiSo? epeKa TpaywBeiP eoiKep olSe yap —
OVK dKova6p,€POP ovh^ dp psl^op ip^orjo-rj tov
"^TePTopos —
ovTe p-rjp avTov' (jjpopeip yap ovtq)
I20
 ON FUNERALS
elaborately decked with wreaths, lies in lofty, exalted
state,bedizened as for a pageant.
Then his mother, or indeed his father comes
forward from among the family and throws himself
upon him ; for let us imagine a handsome young
man upon the bier, so that the show that is acted
over him may be the more moving. The father
utters strange, foolish outcries to which the dead
man himself would make answer if he could speak.
In a plaintive tone, protracting every word, he will
say " Dearest child, you are gone from me, dead,
:

reft away befoi'e your time, leaving me behind all

alone, woe is me, before marrying, before having
children, before serving in the army, before working
on the farm, before coming to old age ; never again
will you roam the streets at night, or fall in love,
my child, or drink deep at wine-parties with your
young friends."
He and more in the same tenor,
will say all that,
thinking that his son still needs and wants this sort
of thing even after death, but cannot get it. But
that is nothing. Have not many sacrificed horses,
concubines, sometimes even cup-bearers, over their
dead, and burned or buried with them clothing and
other articles of personal adornment, as if they would
use them there and get some good of them down
below .''

But as to the old man who mourns after this

fashion, not, in all probability, on account of
it is
his son that he does all this melodramatic ranting
that I have mentioned, and more than I have men-
tioned for he knows that his son will not hear him
;

even if he shouts louder than Stentor. Nor yet is it

on his own account ; for it would have been enough
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kal jiyvcoa-Keiv Ixavov tjv koI avev Trj<i ^orj<f

ovBel^ yap 8r) kavTOv Selrai ^oav. Xolttov

irpo'i
ovv icTTiv avTov Toiv TrapovTMV evexa ravra
Xrjpeivovd 6 tl ireTTovOev avr^ 6 Trat? elSora
ov6 OTTOL K€)(^coprjKe, fjuaWov he ov8e rov ^iov
aurov i^erdaavra 6'irol6<i icrriv' ov yap av rrjv e^
avTov /j-erdaraaiv w? Tt tcov Seivcov ehv(T')(epau'ev.
16 EiTTOf h av ovv 7rp6<; ainov 6 7rai<; TrapaiTrjad-
jxevo^ Tov AluKOV Kal rov 'AlBcovia Trpo? oXiyov
Tov aro/MLOv virepKvy^at Kal rov iraripa iravaat,
p,aratd^ovra, " *n KaKoSai/xov avOpw-ne, rl
K€/cpaya^ ; rl Bi /moi nape-xj^i'; rrpdyfiara ;
TTavaai riW6p,€vo<; rrjv Ko/Mrjv Kal ro irpoaanrov
i^ eViTToX^? dp,va(T(ov. rl fioL XotSopf} kuI ddXiov
dnOKaXelii Kal Bvafxopov rroXv arov ^eXrlco Kal
fiaKapiforepov yeyevrjpevov ; t) rl act Secvbv
'ird<j')(eiv 8oK(o ; rj Siori p.r} roiovroal yepwv
iyevoprjv olo<; el av, (paXaKpof fiev rrjv Ke(^aXrjv,
rrjv Be oyjnv eppvrtBcofievo'i, KV(fi6<; Kal ra yovara
V(i>6r}<i, Kal 6Xu><i VTTO rov ')(^p6vov (ja6po<i iroXXa^

rpiaKdBa<i Kal 6XvpLTndBa<i dvaTTXrjaa'i, Kal ra

reXevrala Brj ravra rrapaTralcov cttI rocrovrcov
p,aprvpcov ; w fidraie, rl aoi ')(^p'qcrrov elvai BokcI
irapd rov ^lov ov p,T]Keri /xede^o/xev ; rj rov<i
TTorov^ epei^ Br]\ov on
Kal ra Belrrva Kal icrdrjra
Kul d(f)poBLaia, Kal SeSta? prj rovrcov eVSe^? yevo-
fievo^ aTToXoyp^ai. ovk ivvoel^ Be on, ro pur) Biyfrrjv
rov melv ttoXv koXXiov Kal ro p,T) rreivrjv rov
(^ayelv Kal ro fxr) piyovv rov a/xTre^oi/?;? ev-rropelv ;
17 4>€/je roivvv, ineiBr) eoLKa<; dyvoelv, BiBd^op^al
<re Oprjvelv dX-qOecrepov, Kal Brj dvaXa^cov e^
 ON FUNERALS
to think this and have it in mind, without his
—
shouting nobody needs to shout at himself. Con-
sequently it is on account of the others present that
he talks this nonsense, when he does not know what
has happened to his son nor where he has gone in ;

fact he has not even considered what life itself is,

or else he would not take on so about the leaving of
it, as if that were something dreadful.

If his son should receive permission from Aeacus

and Aidoneus to put his head out of the mouth of the
pit for a moment and stop his father's silliness, he
would say " Unfortunate man, why do you shriek ?
:

Why do you trouble me? Stop tearing your hair

and marring the skin of your face ! Why do you
call me names and speak of me as wretched and
ill-starred when I have become far better off and
happier than you } What dreadful misfortune do
you think I am undergoing? Is it that I did not
get to be an old man like you, with your head bald,
your face wrinkled, your back bent, and your knees
trembling,— like you, who in short are rotten with
age after filling out so many months and so many
Olympiads, and who now, at the last, go out of
your mind in the presence of so many witnesses?
Foolish man, what advantage do you think there is
in life that we shall never again partake of? You
will say drinking, no doubt, and dinners, and dress,
and love, and you are afraid that for the want of all
this I shall die
! But are you unaware that not to
thirst is far better than drinking, not to hunger
than eating, and not to be cold than to have
quantities of clothing ?
"Come now, since you apparently do not know
how to mourn, I will teach you to do it more truth-
123
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
virapxn'i ^6a, " Tckvov dOXiov, ovKeri 8iylr7]<T€i<i,
ovKeri ireivr^aei'i ovBe piycoaei<i. OL-)(r] fxoi kuko-

SaifjLCOv €K(j)vycov Ta<i v6aov<i, ov nrvpejov ctl

BeBicot, ov TToXifMCov, ov rvpavvoV ovk eput^ ae
avidaei ovSe avvovaia BiacrTpeyjrei, ovSe airaO/]-
a6i<i inl TovTtp Si9 rj rplf t^9 rj/xipas, <w rrj^
av/j.(f)opd<;. ov KaracppovrjOrjar) yipcav yev6fi€vo<i
18 ovhe 6)(X7}po<i ear} Tot9 veoa ^X€rr6fi€vo<;." av
ravra \iyr}<i, w Trdiep, ovk oXev iroXv dXriOeaTepa
KoX yevvaiorepa ^ eKelvwv epelv ;
'AW' apa firj roBe ae dvtd, koI hiavo^ rov irap
rjfilv ^6<pov Kol TO TToXv aK6ro<i, Kara 8eSia<; firj

aoi diroTrviyoi KaTaicXeia6el<i iv t&) fivrj/Muri ; •^pr]

Be TTpo? ravra XoyC^eadai on tmv 6(f)0 uX/jumv
Biaaairevrav rj Koi vrj Aia Kaevroiv fier^ oXiyov,
el ye KUvaaC jxe BieyvcoKare, ovre aKoro^ ovre
<f)(o<; opdv BeTjao/iieda.
19 Kai ravra k(okvto^
fxev la(D<i fiirpia' rC Be fie 6
vpLOiv ovivrjai Kal rov avXov avrrj arep-
rj 7rpo<?
vorvTTLa Kal rj rSiV yvvaiKOiv rrepX rov dpr)vov
dfierpta ; ri Bk 6 virep rov rd^ov X{,0o<i eare-
(j)avo)/ji€Vo<i ; r) ri v/uv Bvvarat rov aKparov
eTn')(elv ; rj vofjLt^ere Karaard^eiv avrov 'irpo<i
r}p,d<i Kal '^'^^ " AiBov Bu^eadai ra /xev
fiixP'- ;

yap KaQayiafxSiv Kal avrol opdre, otpuai,

iirl roiv
ft)? TO p,ev voari/Jiforarov rcov TrapeaKevaafiivtov o

Karrvo<i rrapaXa^oov dvco el<; rov ovpavov oX')(^eraL

firjBev ri rjp,d<i ovrjaav roix; Kdrco, to Be Kara-
XeiTTO/jievov, r) kovl^, dxpelov, e/CT09 el fxr) rrjv

* yfvvai6rtpa Jacobs : ytXatirepa MSS.

124
 ON FUNERALS
fully. Begin afresh, and cry, * Poor child, never
again will you be thirsty, never again hungry or
cold ! You are gone from me, poor boy, escaping
diseases, no longer fearing fever or foeman or tyrant.
Love shall not vex you nor its pleasures rack you,
nor shall you squander your strength in them twice
and thrice a day, woe is me ! You shall not be
scorned in your old age, nor shall the sight of you
!
offend the young 'If you say this, father, don't
you think it will be far more true and more manly
than what you said before ?
" But perhaps it is something else that worries
you. You are thinking of the gloom where we are,
and the profound darkness, and so you fear that I
may be stifled in the close custody of the tomb.
On that point you should reflect that as my eyes
will very soon be corrupted or even burned, if you
have decided to burn me, I shall have no need
either for darkness or for light as far as seeing is
concerned.
"That fear, however, is perhaps reasonable
enough but what good do you think I get from
;

your wailing, and this beating of breasts to the music

of the flute, and the extravagant conduct of the
women in lamenting? Or from the wreathed
stone above my grave ? Or what, pray, is the use
of your pouring out the pure wine ? You don't
think, do you, that it will drip down to where we
are and get all the way through to Hades ? As to
the burnt oflferings, you yourselves see, I think,
that the most nourishing part of your provender is
carried off up to Heaven by the smoke without
doing us in the lower world the least bit of good,
and that what is left, the ashes, is useless, unless
125
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
cTTTohov t]ixa<; anetcrdai TremaTevKare. ov^ ovro}<i
datropo'i ovSe a/ea/JTro? 77 rov YlXovTtovo^ ^PXV>
ovSe iTTiXeXoiirev '^fx,d<; 6 acr<f)68e\o<;, Xva trap
vfxoov ra acria /xeraareWcofieda. axxTe fxoi vrj

rrjv Tiai^ovqv jraXai Brj i^ ot? eVotetTe kuI

iXiyere 7rafi/xiy€de<i eirriei dvafcay^da-ai, 8ce-

KcoXvcre Be r) oOovq koI to, ept-a, 0T9 fjkov ra?

<Tiay6va<i drrea^ly^are^^

20 G)9 dpa fiiv elirovTa Ti\o<i Oavdroio KaXvyfre.

Tlpof At 09, idv Xijr] ravra 6 v6Kpo<; i7n(TTpa(f)€L<i,

dvaKXiva^ avrov irr djKwvo^, ovk av olo^eda

StKaiorara av avrov eliretv ; dW' o/j,q)<; 01 ixaraioi
Ka\ ^oaxn /cat fieracrreiXafxevoi Tiva dprjvoav
ao^KJTTjV TToWa? avveiXoxora 7raXai,d<; a-vjx(f)opd<;
Tovrq) avvayaivca-Tf} xal X^PVy^ '^V'* civoia<i Kara-
X,p(»)VTat, OTTT] av iKelvo^; i^dp^rj 'irpb<f to fxeXo<i

itraid^ovre^i.
21 Kal fiexpt p^^v Oprjvmv 6 avTO<i aTraai v6fio<;

T^? d^eXrepia^' ro Se aTro rovrov BieXo/xevoi

Kara eOvq Ta9 Ta^d<; 6 fi€V "EXXrjv exavaev, Be

Ylepair; eOa-ylrev, 6 Be *lvBo<; vdX(p irepixpi'^i'f Be

'^icv6r}<i KaTBaOiei, Tapf)(€vei, Be 6 Klyvinio'i'

ovro<i fxev ye — Xeyw Be IBcov — ^r]pdva<i rov veKpov
avvBeiTTvov Kal avfnroTTjv eiroi^aaTo. TroXXaKi<i
Be Kal Beofiev(p ^rjfxaTtov dvBpl AlyvTrritp eXvae

126
 ON FUNERALS
you believe that we eat dust. Pluto's realm is not
so devoid of seed and grain, nor is there any dearth
of asphodel among us, so that we must import our
food from you. So, by Tisiphone, the inclination
seized me long ago to burst out in a tremendous
guffaw over what you were doing and saying but ;

I was prevented by the winding-sheet and by the

fillets with which you have bound up my jaws."

"These words spoken, at once the doom of death

overwhelmed him." ^
By Heaven, the dead man should face them,
if
raising himself upon his elbow, and say all this,
don't you think he would be quite right ? Never-
theless, the dolts not only shriek and scream, but
they send for a sort of professor of threnodies, who
has gathered a repertory of ancient bereavements,
and they use him as fellow-actor and prompter in
their silly performance, coming in with their groans
at the close of each strain that he strikes up !

Up to that point, the wailing, the same stupid

custom prevails everywhere but in what follows,
;

the burial, they have apportioned out among them-

selves, nation by nation, the different modes. The
Greek burns, the Persian buries, the Indian encases
in glass,2 the Scythian eats, the Egyptian salts.
—
And the latter I have seen whereof I speak after —
drying the dead man makes him his guest at table !

Many a time, too, when an Egyptian wants money,

1 niad, 16, 502.
2 See Herodotus, 3, 24, regarding this practice among the
Ethiopians, also discussed by Ctesias (Diodorus 2, 15) To
Lucian, va\os certainly meant glass, and perhaps to Hero-
dotus also. What the substance really was is uncertain.

127
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
rr}vairoplav €ve')(ypov rj 6 a8€X(f>o<i rj 6 TraTrjp ev
Kaiptp 'y€v6fji€vo<i.
22 ^(o/xara /xev yap koI irvpafxihe'^ koI (TTrjXac
Koi iiriypafi/jiaTa tt/OO? oXiyov SiapKOvvra ttw? ov
23 irepiTTa koX 7rai8iai<; TrpocreoiKOTa ; Kairoi KaX
ayoyvat; evioi hiedeaav KaX X6yov<i €7rtTa(/)toL'9
eiTTov €7rl TMv fivTjfidrmv (oarrep GvvayopevovTe<i
rj /napTvpovvra irapa rot? kutco ht,Ka(nal<i rw
veKpw.
24 'Etti TTCLcn rovroi^ ro rrepiheiirvov, koI irdpeiaiv
01 7rpoaj]Kovr6<; koI tov<; yovea<i rrapafLvdovvTai
Tov rei-eXevT'qKOTO'i koX TveiOovai yevaaardat, ovk
ar;S<w? p.a A.ia ovS" avrov^ un-'ayKa^o/jievov^, dXXa
ijSt) vtto Xifiov rpicov e^rj^ ijfiepwv diT'qvhriKora'i.
Kal, " Me^pt p-^v Tivo<i, w ovto<;, o8vp6p,€da ;

eaaov dvairavcraadai, tov p^aKapirov Sal-

rov<;
fiova<;' el Se /cal ro irapdrrav xXdeiv SUyvcoKa^,
avTOV ye tovtov evexa 'X^prj p,r) aTroairov elvac,
iva Kal 8iapK€(Trj<; 7r/3o<? tov irevdovi to p,eyedo<i^^
Tore 8r] Tore pa-yjrcoSovvTai tt/jo? dirdvTwv 8vo tov
*Op,7JpOV aTL^OL'

KaX yap r tjvKOfioi; NfoySi; ifivijcraro aiTov

yaaTepi 8' ovttco^; iarX veKvv irevOi^aai A^atou?.

^ Compare Teles (Hense,* p. 31, 1. 9 : a lacuna in the text
precedes) " and we hesitate to look at or to touch (the dead),
:

but they make mummies of them and keep them in the house
as something handsome, and accept dead men as security.
So opposed is their waj' to ours." As Teles is almost
certainly quoting this from Bion, it seems likely that Lucian
drew from that source. But he had also read Herodotus,
2, 13G.

128
 :

ON FUNERALS
his brother or his father helps him out of his straits
by l)ecoming security at the critical juncture.^
Regarding grave-mounds, pyramids, tombstones,
and epitaphs, all of which endure but a brief space,
are they not superfluous and akin to child's play ? ^
Some people, moreover, even hold competitions and
deliver funeral orations at the monuments, as if they
were pleading or testifying on behalf of the dead
man before the judges down below !

As the finishing touch to all this, there is the

funeral feast, and the relatives come in, consoling
the parents of the departed, and inducing them to
taste something. The parents themselves, I must
say, do not find it disagreeable to be constrained,
but are already done up with three days of con-
tinuous fasting. It is " Man dear, how long are
:

we to lament ? Let the spirits ^ of the departed

rest! But if you have absolutely decided to keep
on weeping, for that very reason you must not
abstain from food, in order that you may prove
equal to the magnitude of your sorrow." Then,
ah ! then, two lines of Homer are recited by
everyone
" Verily Niobe also, the fair-tressed, thought of her
dinner," *

and
" Mourning the dead by fasting is not to be done
by Achaeans."^
* Compare Teles (Hense, p. 31, 1. 8) :
" But it seems to me
that this (closing the eyes of the dead) is just child's play
on our part." ^ xhe "Di Manes" ? * Iliad, 24, 602.
' Iliad, 19, 225 ; it is impossible, argues Odysseus, for the

Greek army to fast (for Patroclus) and fight at the same

time,
129
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
01 Se aiTTOVTai fiev, al(X)(^vv6/jbevoi Be ra irpcoTa
/cal 5eStoT69 el (pavovvrai fxera ttjv reXevrrjv twv
irddeaiv ifi/xevovre'i.
(f)i\rdT(t)v Tol<i avdpa)TTLvoi<i
TavTa Kal iroXv tovtcov jeXoiorepa evpot rt?
av eTriTrjpwv iv rol'i TrevOeai yfyvofieva Sia to
Toy? TroXkov'i TO /MejiCTTOv TOiv KUKUiv rov Odvarov
oteadai.

130
 ON FUNERALS
So they break bread, of course, but do it at first in
shame, and in fear that they will disclose themselves
to be still subject to human appetites after the death
of their dearest.
You will find, ifyou take note, that these things
and others moi*e ridiculous are done at funerals,
still

for the reason that people think death the greatest

of misfortunes.'^

* The first words of Sacrifices seem to take up this sentence.

They may be translated " And as to sacrifices, what the

:

dolts do " —& ixfv yap iv -rais dvcrlais oi fidratoi TrpdTTOvffi,

131
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC
SPEAKING
A SATIRE upon the new fashion in oratory, and one of its
foremost representatives.
'J'lie traditional course of training in rhetoric, fully de-

scribed by the Latin Quintilian, was too arduous, it seems,

to attract the general run of would-be public speakers
under the Antonines. They sought a royal road to success,
and found it for as success in those days, especially in the
;

case of Greeks, was far less a matter of persuading juries

and swaying deliberative assemblies than of entertaining
audiences with oratorical display, it could be attained
readily by meretricious methods which, in so far as they
were capable of being taught at all (natura enim non do-
cetur, says Quintilian), could be taught quickly.
"Some say," remarks the scholiast, "that Lucian was
aiming at Pollux the lexicographer when he wrote this
piece." This may be mere conjecture on the part of his
authorities, but it cannot be dismissed as baseless. Pollux
was Lucian's contemporary, was born in Egypt, and certainly
could have been called "a namesake of the sons of Zeus
and Leda." That phrase, to be sure, would better fit a
Dioscorides, or a Didymus or Geminus, but we do not know
of any such rhetorician of that period. Lucian may have
been a bit vague on purpose. What little Philostratus says
of his oratory indicates that Pollux was a follower of the new
school moreover, he was the pupil of the sophist Hadrian,
;

who was decidedly up to date, and the rival of the old-

fasliioned Chrestus, over whose head he was appointed by
Commodus to the public professorship of rhetoric in Athens.
The allusion in this piece to the high fees charged by the
representative of the old school leads Ranke (Pollux et
Liccianus) to conclude that Lucian's butt himself must have
taught gratis, and must therefore have been a public pro-
fessor. And from the silence of Philostratus as to the family
history and private life of Pollux, Ranke argues that he was
of low birth and doubtful reputation.
If the piece was aimed at Pollux and written after he
became professor, it must date after a.d. 179.
 PHTOPON AIAA2KAA02
'E|06)Ta9, w av prjTwp ^kvoio
fieipoLKiov, OTTft)?
KoX TO (Tepuvorarov rovro koX nravTifiov ovofia
cro<piarT)<i elvai 86^ac<i' ^ d^tcora yap elval aoi
^?;9, el/JLT) Toiavrr)v riva rrjv Svvafiiv irepi^dXoio
iv Tot? \6'yoi<; co? afj.a)(ov elvai kuI dvvTroararov
Koi dav/j,d^€a0ai Trpo'i dirdvTaiv koX drro-
^Xeireadai, aKOvajxa
7r€pt(nrov8a<XTOv rol<i
"EaWt^ctl BoKovvra' koI ra? inl rovro dyovaa<i
8r]

oSoifi airLvi<i irori elaiv idiXec<i iKfiadelv. dX)C

ovSeU (ji06vo<i, (!) real, kuI fidXiara oirore via ri<i
aiiro^ a)v, opeyofxevo'i rtov dpiarwv, ovk et^&x?
66ev av ravra eKrropiaaLro, lepov ri ')(prjpu rr]v
av/x^ovXrjv ovaav, /caddrrrep vvv av, rovro alrolrj
irpocreXOcov. uxrre aKove, ro ye ctt' e/xol Kal
irdvv Oappoiv to? rd^tara 8eLv6<i drrjp ecrrj yvMvai
re rd Seovra Kal epp^rjvevaai avrd, r]V ro jxerd
rovro edeXrjcrrf^ avro<i ififieveiv ot? av dKovarjf;
Trap' Tj/jLcav Kal cf)iXo7r6v(i}<i avrd fieXerdv Kal
Trpo6vfia}<i dvveiv rrjv 686v ear av d(f)i,Krj 7r/oo9 to
repfia.
To /x€V ovv drjpafia ov crfjbiKpov oi/Se 6X[yr)<;
T^<f a7rovB^<i heofievov, dXXa ecf)' otw kuI Trovrjaai
iroXXd Kal dypvirvfjaat Kal irdv oriovv vTro/xelvac
Available in photographs : UPNZ. The piece is now
wanting in r.
^ 8(${aij Struve : SJfiji y, i4^«is fi.

134
 —

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC
SPEAKING
You ask, my boy, how you can get to be a public
speaker, and be held to personify the sublime and
glorious name of sophist life, you say, is not worth
;

living, unless when you speak you can clothe

yourself in such a mantle of eloquence that you
will be irresistible and invincible, that you will be
admired and stared at by everyone, counting among
the (xreeks as a highly desirable treat for their ears.
Consequently, you wish to find out what the roads
are that lead to this goal. Come, I have no desire to
be churlish, lad, especially when a mere youngster who
craves what is noblest, not knowing how to come by
it,draws near and asks, as you do now, for advice
a sacred matter. So listen and in so far as it lies
;

in my power, you may have great confidence that

soon you will be an able hand at discerning what
requires to be said and expressing it in words,i if only
you on your part are willing henceforth to abide by
what I tell you, to })ractise it industriously, and
to follow the road resolutely until you reach your
goal.
Certainly the object of your quest is not trivial,
nor one that calls for little effort, but rather one
for which it is worth while to work hard, to scant
your sleep, and to put up with anything whatsoever.
» Like Pericles (Thuc. 2, 60).

135
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
d^tov. (TKOTrei yovv otroaoi Te(o<; fiyjBcv ovTiS<i
evBo^oi fcal irXovcnoi, kol vr) Ata evyeveararoi
3 eBo^av diro rwv Xoywv. o/i&)9 Be jMr) BeBiOi, /xrjBe
7r/309 TO fieyeOof; twv eXTTi^ofxevayv aTToBvaTrerrjcrrjf;,
fivpLOV<i riva<; rov<; ttovov; "Kpoirovrjcrav olri9ei<i.
ov yap ae rcva
opOtov ^ kuI
rpa'Xj^ldv ovBe
l8pa)T0^ /jLearrjv rjfxel^ d^ofiev, to? €k /jLear]<{

avri)^ dvacTTpe^jrai Ka/xovTa, eVet ovBev dv

Bi€(f)€po/u.ev rcov dWcov ocroi ttjv avvrjdr] ixel-
vrjv r^yovvTUL, fia/cpdv Kal dvdvrrj koX Ka/xarrjpdv
Kal TO TToXi) aTTeyvcocrfievijv.
ft)9 Trap' dWd
r}p.oiv e^aiperov ^ t^9 a-vfJL^ovXr)<i rovro iariv,
OTi r/BlaTrjv re dfia Kal iTriTO/jLcoTdTrjv Kal
iTnrrjXaTov Kal KardvTT] avv TroWfj rfj dvjxrjBia
Kal Tpv(f)y Bia Xeifiwvcov evavdoiv Kal aKid<i
dKpi^ov<i (T'x^oXfj Kal /3d8i]v dvicbv dviBpcorl
ifricni^ar] ttj d-Kpa Kal dypevaei<i * ov Kafxcov Kal
VT) At' €vo))(^Tjo-r] KaTaKelfxevo<i, eKetPOVi * oirocroi
TT)P erepav erpdirovro diro tov vyjftjXou iiriaKOTrMv
ev rfj vTTOipeLa t^9 dvoBov en, Kara Bva-^drcov
Kal oXiaOrjpcJv tcov Kp)]fivot)v fioXa dvep7rovTa<i,
d7roxvXto/j,evov<; enl KecjiaXyv eviore Kal iroXXd
rpav/xaTa Xa/u.^dvovTa<i irepl t pa')(eiai<i ral^
irerpai<i' <tv Be irpo iroXXov dpco eare^avw^evo^
€vBat/jbove(rraTO<i ecrrj, diravra ev ^pa-xel oaa
iarlv dyadd irapd Trj<i prjropiKri<i [iovovov)(l
KadevBoiv Xaj3(jiiv.
4 H p,ev Br} U7ro(7^eo"f9 ovrco p.eydX-q' cri) Be
7r/309 ^iXiov firj d'7ria-Tr]<xr)<;, el pacnd re ajxa Kal
^ tpeiov )3.

' t6 yf Trap' rifj-wv i^aipfrSv aoi $, edd. Cf. Naviyiutn 24.

* a'p7)ff(n 0. Cf. diipafia, c. 2. * (kwovs /3.

136
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Just see how many who previously were nobodies
liave come to be accounted men of standing, mil-
lionaires, yes, even gentlemen, because of their
eloquence. Do not be daunted, however, and do
not be dismayed at the greatness of your expecta-
tions, thinking to undergo untold labours before
you achieve them. I shall not conduct you by a
rough road, or a steep and sweaty one, so that you
will turn back halfway out of weariness. In that
case I should be no better than those other guides
—
who use the customary route long, steep, toilsome,
and, as a rule, hopeless. No, my advice has this to
commend it, that ascending in the manner of a
leisurely stroll through flowery fields and perfect
shade in great comfort and luxury by a sloping
bridle-path that is very short as well as very pleasant,
you will gain the summit without sweating for it,
you will bag your game without any effort, yes, by
Heaven, you will banquet at your ease, looking
down from the height at those who went the other
way as they creep painfully upward over sheer and
slippery crags, still in the foot-hills of the ascent,
rolling off head-first from time to time, and getting
many a wound on the sharp rocks and you, the —
while, on the top long before them, with a wreath
upon your head, will be fortunate beyond compare,
for you will have acquired from Rhetoric in an
instant, all but in your sleep, every single blessing
that there is I

Yes, my promise goes to that extent in its

generosity ^ but in the
; name of Friendship ^ do
not disbelieve me, when I say that I shall show
* A qiiotation from Demosthenes, Phil. 1, 44, 15.
* More literally, Friendship's patron ; i. e. Zeus.

137
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
7]Si(Trd (Toi Tavra iiriBei^eiv (f)afiiv. tL fydp ^
;

H<TtoSo9 /-tev oXlya (fjvWa ck tov 'KXikmvo';

Xa^obv avTiKa fidXa Tronjrrj^; ex 7roi/x€vo<i /cariart]
Kol TjSe dewv KoX rjpMcov yevrj KdTO)(^o<i eic ^lovawv
yevofxepo';, pijropa Be, o ttoXv evepOe nroiijTiKrj'i

/xeyaXr)yopia<i eariv, iv 8pa)(^6i Karaarrjvat dhvva

TOV, eX Ti<i iKfiddoc rrjv ra-x^Lcrrrjv 686v ;

'n<? eycoye Kol Sirjy^aaadai (tol ^ovXo/xai

^(.SoovLov Tivb<; i/xTTopov iwivoiav 8c dinariav
aTeXrj yevo/iiei'rjv koI toi uKovcravTi dvovrjrov.
rjpxG P'^v yap rj8r) ^AXe^av8po<; Uepacov, p,€rd ttjv
iv h.p^r)Xoi<; p,dxvv Aapetov KadrjprjKM^;' eSec Be
Travraxocre t?}? api^^9 BiaOelv rov<; ypap.-
fiaTO(f>opov^ TO. eTTLrdyp^aTa tov ^AXe^dvBpov
Kop,L^ovTa<i. €K UepaMv Be ttoXXt) eh Alyvinov
iyiyvBTO rj 6B6<i' eKTreptievai yap eBei to, oprj,

elra Bid t^? Jia^vXcovLa<; et? ttjv ^Apa^iav

iXOelv, €iTa eprfpirfv rrroXXrfv TrepdcravTU^ d<ptKe-
crOat TTore p,oXt,<; el<i AtyvnTOV, eiKocri p,rjKiaTOV<i
avhpl ev^oivat (XTa6p,ov<i TOVTOv<i BiavvcravTa.
i]X0€To ovv 6 ^AXe^avBpot eVl TOVT(a, BioTi
AlyvTTTiov<i Ti irapaKiveiv ukovcov ovk el^c Bed
Tax^oiv CKTrefiTreiv Tot9 aaTpdiraif tu BoKovvTd
at irepl avTcov. totg Bt) 6 XiB(ovio<; ep^Tcopo^,
" ^Ftyd) aoi," €<f)rj,
" (o ^acriXev, v'jnaxvovp,ai
Bei^eiv oBov ov TroXXrjv ix Tlepacov el<; Atyvnrov.
el ydp Ti9 inreplBair} Ta oprj TavTa — vrrep^ait] 5'

av TpiTalo^ — auTLKU p,dXa iv AiyvTTTtp 0^x69

* ri yap Sauppe : el yhp MSS.
138
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
you that its attainment is at once easy and pleasant.
Why should you ? Hesiod was given a leaf or two
from Helicon, and at once he became a poet instead
of a shepherd and sang the pedigrees of gods and
heroes under the inspiration of the Muses.^ Is it
impossible, then, to become a public speaker some- —
thing far inferior to the grand style of poetry in —
an instant, if one could find out the quickest way ?
Just to show you, I sliould like to tell you the
tale of a Sidonian mercliant's idea which disbelief
made ineffectual and profitless to the man who heard
it. Alexander was then ruler of the Persians,
having deposed Darius after the battle of Arbela,
and postmen had to run to every quarter of the
realm carrying Alexander's orders. The journey
from Persia to Egypt was long, since one had to
make a detour about the mountains, then to go
through Babylonia to Arabia, and then to traverse
a wide expanse of desert before reaching Egypt at
last, after spending in this way, even if one travelled
light, twenty very long days on the road. Well,
tliis annoyed Alexander, because he had heard that
the Egyptians were showing signs of disaffection,
and he was unable to be expeditious in transmitting
his decisions concerning them to his governors.
At that juncture the Sidonian merchant said " I :

give you my word, King Alexander, to show you a

short route from Persia to Egypt. If a man went
—
over these mountains and he could do it in three

^ Theogony, 30-34. The Muses plucked a branch of laurel

and gave it him as a staff of office (aKT)-KTpov).

,
2 irfpdffavra A. M. H. {irepiffavras Bekker) : fir€\diTat'Tas
/3, fKdffavTas y.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
iartv." KoX el')(ev ovTO). ttXtjv o je'AXe^avSpos^
ovK inta-Tevaev, dXXa yorjra mero elvai rov 'ifi-
TTopov. ovrw TO TrapdSo^ov t?}? V7roa^€cr€co<;
diTiaTOV 8oK€L Tot9 TToXXot?. fXT) (TV ye dWd
irddrj'iTO avTO' elarj yap 7Teipcofievo<i co? ovBiu ere
KcoXvcrei prjTopa Boxelv pid<i ovBe oXr}<; rjp,epa<;
vTrepveTaaOivTa to opa e/e Uepacov el<{ AtyuTTTOv.
EioeXo) 06 (TOL TTpSiTov waircp 6 Ke/S?;? iKeii'0<;
eiKova ypa\(fd/jL€vo<; tw Xoyo) eKUTepav eTTiSel^at
Trjv ohov Zvo ydp ecTTOv, at irpb^ ttjv 'PrjTOpiKrjv
dyeTov, 979 epav ov iMeTpita p.ot 8oKei<;. koI hrjTa
f) fiev icf> v-\{rr]Xov KadTjcrdo) irdvv KaXrj koI
evTrpocTOi'iro^,to t7](} 'AytiaX^eta? Kepaf e^ovaa iv
TTJ Be^id 7ravToioi<i Kaprrot<i virepBpvov eVi OaTepa
Be /xoi TOP ttXovtov Sokci irapecrTwra opdp, 'y^pvaovv
oXov Kal eirepaaTOv. koI r/ 86^a Se Koi r) laxv<;
TrapeaTcoaav, Kal ol eiraivoi, Trepl jraaav avTrjv
Rpcoai fiiKpoc^ eoLKOTCf; ttoXXoX dTravTW^^oOev
TreptTrXeKeadaxrav eKireTop.evoi. el ttov top
NeiXov 6t5e9 ypa(f)f} peixip^rjpevov, avTov fiev
KCifieVOV iTTt KpOKoZeiXoV TLVO<i fj ITTTTOV TOV
•jTuTafMLOv, otoi iroXXol iv avTw, puiKpa Be Tiva
iraioia Trap" avTov traii^ovTa — 7r7^;^ei9 he avTOvs:
OL AiyvTTTioc KaXovac, — toiovtoi Kal irepl ttjv
PrjTopiKTjv oi eTraivoi.
Upocret, Srj av 6 €paaTT)<i eTriOvfjL&v BrjXaBr) oti

^ The Sidonian merchant was exaggerating, but

there was
truth in his tale. From Persepolis, by crossing the mountains
to the head of the Persian Gulf one could pick up a trade-
route that led frotn Alexandria on the Tigris (Charax) to
Petra (see Pliny 6, 145), whence one could get to Rhinocolura,
and so to Egypt. This would have been much shorter than
140
 ! — ;

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

—
days he is in Egypt in no time " And it was so
! \

Alexander, however, put no faith in it, but thought

that the merchant was a liar.^ So true is it that
amazing promises seem untrustworthy to most
people. But you must not make the same mistake.
Experience will convince you that nothing can pre-
vent you from arriving as a public speaker, in a single
day, and not a full day at that, by flying across the
mountains from Persia to Egypt
I wish first of all to paint you a picture in words,
like Cebes of old, and show you both the roads
for there are two that lead to Lady Rhetoric, of
whom you seem to me exceedingly enamoured. So
let her be sitting upon a high place, very fair of
face and form, holding in her right hand the Horn
of Plenty, which runs over with all manner of fruits.
Beside her imagine, pray, that you see Wealth
standing, all golden and lovely. Let Fame, too,
and Power stand by and let Compliments, re-
;

sembling tiny Cupids, swarm all about her on the

wing in great numbers from every side. If you
have ever seen the Nile represented in a painting,
lying on the back of a crocodile or a hippopotamus,
such as are frequent in his stream, while tiny infants
—
play beside him the Egyptians call them cubits
the Compliments that surround Rhetoric are like
these.2
Now you, her lover, approach, desiring, of course,

the normal (Susa, Babylon, Damascus) route, but it might not

have been any quicker.
' Evidently there were many copies of this picture about,

and they were not all exactly alike. The Vatican has a
treatment of the theme in sculpture, in which Nile rests
upon a sphinx, and has about him sixteen "cubits,"
symbolizing the desired yearly rise of his stream.
141
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Td')(i(na 'yevicrOai eirX rrj<; aKpa^i, 0)9 yafiijaetdi;
re avT7)v aveXBoov koI irdvTa eKelva €Xoi<>, tov
ttXovtop rrjv Bo^av tov^ eTralvov^' vofiw yap
7 diravTa yiyverai tov <y€yafir)K6T0<;. elr eireihav
'jrXrjo'iaaTj'i ra> opei, to p,ev irpcoTOv diroyLyvdixjKei'i
Tr)v dvohov, KoX TO Trpdy/xa ofioiov elvai croc BokcI
oia rj " Kopvo<i i(f>dv7) Tol<i Ma/ceSocrti/ diro^vpov
avT'qv diravTaxodev ISovcriv, uTe^vw'i ovBe 6pveoc<;
virepTTTrjvai paSiav, Aiovvaov TLv6<i rj 'HpUKXeov^,
el fieWoi KadaipeOrjcreadai, 8€op,evr]v.
TavTd (701 BoKel to TrpcoTov cItu ficT* oXCyov
opd<i 8vo TLvd<i 6Bov<;. fiaXXov Be "q fiev aTpairo';
iaTi (TT€vr) Kol aKavOcoBrj^; koI Tpayela, ttoXv to
Bcyfrof i/jL(f)aLvouaa koI iBpcoTa' Kal e^drj yap rjBrj
H(no8o9 eu fidXa viroBei^a^ avT'qv, waTe ovBev
ifiov Betjaei. rj eTepa Be irXaTela koX dvdrjpd kuI

evvBpo^, ToiavTTj o'iav p.LKp5> irporrdev elirov, Xva

fiT)7roXXdKc<; Ta avTa Xeycov eVe^^eo ae tjBt] prjTopa
8 elvai Bvvdfievov. irXrjp to ye toctovtov irpoa-
drjaeLV /uLOI Bokw, Bcoti 77 /xev Tpa-yela eKeivrj koI
dvdvT7]<i ov TToXXa tx^V "^^^ oBonropcov el')(€V, el
Be Tiva, irdvv iraXaid, Ka\ eycoye kut' eKeivqv
d6Xio<i dvrfXdov ToaavTa KafioDv ovBev Beov rj
eTepa Be aTe ofiaXr) ovcra teal dy/cvXov ovBev
e')(ov(ja TToppcoOev p,oi e(f)dvr) oia iaTiv ovy
oBevaavTt avTa>. ov yap ecopcov veo<i o)v €tl to
^eXTiov, dXXd tov TroirjTrjv eKelvov dXr}6eveiv

^ A
table-mountain captured by Alexander on his way to
India, 11 stades high at its lowest point, according to
Arrian {Alex.4, 28). Cunningham identifies it as Ranigat.
Tomaschek considers the Greek name derived from Sanscrit

142
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
to get upon the summit with all speed in order to
marry her when you get there, and to possess all
—
that she has the Wealth, the Fame, the Compli-
ments ; for by law everything accrues to the
husband. Then when you draw near the mountain,
at first you despair of climbing it, and the thing
seems to you just as Aornus ^ looked to the Mace-
donians when they observed that it was precipitous
on every side, truly far from easy even for a bird to
fly over, calling for a Dionysus or a Heracles if it
were ever going to be taken.
That is how it seems to you at first and then, ;

after a little, you see two roads. To be more exact,

one of them is but a path, narrow, briery, and rough,
promising great thirstiness and sweat Hesiod has ;

been beforehand with us and has already described

it very carefully, so that I shall not need to do so.^

The other, however, is level, flowery, and well-

watered, just as I described it a moment ago, not
to detain you by saying the same things over and
over when you might even now be a speaker. But
I must add at least this much, that the rough, steep
road used not to have many tracks of wayfarers, and
whatever tracks there were, were very old. I my-
self, unlucky dog, got up by that road and did all
that hard work without any need but as the other
;

was level and had no windings at all, I could see

from a distance what it was like without having
travelled it myself. You see, being still young, I
could not discern what was better, but believed that
poet^ to be telling the truth when he said that
avarana by popular etymology ; but compare the Avestan
name Upairi-saena (above the eagle).
* Works and Days, 286-292. ' Epicharmus.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Sfiirjv XeyovTU e/c t&v trovmv (^veadat ra ay ad a,
TO 8' ovK el^ey ouTO)"?* aTrovrjTL yovv opco rov<;
TToWov'i fiei^ovav a^iov/juevov^ evfiotpCa tt}?

alpeaeoa^ roiv Xoywv Koi oScov.

EiTTt o ovv Trjv ap')(r}v a(piKOfjL€VO<; ev olo otc
arrop'qa- €(,<;, koi tj^t} a'jTopel<i, Trorepav rpeTneov.
0)9 ovv 'Troit](Ta<i T]8r] paa-ra eTri to aKporarov
dva/3^(Tr} Kal evhaLfiovrjaei'i koX jafi-qa-ei^; Kal

6avfjLaa'T0<; iraai 86^ei<;, ij(o aoi <f)pdcrM- Ikuvov

yap TO avTov i^uTraTijdTjvac Kal Trovrjcrat. aol
Be dairopa Kal dvrjpoja iravra (f)V6(T6io Kaddirep
cttI toO J^povov.
Eu^u? ovv croi TTpoaeiac KapTep6<i Tt? dvrjp,
VTToaKXrjpo^i, dvBpci)hr]<; to ^d8icrp,a, ttoXvv tov
riXiov eTrl rat acofiaTi SeiKVvcov, dppevanro^ to
fiXififia, iyprjyopto'i, t?}? rpa-)(€ia<i oBov eKelvT]^
r^yefifav, Xr)pov<; rivd<; 6 /ittTafo? Bie^ioov tt/jo? ere.

eneaOai ydp oi^ 'iTapaKeXev6p,evo<i, vTToBeiKvv'i ra

Arjfioadivovi iX^V *^<^t YlXdrwvo^i Kal dXXtov
rivSiv, jxeydXa pbev Kal vtrep tov<; vvv, dfiavpd Be
•^Bt) Kal dcraiprj rd iroXXd viro tov j(^p6vov, (j>7]aei ^
€vBaip,ovd ere eaecrdai Kal vofiat yafirjcreiv tt)v
'Vr)TopiK^v, el KaTa tovtcov 6Bev(r€ia<; oicirep oi

* tictaQal 01 0, edd.
• (^ijfffi A.M.H. : /col (piiffei vulg., kuI <j>ri<riP MSS.

^ The thought is expressed in Works and Days, 289:

"The immortal gods have put sweat before virtue;" but
Lucian's wording is closer to the famous line of Epicharmus
quoted (just after the passage from Hesiod) in Xenophon's

144
 ;

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

blessings were engendered of toil.^ That was not
so, however; at all events, notice that most
I
people are accorded greater returns without any
labour, through their felicitous choice of words and
ways.
—
But, to resume when you reach the starting-
point, I am sure that you will be in doubt, and
indeed are even now in doubt, which road to follow.
I propose, therefore, to tell you how to do now
in order to mount to the highest peak with the
greatest ease, to be fortunate, to bring off the
marriage, and to be accounted wonderful by every-
one. It is quite enough that I should have been
duped and should have worked hard. For you,
let everything grow "without sowing and without
ploughing," as in the time of Cronus.^
On the instant, then, you will be approached by
a vigorous man with hard muscles and a manly
stride, who shows heavy tan on his body, and is
bold-eyed and alert. He is the guide of the rough
road, and he will talk a lot of nonsense to you, the
poor simpleton. In exhorting you to follow him, he
will point out the footprints of Demosthenes and

—
of Plato, and one or two more great prints, I grant
you, too great for men of nowadays, but for the
most part dim and indistinct through lapse of time
and he will say that you will have good fortune and
will contract a lawful marriage with Rhetoric if you

Memorabilia, 2, 1, 20: "'Tis at the price of toil that the

gods sell us all their blessings."
2 The quotation is from Odyssey, 9, 109, but there
is also
an allusion to Hesiod's description of the time of Cronus, the
golden age, when the "grain-giving earth bore fruit of itself,
in plenty and without stint" ( Works and Days, 117-118).

M5
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
eVt rwv KoXcov ^aivovre<}' el Se k&v fiiKpov ri
Trapa^aii]^ rj e^co Trarr/cxeta? rj €7rl Odrepa fidXXop
K\i6eirj<i TT) poirfi, eKirecreccrOal ere rfj<i opOrj^
oBov Kol dyovcrr)<; irrl rov ydfiov. elrd ae Ke\ev-
(rei ^7]\ovv eKeivov^ rov<; dp)(^acov<i dv8pa<i eooXa
irapahei'yfiaTa iraparLdel^ tmv Xoywv ov pahia
fiifj,€t(Tdai, ola rd Tfj<; Tra\aid<i epyaaia^ eariv,
'Hyriaiov koI tcov dficpl K^ptriov ^ Kal l>ir]ai(OTi]v,

direa^iyfieva koX vevpoihrj koI crKXrjpd kol

d/cpi^M^ dTroT€Ta/j,€va rah ypafjL/jLat<i. ttovov Se
^
Kol ay pvTrviav Kal vharorroaiav Kal to d\nrap€<i
dvayKala raina Kal dTTapaiTrjTa ^rjaei' dhvvarov
yap elvai dvev tovtcov Siavvaai rrjv 686v. h Se
TrdvTMV dviaporarov, oti aoi Kal rov ^^povov
irdfiTToXw vTToypdyjrei Trj<; oSonropCa^, err) TroXXd,
ov Kara r^fxepa^ Kal rpiaKaSaf, dWd Kara
o\,Vfi7rid8a<; o\a9 dptOfiwv, o)? Kal irpoairoKapelv
aKOvovra Kal
aTrayopevaai, iroWd ')(aipeiv
<f)pd(TavTa rfi iXm^ofievp eKeivrj evSaifiovla. tt/jo?
Se rovroi^ ovBe fiiadov^ 6Xiyov<; aTranei rSiv
rocovrav KUKav, dWd ovk av ^yrjcrairo aoi, el
fir) fieydXa irporepov Xd^oi.

10 'O fiev ravra ^rjaei, dXa^atv Kal dp-^alot w?

dXr]6Q)<i Kal K.poviK6<i dv6pa)Tro<;, vcKpoix; et<f

fxifirjaiv iraXaiov^ irpoTtdeh Kal dvopvrreiv d^iwv

X6yov<i nrdXaL KaTop(opvyp,€vov<{ w? rt /xeyiaTov
dyadov, fia')(aLpo'iroiov viov Kal dXXov ^Arpo/JL'^TOV

^ Kpirlov Dindorf : Kptriav 0, KpdrifTa y.

* Atirapes $. But cf. Hermotimus 24, Hesychius, and
Soph. Electra, 451.
146
 A PROFESSOK OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
follow these footprints like a rope-dancer; but if
you should make even a slight mis-step, or set your
foot out of them, or let your weight sway you
somewhat to one side, you will fall from the direct
road that leads to the marriage. Then he will tell
you to imitate those ancient worthies, and will set
you fusty models for your speeches, far from easy to
copy, resembling sculptures in the early manner
such as those of Hegesias and of Critius and Nesiotes ^
— wasp-waisted, sinewy, hard, meticulously definite
in their contours. And he will say that hard work,
scant sleep, abstention from wine, and untidiness are
necessary and indispensable it is impossible, says
;

he, to get over the road without them. What is

most vexatious of all, even the time which he
will prescribe to you for the journey will be very
—
long many years, for he counts not by days and
months, but by whole Olympic cycles,^ so that you
will be foredone in advance as you listen and will
forswear your project, bidding a fond farewell to
the good fortune that you expected. Besides, he
demands no small fee for all these hardships in ;

fact, he would not guide you unless he should get a

huge sum in advance.
That is what this man will say, the impostor, the
absolute old fogey, the antediluvian, who displays
dead men of a bygone age to serve as patterns, and
expects you to dig up long-buried speeches as if they
were something tremendously helpful, wanting you to
emulate the son of a sword-maker, and some other

* Pre-Phidian sculptors, Hegesias famous for his Dioscuri,

Critius and Nesiotes for their joint work, the Tyrant Slayers
(Harmodius and Aristogeiton).
* J.e., of four years.

M7
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
rtvof ypa/nfiaria-Tov ^rjXovv d^iwv, xal ravra iv
dprjvrj /jbTjTe ^iXiinTov eTnovTO^ ixrjre ^AXe^dvhpov

€TTndrTovTo^, OTTOV ra eKeivcav 'iaco^i iSoxei

')(^pr)<nfxa, ovK e/So)? oiroia viiv /ceKaivoTo/irjTai
Ta')(ela Koi aTrpdy/Jbcov kuI et? to evOif t^?
prjTopiKrji; 0S09. tru 8e fi'^Te TrelOecrdai fxrjTe
irpoaex^^v avrm, firj ere ixTpaxv^^^^V """^^ vapa-
Xa^cov r) TO reXevralov Trpoyqpdcrac to 19 ttovoi';
trapaaKevaarj. dXKa el Travrco^ ipa<i koI rd'^ia-ra
ideXec^i t^ prjTopt,K7J avvelvat aKfid^wv en, co? KaX
airovhd^oLO irpo^ avrrj^;, Wc, ra> p,ev Bacrei tovto)
Kol irepa rov [lerpiov dvSpiKm /xaKpd '^^atpeiv Xeye,
dva^aiveiv avTov KoX dXXovf; 67r6crov<i av i^awaTav
SvvrjTai dvdyeiv KaraXiTrmv dad p,aivovra KaX
IBpayrL iroXXo) crvvovra.
11 n/J09 Be rrjv erepav eXOmv eup^(T€i<i 'ttoXXov^
KoX aX,\oi'9, ev tovtoi^ Be /cal irducrocpov riva Kal
irdyKaXov dvBpa, Btacrea-aXev/nii'oi' to ^dBtafia,
eiriKeKXacr/jLevov rov av')(^eva, yvvaiKecov ro
pKep^fxa, fieXfX^pov to (f)covr]/iia, fivpcov diroTrveovTa,
rG> BaKTvXfp aKprn ttjv K€<paXr]v Kvoifxevov, oXiya^
fiev €Ti, ovXa<; Be koI vaKivdlvaf Ta9 rpi')(a<i evOe-
ri^ovTa, irdva^pov riva ^apBavdiraXXov rf K«-
vvpav rj avTov ^Xyddwva, tov t^9 TpaywBia^
inepaaTov eKcivov iroirjTijv. Xeya Be q)<; o-tto
TOVTcov yva)pli^0L<i avTov, firjBe ae ovreo decnrecriov
"X^prffia Koi (fiiXov ^A^poBiTT) Kal ^dpicri BiaXdOoi.
KatTOi TV (filj/iiC ; Ketv el /nvovri ydp aoi irpoaeXdcbv
eiTTOi Ti, TO TfiiJTTiov eKcivo dvoi^a<; aTOfia, koX
TTJV crvvrjOrj (fxovrjv dcf)ei,r],^ fiddoc^ &v a>9 ov^i twv

' hptiit Jacobs : i^tpiri yfi.

148
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
fellow, the son of a school-master named Atrometus,^
and that too in times of peace, when no Philij) is
making raids and no Alexander issuing orders situa- —
tions in which their speeches were perhaps considered
useful. He does not know what a short, easy road,
direct to Rhetoric, has recently been opened. But do
not you believe or heed him for fear he may give you
a neck-breaking tumble somewhere after he gets
you in charge, or may in the end make you pre-
maturely old with your labours. No, if you are
unquestionably in love, and wish to marry Rhetoric
forthwith, while you are still in your prime, so that
she may be fond of you, do bid a long good-bye to
that hairy, unduly masculine fellow, leaving him to
climb up himself, all blown and dripping with sweat,
and lead up what others he can delude.
If you turn to the other road, you will find many
people, and among them a wholly clever and wholly
handsome gentleman with a mincing gait, a thin
neck, a languishing eye, and a honeyed voice, who
distils perfume, scratches his head with the tip of
his finger,^ and carefully dresses his hair, which is
scanty now, but curly and raven-black an utterly —
delicate Sardanapalus, a Cinyras, a very Agathon (that
charming writer of tragedies, don't you know I .'').

am thus explicit that you may recognize him by

these tokens, and may not overlook a creature so
marvellous, and so dear to Aphrodite and the Graces.
But what am I talking about.'' Even if you had
your eyes shut, and he should come and speak to
you, unsealing those Hymettus lips and releasing
upon the air those wonted intonations, you would
* The sword-maker's son is Demosthenes, the schoolmaster's
Aeschiues. * Cf. Plutarch, Pompey, 48 fin.
149
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KaS' r)fia<i ia-jiv, oc dpovpr}<; Kapirov ehofxev, aX\d
TL ^evov (pda-fia Spoaw rj dix^poala Tp€(f)6/JL€V0V.
VovTO) roLvvv TTpoaeXdoiv kuI TrapaSoix; aeavrov
avTLKa fidXa pt'jToop koI Trepi/dXeTTTO^i Kai, oat
ovop^d^ei. avTO^;, ^acriXevf iv roh Xoyoi^; dTrovrjrl
KaraaT)]a-rj tu TiOpnnra iXavveov rov Xoyov.
SiBd^erai ydp ae trapaXa^cov rd rrpcora fiev
—
12 eKclva /xaXXov Se avT6<i elTrdro) Trpo<i ai' yeXoiov
<yap virep roiovrov pijropo'i i/jie iroiecaOai Tov<i
Xoyovi, (pavXov viroKpnrjv icrco'i tmv toiovtcov koX
rrjXiKOvrcov, p,r) koL (TvvTpiy^oi ttov irecrobv top
qpcoa ov vTroKplvopLai.
4>at>; Toiyapoup dv irpot ae (o8e 7ra)9 eiTia-Traad-
fiepo<i OTToaov en Xolttov t% Kop.'qt koL vtto-
fieiBidarat to yXa^vpov eKelvo koX diraXov olov
€10)0 ev, AvTodaiSa ttjv kco/jliktjv r) MaX0dKr)v fj
TXvKepav Tiva p,i/iirjcrd/j,€vo<; tw nrpoa-qvel rov
(fi6eyfiaTo<i' dypoiKOv yap to appeuoiirov koX ov
13 7r/309 d^pov Kol ipacTfiLov pijropo<i. <J}T]<t€1 S' ovv
irdvv ficTpid^oov virep avrov' " Mwv ere, oiyaOe, 6
T[vdLO<i €7refiyjre 7rp6<; p,e ptjropoyv rov dpicrrov
TrpocrecTTcov, aycnrep ore X.aip€(f)(ov tfpero avTov,
eBei^ev 6(TTt<i tjv 6 (70(^(oraTot iv rol<i Tore ; el Be
fiT)TuvTo, dXXd Kara KXeof avrb(i ijKei^; aKovcov
dTrdvrcov virepeKTreTrXyy/xevcov rd rj/xerepa /cat
vfjbvovvrwv Koi red^jTrorcov Kal vTreTrrrjxorcov,
avTLKa pLoXa ecarj Trpo? olov rtva Baip.6viov dvBpa
rjK€i<i. TrpoaBoKijar}'; Be pbrjBev roiovrov 6y}re<Tdai

» Iliad 6, 142.
* Socrates, in the Apology of Plato, says that when
Chaerephon in his zeal "asked whether anyone was wiser
than I, the Pythia responded that nobody was wiser " (21 a).
15°
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
discover that he is not like us " who eat the fruit of
the glebe/' ^ but some unfamiliar spirit, nurtured
on dew or on ambrosia.
If, then, you go to him and put yourself in his

hands, you will at once, without effort, become an

orator, the observed of all, and, as he himself calls it,
king of the platform, driving the horses of eloquence
four-in-hand. For on taking you in charge, he will
—
teach you first of all but let him address you
himself. It would be comical for me to do the
talking on behalf of such an accomplished speaker,
as I should be poorly cast, it may very well be,
for parts of that nature and importance ; I might
fall down and so put out of countenance the hero
whom I impersonated.
He would address you, then, somewhat in this
fashion, tossing back what hair is still left him,
faintly smiling in that sweet and tender way which
is his wont, and rivalling Thais herself of comic

fame, or Malthace, or Glycera, in the seductiveness

of his tone, since masculinity is boorish and not in
keeping with a delicate and charming platform-hero
— he will address you, 1 say, using very moderate
language about himself: " Prithee, dear fellow, did
Pythian Apollo send you to me, entitling me
the best of speakers, just as, when Chaerephon
questioned him, he told who was the wisest in that
generation ^ If that is not the case, but you have
.''

come of your own accord in the wake of rumour,

because you hear everybody speak of my achieve-
ments with astonishment, praise, admiration, and
self-abasement, you shall very soon learn what a
superhuman person you have come to. Do not ex-
pect to see something that you can compare with
151
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
olov Ta>Be rf T(phe irapa^aXelv, aX,V et tl<; rj

TiTUo? rj nTo<i 'E(fiid\Tt)<i, vTTep

'?! iKeivov<i ttoXv
^avetrai aot to irpdyfjba vTr€p(}>ve<i koI Tepdcrriov
cTTci Tov<i ye aWov^ toctovtov v7rep(f)a)VovvTa
OTToaov y crdXTrcy^ Toy? av\ov<i koI ol
evpr]aei<;
Temye<i raf; /teXtTTa? koX ol X^P^'' to*^? ivBi-
SovTWi.
14 " ETret Be koL ptjrcop avTO<; e'^eXei? yeveaOai
Kac rovTO ovk av irap aWov pdov p,d6oi<;, eirov
fiovov, w pbekrjfia, ol<; civ eiTrco kol ^rfKov irdvra,
Kai Tov<i vo/jiovs ol<i av eViTa^o) ^prja-dat d/cpi^co^;
fxoi TrapacfivXaTTe. /xdWov Se ^Brj Trpo^mpei,
firjSev OKVYjCWi p^rjSe 'inoT)6ei<i, el p,r) irpoereXeadr]^
ixelva rd irpo Trj<; prjropiKrj'i, oirocra r) dWr)
irpoTratheia Tol<i dvoi]Toi<i xal fiaraioi<i p^erd
TToXkov Kupidrov oBoTrocel' ovSev ydp avrSiv
Beijcret. aX\' dviirTOi^; nroalv — rj Trapoipla ^rjaiv
— epi^aive, ov p,€iov e^cov Sid tovto, ovS" dv, to
KOLVoTUTov, p,T]Be ypdcftciv rd ypdpupara elBfj^'
aWo ydp ti irapd ravra 6 prjroip.
15 " Ae^oy Be irpwrov p^ev oiroaa "^pr) avrov ere

oiKodev e)(^ovTa r]Keiv €<f)6Bia 7rp6<; ttjv iropeiav

Kal OTTox; eiriaiTlcracrdai, d)<i av Ta^tcrTa Biavvaai
Bvvr]6eiri<i. eireiTa KavTO<i h p,ev TrpoiovTi eirc-
BeiKvv<i Kard rrjv oBov, d Be Kal Trapaivcov, irplv
ffKcov Bvvai pi]Topd ae virep rov<i Travra^i
aTTo^avoi), olo<i avro^ elp,t, dvap,(}>i\eKrQ)<i rd
* The saying in full was ivirrois woo-lf aya$alvuv i-irl rh
<rr4yos (going up to the roof with unwashed feet), and so can
152
 !

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

So-and-so, or So-and-so ; no, you will consider the
achievement far too prodigious and amazing even
for Tityus or Otus or Ephialtes. Indeed, as far as
the others are concerned, you will find that I drown
them out as effectively as trumpets drown flutes, or
cicadas bees, or choirs their leaders.
" As you yourself wish to become a speaker, and
cannot learn this with greater ease from anyone else,
just attend, dear lad, to all that I shall say, copy me in
everything, and always keep, I beg you, the rules
which I shall bid you to follow. In fact, you may
press on at once you need not feel any hesitation
;

or dismay because you have not gone through all the

rites of initiation preliminary to Rhetoric, through
which the usual course of elementary instruction
guides the steps of the senseless and silly at the
cost of great weariness. You will not require them
at all. No, go straight in, as the proverb says, with
unwasheu feet,^ and you will not fare any the worse
for that, even if you are quite in the prevailing
fashion and do not know how to write. Orators
are beyond all that
" 1 shall first tell you what equipment you must
yourself bring with you from home for the journey,
and how you must provision yourself so that you can
finish it soonest. Then giving you my personal
instruction along the road, partly by example set
for you while you proceed, and partly by precept,
before sunset I shall make you a public speaker,
—
superior to them all, just like myself indubitably

hardly contain any reference to ceremonial purification.

Perhaps going up on the roof was tantamount to going to
bed. Of. ISowj of Solomon, 5, 3.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TTpoira Koi fiecra koI reKevrala rcov Xeyeiif
eTri^^eipovvToyv.
" Kofii^e Toivvv TO fie<yLcyTov fiev rrjv afiaOiav,
etTa dpdcro<i, iirl toutoi? he ToXfjbav Kal avai-
a')(vvTiav. alhSi he rj eTTieiKeiav r) fierpioTriTa r)

ipudrj/jba OIK 01 airoXnre' a^peia yap Kal vwevavria

TW irpdypbaTi. dWa kol ^orjv on fieyiaTrjv Ka\
/ie\o9 dvaia-)(vvTov Kal ^dhtafia olov to ifiov.
ravra he dvayKala irdvv Kal fiova eariv ore
iKavd. Kal 77 icrdr]^ he ecrro) evavOr]<; rj ^ \evK7],
epyov ^ T^9 TapaPTLvrjij ipyaa-La<i, o)? hiat^aivecrdai
TO (TWfia, Kal rj ^ Kprj-rrl^i ^Attikt] yvvaiKela, to
7ro\va-)(^ih€<i, rj efi^d<: XcKucovCa wlXoKi Tol^
XevKoi<; iTrnrpeTTOvaa, Kal aKoXovdoi iroWol Kal
^i^Xiov del.
" TaOra ixev avTov ^pr} avvTeXelv to. 8' dWa
16 Ka9^ ohov ^hrj Trpoi(ov 6pa Kal aKove. Kal hrj aoi
T0v<i v6/j>ov<; hietfiL, oh ^(^pdip^evov ae r} 'FrjTopiKi]
yptopiel Kal irpoarjaeTai, ovhe aTroaTpacfiyaeTai
Kal (TKopaKiel Kaddirep aTeKea-TOV riva Kal KaTd-
(TKOTTOV TbiV diropprjTcov, cr')(^i']iiaTO'i fiev to
TrpcoTov iirifieXijOrjvai ^prj /jidXiaTa Kal evfM6p<f)ou
T^9 dva^o\r]<i, eTreiTa irevTeKaiheKa rj ov irXeio)
ye TO>v etKOcnv 'Arrt/ca ovofiaTa e/cXefa? irodev
dKpi,^Si<i €Kfi€X€T}](Ta<;, irpo-^eipa eV aKpa^ t^9

1 ti A,M.H. : 7, fi, Kal y.

* Ispyov vulg. : Upva MSS.
3 fi (twice) A.M.H. :^ MSS.

154
 ;

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

first, midmost and last ^ of all who undertake to make
speeches.
"Bring with you, then, as the principal thing, ignor-
ance; secondly, re cklessne ss, and thereto ejirontery^
an3 shamelessness. Modesty, respectability, self-
restraint, and blushes may be left at home, for they
are useless and somewhat of a hindrance to the
matter in hand. But you need also a very loud
voige, a shameless sinking delivery, and a gaitTllce
mine. They are essential indeed, and sometimes
sufficient in themselves.'^ Let your clothing be
gaily- coloured, or else white, a fabric of Tarentine
manufacture, so that your body will show through
and wear either high Attic sandals of the kind that
women wear, with many slits, or else Sicyonian
boots, trimmed with strips of white felt. Have also
many attendants, and always a book in hand.
"That is what you must contribute yourself.
The rest you may now see and hear by the way, as
you go forward. And next I shall tell you the rules
that you must follow in order that Rhetoric may
recognize and welcome you, and not turn you her
back and bid you go to, as if you were an
outsider prying into her privacies. First of all, you
must pay especial attention to outward appearance,
and to the graceful set of your cloak. Then cull
from some source or other fifteen, or anyhow not more
than twenty, Attic words, drill yourself carefully in
them, and have them ready at the tip of your tongue

^ I.e., the others are not in it with him. Compare

Demosthenes 25, 8 "all such beasts, of whom he is midmost
:

and last and first."

* Compare the conversation between Demosthenes and the

sausage-seller in Aristophanes, Knights, 150-235.

 —
THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
y\d)TTr}<;e%e to arra Kal Kara kuI fiwv xal
Kal \a>are Kal to, roiavra, Kal iv
afx.rjyi'jrr) —
airavTL Xoyw KaOdirep Ti^Sva-fia CTrtTraTTe auTMv.
/ieXexft) Be firjSev twv aWcov, el avofioia tovtoi<;
Kat, aav/jL(f)v\a Kal aTreoSa. 77 7rop<f)vpa fiovov
€(TTco Ka\r) Kat, evavdi]<;, Kav aiavpa r(ov iraj^^eitav
17 TO l/jbUTiov y. fiirei^ Be airopprjTa Kal ^eva
prjfxaTa, (nravi.aKi<; viro tmv irdXai elprjfieva, kuI
ravra av/jicpopjjaa'i airoTo^eve Trpo')(^6ipi^6fM€Vo<i
eU T0U9 irpoaoixtXovvra^. ovto) yap ere 6 Xeo)9
TToXu? diro/SXiylrovTUC xal Oavfxaarov viro-
Xij-yfrovrai Kal rrjv iraiBeiav virep avrov<i, el
" diTOcnXeyyiaaadai " to drro^vaaadai Xeyoi^,
TO Be rjXbO) depeaOai " elXr^depeladai^ tov
dppa^wva Be " irpovofjutov," rov opdpov Be
" dKpoKve(f)€<;.^'eviore Be Kal avro^ nroiet kuivcL
Kal ciXXoKoraovo/nara Kal vo/xodeTei tov /xev
epfirjvevaai Beivov " evXe^iv " KaXelv, tov avverov
" (TO(f)ovovv,'* TOV 6p')('t]aTr)v Be " ')(^eipi(70(f)ov" dv
croXoiKL(TT}<; Be rj ^apfiapiar)^, hv euTto <f)dpfiaKov
rf dvat(T)(yvTia, Kal TTpox^ipov €vdv<; ovofxa ovtc
01/T09 Tti/09 oi5t€ yevofievov irore, rj ttoitjtov tj

(rvyypa(f)e(o<i, 09 Xeyeiv eBoKifia^e a-o<f>o<i;

ovro)
dv7)p Kal TTjv <f)(ovT)v el<; to dKpoTaTov aTrijKpi^co-
fjbevo^. dXXd Kal dvaylyvoaaKe rd iraXaid fiev /xrj
av ye, fiijBe ec tl 6 Xi]po<; 'Icro/cyoaT»;9 rj 6 %a/)tT&)i/
d/xot.po<; ArjiLLocrOevT]'; rj 6 \jrv')(p6<i IlXaTcov, dXXd
Tov<i T03V oXiyov irpo r]^Siv Xoyovs Kal d<i (fiaat

^ fifTfi Bekker : /u«Tck MSS.

^ Two of the terms require a word of comment K^ra :

means " and then," not " eftsoons," and the peculiarly Attic

156
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
— 'sundry,' 'eftsoons/ 'prithee,' 'in some wise,' 'fair
sir,' and the like.^ Whenever yon speak, sprinkle
in some of them as a rehsh. Never mind if the rest
is inconsistent with them, unrelated, and discordant.

Only let your purple stripe be handsome and bright,

even if your cloak is but a blanket of the thickest
sort. Hunt up obscure, unfamiliar words, rarely
used by the ancients, and have a heap of these in
readiness to launch at your audience. The many-
headed crowd will look up to you and think you
amazing, and far beyond themselves in education,
if you call rubbing down destrigillation,' taking a
'

sun-bath * insolation,' advance payments ' hansel,'

and daybreak 'crepuscule.' Sometimes you must
yourself make new monstrosities of words and pre-
scribe that an able writer be called fine-dictioned,
an intelligent man sage-minded, and a dancer handi-
wise.2 If you commit a solecism or a barbarism, let
shamelessness be your sole and only remedy, and be
ready at once with the name of someone who is not
now alive and never was, either a poet or a historian,
saying that he, a learned man, extremely precise
in his diction, approved the expression. As for
—
reading the classics, don't you do it either that
twaddling Isocrates or that uncouth Demosthenes or
that tiresome Plato. No, read the speeches of the
men who lived only a little before our own time, and
feature was the crasis {koI tlra being run together) fiuv was
;

used to introduce a question, like num in Latin, and was in

Lucian's day obsolete.
^ Acet">rding to Lucian himself in the treatise On Dancing

(69), the word x^'P^ffo"^"' (handiwise) was applied to dancers

by Lesbonax, a rhetorician, whose son was one of Tiberius'
teachers. Its appropriateness lay in the extensive use of
gesture in Greek dancing.

157
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ravra<; /ieXera?, o)? e;^?79 aTr' eKetPcov eTricriTLad-
iv Kaipo) Kara'^prjcrOaL KaOdirep ex ra/xietov
fievo<i
•KpoaLpSiv.
18 "'ETretSai' he kuX her) Xeyeiv koI oi irapovre^
VTTO^aXwcri Tiva<; virodeaei'^ koX d(f)opfia^ rcov
Xoycov, diravra fiev oiroaa av y 8ua')(epr], yfreyeado)^
xal iK(f>av\i^i<T6co 0)9 ovSev 6\(o<; dpBpo)B€<; avrwv.
€Xo/j,evQ)v Si, fMrj /ieXXifcra? Xeye orri Kev err
d/caiplfiav ^ yXcorrav eXOrj, firjSev ixeiVMv
e7n/jLeXr)6ei<i, (09 to frpwrov, &cnTep ovv xal eaTi
irpSiTov, ipet<i iv Kaipco irpocnjKOVTL kul to
BevTepov fxerd tovto koI to rpLTov fier eKclvo,
dXXd TO irpoiTOv efiireaov irpoiTOv XeyecrOco, Koi
rjv ovTO) TV')(r), Trepl to) fiercoTro) fiev r) Kvr)p,i^,

irepl rf] kptj/jltj Be rj Kopv;. irXrjv aXV eireiye Kai

avveipe koX firj cncorra /jlovov. kuv irepl v^piarov
Tivo<i 7) ixoL')(OV Xeyr]<i ^Kdrjvrjai, rd ev ^\vBol<; Kol
^FiK^aTdvoi<i Xeyeado). iirl irdai Be ^apaOcov
Kol 6 K.vveyeipo<i, S)v ovk dv ri dvev yevono.
Kol del o "A^&)9 TrXeladco koI 6 'EXXr]cr7rovTO<i
TTe^eveaOo) koX 6 ijXio^ vtto rcou MtjSikmv ^eX(il)i>
a-fceTreaOco koX 'Bep^tj'i (fyeuyeTO) koI AeQ)vlBa<i
davfjia^ea-dco Kol rd ^OdpvdBov ypdfifUiTa dva-
yiyv(i)(TK€ado), Kol 77 Sa\a/i(9 koX to ^Aprefiiaiov
Kal al YlXaraial jroXXd raina koI irvKvd. /cat

eirl irdcri rd oXiya eKelva ovofiaTa eTrnroXa^ero)

Kal eiravdeira), koI <TVve-)(e<i to uttu kuI to

' \ptyf(T6a) Hermann : \(yfad<D MSS.

* iir' aKaipifiav Valckenaer : iirl Kuip'fifiaTi n, iirl koI ^?m« B.

* I.e., declamations.

158
 '

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

these pieces that they call ' exercises,' ^ in order to
secure from them a supply of provisions which you
can use up as occasion arises, drawing, as it were, on
the buttery.
" When you really must speak, and those present
suggest themes and texts for your discussion, carp
at all the hard ones and make light of them as not
fit, any one of them, for a i*eal man. But when they
have made their selection,^ unhesitatingly say 'what-
ever comes to the tip of your unlucky tongue.' ^
Take no pains at all that the first thing, just be-
cause it really is first, shall be said at the appropriate
time, and the second directly after it, and the third
after that, but say first whatever occurs to you first;
and if it so happens, don't hesitate to buckle your
leggings on your head and your helmet on your leg.*
But do make haste and keep it going, and only don't
stop talking. If you are speaking of a case of assault
or adultery at Athens, mention instances in India
or Ecbatana. Cap everything with references to
Marathon and Cynegeirus, without which you cannot
succeed at all. Unendingly let Athos be crossed in
ships and the Hellespont afoot ; let the sun be
shadowed by the arrows of the Medes, and Xerxes
flee the field and Leonidas receive admiration let
;

the inscription of Othryades be deciphered, and let

allusions to Salamis, Artemisium, and Plataea come
thick and fast. Over everything let those few
words of yours run riot and bloom, and let ' sundry
* That is to say, when the audience had selected, from the

different topics suggested by individuals, the one that they

preferred.
* A quotation from an unknown poet, which had become a
proverb (Athenaeus 5, 217 c).
* Proverbial for putting the cart before the horse.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
hi^TTOvdev, Kav fir}hev avrSiv Berj' KoKa 'yap iari
Kol eiKT] Xeyofjbeva.
19 " Hi' Se TTore /cat atrai Kaipo<; elvai Sokjj, iravra
(TOi aSecda) koI /ie\o9 yiyveadeo. Kav irore
aTropr]ar)<i Trpdyfiaro^i (ohtKov, tou? avhpa<i tov<;
BiKaara^: 6vo/ji,d(Ta<i ififjie\co<; ireTrXrjpcoKivai oXov
rr)v dpfxoviav. to Se oifwi roiv KaKwv iroKXaKL^,
KoX 6 fir)po<; TraraaaecrOa), Kal Xapvyyi^e Kal
iiriXpep'TrTov T049 XeyofMevoL^ kuI ^ciBi^e fiera-
(f)ep(ov TTjV TTvyrjV. Kal rjv p-ev ere p,r] itraivSiaiv,
dyavuKTei Kal XoiBopov avTol<{' rju Se 6p6el
karrjKwaLV vrro T'^9 ala')(^vvr)<; i]8r} 7rpb<; rr}v e^ohov
eToip,OL, Kade^etrdai KcXeve, kuI 6\(0<i Tvpavvl<i
TO irpdyp.a eo"T6).
20 " "Ottg)? he Kol TO 7r\r]6o<i t&v Xoyav davpd-
^(oaiv, diTO Twv ^WiaKcov dp^dp,evo<i rj Kal vt) Aia
diro TOiv AevKaXicovof; Kal Tlvppa<; ydp,a>v, rjv SoKp,
KUTa^i^a^e tov \6yov eVt to, vvv KadecrT&Ta.
ol p,ev yap <rvvi€VT€<; okiyoi, o'l fidXicTTa p,ev
(jKcnrjaovTaL inr evyvcopoavvrj^i' tjv he Kal Xeyoxri
TL, vrro (f)d6vov avTo ho^ovcri hpdv. ol iroWol he
TO a')(r}pa Kal (poivtjv Kal ^dhL(Tp,a Kal irepl'iraTov
Kal p,eko<i Kal Kpr^irlha Kal to arra aov eKelvo
TeOf'jTraai, Kal tov IhpoiTa opcavTa Kal to da6p,a
ovK e-)(0V(Tiv oTTtu? diriaTrjaovcn p,r) ov')(l irdvhei-
vov Tiva ev rot? \6yoi<; dywviaTrjv elvai ae.
aX\(o<i TC Kal TO Ta'xy tovto ov piKpdv e;^et Trjv
diroXoyiav koI Oavp.a irapd rot? TToWot?* SxTTe
6pa fit] TTOTe ypdi^r)({ rj crKe'^dp^vof; 7rapeX&r)<},
€\ey)(0<; yap aa4>T)(i TavTa ye.

^ That is to say, before the Flood.

160
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
and forsooth
' be incessant, even if there is no need
'

of them ; for they are ornamental even when uttered

at random.
"If ever it seems an opportune time to intone,
intone everything and turn it into song. And if
ever you are at a loss for matter to intone, say
' Gentlemen of the jury in the proper tempo and'

consider the music of your sentence complete. Cry

* Woe is me frequently !
slap your thigh, bawl,
' ;

clear your throat while you are speaking, and stride

about swaying your hips. If they do not cry
!
' Hear be indignant and upbraid them
' and if ;

they stand up, ready to go out in disgust, command

them to sit down in short, carry the thing with a
:

high hand.
"That they may marvel at the fulness of your
speeches, begin with the story of Troy, or even with
the marriage of Deucalion and Pyrrha,^ if you like,
and bring your account gradually down to date.
Few will see through you, and they, as a rule, will
hold their tongues out of good nature if, however, ;

they do make any comment, it will be thought that

they are doing it out of spite. The rank and file
are already struck dumb with admiration of your
appearance, your diction, your gait, your pacing
back and forth, your intoning, your sandals, and
that ' sundry of yours and when they see your
' ;

sweat and your labouring breath they cannot fail to

believe that you are a terrible opponent in debates.
Besides, your extemporary readiness goes a long
way with the crowd to absolve your mistakes and
procure you admiration so see to it that you never
;

write anything out or appear in public with a

prepared speech, for that is sure to show you up,
i6i
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
21 "Ol (f>i\oi Be dvairrjBdTMcrav^ del Kal /jlictOop
Tcov BeiTTvcov diToriveroiaav, et ttotc atcrdoivro ae
KaraTreaovfievov, x^^P^ opiyovre'i Kal 7rape-)(ovTe^
eupelv TO \exdri<j6fievov iv rol<i fiera^v twv
eiraivcov 8ia\ei,/u,/jLaai' Kal yap av Kal TOvBe
fieXeTQ) croi rov ^opov e^ccv oiKetov Kal awdBovra.
" TavTa jxev croi rd iv rot? \6yoc^. fierd ravra
he TTpolovra ae 8opv(})opeiTa)aav iyKeKa\v/j,p,evov
avrov Kal ire pi aw €(f)r]<; /xera^v BiaT^Ufi^dvovTa.
Kal r)V evrvxV' Oavpidaia irepl aavrov \eye
Tt<?

Kalinrepeiraivei, Kal iirax^rj^i yiyvov avrcp. " rl

yap 6 YlaLavLev<i Trpo'i eptA " ; Kal, " Ylpot eva
iaa>^ fjboi TCOV iraXaicov 6 dycov'" Kal rd roiavra.
22 "'^O Be pLeyiaTOV Kal 7rp6<; to evBoKip^lv dvay-
KuioTaTOV oXiyov Belv rrrapiXiTrov, dirdvTcov Kara-
yeXa tS)v XeyovToov. Kal rjv p.ev rt? Ka\a)<i etirrj,
dWorpia Kal ovx eavrov BetKVveiv BoKeiTco' rjv
Be p,eTpi(o<i iXeyx^fjy^ TrdvTa eaTco eTTiXTjyjn/xa. Kal
iv Ttti? dKpodcrecn fxerd TrdvTa^ elaievai Xprj,
iiriarjpov ydp' Kal (TKOTrrjcrdvTCOv d'jrdvTOiV ^evov
Tivd eiraivov eirenrelv Td<i dKod<; t<ov irapovTOiv
iTTiaTpe-yfrovTa ^ Kal ivoxXrjcrovTa, ax? vavTidv
diravTa^ iirl tco ^opTLKw twv ovofiaTOiv Kal

^ ai/air-qSdrwffav Sommerbrodt : TrtiSdruarav MSS.

» SKiyxBrj A.M.H., ivexOfi MSS.
* finarpfipovra Bekker : iiri<rrpt(povTa MSS.

^ The word clwrus here approaches the sense that it has in

Libanius, where it designates the different bands of scholars

attached to the various professors at Athens. So Aelian
(Var. Hist. 3, 19) says of Aristotle that he gathered about
him a chorus of pupils, and set upon Plato. Cf. Plato,
Prot. 316 B.

162
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
" Let your friends spring to their feet constantly
and pay you for their dinners by lending you a
hand whenever they perceive that you are about
to fall down, and giving you a chance to find what
to say next in the intervals afforded by their
applause. Of course you must make it your busi-
ness to have a well-attuned chorus of your own.^
"There you have what concerns the speaking.
Afterwards let them ^ dance attendance upon you
as you go away with your head swathed in your
mantle, reviewing what you have said. And if
any one accosts you, make marvellous assertions
about yourself, be extravagant in your self-praise,
and make yourself a nuisance to him.^ What was
'

Demosthenes beside me ? '' Perhaps one of the

ancients is in the running with me and that sort
!
'

of thing.
" I almost omitted the thing that is most im-
portant and most needful for maintaining your
reputation. Laugh at all the speakers. If anyone
makes a fine speech, let it appear that he is parading
something that belongs to someone else and is not
his own ; and if he is mildly criticized, let everything
that he says be objectionable. At public lectures,
go in after everybody else, for that makes you con-
spicuous and when everybody is silent, let fall an
;

uncouth expression of praise which will draw the

attention of the company and so annoy them that
they will all be disgusted at the vulgarity of your

* Not simply the friends, but the spectators also. See

Lucian's Zeuxis.
' This is not the orator, but Lucian himself, breaking
through the veil of irony and saying what he really
thinks. See below.

163
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
eTTK^paTreaOat to, Sira. koI iiriaeiajj'i Se yu,r;

7ro\XdKt<i rrjv y^elpa, eureXe? yap, /xrjS' avaarfi<i,

ttXtjv aira^ ye rj 8I9 to TrXetcrrov. VTrofieLSia Be
ra iroWa koI hrfK.o'i yiyvov /j,rj apeaK6ixevo<i toI^
\eyo/jLevoL<;. afi^iKa^el^ at d(f)op/iial twv
8e
fxefiyjrecov toi<; avKO(f>avTiKol<; ra (ora.
" Ta 8' dXXa dappelv 77 roXfia yap Kal rj
'X,ph
avaia^vvTia koI ^frev8o<i Trpo-^^eipov koI 6pK0<i i'n

aKpoi<i ae\ rot? ')(ei\eai, Kal <f)66vo<i 7rpo<{ airavTa^i

Ka\ iM,ao<i Kal ^Xaacprjfda Kal Sia^oXal Tndavai —
ravTo, ere aoi,8i/j,ov ev ^pa^el Kal irepi^XeTrrov

dirocfiavei.
23 "Toiavra fiev ra ^avepa Kal ra e^ay. IhLa he
irdvra 7rpdyp,ara iroielv aoi SeSox^fo, Kv^eveiv
jxeOvaKeaOat Xayveveiv p-oiyeveiv rj avx^^v ye, ,

Kav fiT) 'jTOifj<i, Kal Trpo? UTravra^; Xeyeiv Kal

ypa/jLfiaTeta vtroheiKVvvat vrro yvvacKcov Bijdeu
ypa(f)evra. KaXo<; yap elvai OeXe koI aol fieXeTOi
VTTo T&v yvvaiKMV aTTovBd^eadai SoKeiv elf ttjv
prjropiKrju yap Kal rovro dvoiaovcriv ol iroXXoi,
ft>9 hid TOVTO crov Kal d'^pi' Trj(; yvvaiK(ovLTi8o<i
evBoKtfiovvTO<;. Kal to Selva Si, p-rj alBeaOfi'^, el
Kal 7rp6<i dvBpuiV iirl T(p erepo) ^ epdcrdai, 8oKOLr)<i,
Kal ravra yevetrJTT}^ rj Kal vrj Aia (paXaKpo^ ijSrf
u)V. dXX^ eaTcoaav ol Kal eVt tovtw avvovTe^'
rjv Be fir) S)cnv, olKerai iKavoL. ttoXXu yap Kal €k
Tov rotovTov 7rp6<i rrjv prjTopiKrju ^PV^^t^^^ irapa-
ylyveraf irXeKov 97 dvaKx^yvrla Kal dpdao<;.
* iraipup Bekker.
164
 A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
language and will stop their ears.^ Do not make
frequent gestures of assent, for that is commonj
and do not rise,^ except once or at most twice. As
a rule, smile faintly, and make it evident that you
are not satisfied with what is being said. There
are plenty of opportunities for criticism if one has
captious ears.
" For the rest, you need have no fear. Effrontery
and shamelessness, a prompt lie, with an oath to
confirm it always on the edge of your lips, jealousy
and hatred of everyone, abuse and plausible slanders
— all this will make you famous and distinguished in
an instant.
"So much for your life in public and in the open.
In your private life, be resolved to do anything and
—
everything to dice, to drink deep, to live high and
to keep mistresses, or at all events to boast of it
even if you do not do it, telling everyone about it
and showing notes that purport to be written by
women. You must aim to be elegant, you know,
and take pains to create the impression that women
are devoted to you. This also will be set down
to the credit of your rhetoric by the public, who
will infer from it that your fame extends even to the
women's quarters. And I say— do not be ashamed
to have the name of being an effeminate, even if you
are bearded or actually bald. There should be some
who hang about you on that account, but if there
are none, your slaves will answer. This helps your
rhetoric in many ways ; it increases your shameless-
^ Here again Lucian himself breaks through,
and describes
what a fellow of this sort actually does. The man himself
would put it quite differently.
* A form of applause ; of. Essays in Portraiture Defended,
c. 4, at end.
'65
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
op3.<i «t)9 XaXiarepaL al yvvaiKe<; kuI XoiSopovvrai
TreptTTW? Kal virep toi)? dv8pa<i ; el Sr) tu ofioia
'irda')(OL'i, Kal ravra 8coLa€t<; roov dXXwv. Kal /xt)v

KOI TTiTTOvaOai XPV> P'<i'XiaTa fiev to, travja, el he

firjt Trai^Tco? eKeiva. Kal avro Be cot to arofia tt/jo?

diravra 6/j,olq)<; Ke')(riveTa>, Kal rj 'yXwrra vtrr^pe-

T€tTft) Koi 'jrpo<; rov<i Xoyov^; Kal tt/oo? to, dXXa

OTToca dv SvuTjTai. Bvvarai Be ov croXoiKi^etv
fiovov Kal ^ap^api^etv ovBe Xrjpelv t) iinopKecv 77

XoiBopelcjOai, r) Bia^dXXeiv Kal -^evBecrOai, dXXd

Kal vvKToap Tt dXXo viroTeXelv, Kal fidXiara r)v

iTpo<i ovT(o 7roXXoif<i tou? epwra^ p,r) BcapKearj^;.

iravra avTrj ye eTTiardcrda) Kal yovifimrepa
yiyveadw Kal fX-qBev diroa-rpecpeaOa}.

24 " * Hi' ravra, o) tral, — Bvvaaai

KaX(o<i eKfj,ddr)<i Be''

ovBev yap ev avrot<{ —

^apv dappwv eTrayyeXXofiat.
OVK 6t9 fiaKpav ae dpiarov prjTopa Kal 'qpZv o/noiov
diroTeXeadijaeadai. to /xeTo, tovto Be ovk ifie

Xph Xeyeiv, oaa ev ^pa^el napeaTai croi to, dyad a

rrapa Trj<i 'PrjTopiKr]<;. opa<; ep,e, 09 TraTpo<; fiev
d(f>avov^ Kal oi/Be KaOap(o<; eXevOepov eyevofirjp
vvep "Btoiv Kal ®ixovlv BeBovXevK6TO<i, p,7]Tpo'i Be
aKeaTpta^ etr dfKpoBiov tiv6<;. avT09 Be Trjv

(opav ov TravTaTraaiv dBoKifxo^ elvai Bo^a^ to fiev

irpcpTOv iirl ^friXA t^ Tpecpeadai avvijv tivi
KaKoBaifiovi Kal yXia^^^pto epaaTp, eirel Be ttjv

166
 I

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

ness and effrontery. You observe that women are
more talkative, and that in callingnames they are
extravagant and outstrip men. Well, if you imitate
them you will excel your rivals even there. Of
course you must use depilatories, preferably all
over, but if not, at least where most necessary.
And let your mouth be open for everything in-
differently let your tongue serve you not only
;

in your speeches, but in any other way it can.

And it can not only solecize and barbarize, not only
twaddle and forswear, call names and slander and
lie —
it can perform other services even at night,
especially if your love affairs are too numerous.
Yes, that must know everything, be lively, and balk
at nothing.
" If you thoroughly learn all this, my lad and —
you can, for there is nothing difficult about it —
promise you confidently that right soon you will
turn out an excellent speaker, just like myself.
And there is no need for me to tell you what will
follow —
all the blessings that will instantly accrue
to you from Rhetoric. You see my own case. My
father was an insignificant fellow without even a
clear title to his freedom, who had been a slave
above Xois and Thmuis,^ and my mother was a
seamstress in the slums. For myself, as my personal
attractions were considered not wholly contemptible,
at first I lived with an ill-conditioned, stingy admirer
just for my keep. But then I detected the easi-
Xois and Tlimuis were towns in the Nile delta, the one
^

in the Sebennitic nome, the other to the eastward, capital of

the Thmuite nome. Lucian may mean simply "up-country
in the Delta" but it is better, I think, to take his words
;

more literally as meaning "up-country in each of those two

nomes."
167
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
oBov TavTTjv paarrju ovaav Karelhov koI hieKirai-
aa<i €7ri rw aKprp iyevo/jiTjv —
U7r»}/9^e yap fioi, Si
(f)L\r} ^ASpdarreia, iravra eKelva a irpoel'nov
€<f>68i.a, TO Opdao^, r) d/xadla, t) dvaLa')(yvTia —
TrpwTOV fiev ovkItl Ylodeivo<i ovofid^o/jiac, aW' 77S77
T0t9 Ato? Kai A')]8a<i iraicrXv 6ficovv/xo<i yeyivij/iaC'
CTreira 8e ypaC avvoiKi]cra<i to nrpwrov fxev
iyaa-rpi^ofirjv tt/do? avTi]<; epav TrpoaTroiovfievo^
yvvaiKO<i €^8ofj,7)KovTovTtBo<; Terrapa'i eTiXotTrov<;
686vTa<; €'X^ov(n)<i, ')(^pvai(p koX tovtov^ ivBeSefie-
V0U9. 7r\T)v aXXd ye Bid rrjv ireviav v^ia-rdfiTjv
Tov aOXov Kal rd yjrvxp^ eKelva Ta e« t?}? aopov
<f)i\i]/MaTa vireprjBiard jmol eTTolei 6 Xi/j,6<i. elra
oXlyov Beiv K\rjpov6fio<; wv el^ev aTrdvTwv
KUTea-Trfv, el /ht) KaTdpar6<i ri^ OLKerr)<i ifirjvvaev
25 (o<i (f>apfUiKov ehjv eir avrrjv iatvrjfievoif. i^cocrOel'i
Be eirl fC€<f)a\r)v ovBe rare rfiropr^aa rcov
ofimi;
avayfcavcov, dWa
Kal prjrmp Bokco kuv rai<; Si/tat?
i^erd^ofiac 7rpoBiBov<; rd iroWd Kal tov<; BiKaaTd<i
TOif dvorjToi^ KadvTTL(T)(yovjMevo<i, Kal ^rroiyixai
fiev Ta irXeiara, 01 (f)OLviKe<; Be enl rfj dupa
')(\Q)poi Kal e<ne<^av(o p,evoL' tovtoc<; yap iirl TOVf
BvcrTU')(ei<i Tot9 BeXeacriv.
'X^pco/jbai Kal ro dWd
fiKTecadai dirduTcov Kal eTrcaTj/xov elval fie
tt/do?
eirl Tjj p,o')(jdr}pia tov Tpoirov Kal ttoXv irporepov
riov Xoywv Kal to BeiKvvadat, tw BaKTvXw rov-
Tov eKelvov rov dKpoTaTov iv irdar) Katda Xeyo-
fievov, ov fiiKpov elvai ep-Oi ye BoKel.

* Desiderius, D^sir^.
* Castor and Pollux. This passage is the corner-stone of
the argument that Pollux is the person at whom Lucian \&
hitting.

168
 —

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

ness of this road, galloped over it, and reached the
summit ; for I possessed (by thy grace. Fortune !)
all that equipment which I have already mentioned
recklessness, ignorance, and shamelessness. And
now, in the first place, my name is no longer
Potheinus,^ but I have become a namesake of the
sons of Zeus and Leda.^ Moreover, I went to
live with an old woman and for a time got my
victuals from her by pretending to love a hag of
seventy with only four teeth still left, and those
tour fastened in with gold ! However, on account
of my poverty I managed to endure the ordeal, and
hunger made even those frigid, graveyard kisses
exceedingly sweet to me. Then I very nearly be-
came heir to all her property, if only a plaguy slave
had not blabbed that I had bought poison for her,
I was bundled out neck and crop, yet even then I

was not at a loss for the necessaries of life. No,

I enjoy the name of a speaker, and prove myself
such in the courts, generally playing false to my
clients, although I promise the poor fools to deliver
their juries to tliem.^ To be sure I am generally un-
successful, but the palm-leaves at my door are green
and twined with fillets, for I use them as bait for my
victims.* But even to be detested by everyone, to
be notorious for the badness of my character and
the still greater badness of my speeches, to be
—
pointed out with the finger 'There he is, the man
who, they say, is foremost in all iniquity seems to
I
'
—
me no slight achievement.
' He is an accomplished praevaricator, not only selling out

to the other side, but extracting money from his own clients
under pretext of bribing the jury.
* For palm-branches as a token of success at the bar, see
Juvenal 7, 118, and Mayor's note.
169
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
" TaOra aoi Trapaivo), vrj rrjv TrdvBrj/j.ov, ttoXv
irporepov ifxavro) 7rapatv€cra<i kol x^-P''^ e/xavTW
ov fiiKpav iTTiard/jLevo^."
26 Elei/' fjLev yevvdSa'; cIttcov tuvtu ireiraixTeTai'

<7v Be rjv Tret ad ^<; toI^ elprj/jievot,^, Koi Bt) irapelvai

vojxt^e olirep e^ dpxv'i eVo^et? eXOelv, kuI ovSev
ae KOjXuaei eTrofxevov tol^ vo/xoi'i ev re Tol<i
BiKaaTTjpioi^ Kparelv kuI ev toI^ irXr^deaiv
eiiBoKifielv koL eirepacrrov elvai Kai yafielv ov
ypavv riva rcov KwpuKOiv, KaOdirep 6 vofio6eTr)<;
KoX BiBdcKaXo^, dWd KaWiarrjv yvvaiKa TT}t>
'PrjTopiKtjv, 0)9 TO Tov ll\dTcovo<; eKelvo ttttjvov
dpfia ekavvovra ^epecrdai, aol jxaXXov irpeTreiv
TTcpl creavTov elirelv r) eKelva> irepl tov Ato?' iyoi
Be — dyevvrj'i yap koI BetX.o'i eiixi —
e/ca-T'qcro/jiai t?}?

oBou vp.iv KoX Trav(Top,ai tt) 'VrfropiKfi eTnTroXd^oiv,

d(TV/LL^oXo<i wv TTpo<i avTr)V TO, vp,eTepa' p,aX\ov
Be rjBr} TreTrav/xac, o)(TT€ ukovitI dvoKrjpvTreade
Kul davp,d^€(r0€, /xovov rovro p,ep,vr)ix€voi, otc prj
Tft) Td^et rjp^oiv Ke/cpaTr]KaTe oiKVTepoi <fiavevT€<t,

d\\a T(p pdaT7}v koI Trpavrj rpaTreadai Tr]V oBov.

1 Plato, Phaedrus, 246 B.

170
 ;

A PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

" This is I bestow upon you.
the advice which By
Our Lady of the Stews, bestowed it upon myself
I

long ago, and am deeply grateful to myself for it."

Well, the gentleman will end his remarks with
that, and then it is up to you. If you heed what he
has said, you may consider that even now you are
where in the beginning you yearned to be and ;

nothing can hinder you, as long as you follow his

rules, from holding the mastery in the courts, en-
joying high favour with the public, being attractive,
and marrying, not an old woman out of a comedy,
as did your law-giver and tutor, but Rhetoric, fairest
of brides. Consequently, Plato's famous phrase
about driving full-tilt in a winged car can be applied
by you to yourself with a better grace than by him
to Zeus.^ As for me, I am spiritless and faint-
hearted, so I will get out of the road for you, and stop
trifling with Rhetoric, being unable to recommend
myself to her by qualifications like those of yourself
and your friend. Indeed, I have stopped already
so get the herald to proclaim an uncontested victory
and take your tribute of admiration, remembering
only this, that it is not by your speed that you have
defeated us, through proving yourself more swift of
foot than we, but because you took the road that
was easy and downhill.

171
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE
PROPHET
An account of the false priest of Asclepius, Alexander of
Abonoteichus. It has been discussed in detail by Cumont in
the Mimoires couronndes de Vacad^mie de Belgique, vol. xl
(1887).
Although Alexander achieved honour not only in his own
country, a small city in remote Paphlagonia, but over a large
part of tlie Roman world, almost nothing is known of him
except from the pages of Lucian. Gems, coins, and in-
scriptions corroborate Lucian as far as they go, testifying to
Alexander's actual existence and widespread influence, and
commemorating the name and even the appearance of
Glycon, his human-headed serpent. But were it not for
Lucian, we should not understand their full significance.
Alexander's religious activity covered roughly the years
A.D. 150—170. The cult which he established outlasted him
for at least a century. It was highly unusual in its char-
acter, as Ctmiont observes. Sacred snakes were a regular
feature of sanctuaries of Asclepius ; but to give a serpent a
human head and style it the god incarnate was a distinct
innovation. Moreover, the proper function of Asclepius was
to heal the sick, who passed the night in his temple,
expecting either to be cured while they slept or to have
some form of treatment suggested to them in their dreams.
But at Abonoteichus we hear nothing of incubation, and
only incidentally of healing the "new Asclepius" deals in
;

oracles like Apollo, and gives advice on any subject. This,

together with Alexander's extravagant claims of divine
descent, confirms Lucian in his appraisal of him as an out-
and-out charlatan, aiming to play upon the gross credulity of
the times and to secure the greatest gain with the least effort.
Lucian was in a position to know a good deal about
Alexander, and clearly believes all that he says. Without
doubt his account is essentially accurate, but it need not be
credited absolutely to the letter. Lucian was no historian
at best, and he was angry. In the account of his relations
with Alexander he reveals his own personality more clearlj'
than usual, but not in a pleasant light.
The piece was written at the request of a friend, after
AD. 180, when Alexander had been in his grave for ten years.
173
AAEHANAPO^ H ^EYAOMANTIS

Sw iJiev w ^iXrare K-iXae, fjLiKpov ri koI

laa><i,

(f>av\ov TO 7rp6(TTay/jia, TrpoaraTrecv top

OL€i
^AXe^dvBpov aoL rov 'A/3a)z/0Tef;^tT0t' yorjro'i ^lov
Kal eTTLVOLa<i avrov koX roXp,i']p.ara koI fiayyavecwi
el<i /Si^Xiov iyypdyjravTa TrefMyfrar to Se, ei rt?
ideXoi 7rp6<; to dKpi^€<; e/caarov eTre^iivac, ov
fieiov iaTiv rj ra? ^AXe^duBpov tov OtXtTTTrof
7rpd^€L<i dvaypdyjrar ToaovTO<; et? KaKiav ovro<i,
oaof et9 dpcTrjv eKelvo<i. o/uL(o<i Se el fieTa
(Tvyyvcojxrj'i dvayvuxrecrOai, fxeXXoti; kol to. evheovTa
T0t9 iaTopovfi€voi<; TrpocrXoyteladai, vTroaTijaofiai
aoi TOV adXov, Kal ttjv Avyeov ^ovaTaalav, el
Kal pLTj Traaav, dXX! el<i Bvvafilv ye Tr}v ifiavTov
dvaKaddpaadai Treipdcrofiai, oXlyov; o(rov<; tcov
KO(plvcOV €K(j}0p'>](Ta<i, O)? ttTT* eKeivoiv T€K/j,avpoto
nroar) wdaa Kal w? d/jbvOrjTO^i yjv rj Koirpo^ rjv

Available in photographs : r, UPN. (r lost as far as

Tivos &K\ov, c. 18 fin. Beginning supplied by late hand g).

^ The scholiast thinks this Celsus the writer of the True

Word, an attack upon Christianity, to which Origen replied
in his eight books contra Cehuin. He is certainly identical
with the man whom Origen himself believed to be the author
of that work, who, he says, was an Epicurean living under
Hadrian and the Antonines, author also of a treatise against
174
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE
PROPHET
No doubt, my dear Celsus/ you think it a slight
and trivial matter to bid me set down in a book and
send you the history of Alexander, the impostor of
Abonoteichus, including all his clever schemes, bold
emprises, and sleights of hand but in point of fact,
;

if one should aim to examine each detail closely, it

would be no less a task than to record the exploits

of Philip's son Alexander. The one was as great in
villainy as the other in heroism. Nevertheless, if
it should be your intention to overlook faults as you
read, and to fill out for yourself the gaps in my tale,
I undertake the task for you and will essay to
will
clean up that Augean
stable, if not wholly, yet to
the extent of my ability, fetching out some few
basketsful, so that from them you may judge how
great, how inexpressible, was the entire quantity

sorcery {vide c. 21 and note). And the True Word itself, a

large part of which is preserved in Origen, seems to have
been written about a.d. 180. Bnt as Origen is not sure who
wrote it, and as it is considered Platonic rather than Epi-
curean in character, the prevailing opinion is that its author
is not the Celsus of Lucian, but an otherwise unknown
Platonist of the same name and date.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tpi(T^iXioi ySoe? iv TroWot? ereaiv Troirjcrat
ehvvavTO.
AlSov/xai fiev ovv virep aficf^otv, inrip t€ gov
Kol ifiavTov' crov fiev, a^iovvTO<i p.vr}ixr] koX ypa(f)fj
7rapa8o6r]vai avhpa Tpta-KardpaTOv, ifiavrov Be,
airovSrjv iroiovixevov iirl Toiavrrj laropLU Koi
irpd^ecnv dvOpfonrov, ov ovk dva'yL<yv(ii(TKecTdai
7rpo<i T(ov 7reTrai8ev/J,€VQ)V r)v d^iov, oTOC iv
TravS7]fX(p TLvl dedrpu) opdadai viro
/jbejicrrm
TTidi^KOiv rj dXfOTreKcov cnraparropevov. dXhS rjv
Ti<; rjfxiv ravTrjv €7rc(j)epr} ttjv alriav, e^o/xev koX

avTol et? TrapdSety/jid rt rotovTOv dveveyKelv. kuI

^Appiav6<; yap 6 rod ^Kttiktijtov paOrjTriq, dvrjp
'Vaypaicov iv toI<; 7rp(i)roi<; kol fraihela trap oXov

Tov ^iov (Tvyyevoixevo^, o/xoiov tl iraOoov dtro-

XoyrjaaiT av koi virep rjp^cov TiWopo^ov ^ yovv
TOV Xrjcrrov kukccvo^ j3iov dvaypdyjrai rj^icocrev.
rjfMel'i 8e ttoXv oifxarepov Xrjarov p,vi]/xr}v ttohjcto-

p,t6a, o(T(p p,r) iv vXai^ koI iv opeaiv, dXX* iv

TToXecriv ouro<; iXrjarevev, ov Mua/ai/^ povrjv
ovhe TTjv^lSijv Kararpe')(a)v ov8e oXCya tt}? 'Ao-ta9
fiiprj TO, iprjporepa XeifXaTOiv, dXXd nrdaav tu?
elnrelv rrjv 'Pcofiaiwv dp')(riv ifj,7rXi]aa<i t^S'
Xr]crr€i,a<i rrj<i avTov.
TlpoTepov Si aot avrov viroypdy^fo rm X6ya>
TT/JO?TO opoioTUTOV €tKdaa<i, (09 uv Bvvco/J.ai,
KaiTOi firj irdvv ypa(j>iK6<; rt? to yap St]
mv.
croo/xa, iva croi /cal tovto Sel^w, p,eya<i re rjv kuI
KaX6<i ISelv Kal deoTrpeTTrj^; o)? oXtjOco^, XevKOf
rr)v 'X^poav, rb yevetov ov irdvv Xdaio^, KOfMTjv rrjv
^ TiWiBopov y.
* Muaiav Palmerius : Mivvav MSS.
176
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
of filth that three thousand head of cattle were
able to create in many years.
I blush for both of us, I confess, both for you and
for myself —
for you because you want a consummate
rascal perpetuated in memory and in writing, and
for myself because I am devoting my energy to such
an end, to the exploits of a man who does not
deserve to have polite people read about him, but
rather to have the motley crowd in a vast amphi-
theatre see him being torn to pieces by foxes or
apes. Yet if anyone brings this reproach against
us, we shall be able to refer to an apt precedent;
Arrlan, the disciple of Epictetus, a Roman of the
highest distinction, and a life-long devotee of letters,
laid himself open to the same charge, and so can plead
our cause as well as his own he thought fit, you
;

know, to record the life of Tillorobus, the brigand.^

In our own case, however, we shall commemorate a
far more savage brigand, since our hero plied his
trade not in forests and mountains, but in cities, and
instead of infesting just Mysia and Mount Ida and
harrying a few of the more deserted districts of
Asia, he filled the whole Roman Empire, I may
say, with his brigandage.
First I shall draw you a wprd-pictuxfL^of the man
himself, making as close a likeness as I can, although
I am not particularly good at drawing. As regards
his person — in order that I may exhibit this also to \

you — he was tall and handsome in appearance, and

really godlike ; his skin was fair, his beard not very

^ There no life of Tillorobus among the extant writings

is
of Arrian, and we know nothing of him from any other
source. His name is given in the y group of MSS. as
Tilliborus, but compare C.I.L. vi, 15295.

177
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fiev ISuav, Trjv trpoaOerov eTTLKei^evof; ev
he koI
fidXa eiKaafievrjV Kol tov<; ttoWov'; oti tjv
aWorpia XeXtjOviav ocpOaXfiol iroXv rb yopjov
KOL evdeov 8i€/j,cf)aLvovT€<;, <f>covr]fia rjhiaTov re a^ia
teal Xa/jbTrpoTaTov koX 6Xo)<i ovSafioOev fiefMnrof
Tjv TavTci y€.

ToioaSe fiev rrjv jiop^rjv' rj '\frv')(^r} 8e xal rj

ypM/jir}— aXe^LKa>c€ 'HpdKXei<i kuI 'Lev diroTpoTraie
KoX b^iocKovpoi aayrfipe^, TToXefiioi^; Koi e)(^dpot<;
evTUX^iv yivoiTO koI ^ avyyeveadai toiovtco tivL
crvveaei fxev yap koX dyx^woia Kal SpifxvrrjTi
TrdfiTToXv TMv dXXcov Si€(f)€pev, Kal to re irepiepyov
Ka\ evfxade^; Kal p.viip,oviKov koi Trp6<i rd fiaOjj-
puTa eu(jivi<;, irdvTa ravra eh virep^oXrjv
eKaara^^ov vnrjp'x^ev avTO). exprjro he avTol<i ct?
TO 'X^eipta'TOv, Kal opyava ravra yevvala vtto-
fie^Xvp,eva e')(wv avriKa p.dKa tmv eVt KaKia
hia^orjroov dKp6raro<i direr eXiadrj, inrep rov<i
Kep/cfUTra?, virep jov Fivpv^arov r) ^pvvdivhav 77
^ApKTToSrjfiov rj '^(ixnpa'TOv. avTo^ p,ev yap rat
yap,^pM PovTiXiavm irore ypd(po)v Kal rd
p-erpidoTaTa virep avrov Xeywv Uvdayopa 6poio<i
elvai Tj^iov. dXX" tXetu? p,ev Hv6ay6pa<; etrj,
ao(f)o<; dvrjp Kal Tf)v yvdip-r)v Oeaireaio^, el Se Kara
Tovrov eyeyevTjTo, Trat? av ev 0I8' on Tr/ao? avrov
elvat eSo^e. Kal tt/oo? X^aplrcov p,i] pe vop.icrr)<i
€^' v^pei ravTa tov UvOayopov Xeyeiv rj
^ Kai Sakkoraphos : Ka\ /x)/ MSS.

* The Cercopes were two impish peats who crossed the

path of Heracles to their disadvantage. For the little that

is known about the other typical rascals, see the Index.

178
 — !

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

thick his long hair was in part natural, in part
;

false,but very similar, so that most people did not

detect that it was not his own. His eyes shone
with a great glow of fervour and enthusiasm his ;

voice was at once very sweet and very clear and in ;

a word, no fault could be found with him in any

respect as far as all that went.
Such, then, was his outward appearance but his ;

—
SQul_andhis mind O Heracles Forfender O Zeus, !

AverteFof KTischief O Twin Brethren, our Saviours

! !

may it be the fortune of our enemies and ill-wishers

to encounter and have to do with the like of him
In understanding, quick-wittedness, and penetration
he was far beyond everyone else and activity of
;

mind, readiness to learn, retentiveness, natural apti-

—
tude for studies all these qualities were his, in every
case to the full. But he made the worst possible use
of them, and with these noble instruments at his
service soon became the most perfect rascal of all those
who have been notorious far and wide for villainy, sur-
passing the Cercopes, surpassing Eurybatus, or Phry-
nondas, or Aristodemus, or Sostratus.^ He himself,
writing to his son-in-law Rutilianus once upon a
time and speaking of himself with the greatest
reserve, claimed to be like Pythagoras but ;

with all due respect to Pythagoras, a wise man

of more than human intelligence —if he had been
this man's contemporary, he would have seemed
a child, I am very sui'e, beside him 2 In the
!

name of the Graces, do not imagine that I say this

to insult Pythagoras, or in the endeavour to bring

^ Yet Pythagoras waa no mean thaumaturge ; see Phxtarch,

Numa, 65.

179
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
avvdiTTetv treipcofxevov avrovf tt/Oo? o/MOioTtjTa
rS>v Trpd^ewv aW' et Tt9 to. 'x^eipiara kui
^Xa<x(f)i]/j.6TaTa Sia^oXfj irepl rov
rcov iirl

JIvdayopou Xeyo/jLevcov, ol? eytoye ovk av Tzeiadeiriv

a><i aXrjOeaiv ovaiv, o/ag)? avvaydyoi €i9 to avTo,
iroWoaTov av fi€po<; diravTa eKelva yevoiro tt}?
^AXe^dvSpov heiv6TT]ro<i. oX.«u9 yap eTrivoTjcrov
fiot Kol T(p Xoyiafim BiarvTroyaov TrocKiXooTaTt]!/
Tiva '^v-)(rj'i Kpdcrip ix ylrevSov; kuI SoXtov xal
iiTiopKioiv Kul KaKore'XviMV avyKeifxevqv, pahiav,
ToXfitjpdv, napd/SoXov, ^lXottovov i^epydaaadai
TCL vorjdevTa, Koi iridavrjv koI d^iomarov Kal
VTTOKplTLKrjV TOV ^eXjlovOf Kul TO) ivaVTltOTdTM
T^9 /3oyX,77cr6a)9 ioiKuiav. ouSet? yovp rb TrpCyrov
ivTv^wv OVK dirrjXOe So^av Xa^aiv virep avrov
&)? etrj Trdvrcov dvOpcoTTcov '^(^priaToraro^ Ka\
e'mecK6(TTaTo<i teal irpoareTi aTrXoiVccoraTo? re Ka\
d(f)€X€aTaTO^. cttI irda-i Se tovtoi^ to fieyaXovpyov
irpocrrjv Kal to firjSev fiiKpbu iircvoelv, aX,\' del
rov vovv.
To2<i pieyiaroi,^ i'jre')(€LV

M.€tpdKiov ovv €Ti wv irdvv oapalov, eb? ivrjv

/JL€V

drrro t^9 KdXd/J,r)<; T€K/jLaip€(r6ai Kal aKoveiv rcov

Birjyovfxivcov, dviSrjv iiropveve Kal avvrjv iirl

fitcrd^ Tot9 SeofxevoLi;. iv 8e Tot9 dXXoi<; Xap.^dv€i

Ti9 avrov epa(Trr}<i 70^79 ro)v ixayeia<i Kal eir(phd<i

OecnreaLov^ v7na')(yovp.eva)V Kal 'X^dpira^ iirl Tot9

ipcoriKoi<; Kal eiraywyd'; roi<i i)(6pot<{ Kal drjcravpcov
dvairofiTrd'; Kal KXijpcov 8ia8o-x^d<;. ovro<i IScov
€V(fivd TralSa Kal irpo'i vrrripeaiav rSiv eavrov
Trpd^eav kroip.6rarov, ov fielov eptbvra rrj^ KaKLa<i
180
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
them into connection with one another by likening
their doings. On the contrary, if all that is worst
and most opprobrious in what is said of Pythagoras
to discredit him (which I for my j)art cannot believe
to be true) should nevertheless be brought together
for comparison, the whole of it would be but an
infinitesimal part of Alexander's knavery. In sum,
imagine, please, and mentally configure a highly
diversified soul-blend, made up of lying, trickery,
perjury, and malice ; facile, audacious, venturesome,
diligent in the execution of its schemes, plausible,
convincing, masking as good, and wearing an ap-
pearance absolutely opposite to its purpose. Indeed,
there is nobody who, after meeting him for the first
time, did not come away with the idea that he was
the most honest and upright man in the world yes,
and the most simple and unafl^ected. And on top
—
of all this, he had the quality of magnificence, of
forming no petty designs but always keeping his
mind upon the most important objects.
While he was still a mere boy, and a very hand-
some one, as could be inferred from the sere and
yellow leaf of him, and could also be learned by
hearsay from those who recounted his story, he
trafficked freely in his attractiveness and sold his
company to those who sought it. Among others, he
had an admirer who was a quack, one of those who
advertise enchantments, miraculous incantations,
charms for your love-affairs, "sendings"^ for your
enemies, disclosures of buried treasure, and succes-
sions to estates.As this man saw that he was an apt
lad, more than ready to assist him in his affairs, and

* The word is borrowed from Kipling. A "sending" is a

"visitation," seen from a different point of view.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
T^9 avTov rj avro'i t^9 a>pa<; t?)? eKeivov,
i^eiraiBevcri re avrov koI SiereXet virovpyw koi,
VTTTJpeTTJ KOi hiaKOVm ')^pCO/JL€V0<i. 6 8 auTos
€K€lvo<; h-qp,oaia puev laTpo<i SrjOev -qv, rjirlaTaro hk
Kara rrjv ^Sivos rov AlyvTrrlov yvvalKa
(fxippuKa iroXXa fiev icrOXa /jbe/xiy/xevai TToXka
8e Xvypd'

oiv arrdvrwv Kkr^povopio^ kcu Bid8o)(^o<; ovro^

iyevero. 8c8daKa\o^ eKeivo^ Kal epacrrrjf;
rjv he 6
TO <yevo<; Tvav€v<i, rwv AvoWcovlq) rm irdvv^ *

avyyevojjbivoyv koX rrjv iracrav avrov rpaywhiav

elBorcov. 6pa<; i^ OLa<i aoi Btarpi^r]<; dvOpwrrov
Xiyco.
"HS77 Se 7r(t)yQ}vo<i 6 A\e^avBpo<; Tnfi7r\dfi€vo<i
^

Kal rov TvaviQ)<; eKeivov dTro6av6vro<i ev drropia

KaOe(Trd)<;, dirrjvOrjKvia^ dpa rrj^ u>pa<;, d<p^ 179
rpecpeadai ehvvaro, ouKeri /xiKpov ov8ev eirevoei,
dWd Koiv(ov^aa<i Bv^avrim rivl ^(opoypdc^w rSiv
KaOievrwv el<i rov<; dyo)va<i, ttoXv Karaparorepfo
rrjv (f>vacv —
K.OKKa>vd<; 8e, olfiai, eTreKaXelro —
trepirjeaav yorjrevovre^ Kal p.ayyavevovre<i Ka\
rov<i TraxG^f Tcof avdpcoTroyv —
ovrco<; yap avrol rrj
irarplo) rwv pdymv (fxou-p rov^ iroXXov'i^ ovo/xd-
^ov(Tiv —
diroKeipovre'i. ev hr^ rovroi^ Kal ^iaKeriv
yvvalKa irXovaiav, e^copov fiev, epda/xiov 8e en
elvai ^ovXofievrjv, e^evp6vre<; eirecnricravro re rd
dpKovvra nrap avrr]<; Kal rjKoXovOr^aav €K t^9
Tii6vv[,a<; eh rrjv M.aKe8ovLav. UeXXaia Be rjv

*
TV irivv Fritzsche : r^ Tvavtl iravv y ; r^ Tvave7 j3.
* rovs irXojffiovs g, editors since Bekker, But c£. 9
iraxe««"' koX ijKiBimv, 17 •rax«Vi «al airaihfxiTOis.

182
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
that the boy was quite as much enamoured with his
roguery as he with the boy's beauty, he gave him a
thorough education and constantly made use of him
as helper, servant, and acolyte. He himself was
professedly a public physician, but, as Homer say-s
of the wife of Thon, the Egyptian, he knew
" Many a drug that was good in a compound, and
many a bad one," ^
all of which Alexander inherited and took over.
This teacher and admirer of his was a man of Tyana
by birth, one of those who had been followers of
the notorious Apollonius, and who knew his whole
bag of tricks. You see what sort of school the man
that I am describing comes from !

Alexander was just getting his beard when the

death of the Tyanean put him in a bad way, since it
coincided with the passing of his beauty, by which
he might have supported himself. So he abandoned
petty projects for ever. He formed a partnership
with a Byzantine writer of choral songs, one of
those who enter the public competitions, far more
—
abominable than himself by nature Cocconas,^ I
think, was his nickname,— and they went about the
country practising quackery and sorcery, and "trim-
—
ming the fatheads " for so they stj'le the public in
the traditional patter of magicians. Well, among
these they hit upon a rich Macedonian woman, past
her prime but still eager to be charming, and not
only lined their purses fairly well at her expense,
but went with her from Bithynia to Macedon. She
» Odyssey 4, 230.
Cocconas comes from kokkwv (modern Greek KovKowdpi),
*

pine-kernel, seed, nut. Cf. ArUk, Pal, 12, 222.

183
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
eKeCvr),TroKat fiev evBat,/jLOVO<; ^(^(opiov Kara rovf
TOiV ^aKehovwv ^acn\ea<i, vvv he ranreivov ^ koX
o\t7t<TTOf9 oiKrjTopa'i e')(ovro<i. evravOa ISovTef
8pdK0VTa<; Trafj,fi€y€6€i<;, rj/j,ipov<i irdvv koI
Tidaaovf, o)? Kol vtto 'yvvacKwv Tpe<^ecrdai koi.
traihioL'i cvyKadevheiv koX 7TaTovfiivov<i dv6)(€a-dai
Kol dXt^Ofievov^ fir) dyavaKTelv kuI yd\a iriveiv
diro Orfkrjf; kuto, ravTO. rot^ ^pe^ecrt — ttoKKoi 5e
yiyvovrai trap' avrol^ toiovtoi, odev /cat rov irepl
Trj<i ^OXvjjbiTidho^ fivdov Bia(f)onricrai ndTuzc ei/co?,

OTTOTC CKvei rov ^AXi^avSpov, SpdKovT6<; tivo<;,

olfiai, TOiovTOV <TVjKa6€v8ovro<; avrrj — wvovvrai
T&v epireTOiv ev /fdWiaTOV oXiyoyv 6^o\oi)v. kcu
Kara rov ^ovkvSlStjv dp')(erai 6 TroXe/io? ivdevhe

*0? yap av hvo xdKcaTOi xal fMeyaXoroXfioi xal

7rpo<i TO KaKovpyeiv Trpo'^^^eiporaroi et<? to avrb
(TVV€X66vT€<;, pahia)<i Karevo-qaavrov rmi dv9pwirwv
Plov vTTo hvolv TovTOiv /j,€yiaToiv Tvpavvovjievov,
iXTTiBo^ Kol (f>6^ov, Kal oTi 6 Tovrwv eKarkpu) et?
hiov ^prjcraaOac hvvdp,€vo<; rd^iara TrXovTi^aeiev
dv dfi<f)OTepoi<i ydp, ra> re BeSiori Kal too
eXiri^ovTi, ecopwv rrjv Trpoyvaxriv dvayKatOTaTTjv
T€ Kal nrodeivordrrjv ovcrav, Kal AeX^ou? ovrco
TrdXai TrXovrrjcrai Kal doiSLfiov; yeviadai Kal
ArjXov Kal KXdpov Kal ]ipay)(^i8a<;, tmv dvOpcoTTfav
del Bi' ov<; Trpoelirov Tvpdvvov<i, ttjv iXTriSa Kal
rov (po^ov, (f)oiT(t)VTa>v ei9 rd lepd Kal trpop.adelv
rd /xiXXovra Seo/nivcov, Kal 5t' avro eKaTOfx^ai;
SvoPTotv Kal x^pvcrd^i irXivOov^ dvaridevTrov.
ravra tt/oo? dXX'^Xov^ a'Tpi(f)0VT€^ Kal KVKoiVTe^

184
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
came from Pella, a place once flourishing in the time
of the kings of Macedon but now insignificant, with
very few inhabitants. There they saw great ser-
pents, quite tame and gentle, so that they were
kept by women, slept with children, let themselves
be stepped upon, were not angry when they were
stroked, and took milk from the breast just like
babies. There are many such in the country, and
that, probably, is what gave currency in former days
to the story about Olympias no doubt a serpent of
;

that sort slept with her when she was carrying

Alexander.^ So they bought one of the reptiles,
the finest, for a few coppers and, in the words of
;

Thucydides " Here beginneth the war " ^

: !

As you might have expected of two consummate

rascals, greatly daring, fully prepared for mischief,
who had put their heads together, they readily
discerned that human life is swayed by two great
tyrants, hope and fear, and that a man who could
use both of these to advantage would speedily enrich
^ himself. For they perceived that both to one who
/ fears and to one who hopes, foreknowledge is very
\ essential and very keenly coveted, and that long ago
not only Delphi, but Delos and Clarus and Bran-
"^ chidae, had become rich and famous because,
thanks
(to the tyrants just mentioned, hope and fear, men
continually visited their sanctuaries and sought to
learn the future in advance, and to that end sacrificed
hecatombs and dedicated ingots of gold. By turning
all this round and round in conference with one

^ The story was that Alexander was the son of Zeus, who
had visited Olympias in the form of a serpent.
* Thucydides ii, 1.

^ TOTTfjcoi/ Bekker : raireifoi/s MSS.

185
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fxavrelov crva-rrjcraaOai koI 'X^prjcTTTJpiov i^ov-
XevovTO' €1 yoLp rovTO 7rpo-)^(op7](Teiev avrol<i,
avTi/ca irXovaioi re kuI evSaifxove^ eaeaOai rfXTri-
^ov —
oirep iirl fiel^ov rj Kara rrjv irpcorrjv
TrpoaSoKLav uTnjvTrjaev avTOL<; Kal KpelrTov
Bte(f)dvr] Tr]<i eX,7rt8o9.
TovvrevOev rrjv aKeyjrtv eiroLovvTO, irpSirov fiev
irepX rov 'X^copiov, Seurepov Be 17x^9 77 apyr) koX 6
TpoTTo^i av yevoLTO rrj^ €7ri)(€ipi]a'€co<i. fxev ovv
K.oKK(ovd<; rrju K.a\')(^T}86va iSoKl/xa^ev iTTirtjBeiov
elvai Koi evxaipov ')(a)pLov, rfi re SpaK-p Kal rf)
•*

BiOvvia irpoaoiKov, ov^ e/ca? ovBe rf/? 'Aaia? kui

FaX-arta? koI tmv vnepKetfievcov edvoiv dircivToyv'
6 Be ^AXe^avBpo^ efnrdXiv rd olkoi irpovKpivev,
Xeycov o-rrep d\'qO€<i rjv, tt/oo? rrjv twv tolovtcov
dpxV^ /cat eTri')(^eip7]aivdvOpcoTrcov Belv 7ra)(^ea)v
Kal rfkidiwv TMv vTroBe^opbivoiv, oiou? Toi'9 Tla^Xa-
fyova^ elvai e(})aa-K€v v7repoiKovvTa<i ro rov ^A^mvou
T6t%09, Bei(ri8aifiova<i tou? ttoXXov^ Kal TrXovcTLOvq,
Kal fiovov el (paveiT] rt? avXt^rrjv rj rv/jLTraviaTrjv

rj Kvp,^dXoi<i Kporovvra i7ray6p,evo'i, KooKLvm to

rov Xoyov tiavrev6p,evo<;, avriKa fidXa rrdvra^;
* Kol (CKaipov x'^P^o" A.M.H. : koI 4/j.n6pu>y x'»'P^<"' MSS.
ODS 4fi.ir6p-j}v Cf. Jup. Trdg. 14; tijKaipov y,
xt^p^ov Schaefer.
eijiropov for the use of the word in connection witli
; and
places, Polybius 1, 18, 4 ; 4, 38, 1 ; 4, 44, 1.

^ Asia here and elsewhere in this piece refers to the Roman

—
province of Asia western Asia Minor.
* Proverbial for cheap trickery. AvtemidoruB {Drfam-boi>k
1, 69) says that " if you dream of Pythagoreans, physiogno-
monics, astragalomants, tyromants, gyroniants, coscirwrnants,
morphoscopes, chiroscopes, leoanomants, or necyomants, you
must consider all that they say false and unreliable ; for
186
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
another and keeping it astir, they concocted the
project of founding a prophetic shrine and oraclC;
hoping that if they should succeed in it, they would
at once be rich and prosperous— which, in fact, befell
them in greater measure than they at first expected,
and turned out better than they hoped.
Then they began planning, first about the place,
and next, what should be the commencement and
tlie character of the venture. Cocconas thought
Clialcedon a suitable and convenient place, close
to Thrace and Bithynia, and not far, too, from Asia ^
and Galatia and all the peoples of the interior.
/Alexander, on the other hand, preferred his own
/ home, saying— and it was true —that to commence
such a venture they needed "fat-heads" and simple-
tons to be their victims, and such, he said, were the
Paphlagonians who lived up above Abonoteichus, who
were for the most part superstitious and rich when- ;

ever a man but turned up with someone at his heels

to play the flute or the tambourine or the cymbals,
telling fortunes with a sieve, as the phrase goes^^

their trades are such. They do not know even a little bit
about prophecy, but fleece their patrons by charlatanism and
fraud." Oneiromants may of course be trusted !

The few allusions to coscinomancy in the ancients give no

clue to the method used. As practised in the sixteenth-
seventeenth century, to detect thieves, disclose one's future
wife, etc., the sieve was either suspended by a string or more
commonly balanced on the top of a pair of tongs set astride
the joined middle fingers of the two hands (or of two persona) ;

then, after an incantation, a list of names was repeated,

and the one upon which the sieve stirred was the one indi-
cated by fate. Or the sieve, when suspended, might be set
spinning and then the name it stopped on was designated.
;

See, in particular, Johannes Praetorius, de Coscinomantia,

Oder vom Sieb-Lauffe, etc., Curiae Variscorum, 1677.

187
 .

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Ke')(7]v6ra<i irpo'i avrov koI wairep riva rcov
iiTovpavLOiv IT pocT ^XeiT ovTa<i

10 OvK oXiyrj^; ^ 8e t?}? rnrepl tovto (TTd<T€(o<i avrols

<yevofievr]<; re\o<i evLKiqcTev 6 A\e^av8po<i, ko^
dcf^iKopevoi, et? Trjv HaXKrjBova —
^

^pijcnfjuov yap ti
6p.(o<; 7] TToXt? avToi^ e^eiv eSo^e — eV t^ 'AttoA.
Xq)vo<; lep&, oirep dp-x^aLorarov icrri rot? \a\Kr)-
hovioL<i, KaTopvTTOvai 8e\T0v<i ')(^aXKd<i, Xeyovawi
0)9 avTLKa pdXa o KaKXrjino^ avv Ta> irarpl
^

XTToXXoivi pereiaiv et9 rov YIovtov koI Kade^ei

*

TO Tov A^(i)vov relxof- avrai at heXroi e^eiri-

Tr)8€<; eupedeicrai 8ia(f)0tTrjaai, paBLQ)<i rov Xoyov

rovTOv €49 irdcrav r-qv Biduvtav Kal rov TIovtov

iiroLTja'av, Kal iroXv irpo twv dXXcov eh to tov
'A^covov Tel')(o<i' KdKeivoi yap Kal veoiv avriica
e^frr)(piaavTO iyeipai Kal rov^ de/xeXiovi r}8i]
eaKaTTTOV. Kavravda 6 pev KoKK(avd<; ev XaXKr)-
hovL KaTaXeiTrerai, 8iTrov<; riva<i Kal dp(^L^6Xov<s
Kal Xo^oixi ')(^pr}(rp,ov<; avyypd^MV, Kal /xer' oXiyov
ireXevTTjcre tov fiiov, vtto i')(L8vr](i, otp,ai, 8't)')(6ei<i.
11 irpoeKTiTep.iTeraL 8e 6 AXe^av8po<;, Kop,o)v r)8r] Kal
^

•nXoKapovi Ka6eLp£vo<i Kal pecroXevKov 'x^LTOiva

iropcfivpovv efBeBvKCD^ Kal ip,dTiov virep avrov
XevKov dva0e^Xr)pevo<;, dpir'qv e^^wv Kara rov
Yiepcrea, d<f ov kavrov eyeveaXoyev p,r)rp66€V Kal
oi oXeOpoi ixeivoi UatjiXayovef;, etSore? avrov
dp,(})(o rov<i yovea'i d<^avei<; Kal raTr€ivov<;,
eiricrrevov rat ^/jr^o-yLiw Xiyovri

Tlepa-etBr)!; yeverjv <t>0L^a) (f)iXo<; ovto<; opdrai,

8lo<i ^AXe^avBpa, UoBaXecplov alp,a XeXoyxfix;.

* OVK 6\iyris G. Hermann : oKlyns MSS.

1 88
 ; :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

they were agog over him on the instant and
all
stared at him were a god from heaven.
as if he
There was no slight difference of opinion be-
tween them on that score, but in the end Alexander
won, and going to Chalcedon, since after all that
city seemed to them to have some usefulness, in the
temple of Apollo, which is the most ancient in
Chalcedon, they buried bronze tablets which said
that very soon Asclepius, with his father Apollo,
would move to Pontus and take up his residence at
Abonoteichus. The opportune discovery of these
tablets caused this story to spread quickly to all
Bithynia and Pontus, and to Abonoteichus sooner
than anywhere else. Indeed, the people of that
city immediately voted to build a temple and began
at once to dig for the foundations. Then Cocconas
was left behind in Chalcedon, composing equivocal,
ambiguous, obscure oracles, and died before long,
bitten, I think, by a viper. It was Alexander who
was sent in first he now wore his hair long, had
;

falling ringlets, dressed in a parti-coloured tunic of

white and purple, with a white cloak over it, and
carried a falchion like that of Perseus, from whom
he claimed descent on his mother's side. And al-
though those miserable Paphlagonians knew that
both his parents were obscure, humble folk, they
believed the oracle when it said

" Here in your sight is a scion of Perseus, dear

unto Phoebus
This is divine Alexander, who shareth the blood of
!"
the Healer
189
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
oi/TCt)? apa 6 Tlo8a\€Lpio<i /xa-x^O'i koI yvvai-
KOfiavqfi Trjv (f)vaiv, &><? airo TpiKKij^; /^eXPf
Tla(f>\a'yovia<i arveadai, iirl rrjv ^ AXe^dvSpov
fjbijripa.

Evpr)TO Be XPWt^^^ V^Hy <"? Xi^uX\r)<; irpo-

fj,avT€vaafi€vr]<;'

Eu^etvov HovToio irap' yoatv ar^X"' ^I'Vmttt)^

earai ra Kara Tvpcriv inr Avaovioiai irpo-

€K TrpcoTi]^ 8ecKvv<; fjbovd8o<; rpicraoiv SeKaScov re

vevd erepa^ fiovd8a<; kuI elKoadSa rpccrdpiOfiov,
dvhpo^ d\e^rjTripo<i 6fia>vvp,lr}v TerpdicvKKov.

12 Etcr^aXcoi/ ovv o AXe^avhpo<i fjuera TOiaurr)^

rpaywSLa'i Sia ttoWov eh rrjv irarplBa Trepi-
/3X,e7rT09 T€ KOI Xa/Lt7r/309 rjv, /xefirjvevai irpoa-
iroiov/iievo^ eviore /cal dcppov vTroinfnrXdfj.evo'i
TO <TTo/jia' pahia)<; he tovto vTrijpx^ev avTq>,
(rrpovOiov t?}? ^a(f)iKTJ<; ^ordvr]<i ttjv pi^av 8ca-
fiacnja-afievq)' toc<: 8e delov n koL (po^epov eSoxei
/cat o d(f>po^. iTreTTOitjTO Se avToh "rrdXai koi
KareaKcvaaro Kecf)a\,T} hpuKovro^ oOovivq dvOpw-

^ Podaleirius and his brother Machaon, the Homeric

healers (Iliad 11, 833), were sons of Asclepius and lived
in Tricca (now Trikkala), Thessaly. According to the
Sack of Ilium (Evelyn-White, Heaiod, p. .'524) Machaon
specialized in surgery, Podaleirius in diagnosis and general
practice.

190
 :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

Podaleirius, the Healer, it would appear, was so
passionate and amorous that his ardour carried him
all the way from Tricea to Paphlagonia in quest of
^
Alexander's mother !

An
oracle by now had turned up which purported
to be a prior prediction by the Sibyl

"Oil the shores of the Euxine sea, in the neigh-

bourhood of Sinope,
There shall be born, by a Tower, in the days of the
Romans, a prophet;
After the foremost unit and three times ten, he
will shew forth
Five more units besides, and a score told three
times over,
Matching, with places four, the name of a valiant
!

defender '' ^

Well, upon invading his native land with all this

pomp and circumstance after a long absence,
Alexander was a man of mark and note, affecting
as he did to have occasional fits of madness and
causing his mouth to fill with foam. This he easily
managed by chewing the root of soapwort, the plant
that dyers use but to his fellow-countrymen even
;

the foam seemed supernatural and awe-inspiring.

Then, too, they had long ago prepared and fitted
up a serpent's head of linen, which had something

* Since in the Greek notation numbers are designated by

combination (1, 30, 5, 60) is oA.€| (alex). Alexander'
letters, this
seems to have been a little afraid that some rival might steal
his thunder if he were not more specific at all events the
:

first two words of the last line give, in the Greek, the entire
name (andros-alex).

191
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TTOfiopc^ov Ti iTrt(f>aivov(Ta,
Kardypa(f)o<i, Trdvv
Opi^lv imreiaL'i dvolyova-d t€ koI
eiKacrfievT], vrco
av6L<i eiTiKXeiovaa to ar6p,a, koI yXwrra o'ia Spd-
KOVTO<i SiTTT] fieXaiva irpoeKUTrrev, vtto rpL')(^o)v

Kai avrrj eXKo/xevrf. koX 6 IleXXaio? he BpdKcov

Trpovirijp'xep koX oikoi irpi(f>€To, Kara Kaipov
i7n(f)avr)(T6/jLevo<; avToc<; Kai avvrpayahrjawv,
fidWov Se 7rpcoTay(ovi(TTr)<; ecropbevo^.
13 "H5?7 he dp^eaOai 8eov, p,r]')(avdTat roiovhe ri'
vvKTCop yap iXdobv eVt tou? depeXiov^ rov veo)
TOi'9 dprc 6pvTTopevov<i — avveca-rrjKei Be ev avrol<;
vScop rj avroOev irodev avWei^opevov rj e^
ovpavov ireaov — ivravda
KaraTiderai ')(rjV€i,ov
(pov irpoKeKevwpAvov, evhov (puXdrrov epirerov rt
dpTiyewrjTov, Kai ^vOvaaf; tovto iv fiv'^o) tov
TTTjXov oirLCTco uvOi^ dtTrfkXdTTeTO. ecoOev Be
yvpvo<i et? TT^v dyopdv TrpoirrjBrjaa^, Bid^fi)p.a irepl
TO alBoLOV €')(cov, Kard'^pvaov Kai tovto, kuI ttjv
dpirrjv €K€LVr]v (f)ep(ov, aeioov dpu ttjv Koprjv dveTov
waiTep ol Tjj pr)Tpl dyelpovTe<i Te kuI ii/dea^opevot,
eBrjp,rjy6p€i errl ^cofiov Tiva vyfrrjXov dva^d<; Ka\
TT]V TToXiv ipaKdpi^ev avTiKa p,d\a Be^op-evrjv
evapyr) top Oeov. ol irap6vTe<i Be — avvBeBpaprjKei
yap a'XjeBov Sbiraaa i] TroXt? dpa yvvai^l Kai
—
yepovai Kai TTaiBioL<i eTcdijireaav Kai ev^ovTo
Kai irpoaeKvvovv. 6 Be <f)a)vd<; Tiva<i darjpovf;
(fydeyyopevo'i, olai yevoimo civ 'E^palwv rj

^ocvLkcov, i^€TrXr}TT€ tow? dvOp(t)7rov<i ovk elBoTa^

6 Ti Kai Xeyoi, ttXtjv tovto povov, OTi irdaiv
192
 —

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

of a human look, was all painted up, and appeared very
lifelike. would open and close its mouth by
It
means of and a forked black tongue like
horsehairs,
a snake's, also controlled by horsehairs, would dart
out. Besides, the serpent from Pella was ready in
advance and was being cared for at home, destined
in due time to manifest himself to them and to take
—
A part in their show in fact, to be cast for the
leading role.
When at length it was time to begin, he con-
trived an ingenious ruse. Going at night to the
foundations of the temple which were just being
excavated, where a pool of water had gathered
which either issued from springs somewhere in the
foundations themselves or had fallen from the sky,
he secreted there a goose-egg, previously blown,
which contained a snake just born and after burying
;

it deep in the mud, he went back again. In the

morning he ran out into the market-place naked,
wearing a loin-cloth (this too was gilded),^ carrying
his falchion, and tossing his unconfined mane like
a devotee of the Great Mother in the frenzy.
Addressing the people from a high altar upon which
he had climbed, he congratulated the city because it
was at once to receive the god in visible presence.
—
The assembly for almost the whole city, including
women, old men, and boys, had come running
marvelled, prayed and made obeisance. Uttering a
few meaningless words like Hebrew or Phoenician,
he dazed the creatures, who did not know what he
^ Why "this too"? The hilt of the falchion may have
been but Lucian has not said so.
gilt, Perhaps Lucian is
thinking of Alexander's golden thigh (c. 40), and forgets
that ho has not yet told us of it.
193
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
iyKarefxiyvv rov 'AttoWo) koI top ^AaKXTjiriof.
14 eiT eOei Spofio) iirl rov icrofxevov vecov' koI eTrt to
opvy/jLa eXdcov Koi ttjv TrpowKovo/xrjfievrjv ^ rov
')(^p7](Trr}piov Tr7jj7]v, ifi/Sa^i et? to vScop v/xvov<i re

yhev 'AaKXrjTnov koX 'AttoXXcoi^o? fxeyaX-rf rfj

(})(ovf} Koi eKoXei rov Oeov i^fceiv rv)(r) rrj dyaOfj

et<? rrjv ttoXiv. elra (f>idXrjv alrrjaa<i, dvah6vro<i

rLv6<i, paStft)? vTTo^aXcbv dvi/xdrai fierdrov vBaro<;
Kal rov TrrjXov to aov eKelvo ev cp o deo<i avrcp
Kare/ceKXeiaro, Krjpoi XevKO) /cat yjri/j,v0La) rrjv
dppboyrjv rov ircofxaro^ (TvyK€KoX\r)/M€vov' Kal
Xa^cbv avro et? rd<i ')(€lpa<i e')(eiv e(j)aaKev r^Sj)

rov ^AcTKXrjinov. ol he dreve'i dire^XeTrov 6 ri

Koi yiyvoiro, rroXv rrporepov davfidcravre^ to (pov
ev rat vSari evprj/jievov. eVet Be koX Kard^af
avro €49 KOiXrjv rrjv %et/3a vireSe^aro ro rov
eptrerov exeivov cfx^pvov koI ol 'irap6vre<i elBov
Kivovixevov Kal irepl rol<; 8aKrvXoi<i elXov/xevov,
dveKpayov evOv<; Kal 'qairdt^ovro rov deov Kal rrjv
TToXiv ifiaKdpt^ov Kal ')(avhov eKaaro^ ive-
TTL/MTrXaro reov ev')(^cav, drjaavpov^ Kal ttXoutoi"?
Kal vyiela^ Kal rd dXXa dyaffd alroivrrap avrov.
6 he hpop.alo<i avda eirl r-tjv OLKiav cero (pepcov
djxa Kal rov dpriyeiwrjrov '
A(TKXr]Tri6v, " 8i<;

re')(devra, ore dXXoi dira^ riKrovr di'OpwTroi,"

ovK €K Yiop(oviho<i fid At' ov8e ye Kopoovrj^;, dXX*
eK %»7vo? yeyevvT] fievov. 6 Se Xeo)? aTra? rjKoXovOei,
Trdvre'i evdeoi Kal /xefjLrjv6re(; vtto ro>v eXTrlhwv.

^ wpocpKoSonrju^v-nv
P edd. But this i8 inconsistent with the
previous description. The pool is merely casual water after ;

it has served its turn as the prima fons et origo mall, we

hear nothing more of it.

194
 !

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

was saying save only that he everywhere brouglit
in Apollo and Asclepius. Then he ran at full speed
to the future temple, went to the excavation and
the improvised fountain-head of the
previously
oracle, entered the water,sang hymns in honour of
Asclepius and Apollo at the top of his voice, and
besought the god, under the blessing of Heaven, to
come to the city. Then he asked for a libation-
saucer, and when somebody handed him one, deftly
slipped it underneath and brought up, along with

water and mud, that egg in which he had immured

the god the joint about the plug had been closed
;

with wax and white lead. Taking it in his hands, he

asserted that at that moment he held Asclepius
They gazed unwaveringly to see what in the world
was going to happen; indeed, they had already
marvelled at the discovery of the egg in the water.
But when he broke it and received the tiny snake
into his hollowed hand, and the crowd saw it
moving and twisting about his fingers, they at once
raised a shout, welcomed the god, congratulated
their city, and began each of them to sate him-
self greedily with prayers, craving treasures, riches,
health, and every other blessing from him. But
Alexander went home again at full speed, taking
with him the new-born Asclepius, " born twice,
when other men are born but once," ^ whose mother
was not Coronis,2 by Zeus, nor yet a crow, but a
goose! And the whole population followed, all full
of religious fervour and crazed with expectations.
^ Cf. Odyssey, 12, 22: "Men of two deaths, when other
men die but once."
* " Some say that the mother of Asclepius was not Arsinoe,

daughter of Leucippus, but Coronis, daughter of Phlegyas "

(ApoUodorus, 3, 10, 3).
'95
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
15 'Hfjb€pa<i ovv tlvu^^ oIkol e/metvev eXTri^cov
fjiev

oirep rjv, VTTO aurcKa fxaXa TrafiiroWov^

rrj<; (pr'jfirjf;

roiv n.a(ji\ay6vQ)v awZpajxeladat. iirel he

VTrepeTreirXTjaro avOpcoircov 77 TroXt?, arrdvTwv
TOv<i iyK€(f)dXov<; koI Td<i Kaphia<i irpoe^rjprjpivcov
ovBev ioiKOToyv acTO(f)d<yoi<; dvhpdcnv, povrj dWd
TJj P'Opcprj /jLt) ovX'' Trpo/Sara elvai Sia^epovTcov, ev
oiKLaKO) eVt K\iV7]<; Ka6e^6fjb€vo<; /xdXa
rivl
Oeo7rpe7r(o<iiaTuX/xevo^ €\d/u,j3avev ei? tov koXttov
TOP UeXXaJov eKelvov AaKXt^iriov, p-kyiarov re
Kai KoXXiaTov, (09 e(f)r)v, ovra, koI oXov toj
avTov T pa')(^r'fX(p TrepieiXijaaf: koX rrjv ovpdv e^co
d<^ei<i — 7roXv<i Se rjv — iv t& TrpoKoXirLO) irpo-
K€')(^vcrOac ai/rov ^ koI 'x^apal to /j,epo<; eTriavpeadai,
fjLovrjvTTjv Ke(paXr)v viro p,dXrj<; e')(^U)V koX drro-
KpVTTTcov, dve'X^opevov nrdvTa CKeivov, 7rpov(f)aiv€v
TT)v odovivrjv Ke(f)aXr]v Kara ddrepov tov
TTcoycovo';, co? Srjdev eKeivou tov ^atvnpevov
7rdvTQ)<; ovcrav.
16 EiTa /iot eTTivorjcrov oIkIctk-ov ov irdw (fiaiSpov
ovBe 619 Kopov TOV he^opevov koL 7rXr}0o<i
</>a)T09
dv0 pcoTTMV (TvyKXvBayVfTeTapaypevwv kuI irpoeKTre-
7rXr)yp€V(ov koI Tat9 iX-jriaiv eTraioopovpAvcov, oif
eta-eXdovai TepaaTtov wf et/co9 to it pay pa ecpau'ero,
eK TOV Te&)9 p,tKpov epTTeTov €Wo9 rjpbepoiv oXiyoiv
TOcrovTov SpaKovTa 7re(f)r]vevai, dv0pa)7r6p,op(f)ov
Kal TavTU Kal ridaaov. r/TreiyovTO Se avTiKa
7rpo<; TTjV e^oBov, Kal irplv dKpi^a)<i ISelv,
e^rfXavvovro viro tcov del eTretcTiovTwv' eTeTpvinjro

* rivas Fritzsche not in MSS. Cf. ivrhs Tt/xfpuv 6\iywv 10.

:

* TToXvs Se ^v CDS Kol iv TOV irpoKo\Trlov aiiTov KexvffBai /3.

196
 ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

For some days he remained at home, expecting
—
what actually happened that as the news spread,
crowds of Paphlagonians would come running in.
When the city had become over-full of people, all
of them already bereft of their brains and sense,
and not in the least like bread-eating humans, but
different from beasts of the field only in their looks,
he seated himself on a couch in a certain chamber,
clothed in apparel well suited to a god, and took
into his bosom his Asclepius from Pella, who, as I
have said, was of uncommon size and beauty.^ Coil-
ing him about his neck, and letting the tail, which
was long, stream over his lap and drag part of its
lengtli on the floor, he concealed only the head by
—
holding it under his arm the creature would sub-
—
mit to anything and showed the linen head at one
side of his own beard, as if it certainly belonged to
the creature that was in view.
' Now then, please imagine a little room, not very
bright and not admitting any too much daylight
also, a crowd of heterogeneous humanity, excited,
wonder-struck in advance, agog with hopes. When
they went in, the thing, of course, seemed to
them a miracle, that the formerly tiny snake
within a few days had turned into so great a
serpent, with a human face, moreover, and tame I

They were immediately crowded towards the exit,

and before they could look closely were forced out
by those who kept coming in, for another door

^ There was special significance in this performance.

"Anyhow, 'God in the bosom' is a countersign of the
mysteries of Sabazius to the adepts. This is a snake, passed
through the bosom of the initiates " Clement of Alexandria,
Protrepl, 1, 2, 16),

197
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
8e Kara to avriOvpov aWrj e^o8o<i. olov ri Ka\
T0U9 Ma/ceSoi'a? iv Ba^vXayvi Troirjcrai iir
AXe^dpBpo) voaovvri X0709, ore 6 /nev rjhrj
irov-qpoo'; el^ev, oi he irepiaTavTe'i ra ^aaiXeta
iirodovv ISetv avTOV Kal Trpoaenrelv to ixnarov.
Tr)v 8e eTTiSei^iv Tavrrjv ov'^ aira^ 6 piap6<;, dWa
TToWaKi^i TTOirjaai Xeyerai, Kal /xaXia-ra ec Tive<i
tS)v irXovaicov d(f)iKOcvro veaXearepoi.
1 7 EvTavda, a> (f)LXe KeXcre, el Bel raXrjOrj Xeyeiv,
(Tvyyvcofirjv ')(^pr) diTovepieiv TOt? Yia^Xayoai Kal
IlovTtKoi<i €Kelvoc<;, Tcayeai kuI d7raiSevT0t<;
dv9pai7TOL<i, el i^i]7raTr]di]aav rov dirroixevoi
hpdKovro<i — Kal yaptovto irapeix^v TOc<i ^ovXo-
p^voi<i o AXe^av8po<i —
6p(ovre<; re^ iv dp,v8p&
T& ^{otI Trjv Ke(f)aXr)v BrjOev avTOV dvoiyovadv
Te Kai avyKXeiovaav to (rroixa, ware trdw to
firi^dvrj/xa iSelro Arj/jiOKpiTov Tiv6<i rj Kal avrov
EiTTiKOvpov rj M.rjTpo8(t)pov 7] Tivo<i dXXov
d8ap,avTLvr]v tt/do? rd roiavTa rrjv yvco/j,rjv €')(Ovro<i,
&)? diriaTrjaai Kal oirep rjv eUdaai, Kal el fj,r)
evpelv rov rpoirov ehvvaro, eKelvo yovv irpo-
Treireicr/jLevov, ore XeXrjdev avrov 6 rp6Tro<; tt}?
ixayyavela<i, ro 8' ovv irdv \}revB6<; iari Kal
yeveadai dBvvarov.
18 Kar oXiyov ovv Kal rj ^idwia Kal rj TaXaria
Kal 1] SpaKt} (Tvveppei, eKacrrov rcov dirayyeXXov-
Tcov Kara ro cIko^ Xeyovro^ 6)<i Kal yevvw/xevov
coot rov 6eov Kal varepov dy^atro fxer oXiyov
7ra/jip,eye6ov<; avrov yeyevrifievov Kal ro -npoa-wiTov
dvdpcoTra} iotK6ro<;. ypa(f)at re rovrw Kal
iirl
ecKove^ Kal ^oava, rd p,ev €k ')^aXKov, rd Be e^
dpyvpov ecKaa/xiva, Kal ovo/xd ye r&dew) inireSev'
198
 —

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

had been opened on the opposite side as an exit.
That was the way the Macedonians did, they say,
in Babylon during Alexander's illness, when he was
in a bad way and they surrounded the palace,
craving to see him and say good-bye. This exhi-
bition the scoundrel gave not merely once, they say,
but again and again, above all if any rich men
were newly arrived.
/ In that matter, dear Celsus, to tell the truth, we
/ must excuse those men of Paphlagonia and Pontus,
[ thick-witted, uneducated fellows that they were, for
being deluded when they touched the serpent
Alexander let anyone do so who wished and be- —
sides saw in a dim light what purported to be its
head opening and shutting its mouth. Really the
trick stood in need of a Democritus, or even
Epicurus himself or Metrodorus, or someone else
with a mind as firm as adamant toward such
matters, so as to disbelieve and guess the truth
one who, if he could not discover how it went,
would at all events be convinced beforehand that
though the method of the fraud escaped him, it
was nevertheless all sham and could not possibly
happen.
/ Little by little, Bithynia, Galatia, and Thrace
/ came pouring in, for everyone who carried the news
very likely said that he not only had seen the god
\ born but had subsequently touched him, after he
had grown very great in a short time and had a
face that looked like a man's. Next came paintings
and statues and cult-images, some made of bronze,
some of silver, and naturally a name was bestowed

* T« A.M.H. : ykp y, not in /3.

199
 THE WOKKS OF LUCIAN
FXvKcov <yap eKaXelro €k tivo<; ififMerpov koI
deiov 'Trpoard'y/xaTO'i. dve(f)o}vriae jdp 6
A\e^av8po<i

Et/xi VXvKwv, rpLTOV al/jLU Ato?, (f)do<t dvdpco-

irotaiv.

19 Kat iTreiST) Katpo<i ?jv, ovrrep evcKa to. nravra

i/ji€fiy])(^dvr]TO, Kal %/)ay
8eo/jLevoi<i Kol TOi<?
OeaTTL^eiv, irap tov iv KtXtvta to
*A/j,(})cX6')(^ov

ivh6(Tifiov Xa^dov —
Kal •yap eK€iuo<i, fierd ttjv tov
TruTpa TeXevTrjv tov ^AfKfiidpeo) Kal tov iv
®rj^ai<i d(pavicrfxov avTOV eKTreacav T/y<» olKeia^ ^ et?

Trjv KiXiKcav d(f>iK6/x€vo^, ov

d7n]XXa^6v, 7rovrjpo)<;
irpoOeaTci^cov Kal avTo<i rot? KlXi^i, to, p-eXXovTa
Kol Bv 6^oXov<i €0' eKdcTTW ')(^pri(Tp,m Xafi^dvcov —
eKeWev ovv to ivSoaifiov Xa^cov 6 'A\e^a/'8po5
TrpoXejei Trdcri rot? d(f)iKo/J.evoc<i ft>9 fxavTevcreTai
^eo?, prjT^v TLva rjfiipav Trpoenrcov. eKeXevaev
oe €Ka(TTOv, ov heoiTO dv Kal o fxdXtaTa jxaOelv
iOeXot, et<? 0t^Xiov iyypdyjravTa KaTappd^frat t6
KUL KaTacrrifjLt]vaadaL Krjpo) rj irrfXai rj dXXa>
TOLovTU), avTo^i he \a^u)v to, ^L^Xia Kal el<; to
ahvTOv KaTcXOwv — rjSi] yap 6 vew(i iyrjyepTo Kal
7) (XKrjvrj Trapea-Kevaa-TO — KoXecreiv e/xeXXe kuto,
Td^iv Toi)? BeScoKOTa^ viro KijpvKi Kal OeoXoyo),
Kai TTapa tov Oeov ukovcov eKaaTa to fiev ^i^Xlov
diroScoa-eiv (T€ar]/j,acr/jLevov ax? ecx^j t^jv 8e 7rp6<;
avTo diTOKpicnv vnoyeypafifxivTjv, tt/jo? e7ro9
dfxei/3o/u.€vov TOV Oeov rrept, otov rt? epoiTO.

^ oiKc/os Fritzsche : oIkios MSS.

 : " 1

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

upon the god. He was called Glycon in conse-
quence of a divine behest in metre for Alexander
;

proclaimed
'' " Glycon am I, the grandson of Zeus, bright beacon
!

to mortals
When it was time to carry out the purpose for
which the whole scheme had been concocted that —
is to say, to make predictions and give oracles
to those who sought them —
taking his cue from
Amphilochus in Cilicia, who, as you know, after the
death and disappearance of his father Amphiaraus
at Thebes,^ was exiled from his own country, went
to Cilicia, and got on very .well by foretelling the
future, like his father, for the Cilicians and getting
—
two obols for each prediction taking, as I say, his
cue from him, Alexander announced to all comers
that the god would make prophecies, and named a
date for it in advance. He directed everyone to
write down in a scroll whatever he wanted and what
he especially wished to learn, to tie it up, and to
seal it with wax or clay or something else of that
sort. Then he himself, after taking the scrolls and
—
entering the inner sanctuary for by that time the
temple had been erected and the stage set pro-
posed to summon in order, with herald and priest,
—
those who had submitted them, and after the god
told him about each case, to give back the scroll
with the seal upon it, just as it was, and the reply
to it endorsed upon it for the god would reply
;

explicitly to any question that anyone should put.

' In speaking of the "death and disappearance" of
Amphiaraus, Liician is rationalizing the myth, according to
whicli Zeus clove the earth with a thunderbolt and it
swallowed him up alive (Pindar, Nem. 9, 67).
20
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
20 'Hi/ Be to tovto avSpl fiev oiw croi,
/jir)')(dv7j/j,a

el Be 1X7] oXa ejxoi, rrpoBrjXov

(ftopTtKov elirelv, koX
Kav fyvSivai paBiov, TOL<i Be iBid)Tat<; koL Kopv^rj^;
/LiecTTOi? TTjv plva repdcTTiov kuI ttclvv aTr/cTTft)

OfJLOiov. e7nvor)aa<i yap TTOi/ctXa? twi' (T(j)pa<yiBa)V

ra<i \v(7ei<; dveycyvcoaKev re Ta<i €p(i)Tijaei<; eKdcrra<i
KoX ra BoKovvra Trpo? avTa<i direKpiveTO, elra
KareiXrjaai} avOi^ koI aTj/xijvdfievo^ drreBiBou /xeTa
TToWov 6av/iiaT0^ roi<; Xafi^dvovcnv. koI ttoXv
T]v Trap avToi'i to " irodev yap ovro<i rjiriaraTO a

ey(jt} TTavv da(j>a\(o<; arj/jLijvd/xevof; avTa> eBcoKa vivo

<T(f)paytcnv Bva/xi/nr]TOi^, el /jlt) deo^ ri<i eo? dXr^Owf;
o rrrdvTa yiyvcocrKcop r/v" ;

21 TtW? ovv at errlvoiai, taax; yap eprja-rj fie.

aKove roivvv, co? e^ot? eXeyy^eiv tcl TOLavra. r)
irpooTrj fiev eKeivq, S) ^tXrare KeXcre* ^eXovrjv
Trvpd)a-a<; to vtto ttjv crcf)paytBa ixepa tov Krjpov
BiaTrjKOiv e^iipet /cal fxerd rrjv dvdyvtocnv ttj
l3e\6vr} avdi<; eTn)(Xtdva<i tov Kijpov, tov t€ KaTO)
vtto T(p \iv(p Kal rov avTrjv Tr}v a(f)paylBa €)(ovTa,
paBi(o<i avveKoXXa. CTepo^; Be Tp67ro<i 6 Bia tov
Xeyofxevov KoXXvplov aKevaarov Be tovto icrTiv
€K TTLTTrj'i BpfTTta? Kal d<T(f>dXTov Kal XiOov tov
Bta(f)avov^ TeT pLfJbjxevov Kal Krjpov Kal fiacrTL^r]<i.
eK yap tovtoov cnravTOiV dvairXdaa'^ to KoXXvptciv
Kal 6epp.rjva<i irvpi, cndXw ttjv cr(j)paylBa irpo-
•^^plcTa^i eireTiOet Kal direfiaTTe tov tvttov. elTa
avTLKa ^rjpov eKeivov yevopuevov, Xucra? paBiw;
Kal dvayvov^, eVf^ei? tov Krjpov direTvirov (aatrep
eK Xidov TTjV (T(ppaylBa ev fidXa tw dp~)(eTVTr(p
eoiKviav. TpiTOv aXXo Trp6<i tovtoi^ aKovaov

2oa
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
As a matter of fact, this trick, to a man like you,
and if it is not out of place to say so, like myself
also, was obvious and easy to see through, but to
those drivelling idiots it was miraculous and almost
as good as incredible. Having discovered various
ways of undoing the seals, he would read all the
questions and answer them as he thought best.
Then he would roll up the scrolls again, seal them,
and give them back, to the great astonishment of
the recipients, among whom the comment was
frequent " Why, how did he learn the questions
:

which I gave him very securely sealed with impres-

sions hard to counterfeit, unless there was really
some god that knew everything?"
" What were his discoveries, then ? " perhaps you
will ask. Listen, therefore, in order to be able to
show up such impostors. The first, my dear Celsus,
was a well-known method heating a needle, he
;

removed the seal by melting through the wax

underneath it, and after reading the contents he
warmed the wax once more with the needle, both
that which was under the thread and that which
contained the seal, and so stuck it together without
difficulty. Another method was by using what they
call plaster this is a compound of Bruttian pitch,
;

asphalt, pulverized gypsum, wax, and gum Arabic.

Making his plaster out of all these materials and
warming it over the fire, he applied it to the seal,
which he had previously wetted with saliva, and
took a mould of the impression. Then, since the
plaster hardened at once, after easily opening and
reading the scrolls, he applied the wax and made an
impression upon it precisely like the original, just as
one would with a gem. Let me tell you a third
203
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tirdvov yap eh koXKov e/x^akoiv f/ KoWwai ra
fii^Xia, Kal Krjpov e/c rovrov TToiycra^, en vypov
ovra eVert^et rrj acfipayiSi Kal d(pe\(i)V avrcKa —
8e ^rjpov yiyverai Kal KepaTO<;, pdWov he aiSijpov
rrrayccoTepov —
rovTW e'^pr^TO trpo'i tov tvttov. eari
8e Kal dWa
iroWd tt/oo? tovto iTTLvevorj/xeva,
S)V ovK dvayicalov p,ep.vrja6ai ('nrdvrcov, ft)9 fir}
direipoxaXoi elvai hoKoirjpev, Kal jjbdXicrra aov ev
0I9 Kara fidycov avveypa-\p-a<i, KaX\i,aroi<i re ap^a
Kal (t)(f)eXip,(i)rdroi<? avyypdp/xaaiv Kal hvvapevoa
aaxppovi^eiv Tov<i evTvy')(dvovTa<i, iKava irapade-
pevov Kal TToWft) tovtcov irXeLova.
22 "E;i^pr7 ovv Kal ideaTTi^e, iroWfj rf) avvecrei

ivravda ')(p(ap,evo<; Kal to elKaariKov rfi eirivoLo,

TTpoadTTTOiv, TOi<; p,ev \o^d Kai dp(pi^o\a Trpo<i
Ta9 epcoTTjaei'i diroKptvopevo^, Tol<i he Kal Travv
d<Ta(f)7]' '^prjo'paySiKov yap ehoKei aurw tovto.
Tov^ Be direTpeirev r) TrpoyTpeirev, co? dpeivov
eSo^ev avT(p eiKa^ovTr toI^ 8e depa-TreLa<i trpov-
\eyev Kal hiaiTa^, el8co<i, oirep ev dp^ri e<^y)v,
TToXXa KcCi ')(^prj(Tipia cf)dpp,aKa. p,dXicrTa oe
€v8oKLp,ovv 'Trap' avTw al KVTpihe<i, aKoirov Ti
ovofia TreTrXaapevov, €K Xlirovi dpKelov^ avv-
Tedeip-evov.^ ra? p,evToi eXirlha^ Kal irpoKOTra*;

^ alyftov j3.
* ffvyTfOfififyov Bekker : ffwredtifievov MSS.

»
S. Hippolytus (Refut. omn. ffaeres. IV. 28-42) contains
a higlily interesting section "against sorcerers," including
(34) a treatment of this subject. It is very evidently not his
own work and K. F. Hermann thought it derived from the
;

treatise by Celsus. Ganschinietz, in Harnack's Texte und

Untrrsuchungen 39, 2, has disputed this, but upon grounds
204
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
method, in addition to these. Putting marble-dust
into the glue with which they glue books and
making a paste of it, he applied that to the seal
while it was still soft, and then, as it grows hard at
once, more solid than horn or even iron, he removed
it and used it for the impression. There are many
other devices to this end, but they need not all
be mentioned, for fear that we might seem to be
wanting in taste, especially in view of the fact that
in the book which you wrote against the sorcerers, a
very good and useful treatise, capable of preserving
common-sense in its readiers, you cited instances
enough, and indeed a great many more than I
have.^
Well, as I say, Alexander made predictions and
gave oracles, employing great shrewdness in it and
combining guesswork with his trickery. He gave
responses that were sometimes obscure and am-
biguous, sometimes downright unintelligible, for
this seemed to him in the oracular manner. Some
people he dissuaded or encouraged as seemed best
to him at a guess. To others he prescribed medical
treatments and diets, knowing, as I said in the
"
beginning, many useful remedies. His " cytmides
—
were in highest favour with him a name which he
had coined for a restorative ointment compounded
of bear's grease. ^ Expectations, however, and
that are not convincing. His commentary, however, is
valuable.
* It is a nice question whether this reading or that of the

other group of MSS., "goat's grease," is to be preferred.

Galen in his treatment of these ointments (Kuhn xiii, p. 1008)
does not mention bear's grease. But he considers goat's
grease only moderately good ; and every Yankee knows that
in America bear's grease only gave place to goose grease
(also mentioned by Galen) when bears became scarce.
205
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kol KKrjpoiv hiaho-)(^a<i ela-avOi'^ ael dve^dWero,
•7rpoaTide\<i on
" earai Trdvra OTTorav iOeXijcrco
iyo) Kal A\e^avSpo<; o
^ it po(^i]rr}<i /xov heriOfi koX
ev^rjrai virep vficov."
23 'Erera/CTO Be 6 fii<Tdo<i e</)' eKacrTtp '^prjcr/j.o)

Spa^/^V '^^1' ^^'

o^oXo). firj puKpov olt]6T]<;, Si
kralpe, fir^K oXiyov yeyevijaBat top iropov rovrov,
afOC ei9 eTTTCL rj OKTca fA>vpidSa<; exdarov erov^
TjdpoL^ev, dvd heKa Kal irevreKaiheKa 'X^prja pi,ov<i
tS>v dvdpoiiTcov vTTo dirXrjcTria'i dvaBiSovrcov.
7ui/JL^dv(ov Se ovK auTo^ e')(^prjro fi6vo<; ovB^ et?
Trkovrov dTreOijcravpi^ev, dXkd 7roX\ov<i tjSt] irepl
avrov e')(p3V avvepyov^ Kal VTrTjpeTw; Kal 7r€vdfjva<;
Kal ')(^pr)crfi07roiov^ Kal 'X^pija fiocjivXaKa'; Kal vrro-
ypa<f)ea<; Kal i'jn(T<f)payicrTd<i Kal i^rjyi]Td<;, diraaiv
evefiev kKdcnm to /car' d^iav.
24 "H8r7 he riva<i Kal eVi Trjv dWoBairrjv i^eTrep,-
TTCV, <prjp,a<i ip.TTOtrjaovTa'i rol<i eOveaiv virep rov
p.avTUOv Kal 8i.r]yrjcrop,ivov<; to? Trpoeiiroi Kal
dvevpoi hpa-TTera<i Kal K\eiTTa<i Kal \r)crTd<;
e^eXiy^eie Kal dr)aavpov<i dvopv^ai Trapd(T)(^oi
Kal voaovvTa<i Idaairo, ivlov^ Be Kal rjSrj diro-
6av6vTa<; dvacrTrjaeiev. 8/?6/io<? ovv Kal co^icr/io?

diravTaxoOev iyuyvero Kai dvcriai Kal dvadrjfiara,

Kal BiirXdaca tw rrpocfii'iTr] Kal p.a6r]Tfj tov 6eov.
Kal yap av Kal ovTO<i e^eireaev 6 ')(^pr](Tp,6<;'
Ttip^vai KeXofxai tov ep,ov OepaTTovO^ virocf) tjttjv'
ov ydp p,oi Kredvcov fieXerai dyav, aX,V
V7r0(f)T]T0U'

^ Alexander's price was high. Amphilochus got but two

obola (one-fourth »8 much) at Mallus. According to Lucian
2o6
 ; :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

advancements and successions to estates he always
i put off to anotlier day, adding " It shall all come
:

\ about when 1 will, and when Alexander, my prophet,

asks it of me and prays for you."
A price had been fixed for each oracle, a drachma
and two obols.^ Do not think that it was low, my
friend, or that the revenue from this source was
scanty !He gleaned as much as seventy or eighty
thousand ^ a year, since men were so greedy as to
send in ten and fifteen questions each. What he
received he did not use for himself alone nor
treasure up to make himself rich, but since he had
many men about him by this time as assistants,
servants, collectors of information, writers of oracles,
custodians of oracles, clerks, sealers, and expounders,
he divided with all, giving each one what was
proportionate to his worth.
By now he was even sending men abroad to
create rumours in the different nations in regard to
the oracle and to say that he made predictions,
discovered fugitive slaves, detected thieves and
robbers, caused treasures to be dug up, healed the
sick, and in some cases had actually raised the dead.
So there was a hustling and a bustling from every
side, with sacrifices and votive offerings and twice as —
much for the prophet and disciple of the god.
For this oracle also had come out
** Honour I bid you to give my faithful servant, the
prophet
No great store do I set upon riches, but much on
the prophet."

{Timon 6 ; 12 Episl. Saturn. 21) the

; wage of a day-labourer
at this time was but four obols. ^ Drachmas.

ao7
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

25 EttcI Se 7]Br) TToWol rwv vovv i)(^6vToov wairep
etc fiiOrjf; I3a6eia<t (iva^6povTe<i cvviaTavro iir^
avrov, Koi fidXiara ocroi ^KiriKovpov iraipoi
rjcrav,^ ::aX ev Tal<; iroXeaiv eTre^wpaTO rjpefxa r)

iraa-a p.a'yyaveLa koI

avaKevrj rov 8pd/j,aTo<;,
]^ iK(f)6pei <f)60r)Tp6v Tt e7r' avTOv^, Xeywv dOecov
ifi7re7r\r](Tdai koI ^picrriavcov rov IIovtov, ot
irepl avTov ToXfiooai ra KCLKiara ^Xaa^rjixelv'
ov<s eKeXeve XWoif; iXavveiv, e'i <ye deXovaiv tXe&)
e^etv TOP Oeop. irepX he ^EiTriKovpov Kal toiovtov
Tiva ^(prja/jLov dTT€(f)6ej^aT0' ipofievov yap rivo<;
TV Trpdrrei iv"Ac8ov 6 ^E7riKovpo<i

" MoXv/38l,va<i €Xfov" e^rj, " •iTeha<i iv ^op^opfp

KddrjTai."

elra Oav/j.d^€i<; el iirl fxeya rfpdr) to XPV(^'^VP''0V,

opwv Ta<; epcoTrjcreL^ tmv TrpocriovTcov avv€Td<i xal
TreTraihevfieva<i ;

"0Xft)9 dairovho^ koI UKrjpvKTO'i avT^ 6

he
'7r6Xe/jio<; tt^o? ^EnrLKOvpou ^v' fxdXa etVortu?. tlvl
yap av dXXm BiKaioTepov TrpocreTroXefiei 76779
avdpa)7ro<i koi TepaTeia ^iXo<i, dXr^Oeia he e^diaTO^i,
Tj ^EiriKOvpo) dvBpl TT]v <f)vaiv tmv Trpayp,dT(ov
KaOeaipaKOTi Kal fiovat Tr)v iv avTolf dXyjOeiav
elSoTi ; ol fxev yap dp,(pl tov UXdTcova Kal \pv-
crnrTTov Kal Uvdayopav (^iXoi, Kal elprjvr] jSadela
7rpo<i €K€ivov^ rjv' 6 he aTcyKTo^; ^ETTiKovpo^ —
oi5t&)9yap avTov ODVop-a^eu ex^iaTO^ htKaCoi^i, —
iravTU TuvTa iv yeXwTi koI Traihca Tidefievo^.
Bio Kal TT)v "Afiaa-Tpiv ip,i,aei fjudXia-Ta t&v
TlofTtKcav TToXecov, oti rjirlaTaTo Tovf irepl

ao8
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
When at last many sensible men, recovering, as it
were, from profound intoxication, combined against
him, especially all the followers of Epicurus, and
when in the cities they began gradually to detect
all the trickery and buncombe of the show,
he issued a promulgation designed to scare them,
saying that Pontus was full of atheists and Christians
who had the hardihood to utter the vilest abuse
of him these he bade them drive away with
;

stones if they wanted to have the god gracious.

About Epicurus, moreover, he delivered himself of
an oracle after this sort when someone asked him
;

how Epicurus was doing in Hades, he replied :

" With leaden fetters on his feet in filthy mire he

sitteth."

Do you wonder, then, that the shrine waxed great,

now that you see that the questions of its visitors
were intelligent and refined ?
In general, the war that he waged ujion Epicurus
was without truce or parley, naturally enough.
Upon whom else would a quack who loved humbug
and bitterly hated truth more fittingly make war
than upon Epicurus, who discerned the nature of
things and alone knew the truth in them ? The
followers of Plato and Chrysippus and Pythagoras
were his friends, and there was profound peace with
them; but "the impervious Epicurus" for that is —
—
what he called him was rightly his bitter enemy,
since he considered all that sort of thing a laughing-
matter and a joke. So Alexander hated Amastris
most of all the cities in Pontus because he knew that

* Kol /j-dKiffra ol 'EiiiKovpov iroipoi, noWol 5« ^trav j8.

209
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
AeTTiBov KoX aXkov<i 6/jiOiov<: avroU ttoWou?
iv6vTa<; iv rfj iroXei' ovBe i^pr)crfia>Br]a€ TrcoTrore
^A/xacrrpiavu) avhpi. ottotc he koX iroX/jiijcrev
aBe\(f>M avyKXrjTiKov %/377o-//.«oS7}o-at, kutu-
7eXacrTG)<f arr'^Wa^ev, ov^ evpoov oine avro<i
irXdcracxOai y^prja/xov Be^iov ovre tov iroirjaat
'7rp6<; Kaipov avrw Svvrjaofievov. /jL€/ji(f)o/jLev(p yap
avTW crrop.dj(ov oSvvijv TrpoaTa^ai ^ovXop-evo^
veiov TToSa ytxera fia\d-)(^r]^ iaKevaafxevov eadteiv
OUT to 9 €(}>r)-
M.d\^aKa ')(pipd(t)v leprj KVfxiveve criirvSvo).

28 HoWaKt^ fiev ovv, w? irpoeiTTOv, eSei^e tov 8pd-

Kovra TOi<; B€Ofi€voc<;, ov-)(^ oXov, dWa rrjv ovpdv
fMoXiara koX to dWo aSjjjia irpo^e^XrjKOi^, ttjv
Ke(f)a\r]v Se viro koXttov dOearov <f)v\dTroov.
ede\r](ra<i he kol fi€t^6v(o<; eKirXrj^ai to 7r\rjdo<;,
UTreo-^eTo kuI \a\ovvra irape^eiv rov Oeov, avrov
dvev VTro<pi]Tov ^^prjafiwhovvTa. elra ov ;;^aXe7rw<?
yepdvcov dpTTjpCa'; avvdyp^wi Kal hta t^? Ke(j)aXrj<i
€Kelvr)<; T^<? fjb€/M7]X0i-vr]/jbevT]^ Trpb'i ofiocorrjTa hul-
pa<i, dWov Tivo<; e^codev i/x^ocovTo^, direKpLveTO
7r/)o<? Ta9 ip(OTi]aei<i, t^<? hid rov odovivov
(f)Q)vrj<i

eKeivov ^AaKXrjTTiov 7rpo7nTrTovar)<i.

'E«aXoOj/TO he oi ')(^pr]a/j,ol oinoi avTo<f>covoi, koI
ov rrdaiv ehihovro ovhe dvehrjv, dWd TOt? e^-

^ An inscription from Amastris (C.I.G. 4149) honoura

"Tiberius Claudius Lepidus, Chief Priest of Pontus and
President of the Metropolis of Pontus" (i.e. Amastris).
This can be no other than the Lepidus of Lucian. The
priesthood was that of Augustus. Amastris is almost due
N. of Angora, on the Black Sea, W. of Abonoteichus.
2IO
 :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

^ and others like them were
the followers of Lepidus
numerous and he would never deliver
in the city ;

an oracle to an Amastrian. Once when he did

venture to make a prediction for a senator's brother,
he acquitted himself ridiculously, since he could
neither compose a clever response himself nor find
anyone else who could do it in time. The man com-
plained of colic, and Alexander, wishing to direct him
to eat a pig's foot cooked with mallow, said
" Mallow with cummin digest in a sacred pipkin of
piglets."

Again and again, as I said before, he exhibited the

serpent to all who requested it, not in its entirety,
but exposing chiefly the tail and the rest of the body
and keeping the head out of sight under his arm.
But as he wished to astonish the crowd still more,
—
he promised to produce the god talking delivering
oracles in person without a prophet. It was no
difficultmatter for him to fasten cranes' windpipes
together and pass them through the head, which he
had so fashioned as to be lifelike. Then he answered
the questions through someone else, who spoke into
the tube from the outside, so that the voice issued
from his canvas Asclepius.^
These oracles were called autophones, and were
not given to everybody promiscuously, but only to
* S. Hippolytus {I.e., 28) mentions a tube made of wind-

pipes of cranes, storks, or swans, and used in a similar way.

Du Soul has a note in the Hemsterhuys-Reitz Lucian (ii, p.
234), telling of a wooden head constructed by Thomas Irson
and exhibited to Charles II, which answered questions in any
language and produced a great effect until a confederate was
detected using a speaking tube in the next room. Du Soul
had the story from Irson himself.
2IK
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
27 Trapv(j>oi'i kul '7r\ova[ot<; Kal /j.eya\oSMpoi,<i. 6
yovv Xevrjpiavat Bo0el<i virep Trj<; et9 ^ Apfieviav
€i,a68ov rcov avrocpcovoov Kal avTO<; rjv. irpoTpeiroiv
yap avTov iiri rrjv elcr^oXrjv ovro)^ e^ij'

IIdp9oV<i 'ApfM€VLOV<i T6 0oa> VTTO Sovpl

Sa/xdaa-a^
V0(nri<Tei<i 'Vtajxriv Kal @uySyOfSo<> dyXaov v8a>p
(TTe/njuLa (f)€p(i)v KpordcpoKTC /xefiiyfievov aKrl-
veaa-iv.

elr iireihr) iretaOel'i 6 rjXLdiot eKelvo^ KeXTo?

eca€/3a\e Kat dirrjWa^ev avry arparid vtto rov
^Oapoov ^ KaTaKoirei'i, roiiTov fiev top '^pija/jLov
i^aipei ix rcov vTTO/jLvrjfMdrcov, ipTtdrjcriv 8' dWov
dvT avTOV'

M^ av y eV Kpixeviov^ iXdav arpaTov, ov

*

yap dfiecvov,
fir) aoi OrjXv^irwv tl<; dvrjp to^ov utto Xvypbv
iroTfiov eTTiTrpolel^i iravar] ^loroio (f)dov^ re.

28 Kat yap av Kal rovro aocfxoraTov eirevorja-e,

T0U9 fjL€Taxpoviov<i )(^pr]crp,ov<i iirl depaireia rfov
KUKco^ TrpoTeOeaTTia-fievcov Kal aTroTeTevyfievcov.
7roX\dKi<: yap irpo fievrrj'i Te\evTrj<i Toif voaovoiv

^ '0<Tp6ov Kuhn : 'Odpiov j8, 'OOpvdSov y. Cf. Hist. Conscrib.

18 and 21.

^ The corona radiata, worn by Augustus, Nero, and the

emperors after Caracalla. This passage seems to point to
itsuse (in addition to the laurel wreath ?) as one of the
triumphal insignia.
212
 : ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

those who were noble, rich, and free-handed. For
example, the oracle given to Severianus in regard to
his invasion of Armenia was one of the autophones.
Alexander encouraged him to the invasion by saying :

" Under your charging spear shall fall Armenians

and Parthi
Then you shall fare to Rome and the glorious
waters of Tiber
Wearing upon your brow the chaplet studded
^
with sunbeams."

Then when that silly Celt, being convinced, made

the invasion and ended by getting himself and his
army cut to bits by Osroes, Alexander expunged
this oracle from his records and inserted another in
its place

" Better for you that your forces against Armenia

march not,
Lest some man, like a woman bedight, despatch
from his bowstring
Grim death, cutting you off from life and enjoy-
2
ment of sunlight."
That was one of his devices, and a very clever
—
one belated oracles to make amends for those in
which he had made bad predictions and missed the
mark. Often he would promise good health to sick

* The Parthians had been interfering with the succession

to the throne in Armenia. Severianus, Roman governor of
Cappadocia, entered Armenia with a small force in 161, and
was disastrously defeated at Elegeia by Chosroes. According
lo Dio Cassius (71, 2) the entire force was surrounded and
wiped out. See also Lucian, de Hist. Conscrib. 21, 24, 25.

213
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
vyieiav eTrrjyyeWeTO, airoOavovrfov he ')(prj(7/jL6<;

aX\o<i €TOi,/uLO<i rjv ttoKivwSmv

M77«6Ti hl^rjaOai vovaoio Xvjprj^; eTrapcoyijv'
7ror/j.o<i yap 7rpo<f)avr)<; ovS" eKcpvyeeiv Suvarov
aot.

29 EtSft)? Se Tov<; ev KXapw koI AiSv/Moif; kuI

MaWft) Kal avrov<i €vBoKCfiovvTa<; eVi r^ o/jLota
fiavTiKT] Tainrj, <pi,\ov<; avTov<i eTroielro, TroWoy?
rcov irpocTiovTcov Trifiircov e7r' avTov'i Xeywv
'E? ILXdpov Xeao vvp, rovfiov rrarpo^i <b9 ott'
aKOV(Trj<;.

Koi 'rraXiv'

Bpay)(i8ea)v dBuroiai TreXd^eo koI k\v€ XPV'

afxcov.
Kal av6i<i'

Ef M.aX\.6v %<w/9et decTTrlcTfiaTd r ^A/jl^i\6xoio.

30 Tavra jxev ivTo<; t6)v opcov fiexpi' t?;? 'I<ui'/a<?

ical KfXf/cta? Kol Ila(f)\ayovLa<; /cal TaXaTia<;.

«09 Be KoX el<i rrjv ^IraXiav Bie<f>OLTr)(Tev rov
fiavT€LOV TO «X.eo9 Koi et? rr^v 'Poyfiacwv ttoXlv
iveireaev, ov8ei<i oarif ovk aX\,o<; irpo dXXov
rjTreLyero, ol fiev avrol l6vT€<;, ol he Tri/j,7rovre<i,
Koi p,dXi(Tra ol hwaTcoraTOi Kal ixeyiarov d^loypa
iv T7] TToXei e)(^ovT€<;' d>VTrp(aTO<; Kal Kopu(f)ai6raTO<i
iyiv€TO 'PovTiXiav6<;, dvrjp rd jxev dXXa KaXo<;

^ Apollo.
' P. Mumtnius Sisenna Rutilianus. What office he then
held (see below) is uncertain. He eventually went through
the whole cursiis honorum, including the consulship (probably
suffect) and the governorship of Upper Moesia, and ending,

214
 : ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

men before their demise, and when they died
another oracle would be ready with a recantation :

" Seek no more for assistance against thy bitter

affliction
Death now standeth in view ; 'tis beyond thy power
to 'scape him."
As he was aware that the priests at Clarus and
Didymi and Mallus were themselves in high repute
for the same sort of divination, he made them his
friends by sending many of his visitors to them,
saying
"Now unto Clarus begone, to the voice of my
father^ to hearken."
and at another time.
Visit the fane of the Branchids and hear what the
oracle sayeth,"

and again,
" Make thy way unto Mallus and let Amphilochus
answer,"
/ So far, we have been concerned with his doings
near the frontier, extending over Ionia, Cilicia, Paph-
lagonia, and Galatia. But when the renown of his
pro})hetic shrine spread to Italy and invaded the city
of Rome, everybody without exception, each on the
other's heels, made
haste, some to go in person,
some to send ;was the case particularly with
this
those who had the greatest power and the highest
rank in the city. The first and foremost of these
M'as Rutilianus,^ who, though a man of birth and

about A.D. 170, with the proconsulship of the province of

Asia.

215
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kal ayado<i koX if iroWaU rd^eai 'Po}fxalKal<i
e^rjTaafxevn'i, ra Se Trepl tov<; Oeou^ irdvv vocrcov
Kal dWoKora Trepl avTOiv 7re7nar€v/cd)<;, el fxavov
\l6ov tj ear€(f)av(o/jLevov Oedaairo,
dXrj'X.t/jLfxevov irov
TrpoaTrLTrrcov evOu<i Kal irpocrKvvoiv kuI eTrl ttoXv
irapecrTot)^ Kal ev^op-evo^i Kal rd'yada irap aiirov
alrMv.
OuTo? roivvv aKoixra^ ra Trepl tov xRV^^VP^^v
fxiKpov fiev ihetjaev d(bel<; rrjv i'yKe')(etpL(T ixevrjv
rd^iv TO tov ^A^mvov T€t%09 dvaTrrPjvai.
ei9
evre/ATTe 8' ovv dX\.ov<i eV dXXoi<i' ol Be ttc/xtto-
fievot, ISiMTai riveq otKerai, pahia)<i e^aTrarrjOevTe^
av eTravrjecrav, ra fiev l86vTe<i, ra 8e eo? I86vre<;
Kal dKov(TavT€<i ^ Sirjyov/jievoi Kal Trpoaem-
p,eTpovvTe<i en TrXeio) tovtqjv, co? evTC/noTepoi
elev TTapa rSt SecnroTr}. e^eKatov ovv rbv ddXiov
31 yepovra Kal el<i jxaviav eppcofMevrjv eve^aXov. 6
he, to? av Tot? TrXetcTTOL^ Kal hvvarmrdroLfi (piXo^;
a>v, TrepLrjei to, fxev 8it]yov/iievo<; &><> d/covaeie Trapd
TMV Trep.(f>d€VTCDV, ra Be Kal vap avrov Trpocrridei^;,
eveTvXi^aev ovv tt)v ttoXiv kal BieadXevaev outo?,
Kal Tcov ev Tjj avXfj tov(; TrXeiarov^i Biedopv^rjaev,
01 avTLKa Kal avrol rjTrei'yovro aKovtrai ri to)v
KaO* avTov<i.
'O Be TOiK? d<f>iKvovfx,€vov<; Trdvv ^tXo<pp6vQ)<;
VTroBexofievo<i ^evioLf re Kal raU aXXai<i 8copeai<;
TToXvreXeaiv evvov<i ipya^ofievo^ avr(p aVeTre/ATrev

^ Kal &)S iiKovffavTts y, edd. But a>j was added by someone

who thought that koI was the conjunction. Its real force
becomes apparent if one transposes thus : t^ 5^ koI aKovtravrtt
wf li6i'rfs 5ir)yovfj,eyoi.

2 l6
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
breeding, put to the proof in many Roman offices,
nevertheless in all that concerned the gods was very
infirm and held strange beliefs about them. If he
but saw anywhere a stone smeared with holy oil or
adorned with a wreath, ^ he would fall on his face
forthwith, kiss his hand, and stand beside it for a
long time making vows and craving blessings from it.
When this man heard the tales about the oracle,
he very nearly abandoned the office which had been
committed to him and took wing to Abonoteichus.
Anyhow, he sent one set of messengers after another,
and his emissaries, mere illiterate serving-people,
were easily deluded, so when they came back, they
told not only what they had seen but what they had
heard as if they had seen it, and threw in something
more for good measure, so as to gain favour with
their master. Consequently, they inflamed the poor
oldman and made him absolutely crazy. Having
many powerful friends, he went about not only
telling what he had heard from his messengers but
adding still more on his own account. So he flooded
and convulsed the city, and agitated most of the
court, who themselves at once hastened to go and
hear something that concerned them.
To all who came, Alexander gave a very cordial
reception, made them think well of him by lavish
entertainment and expensive presents, and sent

* For the Greek worship of stones, see Frazer's Pausanias,

vol. iv,154 sq. v, 314 sq. 354.
; , In the note last cited he
quotes Arnobius adv. Nationes 1, 39 si quando conspexeram
:

lubricatam lapidem et exolivi unguine sordidatam, tamquam

inesset vis praesens adulabar adfabar, beneficia poscebam
nihil sentiente de trunco. Add Clement of Alexandria,
Strom. 7, 4, 26 irav ^v\ov koI nrivTa \iOov rh S^ XeyS/ievov
:

\iiraphv nrpoaKvvovvTfs.

217
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ovK dirayyeKovvra'i jjbovov Ta<? ipcoTija-ei^f, dWh
KOI u/xvi](7ovTa<; top Oeov koI repaxma virep rov
32 fiavreiov koI avTOV<; y^evcrofievov^;. Kal dWa
fir]-)(avdTai ri o Tpi.aKardpaTO<; ovk dcro<f)ov ovSe
rov Trpo(TTV')(^ovTO<i XrjaTOV d^iov. Xvcov yap to,
TreTTefifieva ^i^Xla Kal dvayiyvcoaKcov, et rt evpot
€Tn(T(paX€<i Kal irapaKeKivhwevixivov ev rat?
ipcoTTJaeaiv, Karel-)(ev avTO<i Kal ovk dTreirefiTrev,
ct)9 V7ro^eipLov<;Kal fiovovovxl 8ovXov<; Sid rb
Seo<f e^ot Tov<i TreTro/x^ora?, fjbefx,v7]/j,evov<; ola tfv a
rjpovTO. (xvvir}<i 8e o'ia<i ^ etKO^ toi)? rrXovaiovi

Kal fjieya hwajxevovf; ra? Truer retf Trwddvecrdai.

eXdfi^avev ovv troXXd "nap eKelvcov, elSortov otl
evTO<i avTov^ ^'%ot rS)v dpKvmv.
33 BoyXo/iat he aoi Kal r&v 'VovriXiavS) hoOevrayv
')(^pT)(r/jLcov ivLov^ elirelv. Trvvdavofievq) yap avTO)
vTrep Tov TratSo? ck irporepaf; yvvaiKo^, iraiheia^i
(opav e^ovTO^, ovriva TrpoartjcreTac SiBdaKaXov
TOiv fiadrj/xaTcov avrov, €<f>r]'

Uvdayoprjv "jroXefiajv re SidKJopov iadXov

dovhov.
elra fier oXiya^; rjfiepa<; rov TraiS6<; dirodavovro'i,
6 jxkv rjiropei Kal ovSev €l')(ev Xeyeiv irpo^ rovf}
atTico/nevoVi, rrapd 7r68a<; ovtco^ eXrjXey/iievov rov
XP^o'P'OV' 6 he 'PouTtXiai/o? avro^ (f)da(Ta<; 6
^iXricTTo^ direXoyelro virep tov pavreiov Xeywv,
TOVTO avTO TrpohebrjXaiKevai tov Oeov Kal hid tovto
^MVTa fi€V KeXeixrai firjheva hihda KaXov iXeaOai
avTW, Wvdayopav he Kal "O/xrjpov irdXai T€0v€(b-
Ta<i, 0I9 €t/co9 TO fieipdKLOv iv" Aihov vvv avvelvat.

* ola! du Soul : ola MSS.

218
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
them back not merely to report the answers to their
questions, but to sing the praises of the god and to
tell portentous lies about the oracle on their own
account. At the same time, however, the plaguy
scoundrel devised a trick which was really clever
and not what one would expect of your ordinary
swindler. In opening and reading the forwarded
scrolls, if he found anything dangerous and venture-
some in the questions, he would keep them himself
and not send them back, in order to hold the
senders in subjection and all but in slavery because
of their fear, since they remembered what it was
that they had asked. You understand what
questions are likely to be put by men who are rich
and very powerful. So he used to derive much gain
from those men, who knew that he had them in his
net.
I should like to tell you some of the responses

that were given to Rutilianus. Asking about his

son by a former marriage, who was then in the full
bloom of youth, he enquired who should be appointed
his tutor in his studies. The reply was :

" Be it Pythagoras ; aye, and the good bard, master

of warfare."

Then after a few daj's the boy died, and Alexander

was at his wit's end, with nothing to say to his critics,
as the oracle had been shown up so obviously. But
Rutilianus himself, good soul, made haste to defend
the oracle by saying that the god had predicted pre-
cisely this outcome, and on account of it had bidden
him to select as his tutor nobody then alive, but
rather Pythagoras and Homer, who died long ago,
with whom, no doubt, tiie lad was then studying

219
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tt Tolvvv /Mi^(f)€aOai a^iov ^AXe^avSpm, el roiov-
TOi^ avd pwiria KOi<i evhiarpl^eiv rj^lov ;
34 Avdif 8e TTVvdavofievw avra> ttjv rivo<i yfrv)(^r]v
avro<i SieSe^aro, ecfitj'

JJpa)Tov Ilr)\€i8r]<i iyivov, fiera ravra Me-

vavSpof,
eW^ 09 vvv (f)alvr}, jxera 8* earaeai ^\ia<; clkti^,
^^cret,<i 8' oySooKOVT eirl Tolf ixarov Xvkcl-
l3avTa<i.

6 Be e^SofirjKOVTOvrrjii airWavev /j,e\ay)(^o\'^<ra<;,

35 ov trepifieiva'i rrjv tov Oeov viroa'xeaLV. koI oi>ro<i
"X^prja fio<i rwv avTOcfx/ovcov r/v.

*Fipofieva> Se avr^ irore koX irepl ydfiov pr]TQ)<i

Trjfwv ^AXe^dvSpov re XeXrjvalrji; re Ovyarpa.

Bie8e8a)K€i Se iraXai \6yov to? t?)? Ovyarpo^, fjv

elx^v, €K ^eX^vrj'i avrw yevop,evr}<i' Tr)v yap

^eXi]vr)v epcoTi dXtovai avrov Kadevhovrd irore
Ihovcrav, oirep avrfj e^09, KoifKOfievcov epdv rcov
KaXcbv. o 5' ovBev p,eXKr)aa<i 6 avverdiTaro^
''PovTiXiavo'i eircfXTrev evdv<i eirl rrjv Kopr^v /cat
Toy? ydpLov<i avvereXei e^r]KoprovTr)<i vvp,(^io<; koI
(Tvvfjv, Tr)v irevdepdv "SteXijvrjv eKaT6/x^ai<; oXai^
iXaaKOfievof; xal twv inovpavicov els Kal avro<i
ol6p,evo<i yeyovevai.
36 'O 8' tt>9 dira^ tmv ev 'IraXta Trpayfidrcov i\d-
jSero, fiei^Q) del irpoaeirevoei Kal irdvroae t^9

* A reference to the story of Endjmioii.

 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
in Hades. What fault, then, should we find with
Alexander if he thought fit to amuse himself at the
expense of such homunculi ?
At another time, when Rutilianus enquired whose
soul he had inherited, the reply was :

" Peleus' son wert thou at the first thereafter

;

Menander,
Then what thou seemest now, and hereafter shalt
turn to a sunbeam.
Four score seasons of life shall be given thee over
a hundred."

But as a matter of fact he died insane at seventy

without awaiting the fulfilment of the god's promise !

This oracle too was one of the autophones.

When one time he enquired about getting
married, Alexander said explicitly :

" Take Alexander's daughter to wife, who was born

of Selene."

He had long before given out a story to the

daughter was by Selene for Selene
effect that his ;

had fallen in love with him on seeing him asleep

—
once upon a time it is a habit of hers, you
know, to adore handsome lads in their sleep ^ !

Without any hesitation that prince of sages Rutili-

anus sent for the girl at once, celebrated his nuptials
as a sexagenarian bridegroom, and took her to wife,
propitiating his mother-in-law, the moon, with whole
hecatombs and imagining that he himself had
become one of the Celestials !

No sooner did Alexander get Italy in hand than

he began to devise projects that were ever greater
and greater, and sent oracle-mongers everywhere in
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
'VcofxaiaiV ap')(ri<i e7re/z.7re y^prjafioXo'^ov^, raU
TToXecTL TrpoXe^ycov Xot/uoi)? Kal TrvpKa'ia<{ <f)v\d<T-
aeaOai Kal a€iafiov<;' Kal da(f>a\(t)<; ^otiOrjcreLv,
yevotTo ri tovtcov, avTo<; v'incr')(y€LTO avjol^.
o)<? pb7)

€va Se TLva ')(^pria fxov avTo^avov Kal avTov, el<i

,

airavTa ra eOvq iv Ta> XocfjbO) hie'irefji'y^aro' rjv Be

TO eTTO? €V

4>ot)3o9 cLKetpeKOfi'q';^ \oifiov vecpiXrjv dnrepvKei.

Kal TOVTO Tjv ISelp TO eVo? TravTa'^ov eirl raiv

irvXoDvwv '^e^ypafifjievov &><? rov Xoi/iov d\€^i(f}dp-
fiaKov. TO S" €49 rovvavriov TOi? TrA-etcrTOt?
•npov')(^u)pei,' Kara <ydp Tiva tv')(t]v avrac fxaXiara

al OiKiai €K€V(o6r}(Tav al? to e7ro9 eTreyeypaTTTo.

Kal fiT] fie vofM^ar)^ rovro \eyeiv, on Sid to e7ro9
dircoWuvTO' dWd tv^J} tivI out&)9 eyevero. Ta'^a
Be Kal ol iroWol 6appovvre<i toS arixtp r]ixeKovv
Kal padvfxorepov Birjrcoi^ro, ovBev rw ^p7;cr/xw
TTpot Tr)v voaov (TwreXovvTe^, a)9 dv e~)(pvTe<i
7rpo/jia')(ofM€va<; avrwv rd<i avWa^d^ Kal tov
dKeipeKOfjLTjv ^ ^ol^ov diroTO^evovra tov Xoljmov.
37 T[ev6r)va<i jxevTOL iv avrfj 'Vcofirj Karea-rijaaTo
irdvv iroWov^ rav crvvco/jLortov, o'l rd^ eKaarov
yvdojxa^ BirjyyeWov avrw Kal ra<; epwrrjcrei^
Trpoe/jL7]vvov Kal mv /jbaXiara ecpievrai, a)9 €tol[xov
avTov 7rpo<{ Ta9 d7roKpicret<i Kal irplv rjKCLV Tot'9
7refnTo/j,evov<; KaraXajJi^dvecrdai.
38 Kat 77/309 pi,ev ra iv rfj ^IraTua lavja ' 7rpo€-

' aKep(TfK6ix.r]s 0.
* k'{fp<T(K6nr}v $.
* Tavra Kal T«k Toiavra y,

222
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
the Roman Empire, warning the cities to be on their
guard against plagues and conflagrations and earth-
quakes he promised that he would liimself afford
;

them infallible aid so that none of these calamities

should befall them. There was one oracle, also an
autophone, which he despatched to all the nations
during the pestilence ^ it was but a single verse
; :

"Phoebus, the god unshorn, keepeth off plague's

nebulous onset."
This verse was to be seen everywhere written
over doorways as a charm against the plague; but
in most cases it had the contrary result. By
some chance it was particularly the houses on which
the verse was inscribed that were depopulated Do !

not suppose me to mean that they were stricken on

—
account of the verse by some chance or other it
turned out that way, and perhaps, too, people
neglected precautions because of their confidence in
the line and lived too carelessly, giving the oracle no
assistance against the disease because they were going
to have the syllables to defend them and " unshorn
Phoebus " to drive away the plague with his arrows !

Moreover, Alexander posted a great number of

his fellow-conspirators in Rome itself as his agents,
who reported everyone's views to him and gave him
advance information about the questions and the
especial wishes of those who consulted him, so that
the messengers might find him ready to answer even
before they arrived !

He made these preparations to meet the situation

in Italy, and also made notable preparations at home.

^ The terrible plague which swept the whole Empire

about A.D. 165.

223
 —

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

firfX^avdro' <otKOi Sk kuI to. ToiavTa.>^ reXerrjv re
yap Tiva avvLcrrarai xal SaBov^ta<i koX lepp-
^avria^, rpi&v e^^? ael TeXovpevcov rj/xep&u. Wal
iv pkv T^ TrpcoTT} TTpopprjcnf rjv uxrirep ^AOjjvrjai
TOiavrr}' " Et rt? dOeo<; rj HpiaTiavo<; rj ^Kttikov-
peiof rjKet KaTdcrKOTro<; twv opylav, <^ev<yeTW oi
he '7ri(TT€vovTe<; tw Oew reXeiadoia-av Tv^cp rrj
dyaOfj." elr €vOv<i iv dp-)(^ i^e\aac<; iyiyvero'
Koi 6 fiev 'qyelro Xeycov "^E^co X.piaTiavov<;," to Sk
irXijOo^ dirav i7re(f)d€yyeT0 ""E^o) 'ETrt/cou/jetou?." I

elra AiyroO? eyiyvero Xox^ia koX 'AttoWcoj/o?

yoval Kal KopcoviBo^i ydpo<; kcu ^AaKXijirio^
eTLKTero. ev Be rfj Bevrepa VXvKWVO<i eiri^pdveia
39 Kol yevvr}ai,<i rod Oeov. rpirrj Be ripepa YloBa-
Xeipiov rjv kcu t?}9 p>rjTpo<; ^AXe^dvBpov ydpx><i'

AaSt? Be eKoXeiTO kol BaBe^ Be eKaiovro.koX

reXevratov XeXrjv7)<; koI ^AXe^dvBpov epo)? koI
riKTopevT) rov 'VovriXiavov r} yvvrj. eBa.B,ov')(eL Bl

KCU i€po(f)dvT€L 6 ^EivBvplwv ^AXi^avBpo^. Kal o

fiev KadevBcov Bijdev KareKciro ivrq) peam, Kar'^et

Be eVavTov aTTO t^? opoiprji; co? i^ ovpavov dvrl

TTJ'i ^eX-^vr)(i 'FovTiXia rt? oypaioraTi], rtov
Kaicapo^ olKOvopwv rtvo^ yvvrj, co? dXr]B<o<; ipaxra
rov ^AXe^dvBpov Kal dvTepcopevrj v'n avrov, Kal
iv 6(f>6aXpol'i rov oXeOpiov iKelvov dvBpo<i ^iXtj-
pard re iyiyvero iv r5> peao) Kal TrepnrXoKaL. ct
^ Supplement by A. M.H. (after Fritzsche). The preceding
H(v and the following yap prove a gap in the text, which one
would expect to be of 17-19 letters a line in the y $
archetype.
224
 :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

He established a celebration of mysteries, with torch-
light ceremonies and priestly offices, which was to be
held annually, for three days in succession, in per-
petuity. ,
On the first day, as at Athens,^ there was
y / a proclamation, worded as follows " If any atheist
:

\ or Christian or Epicurean has come to spy upon the

rites, let him be off, and let those who believe in
the god perform the mysteries, under the blessing
of Heaven."^] Then, at the very outset, there was an
" expulsion,' in which he took the lead, saying
•*^ " Out with the Christians," and the whole multitude _,
j^ chanted in response, " Out with the Epicureans ". !
J
Then there was the child-bed of Leto, the birth of
Apollo, his marriage to Coronis, and the birth of
Asclepius. On the second day came the mani-
~festation of Glycon, including the birth of the god.
On the third day there was the union of Podaleirius
—
and the mother of Alexander it was called the Day
of Torches, and torches were burned. In conclusion
there was the amour of Selene and Alexander, and
the birth of Rutilianus' wife. The torch-bearer and
hierophant was our Endymion, Alexander. While
he lay in full view, pretending to be asleep, there
came down to him from the roof, as if from heaven,
not Selene but Rutilia, a very pretty woman, married
to one of the Emperor's stewards. She was
genuinely in love with Alexander and he with her ;

and before the eyes of her worthless husband there

were kisses and embraces in public. If the torches
^ The reference is to the proclamation that preceded
the
Eleusinian mysteries. Its entire content is unknown, but it
required that the celebrants be clean of hand, pure of heart,
and Greek in speech. Barbarians, homicides, and traitors
were excluded and there was some sort of restriction in
;

regard to previous diet.

225
 THJE WORKS OF LUCIAN
oe TToWaX r^aav at 8a8e<i, Td')(^a av ti kol rSiv
[XT)

VTTO koKttov eirpdrreTO. fxera fiiKpov Se ela-^ei

TrdXiv 't€po<pavTiK(t)<; i(TK€vaafievo<i iv ttoWtj rrj
(TKOTrfj, Kol avr6<; fiev eXeye fieydXr) rfj (fxovfj,
"'It; TXukcov'* e7Te<pdeyyovro Be avrw iiraKoXov-
dovvTe<i iLiifxaXTTiSai hrjOev kol K.7]pvK€<i riv€<:
TlatpXayove^;, Kap^ariva<i vTroSeBe/xivoi, ttoXXtjv
TTjv aKopohaXpuriv €pvyydvovre<i, " 'I^ 'AXe^avBpe."
40 IloXXdKL<i Be ev rfj BaBov)(ia koI Tol<i /jlvcttikol^
aKiprijfxaaiv yv/j,v(od€l<; 6 /J,r]p6<i avrov €^€7riTr}Be<;
Xpvcrou<i Bepfiaros 0)9 et/co? €TTf)(^pvaov
Bt,e<^dv7j,
'KepLTeBevTO<i koX 7rp6<i rrjv avyrjv rS)v XapbirdBcov
airoaTiX^ovro'i. oitne koI yevofievrjfi irore ^rjTi]-
aeco'i Bvo rial rcov pbwpoaoc^aiv virep avrov, etre
UvSayopov rr)v '\jrv)(^r)P €^01 Bta rov xP^^ovv
fxrjpQv etre aXXrjv ofxoiav avrfj, koX rrjv ^rjrrjaiv
raunjv avrw ^AXe^dvBpcp eiraveveyKovrwv, o
^aaiX€v<i TXvKoov ^pfycr/^ft) eXvtjev rrjv diropiav'
YlvOayopov ^v)(^r} rrore p.ev (pOlvei, dXXore S'
av^et'
rf Bt rrpoiprjreir] Bl7]<; ^p€v6<; ecrriv drcoppdo^.
Kat fiLV irarrjp
eTre/jLyjre dya6(OP dvBpSiv
eirapwyov'
Kcu ttoXlv €9 Ato9 elai Ai6<i ^rjOelaa KepavvS).
41 TipoXeycov Be rrdaiv aTrej^eaOai rraiBiov avvov-
aia^, 0)9 da€^e<; ov, avrb<i roiovBe ri 6 yevvdBa<i
irex^^o^aro. rai<; yap iroXeai ratf UovriKait
Kal rai<i Ila(fiXayoviKai<; irrijyyeXXe deriKoXovi
^ Hereditary priesthoods in the Eleusinian mysteries.
2 As Pythagoras had a golden thigh (Plutarch, Numa, 65 ;

Aelian, Var.Hist., 2, 26), a believer in metempsychosis might

think that Alexander was a reincarnation of Pythagoras.
226
 ;;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

had not been numerous, perhaps the thing would
have been carried even further. After a sliort time
Alexander entered again, robed as a priest, amid
profound silence, and said in a loud voice, over and
over again, " Hail, Glycon," while, following in his
train, anumber of would-be Eumolpids and Ceryces*
from Pajihlagonia, with brogans on their feet and
breaths that reeked of garlic, shouted in response,
" Hail, Alexander " !

Often in the course of the torchlight ceremonies

and the gambols of the mysteries his thigh was
bared purposely and showed golden. No doubt
gilded leather had been put about it, which gleamed
in the light of the cressets. There was once a
discussion between two of our learned idiots in
regard to him, whether he had the soul of Pytha-
goras, on account of the golden thigh, or some other
soul akin to it.^ They referred this question to
Alexander himself, and King Glycon resolved their
doubt with an oracle :

"Nay, Pythagoras' soul now waneth and other

times waxeth
His, with prophecy gifted, from God's mind taketh
its issue,
Sent by the Father to aid good men in the stress
of the conflict
Then it to God will return, by God's own thunder-
bolt smitten."

Although he cautioned all to abstain from inter-

course with boys on the ground that it was impious,
for his own part this pattern of pro[)riety made a
clever arrangement. He commanded the cities in
Pontus and Paphlagonia to send choir- boys for three
227
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

trefiTreiv rpienav,
vixvi']aovTa<i irap avrco rov
et,<i

deov, Kal 8oKifMaadevra<i koI Trpo/cpiOevTaf;

eSti
Tov<? evyeveaTaTovi Kal wpaioTUTOVi Kal KciWei
8ia<f)€povra<i Tre/xcpOPjvai.' ov<; iyKXeia-dp^evoi; coavep
dpyvpcov^Toif; ixprJTO, (TvyKaOevStov Kal Travra
rpoTTov efiTTapoLvSiv. Kal vofiov Be eVeTrotT^To,
virep ra oKTcoKalScKa errj /xrjSeva rm avrov
aro/Mari Se^tovaOai firjSe ^iX-qfiart, daird^ecrdai,
aWa TOt<? aXkoi^ irpoTeivcov rrjv %et/3a Kvaai
fiovovf; Tov<i Spat,ov<i KarecfiLXei, Kal eKaXovvro
oi ivTO<i rov ^ikr]p,aro^.
42 TofaOra €VTpv<f)ci)v rot? dvorJToi^ ScereXei,
yvvaLKdf re dvehrjv 8ia(f>6eLp(i)v Kal Traial crvvwv.
Kal rjv p.kya Kal €vkt6v eKdcrrw, et tivo<; yvvaiKi
TrpoalSXeylreiev' et, Be Kal ^tXT^/iaro? d^icocreiev,
adpoav TTjv dyadrjv Tvyrjv wero cKaa-ro^ et9 ttjv
OLKiav avTw ela-pvrjaeaOat. iroWal Be Kal r)v')(ovv
reroKevat Trap' avrov, Kal oi dvBpe^ eiTefiaprvpovv
OTt aXrjdi] Xeyovaiv.
43 EiOeXco Be aot Kal BidXoyov BirjyijaaaOac rov
rXvK(avo<; xal ^aK€pBcor6<i rivo^, Tiavov dvdpu>-
TTOV oTTOiov Ttvo? r7]V avvecTiv, elar) drro roiv
ep(orrjaea>v. dveyvoiv Be avrov '^pv(Toc<i ypdp,-
yeypa fifievov ev Tto), ev rfj rov XaKepBcoro<i
fiaa-cv
olKia. " EtVe ydp puoi" ecfyr}, " oi Beawora
rXvKcov, ri'i el ; " " '£70)," rj S' 09, " 'Afr/cXr^Trto?
veo<i. " AXXo<i Trap* CKeivov rov irporepov ; ttw?
Xeyei<i " " Oii Oe/j,t<i dKOvaai ae rovro ye."
;"
" Uoaa Be rj/j,tv errj 7rapa/j,evel<; ^PV^^M^^wv
" Tpirov Trpo? rolf;;\;fXioi<?." " Etra
irol fiera-
arrjarj ; "'E<f JSuKrpa Kal rrjv eKel yrjv' Bel ydp
dtroXavcrav Kal rovf; ^ap^dpov^ rrj<; emBrifiia^
238
 "

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

years' service, to sing hymns to the god in his
household they were required to examine, select,
;

and send the noblest, youngest, and most handsome.

These he kept under ward and treated like bought
slaves, sleeping with them and affronting them in
every way. He made it a rule, too, not to greet
anyone over eighteen years with his lips, or to
embrace and kiss him he kissed only the young,
;

extending his hand to the others to be kissed by

them. They were called "those within the kiss."
He duped the simpletons in this way from first
to last, ruining women right and left as well as
living with favourites.Indeed, it was a great thing
that everyone coveted if he simply cast his eyes
upon a man's wife if, however, he deemed her
;

worthy of a kiss, each husband thought that good

fortune would flood his house. Many women even
boasted that they had had children by Alexander,
and their husbands bore witness that they spoke the
truth!
I want to include in my tale af dialogue between

Glycon and one Sacerdos, a man of Tius, whose

intelligence you will be able to appraise from his
questions. I read the conversation in an inscription
in letters of gold, at Tius, in the house of Sacerdos.
^"Tell me, Master Glycon," said he, "who are
you ? " "I am the latter-day Asclepius," he
replied. " A different person from the one of
former times What do you mean ? " " It is not
.''

permitted you to hear that." "How many years

will you tarry among us delivering oracles ?
"One thousand and three." "Then where shall
you go ? " " To Bactra and that region, for the
,
barbarians too must profit by my presence among

229
 ;;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

T^9 ifirj^;" " Ta 8' dWa XP'H^'^VP^^^ '''^ ^V
Ai8vfiot<;Kol TO iv KXdpw koI to ev AeX<jE»oi9,
exovao rov irarepa tov ^AttoWco ')(^p'r]cr fxajSovvra,
"
rj^ ^pevSet<; elaiv ol viiv iKiri7novre<i eKel '^prjcTfiol
" MT^Se TOVTO ide\r)ar]<i ov yap ^e/if?."
elSivaf
11.7a) oe Tt9 eaojxaL fiera tov vvv piov
" Kd/j,rj\o<;, eiTa tTTTro?, etr' dvrjp (TO<fid<; koI
•rrpo(f))]Tr]<; ov fxeifov 'AXe^dvSpov."

TocavTa fiev 6 TXvkcov tS) XaKephroTC SieXex^r).

cttI TeXei 8k )(prj(T/j,ov €fi/J,€Tpov icpOey^UTO, etSo)?
avTov AeTTtSft) eTolpov ovTa'
M^ ireidov AeTrtSw, eVel 7j Xvypo^ oIto^
oirrfhel.

•ndvv yap iSeScei tov ^RiriKovpov, to? irpoelTTov, &<;

Tiva dvTiT€)(yov fcal dvTiao(f)ia-Tr]v t?)? fiayyaveia<;
avTov.
44 "Kva yovv Tiva tcov ^^iiriKovpeiwv, ToXixrjcravTa
Koi SieXeyx^iv avTOV eTrl ttoWcov tcov irapovTwv,
ei? Kivhwov ov fiLKpov KaTeaTTjaev. 6 fiev yap
TrpocreXOoiv eXeyev jxeydXr) ttj (pcovfj' " Sv fievToi
ye, ft) ^AXe^avSpe, tov Selva Tla<pXay6va irpoa-
ayayelv olveTa^ avTov tw rjyovfievoi Ti]<; Va-
XaTia<i Tr]v eirl OavdTCp dve.Treiaa<i ct)9 dtreKTOVOTa^
TOV viov avTOv iv 'AXe^avSpela TraiSevofievov, 6
Be veavicTKO'i ^fj Kal irraveXrjXvde ^oov fjueTct ttjv
rSiv ocKeTMV dirdiXeiav, drjpLoi^ vtto aov irapa-
hodevTwv. TotovTov 8e ti iyeyevrjro' dvuTrXevaa^
6 veavi(7K0<i el<i A'iyvTTTOv d)(^pi tov KXixr/iaro?,
nrXoiov dvayofievov etreicyOrj kuI avTO<; et9 *lvSiav
^ frt aov rhv vpoiraropa ?x*' ''^'' 'Air<J\Aa>, t) 3.

^ See p. 211, note 1.

230
 ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

men." " What of the other prophetic shrines^ the
one in Didymi, the one in Clarus, and the one in
—
Delphi do they still have your father Apollo as the
source of their oracles, or are the predictions now
given out there false?" "This too you must not
wish to know it is not permitted." " What about
;

myself — what
shall I be after my present life?"
" Acamel, then a horse, then a wise man and
prophet just as great as Alexander."
That was Glycon's conversation with Sacerdos
and in conclusion he uttered an oracle in verse,
knowing that Sacerdos was a follower of Lepidus ^ :

" Put not in Lepidus faith, for a pitiful doom is

in waiting."

That was because he greatly feared Epicurus, as I

have said before, seeing in him an opponent and
critic of his trickery.
Indeed, he seriously imperilled one of the Epi-
cureans who ventured to expose him in the presence
of a great crowd. The man went up to him and
said in a loud voice " Come now, Alexander You
: !

prevailed upon such-and-such a Paphlagonian to

put his servants on trial for their lives before the
governor of Galatia on the charge that they had
murdered his son, a student at Alexandria. But the
young man is living, and has come back alive after
the execution of the servants, whom you gave over
to the wild beasts." What had happened was this.
The young man cruised up the Nile as far as Clysma,^
and as a vessel was just putting to sea^was pdncgd j _,

to join others in a voyage to India. \ Then because

* Probably Suez ; the ancient canal from the Nile to the

Red Sea ended there.

231
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

TrXeva-ai, KaTrethrjirep i^pdBvvev, ol Syo-Tf^et?
eKelvoL olKerai avrov, olrjOivTe^; rj iv r& NetXw
TrXiovra Bt€<f)6dp6ai, rbv veaviaKov r) koX vtto
XrjaTcov — TToWol Se rjaav rore — dvrjprjadai,
iiravrjkOov d7rayyiWovre<i avrov rov d(f>avi(T/j,6v.

elra 6 ')(^pri(T p,o^ koI t) KaraSiKT], fied^ fjv eVeo-r^ o

v€aviaKo<i SiTjyovfMevo^; rrjp dirohrjfjbiav.
45 '^O fiev ravra eXeyev. 6 8e 'AXe^ai'Spo?
dyavaKrr}cra<i eVt t^ iXeyx<p kcu p-V f^^pf^v rov
ovetSov; rrjv dXrjdeiav eKeXevev rovf Trap6vra<;
Xidoi<i ^dXXeiv avrov, rj Ka\ avTOv<; ivayec<; eaeadai
Kal ^EiTTiKovpeLOVi KXrjdr^creaOaL. tcov Se fidXXeiv

dp^apevwv Ar)p,6(TTpar6<; rt? iinBrjpcbv, rov Uov-

rov 7r/>coT09, Trept^i'^ei? ippvaaro rov Oavdrov
rov avdpcoTTOV p,iKpov Beiv KaraXevaO evra, irdvv
BiKacQ)';. ri yap eSet p,6vov (fypoveiv iv rocrovrot^

p£p.r]v6a-iv Kal irapairoXavaai, rrj<; Ila(pXay6vcov

p,(opia<i

46 Kal rh, fiev Kar eicelvov roiavra. el Si rivi,

TrpoaKaXovp,ivcov Kara rd^iv rcov 'X^pyjapcou — irpo

fiia<i Be rovro rov deairi^ecv eyiyvero —koI epop,€vov
rov KTjpvKO^ el decnri^ei rwBe,^ dveltrev evBoOev'
" 'E? KopaKaf;" ovKeri rov roiovrov ovre (rreyrj

Tt9 €Be')(^ero ovre ttu/jo? rj vBaro<; eKOLvoivet,, aXX'

eBev yrjv irpo 7779 eXavvecrdai co? dare^r) Kal aOeov

Kal ^EiTLKOvpeiov, rjTrep ^v 17 fieyiarr) XoiBopia.

* TipSe
J-, Seager : ry 8e MSS.
232
 ;

NDER THE FALSE PROPHET

he was overdue, those ill-starred servants concluded
that the young man either had lost his life during
his cruise upon the Nile or had been made away
I

_ with by brigands, who were num ejgus at the tim e

and they returned with the report of his disappear-
ance. Then followed the oracle and their condem-
nation, after which the young man presented himself,
telling of his travels.
When he told this tale, Alexander, indignant at
the exposure and unable to bear the truth of the
reproach, told the bystanders to stone him, or else
they themselves would be accurst and would bear
the name of Epicureans. They had begun to throw
stones when a man named Demostratus who happened
to be in the city, one of the most prominent men
in Pontus,^ flung his arms about the fellow and
saved him from death. But he had come very
near to being overwhelmed with stones, and quite
properly !Why did he have to be the only man of
sense among all those lunatics and suffer from the
idiocy of the Paphlagonians .''

That man, then, was thus dealt with. Moreover, if

in any case, when men were called up in the order of
their applications (which took place the day before
the prophecies were given out) and the herald
enquired: "Has he a prophecy for So-and-so," the
reply came from within " To the ravens," nobody
:

would ever again receive such a person under his roof

or give him fire or water, but he had to be harried
from country to country as an impious man, an
/ atheist, and an Epicurean —which, indeed, was their
f strongest term of abuse.
^ I suspect that the Greek phrase is really
a title, but
cannot prove it ; the use of wpwros without the article seems to
make the phrase mean "One of the First Citizens."
233
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
47 '^Kv yovv koI yeXoioraTOv iTTOirjcrev o ^AXe^av-
S/309' evpwv <yap Ta<i ^EiriKovpov KvpLa<; ho^a^, to
KaWicrrov , co? olada, tcop ^i^Xicov /cal K€(f)aXaici)Brj

TTcpii-x^ov tt}? TdvBpo<i ao(f)La<i ra Boy/xaTa, Kop-iaa^

€i<i Tr}V ayopav fiiarjv CKavaev iirl ^vXcov cvkLvcov
eb? Btjdev avrov KaracfiXeywv, kcu rrjp cnroBbv et?
rrjv ddXacraav e^ejSaXev, en koX ')(^pr](x jjlov eiri-

<^9ey^dfievo<i'

UvpTToXietv KeXofiai 86^a<i dXaoco yepovro^'

ovK 6i5a)9 o KardpaTOf; ocrmv dyadSiv ro fii^Xiov

eKeivo Tol<; evrv')(pvaiv acriov yiyverai, koI 6ar)v
avTol<i elprjvrjv koX drapa^iav kuI iXevdepiav
evepyd^erai, BeifiaTtov fiev koI (^aapbdrwv Koi
yepdroiv diraXXdrrov Kal eXirlBcov fiuTalcov koI
TrepiTT&v iTndvjxiwv, vovv he koX dXr/deiau ivTidev
Kal Kadalpov a)9 dXrjdoi^ tcls yvoofxwi, ov')(^ vtto
BaBl Kal aKiXXrj Kal Tai<i Toiavrac^ <f)XvapLai<;,

dXXd Xoym opOat Kal dXrjdeLa Kal Trappr^aia.

48 'Ej^ Be Tol<i dXXoi<i ev rt Kal fieyiarov ToXfirffia
rov fiiapov dvBpo<; aKovaov. e%&)i' yap ov fiiKphv
eiri^aaiv ewl to, /SacrcXeia Kal ttjv avXrjv rov
'VovTcXiavbv evBoKifiovvra, BiaTrifXTrerai 'X^prjarpiov

rov iv Tepfiavia rroXefiov dKp,d}^ovro<i, ore Oeof

Map/«:09 i]8r) T0t9 M.apKO/j,dvoi<; Kal KovdBoi<;
avveirXeKero. rj^lov Be 6 'x^prja-fio^ Bvo Xeovra<i
e/j,^Xy]di]vai ^a>vra^ et9 top ^larpov fiercL rroXXSiv

234
 "

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

/ One of Alexander's acts in this connection was
most comical. Hitting upon the "Established Beliefs"
of Epicurus, which is the finest of his books, as you
know, and contains in summary the articles of the
man's philosophic creed, ^ he brought it into the
middle of the market-place, burned it on fagots of
fig-wood just as if he were burning the man in
person, and threw the ashes into the sea, even
adding an oracle also:
,^ " Burn with fire, I command you, the creed of a
purblind dotard !

But the scoundrel had no idea what blessings that

book creates for its readers and what peace, tran-
quillity, and freedom it engenders in them, liberating
them as it does fi'om terrors and apparitions and
portents, from vain hopes and extravagant cravings,
developing in them intelligence and truth, and truly
purifying their understanding, not with torches and
'
squills and that sort of foolery, but with straight
thinking, truthfulness and frankness.
Of all this blackguard's emprises, however, hear
one, the greatest. Since he had no slight influence
in the palace and at court through the favour which
Rutilianus enjoyed, he published an oracle at the
height of the war in Germany, when the late
Emperor Marcus himself had at last come to grips
with the Marcomanni and Quadi. The oracle recom-
mended that two lions be cast into the Danube
alive, together with a quantity of perfumes and

* Quia enim vostrum non edidicit Epicuri Kvplas 5J|or, id

est, quasi maxume ratas, quia gravissumae sint ad beate
vivendum breviter enuntiatae sententiae? Cicero, de Fin.
Bon. et Mai., ii, 7, 20.

235
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
dpco/naToyv koX dvaicov fxeyaXoTT peTTCov. afxeivov
Be avTov elirelv rov 'X^p'qaixov
'E? Zlva<i^\(npoio Zuirereo^ Trorafiolo
ia-^aXeeiv KeXofiai Boiov<; Ku/SeX,?/? Oepd'TTOVTa'i,
Orjpa^ 6pirpe(f>€a<;, koX oaa Tpecpec 'IvSiko^ dijp
avdea koX ^oTciva^ evcoSeaf;' uvtiku S' earai
viKrj Koi p.k'ya KvBo<i afi elprjvrj epareivfj.

'yevop.evfov Se rovrcov ax? trpoaeTa^ev, Tov<i fiev

XeovTWi iKvr]^afievov<; €t9 ttjv 'jroXefilav oi
^dp^apoi ^vXoi<; Karei pydcravTO &<; Tiva<i Kvva<;
rj XvKov<i ^€viKov<;' avriKa Se to fieyiarov rpavpa
Tol<i ^p,€T€poi<; iyeveTO, Bia/xvpLoyv irov cr)(^edov

ddpowv ^ d'TToXofiipcov. elra eirriKoXovOrjae rd

^
irepl AkuXtjiuv yevofieva Kal irapd /iiKpov t?}<?
r/

TToA-eto? €K€iur}f; aXcoaif. 6 5e Trpo? to tt7ro/Se/3?;«09

Trjv AeX(f)iKr}i^ eKeCvrjv diroXoyiav Koi rbv tov
Kpoiaov x^prjcr/jLOV '>^v')(^pSi<i iraprjyev' vIkt^v fiei/

yap irpoenrelv tov deov, firj fievTOi SrjXooaat

'Pcofiaiav rj tcov iroXep^iwv.
49 "HS?; he ttoXXcov eVt ttoXXoU iireLff peovTwv koX
Trj^ Tr6\€Q)<; avTwv dXi^ofievr)^ viro tov irXi^dov^
T&v iirl TO 'X^prja'Tijpiov d<piKvovfi€vcov xal Td
€TnT7]8eia BtapKrj fxr) ixovcrr]^, evipoel T01/9

^ a.0p6a)v N, vulg. : adpSov y$.

* The invading tribes flooded Rhaetia, Noricum, upper

and lower Pannonia, and Dacia, taking a vast number of

Roman settlers prisoner, and even entered Italy, capturing
and destroying Oderzo. Details are uncertain so is the ;

exact date, which was probably between 167 and 169. On

the column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome, one of the scenes
depicts two animals swimming across a river, near a boat.
These have been thought to be the lions of the oracle, and
236
 ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

magnificent offerings. But it will be better to
repeat the oracle itself.
" Into the pools of the Ister, the stream that from
Zeus taketh issue.
Hurl, I command you, a pair of Cybele's faithful
attendants.
Beasts that dwell on the mountains, and all that
the Indian climate
Yieldeth of flower and herb that is fragrant
amain there shall follow
Victory and great glory, and welcome peace in
their footsteps."

But when all this had been done as he had directed,

the lions swam across to the enemy territory and
the barbarians slaughtered them with clubs, thinking
them some kind of foreign dogs or wolves and ;

"amain " that tremendous disaster befel our side, in

which a matter of twenty thousand were wiped out
at a blow. Then came what happened at Aquileia,
and that city's narrow escape from capture. To meet
this issue, Alexander was flat enough to adduce the
Delphian defence in the matter of the oracle given to
Croesus, that the God had indeed foretold victory,
but had not indicated whether it would go to the
Romans or to the enemy.^
As by this time throngs upon throngs were pour-
ing in and their city was becoming overcrowded on
account of the multitude of visitors to the shrine,
so that it had not sufficient provisions, he devised

indeed they look like lions in the representation of Bartoli

(PI. XIII). But Petersen takes them to be bisons. It is
clear, too, from Lucian that Alexander's oracle was given
before the campaign depicted on the column
237
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
vvKTepivov<i KaXov/j.evov<; '^prja-fioiKi. Xajxfidvwv
yap ra ^ij3\ia iire/coifxaTO, o)? e^aaicev, ainol<i
KoX ovap irapa tov Oeov ukovcov cnreKpivero,
ai<i

ov fievTOLaa(f)el<i rov<; ttoWov^, aXX' dfX(f>i^6\ov<;

KoX T€Tapayfievov<; kuI p,aXiaTa ei irore Oedcrairo

nepiepyorepov to ^i^Xlov KaT6a(j>payi(T p,€Pov. ov
yap irapaKivSvvevoyv, ro iireXOov ^ aXA-tu? viri-

ypa(f)€, y^piicrpol^ Trpeirov kol to toiovtov ol6fi€Vo<;.

Kul rjcrdv Tive<i e^rjyrjTal iirlrovro Kadr]p,€V0i Kal
/jLicrdov<; ovK oXiyov^; iKXiyovre^ Trapa rcjv rov^
toiovtov; xpri(jp,ov<i Xap,^av6vTQ)V eVi ttj e^r^yrjaei
Kal BiaXvaei avToiiv. KaX tovto avrcov to epyov
vTTopicrOov rjv CTeXovu yap ol e^rjyijTal tw
^AXe^dvBpo) TaXavTOv ^Attikov e/cdT€po<;.

50 'Ei/toTC Be p,rjTe ipofxivov tlv6<; /xrJTe 7r€p,<j>6evT0<;,

a\V ovBe oXco<; 6vT0<i i')(^pr)ap,oiBei 7r/309 eKTrXrj^ip
rS)v dvorjT(ov, olov Kal tovto'

Ai^eai 6aTi<i dXo^ov p,dXa irdy^v X€X7}d(o<i

<Tr)v

KaXXiyipeiav virep Xe^eojt' aaXayel KaTa Boip,a ;

BovXo<; TlpcoToyip)]<i, tm Br] av ye TrdvTa
7r€'rroi6a<;.

&7rvie<; yap eKelvov, 6 S' av6t,<i crrjv irapaKotTiv,

dvTiBoaiv TavTTjv v^peci)<i uKpijv ^ aTroTLvcov.
dXX^ eVi <Tol Brf (f)dpfiaK air avToov Xvypd
TCTVKTat,
0)9 fiiJT el<Tatoi<; fi^T elaopaoif; a iroiovcriv.

* iirf\6hv vulg. : uireXdhv y. ov ykp itapaKii/Siv rh tSfd\ov /5.

• &Kpriv A.M.H. : aKap^v 0, iSias y, edd.

238
 : ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

the so-called "nocturnal" responses. Taking the
scrolls, he slept on them, so he said, and gave
replies that he pretended to have heard from the
god in a dream which, however, were in most cases
;

not clear but ambiguous and confused, particularly

when he observed that the scroll had been sealed
up with unusual care. Taking no extra chances,
he would append at random whatever answer came
into his head, thinking that this procedure too was
appropriate to oracles and there were certain
;

expounders who sat by with that in view and

garnered large fees from the recipients of such
oracles for explaining and unriddling them. More-
over, this task of theirs was subject to a levy the ;

expounders paid Alexander an Attic talent each.

Sometimes, to amaze dolts, he would deliver an
oracle for the benefit of someone who had neither
—
enquired nor sent who, in fact, did not exist at
all. For example

*'Seek thou out that man who in utmost secrecy

shrouded
Tumbleth at home on the couch thy helpmeet
Calligeneia,
Slave Protogenes, him upon whom thou fully
reliest.
He was corrupted by thee, and now thy wife he
corrupteth,
Making a bitter return unto thee for his own
violation.
Aye more, now against thee a baneful charm they
have fashioned
So that thou mayst not hear nor see what deeds
they are doing

239
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
eupi]<T€i<i Se KUTco vTTO a& Xe^€t ay')(^66t rol'xpv
7rpo<i K€(f)a\rj<i. koI ar) depdiraiva avvotSe

TLf OVK av ArjfjLOKptTO'; hierapd'xd'q aKOva-Wi

ovofiara koX TOTrovi a«yot/3co?, elra ixgt oXCyov
KariirTvaev dp, avvel'; rrjv iirlvoiav avTwv ;
52 ^ "AWw^ irdXiv ovre irapovri ovre o\a)9 rivl

ovri €(j)r) dvev fxerpov dvaarpit^eiv oiriau)' " o yap

reOvrjKev virb rov yelrovo'i AiOKXeovf
Tre/bLyjrai; ere

Xrjar&v iira^^^OevTayv Mdyvov Kal Boi/-

rrjfxepov,
^dXov, 01 Kal rjSr] SeSevrai Xr](f)OevT€<iy
51 'AWa Kal ^ap^dpoi^ 7roXXdKC<; e'x^prjaev, et ri?
rrj Trarpco) epotro (poovfj, "ZvpicrTL rj K-eXriaTt,
paSlco^ ^ i^evpLo-Kcov Tivd<; €TriSr)/j,ovPTa<i 6fioedvel<i
T0t9 hehfOKoaiv. Bid rovro Kal 7roXv<; 6 iv fxeacp
')(^p6vo'i riv joiv ^ijSxCwv Kal rrj<i
T779 re hoaeco^;
')(^p7)afj,MBia^, ft)? iv ToaovTO) Kara (T'^oXtjv Xvoivto
T€ 01 y^p-qcTfiol da<f)aXa)^ Kal evpicrKocvTO 01
ep/xrjvevaat Bwd/mevoi CKaara. olo<; Kal 6 rep
XkvOt) BoOel<; 'xprjapbo'; tjv'
M.op(f)r)v €v^dpyovXi<i 6t9 (TKidv ')(ye)(i.Kpay'q
Xei-^ei ^do<i.^

Chapters 51 and 52 transposed by Fritzsche.

*

SWy A.M.H. &\\osPy. But for oCt€ SA-cdj & has oCt«
^ :

&\K(ii
*
—
the correction introduced in the wrong place.
oil (>!xSl(»S $.
* Text r : nopcjxv- /xipyovKos Iffxni-yX"^ X* 4" ^ios 8a U
()3 group). B reads as U, but 0ipyov\os and Sdos.

^ Democritus of Abdera is adduced as a typical hard-

headed sceptic ; see above, c. 17, and the Lover of Lies, 32
(iii, p. 369).
The oracle seems to contain some Greek, in the two
240
 :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

This shalt thou find on the floor, beneath thy bed,
by the wall-side,
Close to the head ; thy servant Calypso shareth
the secret."
What Democritus 1 would not have been disturbed
on hearing names and places specified and would—
not have been filled with contempt soon afterward,
when he saw through their stratagem ?
Again, to someone else who was not there and
did not exist at all, he said in prose: ''Go back;
he who sent you was killed to-day by his neighbour
Diodes, with the help of the bandits Magnus, Celer,
and Bubalus, who already have been caught and
imprisoned."
i may say too that he often gave oracles to

barbarians, when anyone put a question in his native

language, in Syrian or in Celtic since he readily
;

found strangers in the city who belonged to the

same nation as his questioners. That is why the
time between the presentation of the scrolls and
the delivery of the oracle was long, so that in the
interval the questions might be unsealed at leisure
without risk and men might be found who would be
able to translate them fully. Of this sort was the
response given to the Scythian
" Morphen eubargoulis eis skian chnechikrage
leipsei phaos."^

phrases eis skian (into the darkness) and leipsei phaos (thou
shalt leave the light of day) ; it is uncertain, however,
whether these phrases belong to the original text, or to
someone's interpretation, which has become confused with
the text, or are mere corruptions due to a scribe's effort to
convert "Scythian" into Greek. The "Scythian" part
itself is a complete mystery.

241
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
53 OXiyovi Be Kal rcov ifxol Sodeprcov aKovaov
epofievov yap fiov el <^aXaKp6<t ecrriv 'AXe^av^/jo?,
Kac KaTaarjfXTjva/xevov TrepLepyax; koI Trpo(f)av(t)<;
V7roypd(f)€Tat, ^^/ot^ct/xo? vvKTeprjcno'i,

"Za^apSaXa-x^ov fiaXa')(aaTT'qaXo'i rjv}

Kal iraXiv ifiov ipopbivov ev hvo ^i^Xioif; Sia-

(f)opoi^ Trjv aurr}v ipcorrjaiv, troOev rjv "Ojiripo^ 6
TTOLTjTrj^, iir dWov Kal aWou ovofiaro^;, rat
erepo) fxev vTreypayjrev i^aira'rrjOel'i vtto rov i/jiov
veavlaKov — ipcorr)6el<} yap icj)' 6 ri rjKev, " ^epa-
Treta?, €(f)i],
" alr-qa-cov irpo^i oSvvijv irXevpov" —
KfT/xtSa ^pUaOai KeXo/iat, Bpoalrjv re KeXr}To<i'

T& Se erepm, iireiBr} Kal rovro rjKrjKoeL w? ipofievov

Tov Trifiyfravro^, eire ol^ TrXevaai eV \raXiav
elre iret^orroprjcrai X<£ov, dTreKplvaro ovBev tt/jo?
Tov"0/.ir}pov'

*
M.r) (TV ye irXcoe/nevai, ire^rjv Be Kar ol/xov
oBeve.

54 IloX-Xa yap roiavra Kal avro<i i'rrep,rj'x^avr](Tdfxr)v

avrG), olov Kal eKelvo' fiiav epcorrjcriv epcaTijcra^

ineypa^fra t^ ^i^Xlw Kara to edo^' " tov Beivo^
'^pr)(7p,ol OKTCo," ylrevadfievo'i tl ovofia, Kal Td<;
OKTO) BpaxP'^'i Kal TO yLyvofievov €ti irpb^ TavTai^

'^
Text r : crauapSdxov fiaXa Sttt/j aWo'f]!' U, a afiapSdxo"
fid\a Stttji &\\o ^v B.
* KfATjTot Seidler : k6A.tjtoCi y, xal AtjtoCj /3.

' efre ol Seager : el Seoi 0, elre fioi y.

* Kar' olfiov vulg. : Ka6' ol/xov fiy.

242
 : :

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

Let me also tell you a few of the responses
that were given to me. When I asked whether
Alexander was bald, and sealed the question care-
fully and conspicuously, a "nocturnal" oracle was
appended
" Sabardalachou malachaattealos en." ^
At another time, I asked a single question in
each of two scrolls under a different name, " What
was the poet Homer's country ? " In one case,
misled by my serving-man, who had been asked why
he came and had said, " To request a cure for a
pain in the side," he replied :

"Cytmis^ I bid you apply, combined with the

spume of a charger."
To the other, since in this case he had been told
that the one who sent it enquired whether it would
be better for him to go to Italy by sea or by land,
he gave an answer which had nothing to do with
Homer
" Make not your journey by sea, but travel afoot
by the highway."
Many such traps, in fact, were set for him by me
and by others. For example, I put a single question,
and wrote upon the outside of the scroll, following
the usual form " Eight questions from So-and-so,"
:

using a fictitious name and sending the eight

drachmas and whatever it came to besides.* Rely-

^ In failing to submit this to the official interpreters,

Lucian lost a priceless opportunity.

* Alexander's nostrum ; cf c. 22.
* Since the price of each oracle was one drachma, two

obols, the indefinite plus was sixteen obols, or 2dr. 4 obols.

243
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tre/x-v^a?' o Be iriaTevaa^i ttj aTTOiro/inrfj rov
fiia-dov Koi rfi iTriypacpf} rov 0ifi\iov, 7r/309 fMLUv
ipcoTTja-iv —
rjv 8k avrrj' " ttots aXwaerai, jxayya-

vevoiv 'AXe^aySpo? " ; oktco —

fjLOC ^/JTycrytiou?
hirefjiy^ev, ovtc yfj<; ^aaiv oure oupavov clttto-
fievovf;, avorjrov<;8e Kul Bv(TV07]Tov<i airavrwi.
'
Airep varepov alcr86/j.evo<i, koI oti 'PovTiXiavov
iyo) aTrerpeirov tou ydfMou Kal rov irdvv irpoa-
Keladat ral^i rov "X^piqarrjpiov eXiriaiv, ifiicrei,
&)? TO elK6<i, KOI '^^(dLarov r)<yelro. Kai vore rrepl
ifiov ipofievw ra> 'Povn\iav& e(f>r]'

NfACTtTrXavot? 6dpoi<; ^atpei Kolrai^ re Svcr-

dypoK.
Koi oX,&)9 exOt<rro<i etVoTO)? rjv iyd).
55 KaTretS^ elcrekdovra fxe el<; rrjv ttoKlv rjaOero
Kal kfiadev &>? eKelvo^ eirjv 6 AovKcav6<i —
eTrrjyo/xrjv
Be Kal arpari(ora<i Bvo, \oy)(^o^6pov kuI Kovro-
(fiopov, rrapd rov r^yovfxevov rrj^i Ka7r7raSo«ta<?,
i^iXov rare 6vro<i, Xa^cov, 0)9 /^e TrapaiTefiyjreiav
fj'e')(pi 77/309 rr)u ddXarrav
—
avriKa fieraareXXerai
Be^tco^i irdvv KaX fierd ttoWt}? cf>iXo(f)po(Tvvi]<;.
eXOcbv Be eycb 7roXXov<i KaraXafi^dvoi irepl avroV
avveTnjyofirjv Be Kal rov<; <Trparccora<i rv^V ''^'^*
dyadfj. Kal 6 fiev irpovreive /xoi Kvaai rrjv
Be^idv, axnrep euoOec roi<i ttoXXoI^, eyo) Be
rrpocr^v^ a)9 (f>iXi]aQ)V, h-qyfiari '^prjarof rrdvv
fXLKpov Betv 'X^wXrjv avrw eiroirjaa rrjv '^ecpa.
01 fiev ovv 7rap6vre<; dyx^ecv fie Kal iraieiv
erreipwpro ft)9 iepocrvXov, Kal irporepov en dya-
vaKrij(Tavre<; on ^AXe^avBpov avrov, dyCXa firj

Trpo(f)'^rr}v Trpoaelirov' 6 Be ndw yewiKU)<i

244
 !

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

ing upon the fee that had been sent and upon the
inscription on the roll, to the single question :

" When will Alexander be caught cheating ? " he

sent me eight responses which, as the saying goes,
had no connection with earth or with heaven, but
were silly and nonsensical every one.
When he found out about all this afterward, and
also that it was I who was attempting to dissuade
Rutilianus from the marriage and from his great
dependence upon the hopes inspired by the shrine,
he began to hate me, as was natural, and to count
me a bitter enemy. Once when Rutilianus asked
about me, he replied :

" Low-voiced walks in the dusk are his pleasure,

and impious matings."
And generally, I was of course the man he most
hated.
When he discovered that I had entered the city
and ascertained that I was the Lucian of whom he
had heard (I had brought, I may add, two soldiers
with me, a pikeman and a spearman borrowed from
the Governor of Cappadocia, then a friend of mine,
to escort me to the sea), he at once sent for me
very politely and with great show of friendliness.
When I went, I found many about him but I had
;

brought along my two soldiers, as luck would have

it. He extended me his right hand to kiss, as his
custom was with the public I clasped it as if to kiss
;

it, and almost crippled it with a right good bite

The bystanders tried to choke and beat me for

sacrilege even before that, they had been indignant
;

because I had addressed him as Alexander and not

as " Prophet." But he mastered himself very hand-
245
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KapT€pi](Ta<; Kareiravev re avrov<i koI vTriaxvetro
Ttdaaov fie paBicof ciTrocpavelv koX 8el^€tv ttjv
V\vKcovo<; aperrjv, on koX rov^ iravv rpa^vvo-
^ivov^ (fiiXovf aTrepyd^erai. koX /ii€Ta<TTr)(Td/ji,evo<;
airavTa^ iSiKaioXoyelro vrpo? /xe, Xejcov irdvv fie
elSevai koI to, vir ifMou 'FovTiXiavM crvfi^ovKevo-
fieva, Kol "Tl 7ra6(ov ravrd fie elpydcrco, 8vvd-
fievo'i utt' efxoii errn fieya 'iTpoa')(6fjvai Trap" avrat
"
;

Kayo) acrfievo^ ^8r] ehe^ofitjv Trjv <f)i\o(f)po(Tvvr]v

Tavrrjv opcov 61 kivSuvov KaOeicrTifKeiv, xal fier^
oklyov TrpoijXOov 0tX,o<? yeyevr}fi€vo<;. koL tovto
ov fitKpbv Oavfia tol<; opooaiv eSo^ev, ovTio pahia
yevo/jLevT] fiov rj fieTa^oXrj,
56 Etxa hrj fiov eKTrXelv Trpoaipovfievov ^evia Kal
Saypa iroWa irifiyfra';
— ix6vo<i 8e crvv rut BievocjicbvTi.
erv')(pv einhrjfLwv, rov irarepa koI tou? efiov<i et?
"Afiaa-Tpiv 7rpoeK7re7rofi^(o<; vTricrxvetTai. Kal —
rrXolov auTO? irape^eiv koI epera^ rov<i aTrd^ovra^.
Kayut fiev (pftrfv dirXovv ri rovro elvai Kal Se^iov
errel Be Kara
fieaov rov nropov iyevofirjv, haKpvovra
opSiV Tov KV^epvrjTrjv Kal rol^ vavrai^ tl dvTiKe-
yovra ovk dyada^ €i)(ov irepl tcov fieWovTcov
iX7ri8a<i. rjv Be avTol<; inea-TaXfievov vtto rov
^
AXe^dvBpov dpafievov<i pl-yjrai r}fid<; eh ttjv
OdXaaaav orrep el eyevero, paBiw<i dv avrco
BieTreTToXefirjTO ra 7rpo<i ifie. dXXd BaKpvcov
eKelvc; eireiaev Kal tou? a-vpvavTa<; fir/Bev rifid<i
Beivov epydaacrOai, xal tt/jo? ifie €<f>r), ""Ett;
e^ijKovra, 0)9 6pd<i, dvemXrj'rrTOV ^iov Kal oaiov
irpofie^rjKOi'i ovk dv ^ovXoifirjv, ev Tovrtp tt}?
r)XiKia<s Kal yvvalKa Kal rcKva e^ft)V, fiidvai <j>ov(p

246
 ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

somely, held them in check, and promised that he
would easily make me tame and would demonstrate
Gly con's worth by showing that he transformed
even bitter foes into friends. Then he removed
everybody and had it out with me, professing to
know very well who I was and what advice I was
giving Rutilianus, and saying, " What possessed you
to do this to me, when I can advance you tremend-
ously in his favour?" By that time 1 was glad to
receive this proffer of friendship, since I saw what
a perilous position I had taken up so, after a little,
;

I reappeared as his friend, and it seemed quite a

miracle to the observers that my change of heart
had been so easily effected.
—
Then, when I decided to sail it chanced that
I was accomjianied only by Xenophon ^ during my

visit, as I had previously sent my father and my

family on to Amastris —
he sent me many remem-
brances and presents, and promised too that he
himself would furnish a boat and a crew to transport
me. I considered this a sincere and polite offer
but when I was in mid-passage, I saw the master
in tears, disputing with the sailors, and began to be
very doubtful about the prospects. It was a fact
that they had received orders from Alexander to
throw us bodily into the sea. If that had been
done, his quarrel with me would have been settled
without ado but by his tears the master prevailed
;

upon his crew to do us no harm. " For sixty years,

as you see," said he to me, " I have led a blameless
and God-fearing life, and I should not wish, at this
age and with a wife and children, to stain my hands
^ Probably a slave or a freedman. He is not mentioned
elsewhere in Lucian.

247
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Ta? x^ipa^;,^* Bi]\(ov €(j) otrep rj/nd^ dvei\i](f)€i, koI
57 Ta VTTO TOV AXe^dvSpov 7rpoaT€ray/u,€Pa. Kara-
^

defjievo<i he r)p.d<i ev Alyia\oi<i, oiv KaX 6 Kokot

'
Op,7] po<i ixefivrjTai, otrlaco aTTrfkavvov.
"Evda iyo) TrapairXiovTa'; evpoov Bocnropiavov'i
Tiva<i, Trap" Ev7rdTopo<; rov ^aa-iXico^;
7rpecr^€i<;
TrjvBidvviav diTLovTa^ €7rl ko/jllStj t^9 eVeTetou
€49
avvrd^ew^, koX Snjyrjad/jievof; avTol^ top irepi-
(rrdvra rj/xd^ klvSuvov, KaX he^iSiv avrwv rv')(^ci)v,
dva\r]^de\<i iirl to ttXoIov Siaaoo^ofiai, et? r^y
"Afxacrrpiv, rrapd roaovrov iXdoov aTTodavelv.
Tovprevdev koX avrof; eireKOpvcrao/jLrjv avrS) koX
Trdvra xdXcov eKLvovv dfxvvacrOac ^ov\6p.evo<i, KaX
irpo T»79 eiri^ovkrj'i rjhr} jxiaSiv avrov KaX e')(6i,arov
'^yovfievo^ Bid rr)v rov rporrov fiiapiav, KaX irpo^;
Tr]V Kartiyopiav Qipfir]fn]v ttoWov^ avvayayvtcrrdii
€')((i)V KaX fld\l(TTa T0U9 ttTTO Tl/jLOKpdTOV<; TOV
'HpaKXecoTov <f>tXoa6<f)OV' a\V o t6t€ r)yovp-evo<i
BidvpCa<i KaX TOV HoPTOv AveiTo<;^ eVeo-^^e,
fji0P0P0V)(l Ik€T€V(op KaX dvTi^oXcop irava-dadar
8id yap TTjP 7rpo<i 'PovTiXiapop evpoiap fit} dp
hvpaadai, kuX el 4)aP€p(o<; \d^oi dhiKovpTa,
Ko\d<rai avTOP. ovtco fiep dpeKOTnjp Trj<; 6pfXTj<;
KaX eiravadjMTqp ovk ep SeovTi 6paavp6/ji€PO<i i(f>'
ovTco hiKacTTOV BtaKeifiepov.
^ Aiieiros Burmeister : &veKros 0, avrhs y

1 Hiad, 2, 855.
Tiberius Julius Eupator succeeded Rhoemetalces as King
*

of the (Cimmerian) Bosporus, on the Tauric Chersonese its ;

capital was Panticapaeum (Kertch). The period of his reign

is about A.D. 154-171. At this time the kingdom seems to
have been paying tribute to the Scythians annually as well
as to the Empire {Toxaris, 44).
248
 ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET
;
with murder " and he explained for what purpose
lie had taken us aboard, and what orders had been
given by Alexander. He set us ashore at Aegiali
(which noble Homer mentions^), and then they went
back again.
There I found some men from the Bosporus who
were voyaging along the coast. They were going
as ambassadors from King Eupator to Bithynia, to
bring the yearly contribution. ^ I told them of the
peril in w^hich we had been, found them courteous, was
taken aboard their vessel, and won safely through
to Amastris, after coming so close to losing my life.
Thereupon I myself began to prepare for battle
with him, and to employ every resource in my desire
to pay him back. Even before his attempt upon
me, I detested him and held him in bitter enmity
on account of the vileness of his character. So I
undertook to prosecute him, and had many associ-
ates, particularly the followers of Timocrates, the
philosopher from Heraclea. But the then governor
of Bithynia and Pontus, Avitus,^ checked me, all
but beseeching and imploring me to leave off, be-
cause out of good will to Rutilianus he could not,
he said, punish Alexander even if he should find
him clearly guilty of crime. In that way my effort
was thwarted, and I left off exhibiting misplaced
zeal before a judge who was in that state of mind.*

' L. LoUianas Avitus, consul a.d. 144, proconsul Africae

ca. 156, praeses Bithyniae 165.
* it stood, was weak, as Avitus
Of course Lucian's case, as
tactfully hinted. But this does not excuse Avitus. The
chances of securing enough evidence to convict Alexander in
a Roman court were distinctly good, and fear of Alexander's
influence is the only reasonable explanation of the failure to
proceed.

249
vol.. IV. I
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

58 'EiKeivo he ttw? ov /xiya ev roh aXXoi<i to toX-
firjfiarov 'AXe^dvSpou, ro alrrjaai irapa rov
avTOKpciTopo^ fieTOvofiaadijvai to rov ^A^oovov
rel')(p<i Kol ^{(ovottoXlv KXrjdrjvai, koI vofiia/jba
Kacvbv /c6'\{rai eyKe'^apwyixevov rfj fiev rov TXv-
Kcovo^, Kara Odrepa 8e ^AXe^dvSpov, arifXfiaTd
T€ rov TrdTTTTOv AaKXrjTTcov Kal rrjv dpTrrjv eKeivrjv
rov 7rarpo/jii]ropo^ Uepaecof; €^ovro<i
59 Wpoenroiv Be hid y^pTqafxov irepl aorov on ^rjaac
eifiaprai avra err) Trevr^Kovra koc exarov, elra
/cepavvM /SXrjOevra dirodavelv, olxrlarrp reXei
ovSe el^hofiTjKOvra err) yeyovoi)<i dfrWavev, o)?
WohaXeipiov vlo'i StacraTrei? rov iroSa p-e'X^pi rov
^ovj3mvo^ Kal <TK(oXrJK(i)v ^ecra<i' oreirep koI
icfxjopddr] ^aXaKp6<; &v, Trapex^cov rol<i larpoc<;
iTTt^pe-)(^eiv avrov rrjv Ke(f>aXr}V 8id rrjv ohvvqv,
ovK av TToiijaat iSvvavro fir) ovyX rr)^ (f>€vdKr)<i
d(jir]pr)fj,evr}<;.

60 Toiovro reXo<; rrj<; ^AXe^dvBpov rpayaSiaf Kal

avrrj rov Travro^ Bpdfiaro^ Karaarpo<prj eyevero,
rj

ft)9 eLKa^eiv rrpovoia^ ro roiovrov, el Kal

rivo<i
Kara rvxv^ avve^T]. eBei Be Kal rov emrdipLov
avrov d^iov yeveadac rov -^iov, Kal dyoivd riva
avari^a-aaOai vrrep rov 'X^prjarrjpiov, rMv avvw-
fiorcbv eKeivoyv Kal yoi'iroiv, oaroi Kopv(f)a2oi rjaav,
dveXdovrwv i-rrl Biacrrjrrjv rov 'VovriXiavov, riva
^pT) TrpoKpiOrjvai avr&v Kal BvaBe^aadai ro
ixavrelov Kal are(jiav(odP]vai r(p i€po(f)avTiK^ xal

* The request was granted, at least in part. Beginning

with the reign of Verus, the legends IXlNOnOAEITflN and
TATKHN appear on the coins and they continue to bear
;

250
 ;

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

/ Was
part of
not also a great piece of impudence on the
it

Alexander that he should petition the

Emperor to change the name of Abonoteichus and
call it lonopolis, and to strike a new coin bearing
on one side the likeness of Glycon and on the other
that of Alexander, wearing the fillets of his grand-
father Asclepius and holding the falchion of his
maternal ancestor Perseus?^
In spite of his prediction in an oracle that he was
fated to live a hundred and fifty years and then die
by a stroke of lightning, he met a most wretched
end before reaching the age of seventy, in a manner
that befitted a son of Podaleirius ;
^ for his leg
became mortified quite to the groin and was infested
with maggots. It was tlien that his baldness was
detected when because
of the pain he let the doctors
foment which they could not have done
his head,
unless his wig had been removed.
Such was the conclusion of Alexander's spectacular
career, and such the denouement of the whole play
being as it was, it resembled an act of Providence,
although it came about by chance. It was inevitable,
too, that he should have funeral games worthy of
his career —that
a contest for the shrine should
arise. The foremost
of his fellow-conspirators and
impostors referred it to Rutilianus to decide which
of them should be given the preference, should
succeed to the shrine, and should be crowned with

the representation of a snake with human head to the middle

of the third century (Head, Hist. N^imm., 432, Cumont I.e.,
p. 42). The modern name In^boli is a corruption of
lonopolis.
* As son of Podaleirius, it was fitting, thinks Lucian,
that
his leg {jaoda-) should be affected.

251
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
nrpo^riTiKU) crTefifiaTC. r]v Se ev avroU koI IlatTo?,
laTpo<i rrjv re)(yriv, 7ro\t6<i ti,<;,^ ovre iarpw
Trpeirovra ovre irokiw avSpl TUvra iroLcov. dXX,'
dya)uodeTr]<; 'PovTiXiavo^ dcTTe(f)av(OTov<i avTov<i
direnrepb^ev avrw ttjv 7rpo(f>7]T€iav <f>v7\MTT(ov /xeTd
rr)v evrevdev dTraWayrjv.
61 Tavra, w ^tXoT?;?, oXtya ex iroWmv Seiyfiaroi;
€V€Ka ypd\frai r/^Laxra, Kal aol fiev x^pi^6p€Vo<;,
dvSpl eTaipo) koI ^iXa koI op iyco irdvTOiV fJ-dXiara
6avfid(Ta<i ex^^ eVt re (TO(l>ia koX tw irpb^ dXrjOeLav
epwTt Kol rpoiTOV rrpaoTrjTC koX eineiKeia koI
yaXrjvr) /3iOV Kal Be^ioTrjri 7rpb<; toi'9 avvovTa<i,
—
TO TrXeov 8e, OTrep Kal aol rjhiov, ^YiiriKovpoi —
ripMpoiv, dvhpl 0)9 dXr]Oco<i lepoi Kal Oea-Treaim
Tr)V <})V(Tiv Kal /xovft) fx,€T dXrjdeiWi rd KaXd
eyvcoKOTi Kal TrapaBeBcoKOTi Kal eXevdepeoTTj tmv
ofiiXrjcrdvTwv avrw yevop,ev(p. dlp,ai 8e ori, Kal
Tol<i evTvyovai '^(pyjatfiov ri ex^i-v So^ei rj ypacf)'^,
rd fiev Bie^eXeyxovaa, rd 8e iv Tai<i rcov ev
<f>povovvTcov ypdofxai'i ^e^aiovcra.

* iro\i6s rts A.M.H. : woAittji is yfi : iroXihs &v Fritzsche.

253
 ;

(jK je. TV-

ALEXANDER THE FALSE PROPHET

the fillet of priest and prophet. Paetus was one of
them, a physician by profession, a greybeard, who
conducted himself in a way that befitted neither a
physician nor a greybeard. But Rutilianus, the
umpire, sent them off unfiUeted, keeping the post
of prophet for the master after his departure from
this life.
This, my friend, is but a little out of a great deal
I have thought to set it down as a specimen, not
fit

only to pleasure you as an associate and friend whom

above all offiers I hold in admiration for your wisdom,
your love of truth, the gentleness and reasonable-
ness of your ways, the peacefulness of your life,
and your courtesy toward all whom you encounter,
—
but mostly and this will give greater pleasure to
you also—:to right the wrongs of Epicurus, a man
truly saintly and divine in his nature, who alone
truly discerned right ideals and handed them down,
who proved himself the liberator of all who sought
his converse. I think too that to its readers the
writing will seem to have some usefulness, refuting
as it does certain falsehoods and confirming certain
truths in the minds of all men of sense.

253
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
An elaborate compliment to Panthea, a girl of Smyrna,
favourite of the Emperor Varus. It was written in the East,
almost certainly at Antioch, before the death of Verus
(a.d. 169) and probably during his residence in the East
(162-166).
It is ungallant to say with La Croze: "Hie adulatornm
derisor Lucianus omnes adulatores vincit " No doubt it is
!

Panthea of whom Capitolinus speaks so slightingly (7, 10).

But that a scribbler who never saw her called her a vulgaris
arnica is less significant, I submit, than that an emperor who
knew her "laid aside his beard" to suit her whim. She was
not of high rank, it may be, but she was certainly attractive.
And in all seriousness she cannot have been wholly unworthy.
When Marcus Aurelius says (8, 37) " Does Panthea still sit
:

by the sepulchre of her lord?" it accords with what we

are told here of her devotion to him ; and in Lucian's praise
of her character there is a warmth that ensures its sincerity.
For Lucian's circle the piece was an interesting novelty.
Making literary portraits by synthesis, though not un-
exampled in poetry, was not hackneyed even there, and in
prose quite new. It was original, too, to use dialogue as a
vehicle for encomium, which commonly took the form of a
poem or a speech.
In this piece and in the next, its sequel, the Greek word
eikon creates unusual difficulty for the translator. In the
first place, it denotes any kind of portrayal, whether painting
—
or statue ; but its nearest equivalents likeness, portrait,
—
sketch all suggest the flat, not the round. Indeed, for a
portrait-statue we have no proper word. Moreover and —
this, though perhaps less obviously awkward in its con-
—
sequences, is even more serious it also means a comparison,
or simile ; and as Lucian's likenesses are for the most part
nothing but comparisons of one sort or another, \\\sjeu d'esprii
owes a great measure of its eflFectiveness to a word-play which
cannot be transferred,

255
 EIKONES
ATK1N02
1 Aw rj Toiovrov ri eira(j')(ov ol rrjv Topyat
l86vTe<; olov iycb eva'y')(o<; eiraOov, m UoXvaTpaTe,
irayKaXrjv riva yvvaiKa IScov avro yap to tov
fiv6ov eKelvo, fiiKpov 8eo) \lOo<i i^ avOptairov aot
yey ovevai 776777770)9 viro tov 6avfxaTo<i.

nOATSTPATOS
<pr]<; koX SeivS)^
Hyoa«:X€t9, v'rrep<pve^ ri to Oeafxa
^laiov, ye koI AvkIvov i^eirXTj^e yvvq Ti<i ovcra'
€t

crv yap vtto fiev tcov fieipaKiwv xal irdvv pahio)<;

avTo 7raa")(^ei,^, uxttc Outtov av Ti? oXov tov Si-
TTvXov fieTaKLvrjaeiev rj are tmv KaXcov aTrdyoi firj
ovx^i TTapeaTavai avTol^ Ke^V^oTa kuI iiriBaKpi)-
OVTO, ye TroWdKi<i wcnrep eKeivrjv avTtjp ttjp too
TavToXov. cLTap elnre pboi, tl<; rj Xcdoiroib'; auTij
MeSoftra '^/miv eaTLV Kal irodev, 009 Ka\ r}pel<i
i8oi/j,€V' ov yap, olfxai, ^dovrjcrei^ rj/jiiv 77)9 6ea<;
ovBe ^r}\oTV7n](Tei,<i, el /xeWoipsv TrXrjaiov ttov Kal
avTol irapaTreTrrjyevat, act, ih6vTe<;.
Available in photographs : r,UN.
' A
double allusion. The Niobe story has already been
introduced by the mention of Mount Sipylus, where Niobe
was turned into stone ; and now, by styling her the daughter
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE

LYCINUS
Upon my word, Polystratus, those who saw the
Gorgon must have been affected by it very much as
I was recently when 1 saw a perfectly beautiful
woman I was struck stiff with amazement and came
:

within an ace of being turned into stone, my friend,

just as it is in the fable !

POLYSTRATUS
Heracles ! An extraordinary spectacle, that, and
a terribly potent one, to astound Lycinus when it
was only a woman. To be sure you are very easily
affected in that way by boys, so that it would be a
simpler matter to move all Sipylus from its base
than to drag you away from your pretties and keep
you from standing beside them with parted lips, yes,
and not infrequently tears in your eyes, the very
image of the daughter of Tantalus.^ But tell me
about this petrifying Medusa, who she is and where
she comes from, so that we, too, may have a look at
her. You surely will not begrudge us the sight or
be jealous, if we ourselves are going to be struck
stiff at your elbow on seeing her !

of Tantalus, Pol^'stratus compares the plight of Lycinus to

that of Tantalus also.

257
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ATKIN05
Kat firjv €v elhevai XPV '^^' ^'^ '^^^ ^'^ Treptoyirrj'i

fiovov avrt'S?;? et? koI tu>v avSpidv-

avrrjv, a')(avrj ere

ro)v aKivTjTorepov dirocpavel. Kairoi rovro fiep

ia(o<; elprjviKCOTepov eariv Kol to Tpavfia rjrrov
Kalpiov, el avr6<; t8oi<i' el Se KaKeivt) Trpocr^Xeyjreie
<7€, Tt9 ecrrai fjLr]^avT) dTrocrTijvai avTrj<i ; dird^ei
yap ae evda dv edeXr), oirep kol
dvaSija-afievr] 77

Xido^ 7) 'YLpaKkela Spa tov aiSijpov.

nOAT2TPAT02
2 Tlavov, Q) AvKive, repdariov ri KdWo<i dva-
•rrXdrrfov, aXX' etTre, rt? rf yvvrj eariv.

ATKIN02
Ot'et yap fie inrep^aXeadai rw Xoyo), S9 BeBta
fxrjcrot IBovTi dcrdevrj<i Ti<i eiraLveaai So^o), irapa
TocrovTOV dp^eivwv (^avelrai ; irXrjv dXXd ^rt? fiiv,
ovK dv elrretv e')(^oip,i, Oepaireia Be iroXXr) Kal rj
dXXrj irepl avrrjv TrapatTKevt] Xap,7rpd Kal evvov')(^cov
ri 7rXri6o<i Kal d/3pai irdvv iroXXai, Kal 6Xo)<;
fiel^ov ye rj Kara lhi<oTLKr}v tvxv^ eBoKet to
Trpdyfia elvai.

nOAY2TPAT02
OvBe Tovvofxa eirvOov av ye riri<i KaXolro ;

ATKIN02
OvBap,03<i, fj TOUTO piovov, rf]<; ^Icopui^ e<rriv'
TOiV deartov yap Tt? diriBMV et? tov ttXtjctiov,
eirel TraprjXdev, " Toiavra pAvroi" ecjiT), " rd
'^p,vpvaiKd KaXXtj' Kal Oavfiaarov ovBev, el rj

258
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
LYCINUS
You may be very certain that if you get but a
distant view of her she will strike you dumb, and
more motionless than any statue. Yet the effect,
perhaps, is not so violent and the wound less serious
if it should be you who catch sight of her. But if
she should look at you as well, how shall you manao-e
to tear yourself away from her ? She will fetter you
to herself and hale you off wherever she wishes,
doing just what the magnet does to iron.

POLYSTRATUS
Don't keep evoking fancies of miraculous loveli-
ness, Lycinus, but tell me who the woman is.

LYCINUS
Why, do you suppose that I am exaggerating.^
No, I am afraid that when you have seen her you
will take me hand at turning com-
to be a poor
pliments, so superior will she prove to be.
far
Anyhow, I can't say who she is, but she received
much attention, kept splendid state in every way,
had a number of eunuchs and a great many maids,
and, in general, the thing seemed to be on a greater
scale than accords with private station.

POLYSTRATUS
You didn't learn even the name they gave her ?
LYCINUS
No; only that she comes from Ionia, for one of
the onlookers glanced at his neighbour after she had
passed and said " Wellj that is what Smyrna's
:

beauties are like, and it is no wonder that the fairest

259
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

KaWicTTT) Twv leoviKMv TToXceoy rr)V KaXXiaTrjv
yvvacKa i^veyxev." iSoKci 8e fioi %/j,vpvaio<i /cat
avTO<; 6 Xiyeov elvai, ovto}<; ia-Cfivvvero eV avTrj.

nOAT2TPAT02
3 OvKovv eireX \idov rovro y€ (w? aXr)d(o<; e'jToirj<Ta<i
ovre '7rapaKo\ov07](Ta<; ovre rov "E/Jbvpvalov eKelvov
€p6p,evo<;, 6crTi<i rjv, Kav to etSo? ft)9 olov re
vTToSei^ov Tft) Xoyai' Td')(^a yap av ovtco<;
yvoypcaaifii.

ATKIN02
'Opa<i rfXiicov rovro 7]rr]ara<; ; ov Kara Xoycov
hvvajxtv, Kal fidXicrrd ye rwv ififov, ifi^aviaat
davfiacriav ovrfix; eiKova, Trpo? fjv /j,6Xi<; av rj
'ATTeXX?}? rj Zev^i^ rf Ti.appdaio<; Ixavol eSo^av,
'
rj et ri<; <J>etSta9 rj AX/cayLtev?;'?' iyo) Se Xvfiavovfiai
TO dp')(erv'irov dadeveia rij^; re')(yri<i.

nOAT2TPAT02
AvKtve, rroia ri'i rrjv oyfnv ; ov yap
"Ofx,(0<i, Si

ema-(f)aX€^ to roXfirj/Mi, et, (pcXo) dvSpl CTrtSet^af?

rr)i' elicova, 07r(o<; av t^<? ypafifjirj<; exj}-

ATKIN02
K.al fir)v da^aXearepov avro<; Troiijaeiv fioi
BoKO) r&v TraXaiwv riva<i eKeivrnv re^virmv rrapa-
KaXk(Ta<i eVt to epyov, co? dvarrXdaeidv fioi rvjv
yvvalKa.
nOAT2TPAT05
n«9 touto <^j79 ; rj ttw? dv dxpUoivro trot npo
roaovrwv erS>v dtroOavovre'i

360
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
"
of Ionian cities has produced the fairest of women !

It seemed to me that the speaker himself was of

Smyrna because he was so set up over her.

POLYSTRATUS
Well, inasmuch as you really and truly behaved
like a stone in one way, at least, since you neither
followed her nor questioned that Smyrniote, whoever
he was, at least sketch her appearance in words as
best you can. Perhaps in that way I might
recognize her.

LYCINUS
Are you aware what you have demanded? It is
not in the power of words, not mine, certainly, to
call into being a portrait so marvellous, to which
hardly Apelles or Zeuxis or Parrhasius would have
seemed equal, or even perhaps a Phidias or an
Alcamenes. As for me, I shall but dim the lustre
of the original by the feebleness of my skill.

POLYSTRATUS
Nevertheless, Lycinus, what did she look like ?
It would not be dangerously bold if you should show
your picture to a friend, no matter how well or ill it
may be drawn.
LYCINUS
But Ithink I shall act in a way that involves less
risk for myself if I call in some of those famous
artists of old for the undertaking, to model me a
statue of the woman.
POLYSTRATUS
What do you mean by that ? How can they come
to you when they died so many years ago ?
261
 —

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ATKIN02
Paotft)?, rjviTep (TV fjurj 6Kvrjarj<i airoicpivaaOai
ri fioL.
nOATSTPATOS
E/jwra /Movov,

ATKIN02
t E7r€8i}/xr}ad<i ttotg, S) UoXvarpare, ry KpcSlcov ;

nOATSTPATOS
Kat fidXa.

ATKIN02
OvKovv KoX TT)v *A(f)po8irr)v et^e? iravToxi
avTiov ;

nOAT2TPAT05
Nt; Ata, rSiv Tlpa^tTeXov^ irofqp.drwv to
KaWicrrov.
ATKIN02
AXXa Kol Tov ixvdov )]Kovcra<t, ov Xeyova-iv
01 eTTi'x^oopioi TTcpl avr7]<i,
ri,<i rov w? epaadeirj
koX Xadcov vTTo\€i(})d€l<i iv lepat (Tvy-
d<yd\fjt,aTo<i
yepoiTO, (W9 Bvvarbv dydX/naTi. tovto fxevroi ^
aXXa)9 icrropeLaOo). av Se ravrrjv ydp, a)? (f>y]<i, —
etSe? Wi fiol Kol roBe diroKpivai, el koI rrjv iv
KT)'7roc<i Adtjvtjat ttjp ^ AXKa/j,evov<; ecopaKa<;.

nOAT2TPAT02
H iravTtov 7* dv, w AvkIvc, 6 paOvfioTaTo^:
^ fiivToi Lehmann : ixiv aoi MSS.
* Furtwiingler, Greek and Roman Seulphcre, pi. xxv,
opposite p. 91.
* The story, which can be traced back to Posidonius, is
told at greater length in tlie Amores.
262
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
LVCINUS
Easily, if only you do not refuse to answer me a
question or two.
POLYSTRATUS
You have but to ask.
LYCINUS
Were you ever in Cnidus, Polystratus ?

POLYSTRATUS
Yes indeed !

LYCINUS
Then you certainly saw the Aphrodite there .''

POLYSTRATUS
Yes, by Zeus ! The fairest of the creations of
Praxiteles.^

LYCINUS
Well, have you also heard the story that the
natives tell about it —
that someone fell in love with
the statue, was left behind unnoticed in the temple,
and embraced it to the best of his endeavours ? But
no matter about that.^ Since you have seen her,
as you say, tell me whether you have also seen
the Aphrodite in the Gardens, at Athens, by
Alcamenes ? ^
POLYSTRATUS
Surely I should be the laziest man in all the world

• Furtwangler's suggestion that the well-known "Venus

Genetrix " is a copy of this work is generally accepted. The

head is well reproduced in Mitchell, History of Ancient,
Sculpture, opposite p. 320. The Gardens lay outside the
walk, on the bank of the Ilissos, opposite the Stadium.
263
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

rjVtei TO KaWiaTOv rSiv ^ AXKa^evovi irXacr (.cdi cov
irapelhov.
ATKIN02
E/tetvo [lev y€, o) TloXva-rpare, ovk i^eprjaofiai
(T€, €1 7roWaKi<; 6i<? rrjv aKpoirokiv aveXOwv koL
rrjp K.aXdpiSo<; ^wcrdvhpav redeaaat.

nOAT2TPAT02
EISoi' KCLKeivqv TToWaKL'i.

ATKIN02
AXXaKal ravra /lev iKavo)^. rSiv he ^eihiov
epy(ov TL pLoXiara iir^vea-a^;

nOAT2TPAT02
Tt dWo rj TTjv A7)p,viav,
fj
koI iiriypdylrai
rovvop.a 6 ^ei8[a<; rj^icoa-e ; koI vt} Aia rrjv
A/xa^ova ttjv eTrepeiSofievrjv to) SopaTLO).

ATKIN05
5 Ta KaWioTTa, Si eralpe, war ovKer dWwv
rexvLTMV Seijaei. <j>epe hrj, i^ diraawv ijBr]
rovTcov ft)9 olov re (Tvvap/ii6aa<i /xtav aoi eUova
eTTtOet^G), TO e^aiperov irap eKdarrj^i e^ovaav.

nOAT2TPATOS
K.al TLva av rpoirov rovrX yevotro ;

^ No copy of the Sosandra is known, nor is it clear

whether she was a goddess or a woman.
* For the beautiful head in Bologna that is believed
to be
copied from this statue (a work in bronze, dedicated on the
Acropolis by certain Lemnians) see Furtwangler, Masterpieces
of Greek Sculpture, pi. i-iii, and Fig. 3.
264
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
if I had neglected the most beautiful of the sculptures
of Alcamenes.

LYCINUS
Onequestion, at all events, I shall not ask you,
Polystratus —
whether you have often gone up to the
Acropolis to look at the Sosandra of Calamis?^

POLYSTRATUS
I have often seen that, too.

LYCINUS
So far, so good. But among the works of Phidias
what did you praise most highly ?
POLYSTRATUS
What could it be but the Lemnian Athena, on
which Phidias deigned actually to inscribe his
name? 2 Oh, yes and the Amazon who leans upon
!

her spear.^
LYCINUS
These are the most beautiful, my friend, so that
we shall not need any other artists. Come now, out
of them all I shall make a combination as best I can,
and shall you a single portrait-statue
display to
that comprises whatever is most exquisite in each.

POLYSTRATUS
How can that be done ?

Copies of the Phidian Amazon have not been identified

with any certainty. For the several types of Amazon statue
that come into consideration, see Michaelis, Jahrbuch des k.
deulschen Jrchaeologischen Instituts, i, p. 14 sqq., and Furt-
wangler, Masterpieces, p. 128 sqq.

265
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ATKIN02
Ov x^Xeirov, & JloXva-rpaTe, el to uTro rovBe
7rapah6vTe<i ra? elKOvafi tc5 Xoyw, iircrpe-yJrai/jLev
avru) fxera/coafielv Kal avvridivat koX dp/j,6^eiv
to? av evpvd/jLoraTa BvvaiTo, (pvXdTToyv afia to
<7Vfji,/j,tye<; eKelvo koI ttoikLXov.

nOAT2TPAT02
Ev Xeyet?* koI Stj irapaXa^cov SeiKvvro}' ideXw
yap elhevai 6 tl Kal ')(^ptjaeTai avrai<i, t) otto)^
€K ToaovTcov fiittv TLVCL (Tu 1^61? ovK diraSovaav
direpydaerai.

ATKIN02
6 Kal fJbr}v 7]8y) croi opdv 'Trape')(eL yLyvofxevrjv tt)v
eiKova, a)8e avvap/xo^cov, t^9 e'/c K.vl8ov rjKovcn]<;
fiovov rrjv K6(l>aXi]v Xa^oov ovhev yap rov dXXov
(TcofjLaTO^ ovTO^ Se^aeTui' rd fiev dp.(fil
yvjjLvov
rr)v Kop-rjv Kal /jLeTcoTrov cxppvcov re ro euypa/xfiov
idaei exeiv wairep 6 Ylpa^neXt]^ eTTolrjaev, Kal
Tb)v 6(f)daX/j,(Ji)v Be TO vypov djxa tS> (f)aiBpa) Kal
Kexapicrp^evw, Kal tovto Bia(})uXd^et /cara to
Upa^LTeXei Bokovv Ta p^rfXa Be Kal oaa tt}?
6-\fr€Q><; dvTwird Trap A.XKap,evov<i Kal t»)? ev
^

KrjiroL<i Xr)y\reTaL, Kal irpocreTi ')(eipSiV aKpa Kal

Kaprrwv to evpvO/MOV Kal BaKTvXcov to evdywyov
elf XeiTTov diroXriyov Ttapd tt}? ev Krjiroi'i Kal
TavTa. Tr)v Be tov 7ravT0<; irpoa-diirov 7repiypa<f)r)v
Kal TTapeicov to aTraXov Kal plva av/ifieTpov r)
AijfivLa irape^ei Kal 4>etStaf ct* Kal aTOfiaTOf;
dp/xoyrjv auTO? Kal tov av^eva, irapd T779
^Afia^ovo'i Xa^d)v' r) XcoadvBpa Be Kal KdXafii<;

266
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
LYCINUS
Nothing hard about it, Polystratus, if from now
on we give Master Eloquence a free hand with those
statues and allow him to adapt, combine, and unite
them as harmoniously as he can, retaining at the
same time that composite effect and the variety.

POLYSTRATUS
Very well by all means let him have a free hand
;

and show us his powers, for I am eager to know

what he really can do with the statues and how he
can combine so many into one without making it
discordant.
LYCINUS
Well, he permits you to look upon the statue
even now, as it comes into being and this is the
;

way he makes the blend. From the Cnidian he

takes only the head, as the body, which is unclothed,
will not meet his needs. He will allow the arrange-
ment of the hair, the forehead, and the fair line of
the brows to remain as Praxiteles made them and ;

in the eyes also, that gaze so liquid, and at the same

—
time so clear and winsome that too shall be
retained as Praxiteles conceived it. But he will
take the round of the cheeks and all the fore part
of the face from Alcamenes and from Our Lady in
the Gardens so too the hands, the graceful wrists,
;

and the supple, tapering fingers shall come from Our

Lady in the Gardens. But the contour of the entire
face, the delicate sides of it, and the shapely nose
will be supplied by the Lemnian Athena and by
Phidias, and the master will also furnish the meeting
of the lips, and the neck, taking these from his
Amazon. Sosandra and Calamis shall adorn her with
267
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
al^ot KO(r/j,-i]<Tovaiv avrrjv, koX to ^eihiajxa aefivov
Kal X€\r]do<i oiarrep to eKelvrj^i eaTur koI to ev-
aTaXe>; 8k koX Kocrfiiov t?}<? ava^o\r)<i irapa Trj<i
^(oadvSpa<;, irXrjv otc aKaTaKaXvirTO^; avTT) eaTat
TTjv K€(f}aXi]v. tt}? r]XiKLa<i he to fieTpov rfXiKov
av jevoiTO, KaTo, ttjv iv KvlBm iKeivrjv fidXi<TTa.
Kol yap Kal tovto KUTa top Upa^iTeXrj
fie/xeTp^ado).
Tt aoi, Si TLoXvaTpaTG, hoKel ; KaXrj yev^a-eadai
7} cIkwv ;
nOAT5TPAT02
Kai /jLoXtaTa, eireihav eh to aKpi^ecTTaTOv
7 diroTeXecrO^' ert yd-p, w iravToav yevvaiOTaTS,
KaTaXiXonrd<; tl KdXXo<; e^o) tov dydXp,aTo<i
0VTQ)<i TrdvTa et? to auTo (J'Vfji7re(f>opr]/c(o<i.

ATKIN02
Tt TOVTO ;

nOATSTPATOS
Ov TO ^ (f)I.X6Tr]<S, el flTj aOl 86^€l
fJLlKpOTUTOV, ft)

oXiya irpo'i auvTeXeiv XP^^ '^^^ "^^

evjuopcfiiav
kKd(TT(p irpeirov, to? fieXava fiev elvai dKpi^oi><i
oirocra fieXava, XevKO, Be oaa ToiavTa XPV' ^'^^
TO epvdrjfia eiravOelv Kal to, TOiavTa' KivSvvevei
TOV fieyicTTOv ert rjfilv irpoaheiv.

AYKIN02
Tlodev ovv Kal TauTa TropicraLfieB^ av ; rj irapa-
KaXeaaifxev SrjXaSr] tou? ypa(f)€a^, Kal fxdXiaTa
OTToaoL avTOiv dpia-TOC eyevovTO Kepdcraadai to,
Xpdi/J'CiTa Kal evKaipov TToieicrdat, Trjv eiri^oXr^v
avTMV ; Kal Btj TrapaK€KXt]crda) HoXvyvoiTo^ xal
268
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
modesty, and her smile shall be grave and faint
like that of Sosandra, from whom shall come also the
simplicity and seemliness of her drapery, except that
she shall have her head uncovered. In the measure
of her years, whatever it may be, she shall agree
most closely with the Cnidian Aphrodite; that, too,
Praxiteles may determine.
What do you think, Polystratus ? Will the statue
be beautiful ?
POLYSTRATUS
Yes, surely, when it has been completed to the
uttermost detail for there is still, despite your
;

unexampled zeal, one beauty that you have left out

of your statue in collecting and combining everything
as you did.

LYCINUS
What is that ?

POLYSTRATUS
Not the most unimportant, my
friend, unless you
will maintain that perfection of form is but little
enhanced by colour and appropriateness in each
detail, so that just those parts will be black which
should be black and those white which should be,
and the flush of life will glow upon the surface, and
so forth. I fear we still stand in need of the most
important feature !

LYCINUS
Where then can we get all that? Or shall
we call in the painters, of course, and particularly
those who excelled in mixing their colours and in
applying them judiciously? Come, then, let us call
^ rl rovro ; ov rh Heusde : tovto MSS.
269
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
FiV(f>pdva)p €K€lvo<i Kol 'ATreXA,^? Koi ^Aeriayv'
ovTOi oe SieXofievoi to epyov 6 fiep Kvcppdvcop
Xpooa-dro) ttjv Ko/jurjv oiav t^9 ''H/ja? eypayjrev,
o IIoXvyvfOTO<i Se 6(f)pva)v to eirLirpeTre^ koX
irapeiMV to ivep€u6e<; o'iav ttjv KaaavSpav ev
TTJ Xeaxv eiroirjcrev Tolf AeX^ot?, Kal iadrJTa Se
0UT09 TTOiTjcrdTa) et? to XeiTTOTaTOV i^eipyaa/xevTjv,
a>? avveaTaXOai fiev ocra XPV> ^I'V^GfiwcrOac Be to,
TToWd' TO 8e aXXo a-ayfut 6 'AttcX-X?)? Sei^aTQ)
fcaTO, TTJV naKUTijv /iidXicTTa, /mtj dyav Xev/cbv
dWa evaifiov a7rX(b<;' Ta x^lXt) 8e ola 'Vo)^dvr]<f
8 AeTLoav iroirja-dTO). fidXXov Se top dpiaTov
TOiv ypa<pe(ov "Ofjirjpov 7rap6vTO<i Evcfypdvopo^ koX
^ KireXXov heBeyixedw olov yap tl toI^ MeveXdov
/jLrjpol<; TO %/3&i/i,a eKeiva ini^aXev iX€(f>avTi
etKd<Ta<i r/pe/uLa Tr€(f>oivtyp,6va>, ToiovSe ecTTO) to
irdv S* auTo? ovTo<i koX tov<; 6^daXp,ov<i
ypa-y^aTOi jSomttlv Tiva rroLrjaa^ avTtjv. avveTrc-
Xrjyp'eTai Se tov epyov avTw koX 6 %ri^alo<i
TTOirjT^^, ft)9 i^epydaaaOai,' Kal
lo^X€<f)apov^
(PtXofieiBi] Ofnjpof iroirja-ei Kal XevK(oXevov
8e '

Kal poBoSdKTvXov, Kal oXco<; ttj xp^f^fj ^A^poBcTr)

eiKdcrei iroXv SiKaioTepov rj ttjv tov B/Jttrety?.

^ lo^\f(papov du Soul : rh fi\(fapov MSS.

* Painted as one of the Twelve Gods in the portico

of Zeus
Eleutherius at Athens (Pausanias 1, 3, 3 Pliny 35, 129). ;

* "Above the Cassotis is a building with paintings by

Polygnotus ; it was dedicated by the Cnidians, and is called

by the Delphians the Club-room (Lesche, "place of talk"),
because here they used of old to meet and talk over both
mythological and more serious subjects. . . Cassandra her- .

self is seated on the ground and is holding the image of

270
 )

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
in Polygnotus and Euphranor of old, and Apelles and
Action. Let them divide up the work, and let
Euphranor colour the hair as he painted Hera's ^ :

let Polygnotus do the becomingness of her brows

and the faint flush of her cheeks, just as he did
Cassandra in the Lesche at Delphi,'^ and let him also
do her clothing, which shall be of the most delicate
texture, so that it not only clings close where it
should, but a great deal of it floats in the air. The
body Apelles shall represent after the manner of his
Pacate,^ not too white but just suffused with red ;

and her lips shall be done by Action like Roxana's.*

But stay !We have Homer, the best of all painters,
even in the presence of Euphranor and Apelles.
Let her be throughout of a colour like that which
Homer gave to the thighs of Menelaus when he
likened them to ivory tinged with crimson ^ and ;

let him also paint the eyes and make her " ox-eyed."
The Theban poet, too, shall lend him a hand in the
work, to give her "violet brows."" Yes, and
Homer shall make her " laughter-loving " and
" white-armed and '' rosy-fingered," and, in a word,
'

shall liken her to golden Aphrodite far more fittingly

than he did the daughter of Briseus.'
Athena, for she overturned the wooden image from its
pedestal when Ajax dragged her out of the sanctuary."
(Pausanias 10, 25, 1 and 26, 3, Frazer's translation.
8 Called Pancaste by Aelian Hist. 12, 34), Pancaspe
( Var. ,

by Pliny (.35, 86). She was a girl of Larissa, the first sweet-
heart of Alexander the Great.
* In the famous "Marriage of Alexander and Roxana,"

described fully in Lucian's Herodotus, c. 4—6.

® Iliad 4, 141 sqq.
* Pindar the poem in which he applied this epithet to
;

Aphrodite (cf. p. 333) is lost.

» Iliad 19, 282.
271
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
9 Tavra fiev ovv irXaa-rwv Kal ypa<f>€cov Kal
TTOiTjTwv TratSe? epydaovTai. o 8e irda-iv irravdel
TOVTOi^, rj '^dpi<;, fidWov Be irdaai dfia oiroaai
^dptre<; koI oiroaoi, "EptoTe? Trepixopevovre^;, ri^
&v fii/j-tjcraadat Bvvairo ;

nOAT5TPAT02
@eaTreac6v ti 'x^prjp.a, w AvKive, <f)r}<i Kal hu-
7r6T69 ft)? dXr)6oy<i, olov ti ra>v e'f ovpavov yevoiro.
TL Se irpdaaovaav eZSe? avrijv ;

ATKIN02
BtySXtov iv raiv ')(epolv elx^v eh 8vo avvei-
Xijfievov, Kal iwKet to fiiv ri dvayiyvcocrKeadai
avrov, TO 8e tjSij dveyvcoKevai. fiCTa^v Se irpoiovaa
BieXiyero tcop irapo p-apTovvrwv rivl ovk olSa 6 rr
ov yap eh iirrJKOov €<^6eyyero. ttXtju fjueiSidcraad
ye, CO UoXvcrTpare, ohovra'i i^e(f>r}ve 7rw<? av
etTTOt/xt (Toi oTTco^; fxev XevKov<i, o'rrco'i he avfi-
fiirpovs Kal tt/jo? dXXi]Xov<i (rvpr)pfio(T/j.evov<; ; et
rrrov KaXXicnov opfxov etSe? eK joyv aTiXTrvordrcov
Kal laop^eyedSiv fiapyapiT&p, ovtw? eirl (ttl^ov
€7r€(}>VK€(Tav' eKoafiovvTO Be fidXicrra T(p tmv
')(eiXSiv epvOrjixaTL. vTrecpatvovro yovv, avro Bi)
TO ToO '0/xi]pov, iXeKJiavri rS 7rpiaTa> Ofioioi, ov^
oi fiev TrXaTVTepoi avTwv, oi Be yvpoi,^ oi Be irpoe-

* oi 5e yvpol added from the margin of r.

^ The Trojan Palladium was "dropt from the skies"

according to the myth (ApoUodorus 3, 12, 3) ; so also the
image of Athena Tauropolos at Halae in Attica, that was
thought to have been brought there from the country of the
Taurians where it fell (Euripides, Iph. in Taur. 87, 977, 986).
272
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
This, then, is what sculptors and painters and
poets can achieve but who could counterfeit the
;

fine flower of it all —

the grace nay, all the Graces
;

in company, and all the Loves, too, circling hand in

hand about her ?

POLYSTRATUS
It a miraculous creature that you describe,
is

Lycinus; "dropt from the skies "^ in very truth,

quite like something out of Heaven. But what was
she doing when you saw her ?

LYCINUS
She had a her hands, with both ends of it
scroll in
rolled up, so that she seemed to be reading the one
part and to have already read the other. ^ As she
walked along, she was discussing something or other
with one of her escorts I do not know what it was,
;

for she did not speak so that it could be overheard.

But when she smiled, Polystratus, she disclosed such
teeth How can I tell you how white they were,
!

how symmetrical and well matched ? If you have

ever seen a lovely string of very lustrous, equal
pearls, that is the way they stood in row ; and they
were especially set off by the redness of her lips.
They shone, just as Homer says, like sawn ivory.^
Nor could you say that some of them were too broad,

• Lucian's expression amounts to saying that the book was

open at the middle. In reading an ancient book, one
generally held the roll in the right hand and took the end of
it in the left, rolling up in that hand the part that one was
done with.
3 Odyssey 18, 196.

873
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
"Xpyrefi rj hiecTTr^Kore^ oloi Tai<; trXeia-rai,'; , aWd
Ti<; TrdvTcov laoTi/jiia Kal Ofioxpoia Koi fiiyedof; ev
Kal Trpoae-)(el'i ofioiccK;, Kal 6X(o<; fieja ti Oavfxa
Kal 0eafj,a irdirav rr)v dvdpwirivrfv €Vfiop<f)iav
virepTreiraiKo^.

nOAT2TPAT02
10 "E^ drpifia^. avuLTf/jLi yap rjSr] irdw aa<^Si<i
rjvriva Kal Xeyet,^ rrjv yvvaiKa, TovTOi<; re avrol^
yvcoptaa^ Kal rfj TrarplSt,. koI evvov-xpy^ he riva^
eirecrOai avr^ 6^779.

ATKIN02
Niy Aia, KaX <TTpaTC(OTa<; Tivd<i.

nOAT2TPAT02
T^i^ PaaiKel (rvvovcrav, w fiaKdpiC, Tr)v doiSifiov
ravTTfv \€y€t<i.
ATKIN02
It oe eariv avrrj rovvofia ;

nOAT2TPAT02
Udvv Kal TOVTO y\a<jivp6v, <w Avklvc, Kal
iirepaarov 6fi<ovvfio<iyap icmv rfj rov hBpahdra ^

eKclvrj rfj KaXfj' olada iroWdKi^ dKovaa<i He/'O-

<f}MVTO<i inaivovvTo^ riva crdx^pova Kal KaXrjv
yvvaiKa.
ATKIN02
N^ Ala, Kal mcrirep ye opSiv avrrjv ovtco Bia-
TeOeifiai, oirorav KaT eKelvo irov dvayiyvdna kwv

^ Panthea, " the woman of Susa, who is said to have been

the fairest in Asia," whose story is told in the Giiropaedia (4, 6,

11 ; 5, 1,2-18; 6,1,33-51; 6,4,2-11; 7,3,2-16). PoJystratus

274
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
others misshapen, and others prominent or wide
apart, they are with most women.
as On the
contrary, all were of equal distinction, of the self-
same whiteness, of uniform size, and similarly close
together. In short, it was a great marvel ; a
spectacle transcending all human beauty !

POLYSTRATUS
Hold perceive now quite clearly who the
still ! I
woman is that you describe I recognize her by just;

these points and also by her country. Besides, you

said that there were eunuchs in her following.

LYCINUS
Yes, and several soldiers.

POLYSTRATUS
It is the Emperor's mistress, you simpleton — the
woman who is so famous !

LYCINUS
What is her name ?

POLYSTRATUS
Like very pretty and charming.
herself, it is
She has the same name as the beautiful wife of
Abradatas. You know whom I mean, for you have
often heard Xenophon praise her as a good and
beautiful woman.^
LYCINUS
Yes, and it makes me feel as if I saw her when I
reach that place in my reading ; I can almost hear
'
says ' heard " because of the ancient practice of reading
aloud, to which the Lessons of the Church bear present
testimony.

275
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
yevcofiai, Kal fiovovovyl koI clkovo) Xeyovar)*;
avTrj<i a TreiroirjTai Xeyovaa, koI ci)9 (WTrXt^e rov
avhpa KoX oia rjv irapaireiXTrovaa avrov iirl rrjv

nOAT5TPAT02
11 'AA,V, S) crv fiev wairep rtva darpaTnjv
apiare,
7rapahpap.ovaav ciTra^ eZSe? avrrjv, Kal eoLKa<i to.
Trpox^tpa ravra, Xeyco 8e to crw/ta Kal rrjv
p,op(f)7]v, eTTaivelv tcov Be rrj<; '^v)(yj^ dyadoiv
ddearo<i el, ovSe olada oaov to kuWo^; €K€ivo
eariv avTr}<;, p,aKpw rivi apeivov Kal SeoeiSearepov
Tov (xd}fiaTO<i. iya> Be (Tvvi]drj<; yap el/jLi Kal
Xoycov €KOiv(ovr)cra 7roWdKi<; op.oe6vri<; wv. Kal
ycip, ft)? oiaOa Kal avTO<i, to rjp,epov Kal <pt\av-
dpwjTOV Kal TO fxeya\6(f)pov Kal (raxppoavvrjv Kal
iraiBeiav rrpo tov KaWov; eiratvoi' a^ia yap
7rpoK€KpLcr6at, TavTa tov a(op,aTO<i' iirel aXoyov
av ecT] Kal yeXolov, coaTrep et ti<; ttjv eadriTa irpo
TOV arcofiaTO^; dav/xd^oi. to B eVreXe? KdXXof,
olp,at, TovTo icTTiv, OTTOTav et9 TO avTO (TvvBpd^ri
\^i»^j}9 dpeTT] Kal evpopcfyia (T(iypaTO<;. dp^eXei
7roX\d<; av (Tot Bei^aipi pop^rj<; p,ev ev qKovaa'i,
TO, 8' dXXa alcrxvvovaa<i to KdXXo<;, (W9 Kal /xovov
(f)$ey^ap.ev(ov diravdelv avTO Kal dirop-apaiveaOai
eXeyxofievov re Kal da')(rip,ovovv Kal nap a^iav
crvvov TTOvripd tlvl Bea-iroivrj Trj Kai ai
'^v')(^.

ye ToiavTat ofioial, fioi BoKovatv T0t9 AiyvTrTioa

iepoi<i' KaKel yap avTo^ fiev o veoxi KdXXiaTOf re
Kal p,eyiaTO^, XldoL^ T0t9 TroXvTeXecriv r)aKT)p,evo^
Kal ^pi/cTft) Kal ypa<f)a2<i Bir)vdco-p€vo(;, evBov Be
rjv ^rjTTJ'i TOV deov, 17 irlOrjKo'; ecTiv rj l/3i<i rj Tpdyo<i

rj alXovpo<i. TOiavTa<i 7roXXa<; iBetv evecrTiv.

276
 !

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
her say what she is described as saying, and see how
she armed her husband and what she was like when
she sent him off to the battle.

POLYSTRATUS
But, my friend,you caught sight of her just once,
flying past like a flash, and naturally have praised
—
only what was obvious I mean, her person and her
physical beauty. The good points of her soul you
have not beheld, and you do not know how great that
beauty is in her, far more notable and more divine than
that of her body. I do, for I am acquainted with

her, and have often conversed with her, being of the

same nationality. As you yourself know, I commend
gentleness, kindliness, high-mindedness, self-control,
and culture rather than beauty, for these qualities
deserve to be preferred over those of the body. To
do otherwise would be illogical and ridiculous, as if
one were to admire her clothing rather than her
person. Perfect beauty, to my mind, is when there
is a union of spiritual excellence and physical love-

liness. In truth, I could point you out a great many

women who are well endowed with good looks, but
in every way discredit their beauty, so that if they
merely speak it fades and withers, since it suffers
by contrast and cuts a shabby figure, unworthily
housing as it does with a soul that is but a sorry
mistress. Such women seem to me like the temples
of Egypt, where the temple itself is fair and great,
built of costly stones and adorned with gold and
with paintings, but if you seek out the god within,
it is either a monkey or an ibis or a goat or a cat

Women of that sort are to be seen in plenty.

277
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Ov Tolvvv airoXPV to KdWo<i, el firj KeKoa-fxrj-
rai TOt<? 8i,KaL0t,<; Kocrfirj/jiaai, Xe7&) Br) ovk iadrJTi
aXovpjel Koi 6pfioi<;, aW' ol? rrpoeiTTOv eKtivoi^,
aperrj Koi <xco(f)poavvr] /cat eTrceiKeca xai (f)i\.av-
Opoiiria KaX Tol<t aXKoi^ oirocra Tavrrj^; opo<i iaTLv.

ATKIN05
12 OvKovv, 5) YloXvarpare, fivOov dvrl fivdov
d/xeiylrai avT& r& fierpo), koI \(olov,
(fyacnv, rj

Bvvaaai ydp, Kai riva ecKova 'ypaylfdfi€vo<i t^?

ylrv')(r)<i eirihei^ov, a»9 ^r) i^ rjfiKTeia^ davfid^ocfxi

avTtjv.

nOATSTPATOS
Ov fiLKpov, CO eralpe, to d'ycovicrfia irpoo'TdT-
T6t?' OV <ydp o/xoiov to irdat 'rrpo<f>av€^ eTraiveaac
Kal rd dBriXa ifi^avicrai rw Xoyw. Kai fioi Soko)
avvepycov Kal avTO<i ZerjcreaOaL 7rpo<i tijv ecKova,
ov irXacTTOiV ovBe ypa(f)i(ov /novov, dXXa Kal
<f)iXoa-6(p(ov, a>? tt/so? tov<; eKeivwv Kavova^ direv-
dvvai TO dyaXfia xal Bei^ai Kara rrjv dp')(alav
7rXa<TTiKr)v KareaKevaar/jiivov.
13 Kai 8r) iretTocriadoi. avhrjecraa p.ev to TrpcoTov
Kal Xlyeia, Kal to " jXvklcov /jb€XiTO<; diro t?')<?
7\(wtt779" irepl auTr)?* /xdXXov rj irepl rov WvXiov
<yepovTO<i eKeivov 6 "Ofir)po<; eiprjKcv. ird'} ^ Be 6

Tovo'i Tov (f)6e'yfiaTo<i olo^ diraXdiraTO';, ovre

^apv<i o)9 €l<; to dvBpeiov rjp^ocrdai ovre irdvv
A.€7rT09 ft)? OrjXvrajof; re elvai koi KOfiiBfj €kXvto<;,
a\X' olo<; yevoiT av iraiBl fiijirco r/^daKOvri, rjBvi
Kal 7rpoar]vr]<; Kal irpdco'; TrapaBvofievd ei<i tt)v
^ irepl aitrrji N : not in yfi.
* iroi vulg. : irws MSS.
278
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
Beauty, then, is not enough unless it is set off
with its just enhancements, by which I mean, not
purple raiment and necklaces, but those I have
already mentioned —
virtue, self-control, goodness,
kindliness, and everything else that is included in
the definition of virtue.

LYCINUS
me description for
Well then, Polystratus, trade
description, giving, as the saying goes, measure for
measure, or even better than that, since you can.
Do a likeness of her soul and display it to me, so
that I need not admire her by halves.

POLYSTRATUS
It is no light task, my friend, that you are setting
me ; for it is not the same thing to laud what is
manifest to all, and to reveal in words what is in-
visible. I think that I too shall need fellow-work-
men for the portrait, philosophers as well as sculptors
and painters, so that I can make my work of art
conform to their canons and can exhibit it as
modelled in the style of the ancients.
Come now, imagine it made. It will be "gifted
with speech,"^ first of all, and " clear-voiced "; ^
and Homer's phrase " sweeter than honey from the
tongue " applies to her rather than to that old man
from Pylos.^ The whole tone of her voice is as soft
as can be not deep, so as to resemble a man's, nor
;

very high, so as to be quite womanish and wholly

strengthless, but like the voice of a boy still imma-
ture, delicious and winning, that gently steals into
1 Like Circe {Odysse%j 10, 136).
« Like the Muse {Odyssey 24, 62).
• Applied in Homer to the words of Nestor {Iliad 1, 249).
279
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

aKorjv, KaX iraua-afMevr)^ evavXov eivai ttjp
o)9
^or)v Kul Xeiyjravov ivBiarpi^eiv Koi irepi-
Tt
^ofi^elv ra coxa, KaOdrrep r)X<*> Ttva iraparelvov-
aav rrjv aKpoacrtv koI iX^V twi* \6ya)p fieXiXP^
arra koi rreidov'i fiecna iirl rrjq ^^v^Vf diroXip,-
irdvovaav. oirorav he koX to koXov exelvo aBrj,
^
Kol fidXiara 7rpo<i tt]v KtOdpav, t6t€ Btj tots
(opa fiev (TKoirdv rdxiara ^ aXKVoat KaX TCTTtft
KoX Tot9 KVKVoif;' dfjbovaa yap w? 7rpo9 eKCivr/v
WavBiovo^ ei7rr}<;, l8ia)Ti<; KaKeivr)
drrravra' koLv rrjv
Kal aTe%^09, el koI voXvrjxea rrjv <f)(ovr}v d(f)[rj<TCV.
li^Op(f)ev<i Be Kal 'A/i^ttwv, oiirep eiraymyoraTOi
eyevovTo rcov aKpoarSiv, w<i KaX rd dyjrvxO' eiriKa-
Xiaaa-Oai tt/oo? to /xeXof;, avToX dv, olfxac, ec ye
rfKOvaav, KaTaXiirovre^ dv rdi; KiOdpas irapea-Tq-
Kecrav aKOirfj dKpooofievoL. to ydp t^? re dpfiovia<i
TO uKpi^ecTTaTov Bia(f)v\dTTeiv, to? fir) irapa^ai,-
veiv Tt Tov pv0fiov, aW' evKaipco ttj apaec Kal
Oeaei Biafie/xeTprjadai to aafia KaX avvwBov elvai
T7]v KiOdpav KaX ofioxpovelv ttj y\(i>TTrf to ttXtj-

KTpov, KaX TO tmv BaKTvXav KaX to

€va(f)e^
€VKa/xTre<; twv fxeXcov, trodev dv TavTa virrjpxe t^
%paKX eKeivw KaX tw dvd tov KiOaipMva fieTa^if
^ovKoXovvTc KaX KidapL^eiv fieXeTwvTi
"Q,aT€ i]v TTore, (o AvKive, KaX aBovar]<; dKovr)<;
aVTr]<i,OVKCTt TO T(OV TopyOVOiV €K€tV0 ear) jXOVOV
7reTrovd(ii)<i, Xido<; ef dvOpMnov yev6fjLevo<;, dXXd
* t<Jt6 Si; T($T« du Soul : t(Jt« 8i) rlroTf MSS.
* rdxKTra Jacobitz : ravra MSS.

^ Pandion's daughter is the nightingale ; the inimitable

woA,wTjx«'a comes from Homer {Odyssey 19, 521).

280
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
the ear, so that even after she has ceased the sound
abides, some remnant of it lingering and filling the
ears with resonance, like an echo that prolongs
audition and leaves in the soul vague traces of her
words, honey-sweet and full of persuasion. And
when she lifts that glorious voice in song, above
all to the lyre, then —
ah, then it is the hour for
halcyons and cicadas and swans to hush forthwith ;
for they are one and all unmelodious as against her,
and even Pandion's daughter, should you mention her,
is an inexpert amateur, however " soundful " the
voice that she pours out.^ And as for Orpheus
and Amphion, who exercised so very potent a spell
upon their auditors that even inanimate things
answered the call of their song, they themselves
in my opinion would have abandoned their lyres,
had they heard her, and would have stood by in
silence, listening. That scrupulous observance of
time, so that she makes no mistakes in the rhythm,
but her singing throughout keeps measure with
a beat that is accurate in its rise and fall,^ while
her lyre is in full accord, and her plectrum keeps
pace with her tongue that delicacy of touch that
; ;

flexibility of modulations —
how could all this be
attained by your Thracian, or by that other who
studied lyre-playing on the slopes of Cithaeron in
the intervals of tending cattle ? *
Therefore, if ever you hear her sing, Lycinus, not
only will you have learned by experience, through
being turned into stone, what the Gorgons can do,

* Compare Horace, Odes 4, 6, 36:Lesbium servate pedem,

meique pollicis ictum.
' Orpheus and Amphion, respectively.

281
VOL. IV. K.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kot TO Tcov 'Zecpyjvcov etarj ottoXov ri rfv irape-
(TTrj^ri 'yap ev olSa TraTpiBof koI
K€KTj\r]fievo<},
oIk€L(ov €7n\ad6n€VO^. KoX rjv Krjpo) eTTiippd^ij
TO, S)Ta, Koi Sid, rov Ktjpov SiaBvcreTal croi to
/ieXo?. TotovTOV Ti UKOvcrfid iari, Tepyjri'^^^oprjf;

Tti/09 rj MeX7ro/x.6V?79 rj KaWtoTri;*? avrrj^ irai-

hevjxa, fivpla ra deXyrjrpa koX iravroia iv eavr^
e'yov. evl re X07&) (TvveKwv (palrjv dv, roiavTr}<i

fiot T779 wS?}? dfcoveiv vofxt^e, o'iav €Ik6<; elvai rrjv

hih roLOVTWV 'xetXcbv, 3t' iKeivcov 8e tmp oSovtcov
i^iovtrav. e(iopaKa<i Se Kai auT09 ijv <f)r)fii, (oare
aKrjicoevai vofii^e,
15 To fiev <ydp dKpi^€<; tovto tt}? (fxovrj^i koX xa-
dapfti^ 'IcoviKov Kal ore koI
ofiiXija-ai a-rcofivXr]
^Attikcov x^apiTwv e')(pvaa ovSe dav/xd-
TToXi) t5)v
^€iv d^iov irdrpiov <yap avT^ koX irpoyoviKov,
ovhe aX,\«i)9 ^XP^^ fi€Te)(OV(Tav rcov ' Adtjvaitov
Kara ttjv diroiKiav. ovhe yap ovBe eKeivo 6av-
fidaacfi dv, el koI TToirjo-et, x^lpei koI rd TroXXd
ravrj] o/jllXcI, rov 'Ofirjpov noXlrc^ ovaa.
Mia fxhv Brj aoi, Si AvKtve, KaXXi(f)(ov{,a<; avrrf

Kal (pBr]<; dv Tt9 evl ro eXarrov eiKn-

cIkcov, a><;

aeiev. cKOirei Be Brj Kal Ta<i dXXa<:' ov yap ^iav

oxTirep (TV ex ttoXXcov avv6el<; emBel^ai BieyvwKa
— rfrrov ydp rovro Kal ypacfiiKov, avvreXeaOev ^
KaXXy] roaavra xal 7roXveiBe<i ri ex "rroXXtav
diroreXeiv avro avr<p dvOa/jLiXXmfievov — aXV ai
1 ffvvTfKfaOfv : corrupt. An infinitive is wanted, e.g.
ffvvriOfvai. The usual reaiding, ypit<f>iKais ffWTfKtirdfv, leaves
KiWri ToffavTa floating.
282
 —

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
but you will know also what the the Sirens
effect of
was like; for you enchanted, I know
will stand there
right well, forgetful of country and of kin ; and
if you stop your ears with wax, the song, in spite
of you, will slip through the very wax Such!

music is it, a lesson learned of some Terpsicliore or

Melpomene, or of Calliope herself, fraught with a
thousand witcheries of every sort. I may sum it
up by saying " Imagine that you ai-e listening to
:

such singing as would naturally come from such

lips and from those teeth." You yourself have seen
the lady in question, so consider that you have
heard her.
As to the precision of her language, and its pure
Ionic quality, as to the fact that she has a ready
tongue in conversation and is full of Attic wit
that is nothing to wonder at. It is an inherited
trait in her, and ancestral, and nothing else was to
be expected, since she partakes of Athenian blood
through the settlement which they planted.^ Nor
indeed am I disposed to wonder at the further fact
that a countrywoman of Homer likes poetry and
holds much converse with it.
There you have one picture, Lycinus, that of her
exquisite speech and her singing, as it might be por-
trayed in an inadequate sort of way. And now look
at the others — for I have decided not to exhibit a
single picture made up, like yours, out of many.
That is really less artistic, to combine beauties so
numerous and create, out of many, a thing of many
different aspects, completely at odds with itself.

^Athens and Theseus were thought to have had a hand in

the foundation of Smyrna.Lucian's contemporary Aristides
makes much of this.
283
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Trdcrat ttJ? i|rK^^9 dperal KaB^ eKaaTiqv eiKuiv fiia
yeypdylrerai tt/oo? to dp-)(irv'irov fMefii/jirj/xevr).

ATKIN02
'EiopTi]V, Si YioXvaTpare, koI iravhaicrlav irray-
yeXXeif;. eoiKU^ yovv Xtiilov q)<; a\,rjda)<; d-TroScocreiv
fjboi TO /xerpov. iircfxerpec S' ovv co? ovk eariv 6
ri av aXko 7roi7]cra<; fidWov 'xapicraLO fiOL.

nOAT2TPAT02
16 OvKOVV iireiSr) nravrtov Kokcov TracSeiav rjyel-
crdai dvdjKT], koI fidXiara rovT(ov oTzoaa ixe-
XeTTjrd, (pipe kuI ravTrjv rjSr} avcrrrjadipLeOa,
ttoikIXtjv fievroi koX 7roXvfiop(f)OV, co? /jl7]8€ Kara
Tovro dTToXiTTOLfieOa t^? cr^9 TrXaariKrjf;. koI 8t)
<y€ypd(f)da) iravra avXX-ij^Brjv rd e/e toO 'EXikmvo^
dyadd e'^^ovcra, ovy Siairep rj KXeid) Kal rj IIoXu-
[juvia Kal r} K^aXXioirri koX at aXXat ev tl eKdarrj
eTTLarapiivri, dXXd rd^ Tracrcov Kal TrpocreTt rd
'l^pfiov Kal ^AttoXXcovo^. oiroaa ydp rj iroirjTal
/jbirpoi<i ScaKO(T/xi]cravTe<; rj prjrop€<; SeivoTrjri
Kparvvavre<i i^evr]v6')(^acnv rj larop]-
(Tvyypa<p6l<i
Kacnv Tj (f)iX6ao(f)ot Trap-pveKaai,,^ irdai tovtoi<;
T] eLKMV KCKoa/xTjcrda), ovk d-^^^pi tov e'mK6')(^pS)crdai

fxovov, aXV et? 0d6o<i hevaoTToiol^ riac (pappuxKoi^

€l<i Kopov KaTa^a(j)etaa. Kal avyyvco/jLTj, el /xr)8€v
dp'X^ervTTOv iinhel^aL ravTr)<; BvvaLp.r]v t7J<; ypa^ri<i'
ov ydp ecr^' o Tttocovtov ev Tot? TrdXai TratSet'a?
irepi fiVTjfioveveTai. ttXtjv dXXd, et ye 8ok€1,

^ TO. Lehmann : not in MSS.

284
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
No, all the several virtues of her soul shall be
portrayed each by itself in a single picture that is
a true copy of the model.

a full banquet, that you

It is a feast, Polystratus,
promise ! In appears that you really will
fact, it
give me back better measure. Anyhow, get on with
your measuring there is nothing else that you can
;

do which would please me more.

POLYSTRATUS
Then inasmuch must stand at the head
as culture
of that is fair, and particularly all that is acquired
all
by study, let us now create its likeness, rich, how-
ever, in colours and in modelling, that even in this
point we may not fall short of your achievement in
sculpture. So let her be pictured as possessing all
the good gifts that come from Helicon. Unlike
Clio, Polymnia, Calliope, and the others, each of
whom has a single accomplishment, she shall have
those of all the Muses, and in addition those of
Hermes and Apollo. For all that poets have set
forth with the embellishment of metre or orators
with the might of eloquence, all that historians
have related or philosophers recommended shall give
beauty to our picture, not simply to the extent of
tinting its surface, but staining it all deeply with
indelible colours till it will take no more. And you
must pardon me if I can show no ancient model for
this picture ; for tradition tells us of nothing similar
in point of culture among the men of olden times.
But in spite of that, if you approve, it too may now
* vapriyfKacrt vulg. : vaptiveyKaai MSS.
285
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

avaKeLaOo) koI avrr)' ov ixefnrrrj yap, ft)9 efxoi
(paiverai.

ATKIN02
K.aWL(TT7) fiev ovv,^ w YloXvaTpare, kol ird-
crai,<i Tal<i ypafi/ji,al<; dTrrjKpi^cofievij,

nOAT2TPAT02
17 Mera Be ravrrjv r] rri<i cro(f>ca<; /cal (Tvveaeco^;
cIkcov jpairTea. Serjaei 8e '^/niv evravda ttoWcov
Ta>v TrapaSetyfidrcov,dp^alcov rwv TrXeiarcov,
ev6<; koX avrov ^Icovikov' ypa(f>€U Se /cat Bt]-
fiev
jjbLovpyoi avTov At(r%tV?79 ^wKpaTOv^ eTalpo^ xal
avTO<i XcoKparrj^i, fit/jLrjXoTaroi Te'xynSiV dirdvrwv,
6a(p KaX fj,€T epioTO<i eypacpov. tt]v Be e'/c rrj<;
MiXrjTov eKeivrjv ^AaTraatav, y koX 6 '0\y/x7rto9
davfiacrL(i)raro<i avTo<i crvvrjv, ov <^avXov crvvecreco^
TTapdBeiyfia 7rpodep,evoi, ottoctov i/j,7reipia<i irpay-
fiuToov Kal 6^vTr)ro<; et? to, iroXiTiKd koX dyyi-
uoia<i Kal BpifMVTrjro^ eKeivri Trpocrijv, tovto irav
eVt rriv 'qperepav elKova fxeraydyoopev aKpi^el
rfi ardOfiT)' ttXtju 6(tov eKeivrj fiev iv fiiKpw
irLvaKiw iyeypaiTTO, avTt) Be KoXoatnaia to
pAye96<i i<TTcv.
ATK1N02
H&<i TOVTO ^779

nOATSTPATOS
"Otl, & AvKive, oiiK laofMeyedeif elvai <f>r)fii, Td<i
elKovaf; ov yap caov ovBe €771)9
6fioia<; ovaa<;'
^AdqvaLOiv rj Tore iroXneia Kal rj irapovaa twv
'Viop,ai(av BvvafU<i. &crT6 ei Kal ttj ofioioTijTi rj
' olv Fritzsche : not in MSS.
286
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
be hung; for no fault can be found with it, from
my point of view.
LYCINUS
It is very beautiful, to be sure, Polystratus, and
every line of it correctly drawn.

POLYSTRATUS
Next we must delineate her wisdom and under-
standing. We shall require many models there,
most of them ancient, and one, like herself, Ionic,
painted and wrought by Aeschines, the friend of
Socrates, and by Socrates himself,^ of all craftsmen
the truest copyists because they painted with love.
It is that maid of Miletus, Aspasia, the consort
of the Olympian,^ himself a marvel beyond compare.
Putting before us, in her, no mean pattern of
understanding, let us take all that she had of
experience in affairs, shrewdness in statescraft,
quick-wittedness, and penetration, and transfer the
whole of it to our own picture by accurate measure-
ment ; making allowance, however, for the fact
that she was painted on a small canvas, but our
figure is colossal in its scale.

LYCINUS
What do you mean by that ?

POLYSTRATUS
mean, Lycinus, that the pictures are not of
I

equal size, though they look alike for the Athenian;

state of those days and the Roman empire of to-day

are not equal, nor near it. Consequently, although
^ In the Aspasia, a Socratic dialogue by the philosopher
Aoschines, not extant.
* Periclea.
287
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
avTrj, aWa t& fx€'y€0€i ye a^eivwv avrrj eo? av
eVt ifkarvraTOV iTivaKO<i Karayeypaixixevr].
18 AevTepov Se koX rpuTOv TrapdSeiyfia ©eavoo r€
eKeivT) Kol rj Aecr^ia yu-eXoTroio?, /cal AioTLfia eVl
TavTai.<;, rj fxev to /xeyaXovovv rj ®eavcD avji^aWo-
fievrj eh rijv <ypa(^rjv, rj SttTr^ob Se to y\a(f)up6v
Ttj't TTpoaipecreco^' rfj Aiortua 8e ov^ ^ %(OKpdTrj'i
eirrjveaev avrrjv ioiKvia ecrrai fiovov, aWd kuI
rrjv aWrjv avvecrlv re Kal crvfi^ovXiav. TOiavrrj
crot Kal avrrj, AvKive, dvaKeiaOco rj eiKcov.

ATKIN02
19 N^ Ar, w UoXvarpare, 0avfid(no<i ovaa. <tv
he dXka^ ypd(fiOv.

nOAT2TPAT02
Ta? ^ rij<i ')(^prjar6rrjro<i. Si eralpe, Kal <f)tXav-
Opwrria';, r) to rjjiepov i/j.<fiaviet rod rpotrov Kal
TT/oo? rov<; heojievov<i 7rpoa-rjve<i ; elKdcrOo) ovv Kal
avrrj %eavoi re eKeivrj rfj
^
A.vr'^vopoq Kal ^Aprjrrj
Kal rfj dvyarpl avrrj'i rfj NavaiKda, Kal et ri<i
akXr] iv jxeyedei Trpaypbdrcov eaw^povrjae irpo'S
rrjv rv')(rjv.
20 'Ef^9 Be fxera ravrrjv t^9 <r(0(f)poavvrj<; avrrj<;
rj

yeypd(f)d(o Kal rov avvovra evvoia'i, &)<?

rrj<; tt/jo?
Kara rrjv rov ^iKapiov jiakiara elvai rrjv aao-
^ rhs should probably be excised.

* Wife, or disciple, of Pythagoras, herself a philosophical

writer of note.
* Diotima, a priestess of Mantinea, probably fictitious, for

we hear of her only through Plato in the Symposium (201 d).

Socrates says there that she was wise in Love, and ascribes
288
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
ours resembles the other exactly, yet in size at least
it issuperior, as being painted on a very broad canvas.
The second model and the third shall be
the famous Theano ^ and the Lesbian poetess,
and Diotima^ shall be still another. Theano
shall contribute her high-mindedness, Sappho the
attractiveness of her way of living, and Diotima
shall be copied not only in those qualities for which
Socrates commended her, but in her general in-
telligence and power to give counsel. There you
have another picture, Lycinus, which may be hung
also.

LYCINUS
Yes, Polystratus, for it is marvellous. But paint
more of them.

POLYSTRATUS
That of her goodness and loving-kindness, my
friend, which will disclose the gentleness of her
nature and its graciousness to all those who make
demands upon her.'' Then let her be compared
with that Theano who was wife of Antenor,^
and with Arete,* and Arete's daughter Nausicaa,
and with any other who in high station behaved
with propriety in the face of her good fortune.
Next in order, let her modesty be portrayed, and
her love for her consort, in such a way as to be
most like the daughter of Icarius, described by

to her the metaphysical rhapsody on Love in which the

dialogue culminates.
* Theano, priestess of Athena in Troy {Iliad 6, 298),
brought up Pedaeus, her husband's illegitimate child, aa
if he were her own son {Iliad 6, 69).
* See Odysaey 7, 67 sq.

289
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
^pova Kol rrjv irepi^pova viro tov Ofit^pov
'yeypafifJ.kvTjv — TOtavrrjv yap rrju t^<? IIr)veX67rrj(;
elKova eKelvo<i eypayjrev — rj kuI vrj Ata Kara Trjv
o/jbcoi'v/jbov avrrj<i rr^v tov ^A^paSdra, ^<i fiiKpov
efiTrpoadev ifivrj/jLOvevaafiev.

ATKIN02
nayKoXrjv koI ravrrjv, Si Tio\varpare, direip-
ydao), Kol ax^^ov rjhrj t€Xo9 <xol e^ovaiv al
eiKove^i' diracrav yap eirekrfKvda^i t7)v '^v')(^r}v

Kara fiept] irracvMV.

nOAT2TPAT05
21 C)u% arracrav en yap ra fieyiffra rmv enraivtav
TrepiXeitreTat. ro iv rrfKiKOinw 6yK(p
Xeyco Se
yei'0/j,6vr]v avrrjv fi'^Te TV(f)ov iirl rf} evirpa^ia
irepL^aXecrOai fMtjre virep to dvd pcairivov /xirpov
iirapdrjvaL incrTevcraaav ttj TV')(r], <pv\dTT€iv Be
irrrl tov laoireSov eavrrjv /xijBev dveipoKaXov rj
(f)opTLKOv ^povovcrav Kal T0t9 Trpoatovatv 8r]-
jMOTiKSi'i T€ Ka\ €« TOV op-OLOv TT pocx^kpeadaL Kal
8€^i(0(rei<? Kal (jiikoc^pocrvva^ <^i\o(^poveladat, to-
<TovT(p rjhiovf; Tol'i tt poao/xiXovaiv, ocrm kuI rrapa
fiei^ovo's op,(o<; yiyvop-evai ovSev TpayiKov ifKpai-
vovatv. 0)9 OTToaoi t^ fieya Svvaadai firj Trpo^
vTrepoyp'tav, dWd Kal 7r/oo9 einrodav i-x^pijaavro,
ovTOi Kal d^ioi fjidXia-Ta twv irapcL Trj<; tv^V'!
8o6evT(ov dyaOoiv oo(f>6r)(Tav, Kal fx,6voi av ovtoi
BiKalco^ TO i'Tri(f)6ovov Bia^vyoiev ouSel^ yap av
^dovrjaeie Ta> virepeyovTi, rjv p^rpid^ovTa ivl
T0t9 evTvxvP'<^(^''V avTov opa Kal fir) KaTCL rrjv tov
'Ofirjpov "Att/j; eKetvrjv eV dvhpwv KpdaTa jBe^i}-

290
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
Homer as modest and prudent (for that is the way
he drew the picture of Penelope) or like her ;

own homonym, the wife of Abradatas, whom we

mentioned a little while ago.^

I.YCINUS
Once more you have created a very beautiful
picture, Polystratus and now, perhaps, your por-
;

traits are finished, for you have traversed all of

her soul in praising it part by part.

POLYSTRATUS
Not all of it ! The very
greatest items in her
praise are still unincluded. I mean that in so
elevated a station she has not clothed herself in
{)ride over her success, and has not been uplifted
above the limit that beseems humanity through
confidence in Fortune, but keeps herself upon the
common plane, with no tasteless or vulgar aspirations,
treats her visitors familiarly and as an equal, and
gives her friends greetings and evidences of affection
that are all the sweeter to them because, although
they come from one who is above them, they make
no display of circumstance. Truly, all those who
employ great power not in superciliousness but in
kindness, are regarded as especially worthy of the
blessings that have been bestowed upon them by
Fortune, and they alone deserve to escape envy.
Nobody will envy the man above him if he sees him
behaving with moderation amid his successes and
not, like Homer's Ate,^ treading on the heads of
^ See page 275.
* Iliad, 19, 91-94.
291
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KOTa KoX TO vTToBeearepov TraTovi'TW onep ol
Taireivol to,^ yvcofjLa<i 'Trdcr')(OvaLv aireipoKaXia Tfj<{

yjrv')(rj<;' ^ eireihav 'yap aurov<i tj TV')(r] fiijSev roiov-

Tov i\7rlaavTa<; ava^i^darj et? Trrrjvop ri
a(f)vco
Kol pberdpcriov o'X^^rj/j.a, ov pevovaiv iirl tmv
virap'^ovTcov ovS* d^opoyatv fcdrco, d.Wa del
7r/30? TO dvavTe<i ^id^ovrai. TOLjapovv axrirep 6
"I/capo9, TaKevTO<i avTot<; Td^icrTa tov Krjpov koX
tS)V TTTepcov TrepippvepTcov, yeXcoTa ocpXcaKdvovaip
CTTt K€(j)aXr]V 649 TreXdyr) koX KKvhwva ifMiTLTTTOv-
re?* 6(T0L Se /caTO, tov AaiSaXov e-^p^aavTO rot?
•nT€pol<i KoX /JLT) Trdvv iTTjjpdrjcrav, elSoTei; oti ck
KTjpov 7)v TreTTOirjfieva, eTaptevcravTO Be
avTol<i
7rpo<; to dvd pcoTTivov ttjv <popdp koX rjydir'qaav
v'^rfKorepoi puovov tS)v KV/ndTcov evex^^vTe^, couTe
/levTOL voTL^eaOai avToi<; del to, rrrTepd koX /xtj
irape-y^eiv avTU fxovat tw rfkio), ovtoi he dcr(f)a\c!)<i
T€ dfia /cal cr(o^pova)<; SieTTTrjcrav' oirep kcu tuv-
Trjv dv Ti? fidXicTTU eiraivecreLe. TOiyapovv kuI
d^cov napa irdvTcov diroXafi^dvei tov Kapirov,
evx,(^/xivo)v TavTd re avTrj rrapa/xecvai to, TTTepd
Kol eTL ^ ttXclq) eTTtppeZv TayaOd.

ATKIN02
22 Kat ovTai<;, & UoXvcxTpaTe, yiyveadoi' d^ia
yap ov TO crS)p,a fiovov wcnrep r) '^Xevrj kuXt)
oixra, KaXXio) 8e kuI ipacrp^iatTepav^ vir avT^*
TTJV '^v')(r)v (TKeirovaa. eirpe-rre 8e koI ^acriXel
tS> fieydXw ')(^pr](TT^ Kal rjpepq) ovtl kuI tovto
pMTO, Tcov dXXcov dyaOoiv, birocra e<XTlv avT(p,

^ y\ivxris Seager : tux'Js MSS.

* in Lehmann i iitl MSS.
292
 —

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
men and crushing whatever is feebler. That is the
way which the low-minded are affected because
in
of their vulgarity of soul. When, without their
expecting anything of the sort, Fortune suddenly
sets them in a winged, aerial car, they do not bide
contentedly where they are, and do not look beneath
them, but force themselves ever upwards. There-
fore, as in the case of Icarus, their wax quickly
melts, their wings moult, and they bring ridicule
upon themselves by falling head-first into deep waters
and breaking seas. But those who pattern after
Daedalus in the use of their wings and do not rise
too high, knowing that their pinions were made of
wax, but stint their flight as mere mortals should
and are content to be carried above, but only just
above, the waves, so that they keep their wings always
wet and avoid exposing them to sheer sunshine
they wing their passage at once safely and discreetly.
This is what might be most praised in her. Con-
sequently she gets from all the return that she
deserves for all pray that tliese wings may abide
;

with her and that blessings may accrue to her in

still greater fulness.

LYCINUS
So be Polystratus.
it, She deserves it, because it
is not in body alone, like Helen, that she is fair, but

the soul that she harbours therein is still more fair

and lovely. It was in keeping, that ourtoo,
Emperor, kindly and gentle as he along withis,
all the other blessings that he enjoys, should be so

* KuWlwv and ipaa-ftiwrfpa MSS., corrected by du Soul.

* aiiT^ vulg. : avTwv MSS.

293
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
evSai/jLOvrjaai, co? eV avTOv Koi (f)vvai yvvaiKa
Toiavrrjv /cal avvovcrav avrS) iroOeiv ai/rov ov
<yap fxiKpov TOVTO evBaifMovrj/xa, yvvr] Trepl rj<; dv
Tt9 euXoyco'; to 'O/jirjpiKov eKelvo etirot, )(pv(T€Lr]
fiev avTtjv ^A(f)po8ir7] ipi^eiv rb KdWo<;, epja Be
avrfi 'Adrjvairj lao(f}api^€iv, yvvaiKcop yap avvo-
X&)9 ovK dv Tf 9 Trapa^XrjOeir) axnfi " oi) Se/ia?
ouSe <f>vrjv," (prjalv "Op,r]po<i, " ovT ap (f)peva^
ovre ri epya.

nOATSTPATOS
23 ^AXrjdrj <pr)<i, (o AvKivc ware el 8ok€i, avafxi-
^avTe<i ^8rf ra? elKova^;, rjv re av avetrXaaa^ tt)v
Tov aQ)fiaTO<i koI a? iyat rrj^ '\^v)(r)<i iypayfrdfxrjv,
fiiav i^ diraawv avvdevre^; eit ^ ^i^Xiov kutu-
dejxevoi napi'X^ayfiev drraa-i Oavfid^eiv toI<; re vvv
overt Koi Tol<i €V vareprp i(rop,€voi<i. fiovcficoTepa
yovv Tcov 'ATreA-XoO kuI Happaacov koI IloXv-
yvcoTOV yevoLT dv, Kal avrfj eKetvfi irapd ttoXv
rwv ToiovTcov Kexo-picrixevri, oacp firj ^vXov kuI
Krjpov Kal '^pcofMarcov TreiroitjTai, dWd
rat? irapa
Movacov i'TrnrvoLai'i ^ eiKaarai, rjirep aKpi^earaTrj
eiKCDV yivoiT dv a-co/jLaTa KdWa
Kal i/ry^^^
dperrjv dfia i/iKpavi^ovaa.

* els Halm :not in MSS.

^ iviirvolais Jacobs iirivolais MSS.
:

294
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
favoured by Fortune as to have such a woman born
in his time and consort with him and love him. For
that is no trivial favour of Fortune —
a woman about
whom one can quote with propriety the saying of
Homer, that she vies with golden Aphrodite in
beauty and equals Athena herself in accomplish-
ments.^ Among mortal women there is none to
compare with her, "neither in stature nor mould"
(as Homer says), "nor in mind nor in aught that
she doeth."2

POLYSTRATUS
You are right, Lycinus. So, if you are willing,
let us put our portraits together, the statue that
you modelled of her body and the pictures that I
painted of her soul let us blend them all into one,
;

put it down in a book, and give it to all mankind to

admire, not only to those now alive, but to those
that shall live hereafter. It would at least prove
more enduring than the works of Apelles and
Parrhasius and Polygnotus, and far more pleasing
to the lady herself than anything of that kind,
inasmuch as it is not made of wood and wax and
colours but portrayed with inspirations from the
Muses; and this will be found the most accurate
kind of portrait, since it simultaneously discloses
beauty of body and nobility of soul.

' Iliad 9, 389-90. « Iliad 1, 115.

295
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
DEFENDED
Panthea justifies Lucian's commendation of her modesty
by finding his praises too high for her and sending the piece
back to be revised. Lucian could not comply if he would,
for it is already in circulation so he defends it, and incident-
;

ally takes occasion to pay her still higher tribute.

That Panthea really did object may be taken as certain.
If she had not done so, to say that she had, and to compli-
ment her upon it, would have been an unpardonable affront.
Nothing could be neater than the casual way in which he
alludes to the essential fact that the dialogue is already out
(c. 14), and hints that tlie only alternative to a defence of it
is a public recantation (o. 15).

297
 THEP THN EIKONON

nOAT2TPAT02
1 " 'E7C0 aoL, Si At/ACii/6," <f)r]crlv 77 yvv^, " ra fikv
aWa iroWrjv evelBov rr^v evvoLav irpot; ifxe kuI
Ti/XTjv CK Tov avyypd/j,/jbaTO<;' ov yap av ovtco^
vTTepeTT'pvet Tt9, el koX pier evvoia<i (Tvveypa<p€.^
fj,r)

TO Se ip,ov o)? av
Toc6v8e icniv.
€l8fj<i,ovBe
aX,\ft)9 fiev y^aipo) rot? Ko\aKiKol<i tov Tpo-nov,
aWd fioi BoKovatv ol toiovtoi yorjTC^ eJvai Kai
rjKiaTa eXevdepot, ttjv (pvcriv iv 8e toI<; iiracvoi^
fiaXiaTa, orav xt? iiraLvfj /xe (j>opTi,Ka<i Kal inrep-
fi€Tpov<i TTOLOVfieva Ta<i inr€p^o\d<i, epvOpiSi re
Ka\ oXiyov Belv iTTKppdjTop.ai, to. wra Kol to
irpdyfia xXevr) fxdWov rj eTraivw ioiKevai /not
2 Soxei. /i€X/3i yap TOvBe 01 eiraivoL dveKToi, elaiv
et9 0(TOV av 6 iiraivovfievo^ yvcopi^r) e/caaTov twv
\eyo/jL€va)v Tvpoaov iavTW' to Be virkp tovto
dWoTpiov i]Br) Kal KoXaiceia aa(f>'q<;."
" KaiToc TroXXov<;" " olBa ')(aipovTa<i, ec
€(f)7],
Tt9 avTOv^ iiraivoiv Kal a firj e^ovaiv TrpoadiTTOi,
T(p Xoyco, olov el yepovTa^ 6vTa<; evBat,p,ovi^oi
TTj^ aK/jbi]^ Tj dfx,6pcf>oi<i oven, to Nipeco^; koXXo^
rj TO 'Pda)VO<i TrepcdeCij' ocovrai yap vtto twv
itralvoyv dXXayrjaeadat cr<^iai Kal Td<i fiop<f)d<i
Available in photographs : F, N.
^ <Tvviypa<pt vulg. : <rvv*ypd(pero MSS.
298
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE
DEFENDED
POLYSTRATUS
This the lady's reply
is " Lycinus, I have dis-
:

cerned, to be sure, from what you have written that

your friendliness and esteem for me is great, for
nobody would bestow such high praise if he were
not writing in a friendly spirit. But my own atti-
tude, please understand, is this. In general, I do
not care for people whose disposition inclines to
flattery, but consider such persons deceivers and not
at all generous in their natures. Above all, in the
matter of compliments, when anyone in praising me
employs vulgar and immoderate extravagances 1
blush and almost stop my ears, and the thing seems
to me more like abuse than praise. For praise is
endurable only as long as the person who is being
praised recognizes that everything which is said is
appropriate to him. Whatever goes beyond that
is alien, and outright flattery.
" Yet," said she, " I know many who like it if, in
praising them, one bestows upon them qualities
which they do not possess for example, if they are
;

old, congratulates them upon their youthfulness, or

if they are ugly, clothes them in the beauty of a
Nireus or a Phaon. They think that their appear-
ance will be transformed by these compliments, and

299
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kol avTol dvrj^rjaeiv avdi<i, coaTrep 6 UeXias
3 mero. to he oy;^ ourtu? ex^r iroWov lyap av
6TTaLvo<i 7]v TLfxio<;, ct Ti Kol epjov avTov airo-
\avaai hwarov r/v €K t?)? TOiavrr]<; U7r€p0o\r]<;.
vvv he OjMoiov fioL SoKovaiv," e0^?, " Trdcr^eiv,
(ticrrrep dv ei tivi d/jL6p<pfp Trpoawnelov ev^op^ov
eirtdeirj Tf9 (f)ep(OV, 6 Se fieya iirl tm KaWet
Kal ravra Trepiaiperaf ovti koX vtto tov
(f>povou7},
Tv^ovTo^i crvvrpL^rjvaL Bvvafievo), ore Kal yeXoio-
Tfi/oo? av lyipoiTO avro-w pocrwrro^ (f)av€L<;, olo<; oiv
v(f> otft) KeKpvTrro' rj Kal vrj At" e'l ri<; viro-
hr](rdfjievo<i Kodopvov; /ji,iKpo<; avTO<i mv ipl^oi irepl
fjLeyedovi T0t<i diro tov iaoiretov oXw 7r//^et
vTrepe-xovcnv.^^
4 'EfxefivrjTO <ydp koi tolovtov Tiv6<i. e^rj yvvalKa
Tiva Twv eTTtcfiavcav rd p,ev dWa KaXrjv Kal
Koa/jbtov, fMiKpdv 8e Kal iroXif rod (Tvixp,eTpov
drroheovaav, iiraivelcrdat nrpo'i Tiva ttoltjtov ev
acr/xari Td re dWa
Kal on KaXrj re Kal fxeydXr)
rjv alyeipo) S' avTri<i ecKa^ev eKelvo^ to ev/J,r)Ke<;
re Kal opdtov. Trjv fiev 8t) ydvvaOai tS) eiraivoi
KaOdirep av^avofievrjv Trpo? to fX€Xo<? Kal Tr)v
X^^P^ iTrtaeUiv, tov 'jroirjTrjv 8e 7roXXdKi<i to avTo
aSetv opcovTa w? ^Soito iTracvovfxevT], dxpt hrj
TMV napoVTCov Tivd TrpocrKvyfravTa 7rp6<i to ov<;
elirelv avT&, " UeTravao, co ovTO<i, firj Kal dva-
aTrjvai Troirjcrrjf; ttjv yvvaiKa."
5 YiapairXrjaiov he Kal fiaKprn tovtov yeXoioTcpov

^ Lifting and slightly agitating the hand is mentioned in

the Dmible Indictment 28 (iii, p. 139) as one of the milder

forms of applause. Standing up (see below) was the most
emphatic form.
300
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
that tliey will regain their youth afresh, as Pelias
thought to do. That, however, is not the case.
Praise would be highly valuable if it were possible
to derive any actual profit from it through such
extravagant employment. But as it is, those people
in my opinion are in the same case that an ugly
man would be in if someone should officiously put a
handsome mask upon him and he were to pride
himself greatly upon his beauty, regardless of the
fact that it was detachable and could be destroyed
by the first comer, in which event he would look
still more ridiculous when he stood revealed in
his own proper features and showed what ugliness
had been hidden behind that lovely mask. Or it
would be as if someone who was small should put on
the buskins of an actor and try to compete in lieight
with those who, on an even footing, overtop him by
a full cubit."
She mentioned an instance in point. She said
that a woman of conspicuous position, who was
pretty and attractive in every other way, but small,
and far beneath the well-proportioned height, was
being lauded in song by a certain poet, not only
on all other grounds, but because she was fair
and tall he likened her to a black poplar for
;

goodly stature and straightness Well, she was

!

delighted with the compliment, just as if she were

going to grow to match the song, and lifted her
hand in approval. ^ So the poet gave many encores,
seeing that she liked to be praised, until at last one
of the company leaned over to his ear and said
:

"Have done
stand up !
"
with it, man —you might make her

Something similar and much more comical was

301
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ZtTpaT0vi,K7)v -TTOirjcrat ttjv ^eXevKov yvvaiKa.
Tol<i <yap 7roir]Tai<; dycova irpodeivai avrr^v irepl
ToXdvTov, 6(7Ti<i dv dfietvov iiracveaai avrrjf; rrjv
KOfirjv, Katroi (paXuKpa CTvy^^^avev ovaa Kal ovSk
o<Ta<; oXLya<i rd<; kavTrj<i rpi'^^w; e')(pva-a. koX
ofico<; ovTco Ke^aXrjv, dTrdvTaiv
SiaK€ifj,€VT] T-qv
elooTcov OTL eK v6(Tov fjbaKpd<i to tolovtov iire-
TTOvdei, YfKove T(t)P Karapdjayv TroirjTcov vaKLv6iva<i
Ta9 rpt^^a? XeyovTtov Kal ov\ou({ Tivd^
avTrj<;
7r\oKafxov<i dvaifKeKovrcov koX aeKlvoi^ rov<i firjBe
oXfo)? 6vTa<i elKa^ovTwv.
6 'AiravTcov ovv rSiv toiovtcov KureyiXa tmv
-rrapexovTcov avrov<i rol'i KoXa^iv, Kal irpocreTidei
Be OTL ixrj iv eiralvoi'i fiovov, dXXd Kal iv ypa(f)ai<;
ra ofioia ttoXXoI KoXaKevecrOai re koX i^aira-
rdcrdai OeXovai. " X^aipovai youv,'^ ecftrj, " tmv
ypa(f>60i)V €K€LVOC<; jxaXLcna, o'l dv 7rp6<i to ev/xop^o-
repov avTovf elKdaoxriv" eJvai Be Tiva<;, ot Kal
TTpocrrdrTovaiv Toi<i re^vLrai'i rj d(f)eXe2v ri t^9
pivo<i rj fieXdurepa ypd-yjracrdai rd Ofifiara rj o
Ti dv dXXo eTri0ufiij(T(oaiv avrol<i irpoaeivai,
elra Xavddveiv avTov<; aXXorpia^; etKovaf crre-
(f>avovvra<i Kal ovBev avrol'i eoiKvla^.
7 TaOra Be Kal rd roiavra eXeyev, rd p.ev dXXa
eiraivovaa rov avyypdp,pLaTO<i, ev Be rovro ov
(pepovaa, on 6eal<i avTijv, "Hpa Kal ''A.(^poBlrrf,
ecKaaaf " 'Tttc/j Cfxe ydp,^^ (fyrjaLv, " fidXXov Be
virep diraaav rd roiavra.
rrjv dvOpcoTrivrjv <^vcnv
eyoi Be are ovB^ cKeivaTat9 rjpfotvaif;
r)^iovv,
irapaOempelv fie Yl'r}veX6TTr] Kal ^Ap^rij Kal @eavoi,
ov^ OTTO)? 0ea>v ral^ dpiarai'i. Kal ydp av
Kal ToBe, rrrdvv,** €<p7), " rd tt/jo? rov<i 6eov<i
302
 " !

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

done, she said, by Stratonice, the wife of Seleucus,
who set a competition for the poets, with a talent as
the prize, to see which of them could best praise
her hair, in spite of the fact that she was bald and
had not even a paltry few hairs of her own. Never-
theless, with her head in that pitiful state, when
everybody knew that a long illness had affected her
in that way, she listened to those rascally poets while
they called her hair hyacinthine, and platted soft
braids of it, and compared to wild parsley what did
not even exist at all
She made fun of all such people as these, who
surrender themselves to flatterers, and she added,
too, that many wish to be similarly flattered and
cozened in portraits as well as in complimentary
speeches. "In fact," said she, "they delight most
of all in those painters who make the prettiest
pictures of them. And there are some who even
direct the artists to take away a little of the nose,
or paint the eyes blacker, or give them any other
characteristic that they covet and then, in their
;

blissful ignorance, they hang wreaths of flowers

upon portraits of other people, not in the least like
!

themselves
That is about what she had to say she com-
;

mended most of the piece, but could not put up

with one feature of it, that you compared her to
goddesses, to Hera and Aphrodite. "Such praise,"
she said, " is too high for me indeed, too high for
;

human kind. For my part I did not want you to

compare me even to those great ladies, Penelope
and Arete and Theano, let alone the noblest of the
goddesses. Besides, I am very superstitious and

303
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
8et(TiBat.fiov(o<; kuI i/ro^oSe(W9 e%<w. BeSia roivvv
firj Kara ttjv KaaaieTreiav elvai Bo^o) top toiovtov
eiraivov Trpocne/mevr]' KacToi Nr)pr)iaiv eKeivt]
dvTe^rjTa^eTo/'Hpav Se Kal ^A<ppo8i,Tr)v eae^ev."
8 "Qcrre, Si Avfclve, fieTaypdyjrat ere ra roiavra
SKeXevaev, rj avrrj fikv fiaprvpeaOai to.? ^ea? &)?
dKovar)<; avTr]<; <y€ypa(f)a<;, ae 8e elSevat on avidcrei
avTTjV TO ^i^Xlov ovtco TrepivoaTOvv Mcnrep vvv
aoi BtaKeiTai, ov fxdXa eu(je/9w? ovSe 0(7ta)9 to,
Trpo? Tov<; 6eov<i. iSoKCC re dcre^rj/jLa eavTrjif Kal
TrXrj/xfiiXrj/na tovto So^eiv, el vTTOfievoi ttj iv
KvlScp Kal TJ) iv KijTToi^ ofxola \eyea6ai'
Kal ae
virefiLfivrjaKe tcov reXevTaicov iv Ta> ^i^Xlo) irepl
avTr]<i elprj fxevoiv, OTi ficTpiav Kal aTVtpov €(f>r]<i
avTrjV ovK dvaTeLvofievrjv inrep to dvdpwinvov
jxeTpov, dXXa Trpocryeiov ttjv Trrija-iv iroiov/jLevrjv,
6 8e TavTa elvobv virep avrov rov ovpavov dva-
^i^dt^ei,^ TTjv yvvaiKa, ft)9 Kal 6eal<i d-neLKd^eiv.
9 'H^iou he ae firjSe d^vveTWTepav avTrjv r/yei-
aOai rov *AXe^dv8pov, 09 rov dp)(^i,reKrovo<i
viria'xyovfievov rov "A^m oXov p.€raa"^T]/jbaTi,a€iv
Kal fiop(f)(0(T€iv 7rpo9 avTOV, 0)9 to O/009 airav
eiKova yevkadai rov /3ao"tXeco9, e^ovra 8vo iroXei'?
iv ralv 'xepolv, ov iTpoarjKaro rr]v repareiav t^9
VTToa'X^eaecd^, dXX virep avrov r)yrjadp,evo<i ro
roXfirjfj-a efravaev rov dvOpcoirov ov m6av(ii<i
KoXoaa-ovf dvatrXdrrovTa Kal rov "A^o) Kara
'^(opav edv eKeXevaev firjSe KaracrfiiKpvveiv 6po<t

^ The boastful mother of Andromeda, who would have had

to surrender her daughter to the sea-monster except for the

timely intervention of Perseus.

304
 !

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

timorous in all that concerns the gods. Conse-
quently, I am afraid I may be thought to resemble
Cassiopeia^ if 1 accept such praise as yours ; and yet
she, as a matter of fact, compared herself only to
the Nereids and was duly reverential toward Hera
and Aphrodite."
In view of this, Lycinus, she said that you must
rewrite everything of that sort, or else for her part
she calls the goddesses to witness that you wrote it
without her consent, and says you know that the
book will annoy her if it circulates in the form in
which you have now couched it, which is not at all
reverential or pious in its allusions to the gods.
She thought, too, that it would be considered a
sacrilege and a sin on her own part if she should
allow herself to be said to resemble Cnidian Aphro-
dite, and Our Lady in the Gardens. Moreover, she
wanted to remind you of the remark that you made
about her at the end of the book. You said that
she was modest and free from vanity and that she
;

did not try to soar higher than a human being should,

but made her flight close to the earth. Yet the man
who said that sets the woman above the very stars,
even to the point of likening her to goddesses
She did not want you to think her less intelligent
than Alexander. In his case, when the master-
builder undertook to remodel the whole of Athos
and shape it into his likeness, so that the entire
mountain would become the image of the king,
holding a city in either hand, Alexander would not
agree to the monstrous proposal. Thinking the
jM-oject over-bold for him, he stopped the man from
modelling colossi on a scale that transcended con-
vincingness, bidding him to let Athos alone and not

305
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
oi/TO) /icya TToo? aiKpov (Tutaaro^ oaoioTVTa.
CTTrjveL 6e rov AXe^avopov rr]<; fieyaXoYV^^^La'i
Koi dvSptdvra iiei^ay tovtov tou "AOm eXeyev
avTOV avearavai ev rat? rcov aei ixejJLvqao^evwv
8iavoi,ai<;' ov yap fiiKpd<; elvai yvcofi7)<i vTrepiSelv
OVTQ) TrapaSo^ov ri/jbij'i.

10 Kal
€avTr]v ovv to /xev vXaafia aov itratvelv
Kai TTjv eirivoiav TOiv cIkovcov, firj yvcopi^eiv Se
Tqv OfioioTTjTa' fir) yap elvai twv rrfXi/covrcov
a^cav, fiTjSe iyyv<i, on firjZe aXXrjv rtvd, yvvalxd
ye ovaav ware dt^irjai aoi TavTi}v Trjv rifirjv
/cat vpoaKwel aov rd dpx^rvTTa /cat Trapaheiy-
fiara. av 8e Ta dvdpdiTnva ravra cTratVei
avrrjv, firjhe virep rov iroSa ecrrco to virohr^fia,
" fir) Kal €7ri(TT0fiLar) /*€," <f>ij(riv, "i/MTrepnraTovaav
avTa>.^*
11 KdKeivo Se elnretv aoi iveTelXaTo. " 'A/covw,"
e<^r), —
" TToW&v XeyovTcov el Se dXrjde^, vp.el^
oi av8pe<i XcrTe — ixrjh^ ^OXvfiTTLacnv e^elvat, Tol'i
viKMcri t&v ato/bidTcov dveaTavai tov<;
fjLei^ov<i
dvhpidvTa^y dXXd im-ifxeXeladai tou? '¥XXavo-
BiKa<; 07rG)9 fii]8€ eh virep^dXrjTat ttjv aXrjdeiav,
KUL Trjv i^eTacnv tcov dvSpidvTcov uKpi^ecrTepav
yiyveaOai ttji; t&v ddXrjTcov iyKplaeo)^. coaTe
opa, e^t], " fii] aiTLav Xdj3co/jL€v yjrevSeadai ev
T^fieTpm, KaTa rj/jb&v dvaTpe-^^wa-iv oi 'EX,Xa-
loSiKat Trjv eiKova."
12 TavTa fiev eXeyev eKeivq. av Se (TKorrei, «
AvKive, OTTO)? fi€TaK0(T/j,'^aei<; to ^i^Xiov xal
^ Tlie same story is in How to Write History, c. 12, where
also the name of the architect is not mentioned. Plutarch
says it was Btasicrates (Alex. 72 ; Moral, 335 0). In Strabo
306
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
to diminish so great a mountain to similarity with a
tiny body. She praised Alexander for his greatness
of soul, and observed that thereby he had erected a
monument greater than Athos itself in the minds of
those who should think of him ever and anon in
time to come for it took no little determination
;

to contemn so marvellous an honour.^

So it was with her, said she while she com-
;

mended your skill in modelling and the idea of the

portraits, she did not recognize the likeness. She
was not worthy of such compliments, not by a great
deal, nor was any other mere woman. Therefore she
absolves you fiom honouring her thus, and pays her
homage to your patterns and models. You may
praise her in the ordinary, human way, but do not
let the sandal be too large for her foot " it might
;

hamper me," she said, " when I walk about in it."

Furthermore, she enjoined it upon me to tell you
this. " 1 hear many say (whether it is true or not,
you men know) ^ that even at the Olympic games
the victors are not allowed to set up statues greater
than life-size, but the Hellanodicae take care that
not one of them shall exceed the truth, and the
scrutiny of the statues is more strict than the exam-
ination of the athletes. So be on your guard for
fear we incur the imputation of falsifying in the
matter of height, and then the Hellanodicae over-
turn our statue."
That is what she said and now it is for you,
;

Lycinus, to see how you can refurbish the book

14, p. 641, Cheirocrates seems to underlie the various read-

ings. Vitruvius (11, praef.) tells the tale quite differently
and makes Dlnocrates the hero of It.
' Women did not attend the Olympic games.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
a(f)aipi](Tei<; ra roiavra, firjSe acjiaXfjf; tt/jo? to
Oelov a>9 ^Kelvrj irdvv 76 avra iSvcr^^^epaivev
Kai vrre(f>pnT€v ficra^u avayiyvcoaKO/xevcov Koi
Traprjrelro Ta<; 9ea<i iX,e(w? elvai avrfj. kuI
a-vjyv(o/j,r], el jwaiKciov ri eiraOev. Kairot el XPV
ra\ri6e<; elirelv, Koi avrat ifiol tolovtov ri eZo^e}
TO fiev yap irpSiTov clkovwv ovBev 7r\r]/j,/j,e\r]/Ma
iveaypcov^ rot? yey pa/A,fX€voc<;, iirel Be eKeivr} eire-
ar][xr]vaTO, koi avTo<; ap')(piMiL to, ofioia ycyvooaKeiv
Trepi avTOiv, Kai TrapaTfKrjaLov xt eiradov ot? eirX
tS>v opcofievcov 7rda')(^0fiev' rjv fxev irdvv €771^^61/
(jKOTrwfxev tl koI vtto tcov 6cf)0a\/Jia>v avTOiV,
oiihev UKpi^e^i SiayiyvcocrKOfiev, rjv 8e diroaTdvTe^
e/c Tov avfifieTpov Bta(TT7]/j.aT0<; iScofjiev, dvavTa
(Ta(f)(o<; KaTa^aiverat, ra ev /cat to. fjur) outo)?
€XovTa.
13 To Bt) dvdpcoirov ovaav ^ A(f)poBiTTi koI "Hpa
elKdcrai tL dXKo rj dvTiKpv<i icTTiv evreXi^eiv to,^
0€d<i ; ev yap T0t9 toiovtoi<; ov^ ovtco to fxiKpov
fiei^ov ylyveTat Trj irapaOecrei, to? to fxelJ^ov diro-
/jLi/cpvveTaL TT/oo? TO TaireivoTepov KaTaa-TTMfievov
olov ei Tive<i dfia ^aBl^oiev, 6 p,ev ^eyL<TTO<i, 6
Be Trdvv Trj rjXiKLa xap,aL^r]\o<;, eiTu Bojcreiev
diriacoaai avTov^o)? ^r] v'rrepe')(eiv duTepov tov
erepov, ov tov jSpw^^VTepov virepavaTeivofievov
TovTO yevoLT dv, kcLv oti fidXiara aKpoTroBrjTi
eTreyetpr)eavTov aXX' el fieWovaiv ofirjX.LKe'i
^aveladai, 6 fxel^cov eKelva eTriKvy^ei kuI Tarrei-
voTcpov diro^avel eavTov. Q)aavTa)<i Be kuI ev
ratv T0iavTai<i etKocnv ov')(^ ovtoo^ dvOpanro^

^ iSo^t Seager : tlireiy HSo^e MSS.

308
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
and do away with everything of that sort ; do not
offend against Heaven ! Really, she took it very
ill, shuddered as it was read, and besought the
goddesses to be merciful to her. It is excusable,
too, that she should feel as a woman naturally
would. Indeed, if the truth must out, I myself
had somewhat the same opinion. To be sure, when
I heard it first I did not see a single fault in what
you had written, but now that she has pointed them
out, I myself begin to think as she does about it.
My experience in this matter has been just about
like that of us all when we look at things. If we
see them too close, under our very eyes, we can
distinguish nothing accurately, but if we stand off
and look at them from the right distance, all the
points come out clearly, those that are good and
also those that are not.
Truly, to liken a female human being to Aphro-
dite and to Hera, what else is it but outright
cheapening of the goddesses ? In such matters the
less is not made greater by the comparison, but
rather the greater is lessened by being dragged
down to the lower level. If two people were walk-
ing together, one of whom was very tall and the
other quite humble in stature, and it should be
needful to equalize them so that the one would not
tower above the other, this could not be accomplished
by the shorter through stretching himself, however
much he were to raise himself on tiptoe. No, if
they are to look alike in size, the latter will stoop
and make himself appear shorter. Just so in such
comparisons ; it is not so true that a man becomes

* Text Guyet : iir\rififi4\T}<ra ivopiy MSS.

 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
/xei^covjLyveTUi, rjv rt? avrov 6ea> aTreiKd^rj, w?
TO avdjKr) eXaTTOvadai 7rpo<; to ivheov
delov
iwiKXcofievov. koI yap el fiev vtto diropla^ roiv
iircyeicov iirl ra ovpdvia eKreivoL ri'i top Xoyov,
rjTTOv av 6 ToiovTO^ atTiav e^oi vtto dcre^eia^
avTO Bpdv (TV he TocravTa ex^^v KdWr) yvvacKwu
'A0po5iT/7 Kal "Upa eiKda-av avTrjv eToX/xrja-a^
ovSep Seov.
14 "riaTe TO dyav tovto koI e7ri,<fidovov d^aipec,
5) AvKtve. ov yap Trpb<; tov aov TpoTTov to
ToiovTov, 09 ovBe aX,Xft)9 pdSio'i irpbt tov<; iirai-
vov<i KaX Trp6j(^eipo<i ojv eTvy')(ave<i' vvv ovk dWd
olS" OTTft)? ddpoav TreTToirjo-ai Trjv fieTafioXrjv
eTTLha^LXevofievo^ KaX ex tov rew? ^eLhop,evov
d<TC0T0<i ev toI<; eiraivoi'i dpa7re(fir]pa<i. dWd p^rjBe
ixeivo ala'X^vpdrj'i, p.eTappv6 p,Lel<i top \6yop
el
r]8r] htahehop^epop' eVel Kal ^eiSlap (fiaalp ovtw
TTOiTJaac, oTTOTe i^eipydaaTO Tot'i 'HXetot? tov
Ata. cTTaPTa yap avTOP KaToirip t5)p Ovpwp,
OTTOTe TO TTpwTop dpaTreTd(Ta<i eTreheiKPvep to
epyop, eiraKOvetp toop aiTKOfMevcop ti rj ivai-
povPTcop' yTiaTO he o p,ep ttjp pipa w? Tra^eZar,
6 he ft)9 €7rifi7}Ke(TTepop to TTpoacoTTOP, 6 he a\Xo9
dXko TL. eiT eTTeihr} dTTTjWdyrjcrap oi deaTai,
av6t<; TOP ^eihlap iyK\€iadp,ei'op eavTop eVa-
popOovp Kal pvdfiL^eiP to dya\pa Trpo<i to T0t9
7rA,€t(rTot9 hoKoiiP' ov yap rjyecTO [XLKpdp elpai
avfjL^ovXrjP hrjp,ov ToarovTov, aW' del dpayKalop
VTrdpx^iP ^ Tov<i TToWov<i TTepiTTOTcpop opdp TOV
epo^, Kap ^€iht,a<i p.^

^ viripx*ty vulg. : virdpxti MSS.

a
f Jacobs : Hv MSS.
310
 ^

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

'greater ifhe is likened to a god, as that the divine
is inevitably minimized by being forced down to
match what is defective. If it were for lack of
earthly objects of comparison that one let one's
speech range to those in Heaven, one would be less
open to the charge of acting impiously therein.
But in your case, though you had so many examples
of fair women at command, you made bold to liken
her to Aphrodite and Hera without any need.
Do away, then, with all this that is excessive and
invidious, Lycinus —
that sort of thing is not in
keeping with your character, for you have not as a
rule been ready and quick to praise. Now, how-
ever, you have somehow changed all at once and
are lavish with it ; you who were so niggardly before
have become a spendthrift in compliments Do not
!

be ashamed, either, to reshape the essay after it has

been put into circulation. Even Phidias, they say,
did that when he made the Zeus for the people of
Elis ^ !He stood behind the door when he first
unveiled and exhibited his work, and listened to
those who criticized or commended any part. One
would criticize the nose as too thick, another the
face as too long, and so it went. Then, when the
spectators had left, Phidias locked himself up once
more, and corrected and reshaped the statue to suit
the opinion of the majority for he did not think
;

that the advice of so many folk was trivial, but that

always of necessity the many could see better than
the one, even if that one were Phidias.
^ The chryselephantine statue at Olympia.
' The story, which is patently apocryphal, occurs nowhere
else. Lucian may have heard it from a guide at Olympia.
For a similar story regarding Apelles, see Pliny, Nat. Hist.
35, 84-85.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Tavrd aoi 'rrap €«6tVr/9 ko/xl^q) koI avT6<;
TTapaivo) eTatp6<i re Kal euvov<i wv.

ATKIN02
15 TLoXvarpare, olo<i wv pijTcop iX€\7]dei<i p,€.
prjaiv yovv ovto) fiUKpav Kal KaTr)<yopiav ro-
aavrrjv^ i^evrjvoxa'^ Kara rov (Tvyypd/jLfiaTO^,
ware /nrjBe eX-TTiSa fioi diroXo'yia^ en Kara-
Xenreadai. irXrjv dWd CKelvo ye ov Sikucttikcv
iiroDJaaTe, koI fiaXKna <jv, eprjixrjv KarahiaLTrjaaf;
rov /3i^\lov fXT) 7rap6vro<i avrq> rov avvqyopov.
paarov he, rovro icrriv Karh rr)v irapot,-
oifiai,
fitav, deovra Kparelv. ware ovBev 6av-
fiovov
fiaarov, el Kal r)fiei<; eaXoapuev ovre vharo<i r}fuv
€K')(y6evro^ ovre d7To\oyla<; dirohoOeiari'i. fxaWov
Be rovro rravrcov drorroorarov, ol avrol Karrjyopoi
KaX BiKaaral r/rc.
Horepa S' ouv i$i\ei<; ; dya'mfjaa'i rot? iyvco-
a/jLeuoi<; riav)(Lav dyco, rj Kara rov 'l/xepalov
TTotrjrrjV rrdKLVcphiav rivd avyypdcfxo, r) Scoaere
fioi i^eaifiov dywviaaadai rrjv BiKijp ;

nOAT2TPAT02
N^ At', ijvTrep e')(rj<i ov yap
ri hiKaiov elirelv
ev dvrihiK0t<i, a)9 av dX}C ev ^i\oi<; rroirjari
(f>i]<;,

rrjv diroXoyiav. eyco 8e xal avve^erd^eaOai aoi

eroifio^i irrl t?)9 BbKrj<;.

* Toaavrriv vulg. : ravTrjv MSS.

^ Stesichoru8, who after having maligned Helen, recanted

in a palinode (the first),saying that Helen never went to

312
 ! ;

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

That is what she told me to tell you, and what I

myself recommend as your friend and well-wisher.

Poly stratus, what an orator you have been all

along without my knowing it !You have delivered
such a long speech and such a weighty indictment
of my essay that you have not left me even a hope
of defence now. But see here you have not dealt
!

fairly, the two of you, and especially you, in that

you have condemned the book without a hearing,
since its counsel was not in court. It is easy, I
take it, to win if you run alone, as the saying goes.
So it is no wonder that I was defeated when no
water was measured out for me and no chance to
defend myself offered. —
Indeed and this is the
—
most extraordinary part of it all you were judges
as well as plaintiffs
Well, what is your, wish ? Shall I rest content
with the decision and hold my peace ? Or, like the
poet of Himera,! shall I compose a palinode? Or
will you give me an opportunity to plead my case on
appeal }

POLYSTRATUS
Yes, indeed, if you have any just plea to offer
for it is not among opponents in court, as you say,
but among friends that you will make your defence.
For my part, I am even ready to associate myself
with you as joint defendant in the case.

Troy it was but a wraith

: ! Fable said that he recanted
because Helen had struck him blind, and that afterwards he
recovered his eyesight.

VOL. IV. L
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ATKIN02
16 AWa eKelvo aviapov, S) TioXvarpare, oti firj
eKeiV7]<; irapovarj^; Trotrjcrofjiai Toi/9 X6yov<;' jxaKpw
yap av outq)<; a/neivov rjv, vvv he civdy/cr] air
ivToXr)<; airoXoyrjaaa-dav. (OOC eX /xoi roiovro<;
dyy€Xia(f)6po<} yevoio 7rp6<; avrrjv olo^ Trap' iKeCvr}^;
irpo'i fie yeyepr)(rai, ToX/jirja-a) dvappl-yjrai tov
Kvfiov.
nOAT5TPAT02
%dppei, S) tovtov ye eveKa, (i? ov
AvKive,
(fiavXov fjbe viroKpiTrju e^wv Trj<i diroXoyla^, nrei-
p(t)fievo<; Sid /3/ja%e&)i^ elrrelv, to? dv fidXXov
fivrjfiovevaai/xi.

ATKIN02
K.al fi'qv irdvv fiev eSei fjuoi fxaKp&v r&p Xoywv
Trpo'i ovTco atpoBpdv Karrjyopiav.
ttjv 6p.ai<i he
aov eveKa eTriTe/xovfiai rrjv diroXoyiav. /cal Trap'
ifxov roLvvv rdBe avrfj dirdyyeXXe.

nOAT2TPAT05
M.r)hafjbSi<;, w dXX! wairep
A.VKive, avTrj<i €K€ivt]<;
7rapov(Tr)<i Xeye rov Xoyov, elr iyo) fiifi-qaofiai ae
7r/309 avTrfv.
ATKIN05
OvKovv eTreihrjirep ovtco ctol SokcI, & IIoX,u-
(rrpare, t] jxev irdpea-ri koX irpoelp-qKe hrfkahr]
eKelva o7ro<ra av Trap" avTr]<i dirrjyyei.Xa'i, ^/j,d<; Se
XPV ''wt' hevrepcov Xoywv evdp)(^eadai. kuItoi, —
oif yap 6kvi](to) irpo'i (re eiiTelv o ireirovOa —ovk
The phrase air' ivroXris means "by direction." Strictly
speaking, it is appropriate only to the action of an agent,

3M
 —

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

But it is annoying, Polystratus, that she will not

be present when I make my speech. It would be
far better if she were. As it stands, I must plead
by proxy. ^ But if you are going to be as faithful in
carrying my message to her as you have been in
carrying hers to me, I shall make bold to cast
the die.
POLYSTRATUS
Never Lycinus, as far as that goes
fear, I shan't !

be at all bad, you will find, at delivering your plea,

if only you try to speak briefly, so that I may be
better able to fix it all in memory.

LYCINUS
But I really needed to speak at length
in answer-
ing so forcible an accusation. Nevertheless, for
your sake I shall cut my plea short. Take, then,
this message from me to her

POLYSTRATUS
No, no, Lycinus! Make your speech just as if
she herself were present, and then I will do her an
imitation of you.
LYCINUS
Well then, since that is the way you want it,
Polystratus, she here and as the first speaker,
is

of course, has said all that you reported as her

messenger and now it is for me to begin my
;

answer. —
However for I shall not hesitate to tell
you the state of my feelings somehow or other —
but here it is tiansferred to that of the principal. Compare
Aristides, vol. ii, p. 224-5 Dindorf, rck Si irXero-ro i^ iyroXrjs
Ttf fia<ri\f7 KaTfipyi^tro.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
o28' OTTCt)? (po^epanepov p,oi ro irpdyixa Tr€iroiriKa<i,
Kol ct)<? 6pa<i IBpo) T6 i]8r) koX BeSoi/ca koX pjovovov^i
Koi opau avTrjv olopLUL, kuI to irpdy/xa TToTCkrjv
fxot rrjp rapaxv^ ep.TreTTol'qKev. dp^ofiai S' o/xcof
ov yap olov re dvaBvvat ijSrf 7rapovar)<i.

nOAT5TPAT02
Kal vr)Ata ttoWtjp tt]v €v/j,€V€iav eiTKJiaivei
T(p 7rpO(Tco7ra)' (paiBpd ykp a)? 6pS,<i kcu irpocqvri^.
axTTG dappoiv Xeye rov Xoyov.

ATKIN02
17 'E7&) ere, w yvvaiKcov dpicmr}, fieyaXa, eb? (f)'>)<i,
Kol irepa rov fxerpov iTraivi(Ta<i ov^ 6p5) 6 ri
rrjXiKovTOV eTrry^ecra, rjXLKOv avrr) av rovTO
iyK(i>p,iov virep creavTrj^; i^evrjvo')^a<i rriv 7r/)09 to
delov rtfjbr)p ev jneydXo) riOefiipr). a^^eSov yap
aTTavToov tovto fiet^ov tav eiprjKa irepi crov, kuI
crvyyvcofiT], el fir) koI ravrrjv aoi 7rp0(reypa'\fra
T^v ecKova utt' dyvoLa<i fie SiaXadovaav ov yap
dv dXXrjv irpo avTi]<i eypayjrdfirjv. ware ravTrj ye
ovx OTTO)? virep^dXXeadai tov<; i7raLvov<i, dXXd
TToXv KaraBeeoTepov fioi Sokco t?}? d^ia<; elpij-
K€vac. aKOTrei yovv rjXiKov tovto irapeXiTrov,
C09 TrafifieyeOa et? eirihet^iv Tpoirov )(^pr)aTov xal
yv(Ofir}<; opdrj'i' w? oaoi, to delov firj ev irapepyto
ae^ovaiv, ovtoi koX to, tt/Oo? dvdpcoTrov^ dpiaToc
av elev. waTe el Trai/rw? fieTaKoafirjaai Seoi tov
Xoyov Kal to dyaXfia eTravopdcoaaa-Oai, d(f>€Xelv
fiev ovK dv TL ToXfirjaatfiL avTOv, Trpocrdrjaco 8e
Kal TOVTO ft)? Tiva Ke(f)aXr)v tov navTO'i epyov KaX
Kopv<f)rjv.

316
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
you have made the thing more terrifying to me.
As you see, I am even now in a sweat and a tremble
and almost think I really see her, and the affair has
begotten great turmoil within me. But I will begin,
anyhow, for it isn't possible to withdraw, with her
already here.
POLYSTRATUS
Yes, and she shows great friendliness in her ex-
pression, for she is radiant, as you see, and gracious.
So get on with your speech boldly.

LYCINUS
Noblest of women, it is true I praised you, as you
say, highly and immoderately ; but I do not see
what commendation I bestowed as great as the
encomium which you have pronounced upon your-
self in extolling your reverence for the gods.
Really, this is more than all that I said about you,
and you must forgive me that I did not add this trait
to your likeness it escaped me because I did not
;

know about it, for there is no other which I should

have preferred to represent. So in that particular
at least I not only did not go beyond bounds, it
seems to me, with my praises, but actually said far
less than I should. Think what an important point
I omitted there — how very significant as evidence of
sterling character and sound judgement ! For those
who assiduously reverence what pertains to the gods
will surely be above reproach in their relations with
mankind. So if the speech absolutely must be
revised and the portrait corrected, I should not
venture to take a single thing away from it, but
will add this detail to cap, as it were, and crown
the complete work.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KaX irdvv TToWrjv aoi elhivai
'Ett' iKCLvu)^ fxevToc
rrjv %a/3ti' cfiov yap etraLveaavTO^ to
ofioXoyS)'
fierpiov Tov aov Tpoirov Kol OTt /nrjSev vTrepirere^
/jLT}Be rv(f)ov fxearop iveTroirjcre aoi 6 Trapatv oyKo^

Tcop TTpayfJudroov, <xv to, roiavra aircaaafievr} rov

\6yov iTTiCTTcocra) rov iiraivov rrjv dXijOeiav to
yap fxr) TrpoapTrd^eiv ra roiaina roiv iyKcofilcov,
aX.V alSetadai iir avrol<i kuI p^ec^co rj Kara ere

elvai \iyeiv, fierpia<i Kal 87)p,OTiKrjs TLVO<i Siavola^

Setypd icrriv. TrXrjv dXKa bcrfoirep av Trpof to
iTTaLveladat avTo ovrw SiaKeip,evr} Tvyxdvjj^, to-
(TovTW d^LWTepav vTrepeiraiveiadai, dTro(f>aiv€i<;
(T€avT7]v, Kal (T^eBov eh tov tov Aioyevov^ \6yov
irepieKrfKvdev aoi to irpaypn, 09 ipop-evov Tivof
oirax; dv rt? evho^o^ ykvoiTO, " El 86^r)<{" €<f>T],
" KaTa(f)povi](X€i€.^^ (f>aLr]v yap av Kal avT6<;,
€i Tt9 epoiTO fjbe, " Tive<i elcrlv p,d\iaTa iiraivov
d^iOL ; " "'OTToaoi iiraiveiadai, p,r) OeXovaiv."
18 'A\Xa TavTa p,ev taw^; i^aycovia Kal iroppu)
TOV TrpdyfjuiTO^. virep he ov XRV diroXoyrjaaadai,
TOVTO i<TTlV, OTt TT) iv K.vl8^ Kul TTf iv Kl]TrOl<i
Kal "Hpa Kal ^Adrjva ttjv fiopcfirjv dvairXdTTOjv
etKaaU' TUVTd aot eKp,eTpa eSo^ev Kal virep tov
•noha. irepl avTOiv Brj tovtcov ipS).
KatTot 7raXaio<; outo<? \0709, dvev6vvov<i eivai
iroirjTa'i koX ypa<f)ia^, tov<; 8e i7raivovvTa<; Kal
fidXXov, olfiai, el Kal X^/^'^'' ^"-^V^t
'^^'' wairep
"qfielfi, dXXd p,r) iirl p,iTp(ov (fiipoLvro. iXevOepov
ydp Ti 6 €7raivo<i, ouS' eaTiv avTOv p,€Tpov «?

^ ixelfiif Fritzsche : iKtivay MSS.

318
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
There is one thing, however, for which I admit
that I am very grateful to you. After I had praised
the reasonableness of your character and the fact
that the present exalted state of your fortunes has
not engendered in you any arrogance or pride, you
confirmed the truth of my praise by censuring what
you did censure in my speech. Not to catch
greedily at such praise, but to blush for it and say
that it is too high for you betokens a reasonable and
unassuming disposition. But the more you manifest
that attitude toward praise itself, the more worthy
of extravagant praise you prove yourself! Really
the thing, despite you, has come to a pass where
the remark of Diogenes applies. When he was
asked how one could become famous, he answered :

" If he were to scorn fame " If I myself should

!

be asked " Who are most worthy of praise ? " I

:

should answer: "Those who are unwilling to be

"
praised !

But no doubt, is apart from the issue and

all this,
has nothing to do with the case ; and the charge to
which 1 must answer is that in making my sketch of
you I likened you in beauty to Cnidian Aphrodite
and Our Lady in the Gardens and Hera and Athena.
That seemed to you extravagant and presumptuous.
I shall address myself precisely to that point.
It is an ancient saying, however, that poets and
painters are not to be held accountable ^ still less,
;

I think, eulogists, even if they fare humbly afoot

like me, instead of being borne on the wings of
song. For praise is an unshackled thing, and has
^
Pictoribus atque poet is
Quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa potestas.
Horace, Ars Poet. 9 sq.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fi€y€Oo<; rj ^pa'x^vTqra vevofioOeTnjfjLevov, dWA
TovTO fiovov i^ airavTOf; opa oirw^i virepdavpud-
aerai kuc ^rjXcoTov dirocfyavei rov iiraivovixevov,
ov p,r)v TavTTjv iyoo ^aSiovfiai, fir) kuI (toI Bo^o)
VTT diTopia'i avTo Spdv.
19 ^KkcIvo Be ye^ (firj/jLi, roiavra^ rjp,iv Ta9 d(f)opp,d^
Twv iiraiveTiKCOv tovtcov \6ycov elvai,^ 6i}<i ypv tov
eiraivovvra Kat, etKoai kuc ofioicocreai irpo(T')(^pr]-
aOai, Kal a')(ehov iv tovto) to pAyicnov iariv ev
evKaa-ai' to Be ev wSe p,d\i(TT dv ^ Kpivoiro, ovk
rjv Tt<i T0t9 6fiOLoi<i irapa^dWr} ovB^ rjv tt/oo? to

vTroBeearepop Troirjrai, rrjv irapdOecnv, o-XV rjv

Trpo<i TO v'TT€pej(pv &)<? olov re irpoa^i^dt^r) to
eTraivovfJievov.
Olov el Ti<i Kvva iiraivwv eiTroi a\co7re«o9 elvat
fiei^coavTov ^ alXovpov, dpd aoi BoKei 6 tocovto<;
etraiveiv elBevai ; ovk dv eiTroi<;. dWd firjv ovB'
el \vK(p ^airj 'taov avrov V7rdp')(^€iv, ovBe ouTtw?
/jL€ya\(0(TTl eTTrjveaev. dWd ttov to XBlov rov
iiraivov dirOTeXelrai ; rjv 6 kvcov tco Xeovri ioi-
Kevai Xiyr^rai xal fieye6o<i koX dXKijv. to? o tov
Kvva erraivwv etfirj 7roirjTrj<; XeovToBdfiav
^D.pia)vo<i
avTov ovro<i yap Brj kvvo^ ivreXr)^ erraivo^.
Kal irdXiv et ti<; MiXcova rov €k K.p6ra)vo<; rj
TXavKov rov eK K.apv(Trov rj UoXvBd/xavra eirai-
vea-aideXcov CTretra Xeyoi ia'xyporepov cKacrrov
avr&v yvvai,KO<t yeveaOat, ovk dv ol'et, yeXaadrjvai
avrov iirX rfj dvoia rov etraivov ; oirov ye Kal el

^ yt Gesner a 4 MSS., (roi vulg.

:

' flvai f, edd. not in MSS.

:

' fiiKia-r' hv Jacobs /xdKiora MSS.

:

320
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
no whether upper or lower, prescribed for it.
limit,
The only object that it ever has in view is to excite
high admiration and to make its subject enviable.
Nevertheless, I shall not take this course, for fear
you may think that I do so for want of a better.
This, however, I do say ; the conditions that
govern us in these laudatory writings are such that
the eulogist must employ comparisons and similes,
and really the most important part of it is to make
successful comparisons. And success would be most
likely to be held attained, not if a man compares
like to like, or if he makes his comparison with
something that is inferior, but if he approximates, in
so far as he may, what he is praising to something
that surpasses it.

For example, if in praising a dog someone were

to say that it was larger than a fox or a cat, does
it seem to you that he knows how to praise ? You
will not say so But even if he should say it was as
!

large as a wolf, he has not praised it generously.

Well, at what point will the special end of praise
be achieved When the dog is said to resemble
.''

a lion in size and in strength. So the poet who

praised Orion's dog ^ called him " lion-daunting."
That, of course, in the case of a dog is perfect
praise.
Again, if someone who wished to praise Milo of
Croton or Glaucus of Carystus or Polydamas ^ should
say of any one of them that he was stronger than
a woman, do not you suppose that he would be
laughed at for the senselessness of his praise ?

^ Pindar, frag. 74 a (Schroeder),

2 Famous boxers ;see the Index.
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

evo9 dv8po<; eXeyev afielvo) elvai avrov, ovSe tovto
a7re)(^pr]aevav el<i eiraivov. aXXa 7rct)<; iirrjveae
iroirjTTj^i evhoKifxo^ rov FXavKov, *
ovSe HoXvSev-
/C609 ^iav avareivaadat av avrm ivavrla^i
(f>i]aa<i
Tct? ')(^€ipa<; ' ovBe acSdpeov ^AXKfxdva<; reKos '

opa? OTTOLOL^ avjov deoL<; ec/cacre' p,d\\ov he koI

avTOiv eKsivcov dficLvo) dir44>aLvev. koX ovre avTo<;
TXavKO<; rj'yavdKTrjcrev toi<; i<^6poL<i tmv ddXrjTtav
deol^ dvr€7rai,vov/j,evo<;, ovre eKelvoi r]ixvvavTO rj

rbv TXavKOv rj top Trotrjrrjv (09 dae/BovvTa irepX

Tov eiraivov, dXXd evhoKifiovv d/x(f)(o koX irLfxSivro
viro T(ov 'EXX7]V(ov, 6 fxev iirl ttj aXxfj, 6 TXavKo<;,
8e iroirjTT}^ €7rt re TOt<; aX\oc<i koI eTr'' avro)
rovT<p fidXia-Ta rm aa[xaTL.
M77 hr] Kal avTO'i eiKdcrai. ^ov-
Oavfidarji; ei
Xofxevo^, orrep eiraivovvTi
rjv r(p dvajKotov,
vyfrrjXoTeprp e^prjcrdfirjv r^ TrapaBelyfiaTi, tovto
v7ro^aX6vTO<i rod Xoyov.
20 'ETrei Se koI KoXaKeia<i eTre/jbvtjaOrjf;, otc fiev
Kat (TV /it(Tet9 T0U9 KoXaKiKov<i, eiraivM jxkv ere,
Kcu ovK exPV^ dXXa)<;. ideXco Si act 8ia/cptvat
Kal hioplaai to re tov i7raivovvTo<; epyov Kal tijv
tov KoXaKO^i VTT6p^0\rjV.
O ixev ovv KoXa^ are t^9 %/96ia9 evcKa Trj<i eav-
Tov eiratvcov, dXr}6eia<i he oXiyijv iroLovpievo^ tt)V
TTpovoiav, diravTa virepeTraivelv oierai helv, iiri-
y\revh6p,evo<iKal Trpoa-Ttdeh Trap' avTOv to, irXeiay,
ft)9 fir) av tov SepcrLTrjv €VfjLop(f)6T€pov
oKvrjorai Kal
dnocfirjvai rod ^A'^iXXeco^ Kal tov NeaTopa <^dvat
tS>v iirl "IXiov a-TpaTevadvTcov tov vediTaTov elvai.

^ Simonides : Bergk, frag. 8.

322
 !

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

Indeed, if it had been said that he was better than
any single man, that would not have sufficed for
praise. Come, how did a famous poet^ praise Glaucus
when he said " Not even mighty Poly deuces " could
:

have held up his hands against that man, "nor yet

the iron-hard son of Alcmene " You see what gods
!

—
he likened him to nay, actually avouched him
better than those gods themselves And it cannot
!

be said either that Glaucus became indignant when

he was praised in opposition to the gods who are
the overseers of athletes, or that they punished
either Glaucus or the poet as guilty of sacrilege
in the matter of that praise. On the contrary, both
enjoyed good fame and were honoured by the
Greeks, Glaucus for his strength and the poet
especially for this very song
Do not wonder then, that I myself, desiring to
make comparisons, as one who sought to praise
was bound to do, used an exalted counterfoil, since
my theme demanded it.

Since you mentioned flattery, let me say that I

praise you for hating flatterers I would not have
;

it otherwise. But I wish to make a distinction and

a difference for you between the achievement of
one who praises, and its exaggeration on the part of
one who flatters.
The he praises for a selfish reason
flatterer, since
and has regard for truth, thinks that he must
little
praise everything to excess, telling falsehoods and
contributing a great deal on his own account, so
that he would not hesitate to declare Thersites had
a better figure than Achilles, and that of all who
took part in the expedition against Troy, Nestor
was the youngest he would take his oath upon
;

323
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
otOfiocraiTO S'av koX tov K.poicrov vlov o^utjko-
corepov rov MeXd/x7ro8o<; koI top ^ivea
elvai
o^vTcpov SeBopKevuL rov Auy/cetw?, Tjvjrep fiovov
Kepoavai tl eXiriar) iirl rS) yp^eva-fiari. 6 8e ye
avTo TOVTO eiraLvoiv ovy OTrtw? oi;5' av xfrevcraiTo
Tt 7} irpoadei/q tmv /jiijoe oXoi<; irpoaovTOiv, ra S'
v'rrdp-)(pvTa avTw (fivaei dyad a, kuv /mtj irdvv
fieydXa rj, 7rapaXa$oDv i-mjv^rjae Kal /Mel^co dire-
^7}ve' Kal roXfJLrjaeiev av elTrelv, ittttov iiraiveaai
OeKwv, cfivaec Kov<pov wv tafiev ^mcov xal SpofiiKov,
on
"AKpov 67r' dvdepLKWv KapiTov deev ovSe KarexXa.

Kal irdXiv ovK av OKvrjaeiev (pdvai " deXXoiroBwv

Bpo/xov Ittttcov." Kal qv OLKiav iiraivy KaXrjv
Kai apiara KareaKevacTfievrjv, ecTTOi av

Zr)v6<i trov TOirjhe y ^OXv/jlttiov evhoOev avXrj.

6 Be KoXa^ TOVTO to eirci Kav irepl t^? crv^coTov

KaXvj3T]<i ecTTOi, el fiovov tc irapd tov av^oiTov
Xa^eiv iXTrlaetev ottov K-vvaiOo^ 6 Ar)p,rjTpi,ov
TOV YIoXiopKTjTOv KoXa^ dirdvTwv avTco twv
7rpo<; Tr]v KoXaKetav KaTavaXo) fiivcov eirrfvet vtto
/577%o9 evoxXovfievov tov Ar}fii]Tpiov, oti e'/ti/ieXai?
expe/jiTTTeTo.

^ The son of Croesus was a deaf-mute (Herod.

1, 34 and
86) ;Melampus the seer could hear worms in the roof talking
to each other (ApoUodorus 1, 9, 12).
* Phineus was blind ; Lynceus could see what was under-

ground (Apoll. 3, 10, 3).

' Iliad 20, 227, of the horses of Erichthonius, sired by
Boreas. .

324
 ;
!

ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED

it that the son of Croesus had sharper ears than
Melampus,^ and Phineus sharper sight than Lyn-
ceus,2 if only he hoped to gain something by the lie.
But the other, in praising the selfsame object,
instead of telling any lie or adding any quality
that did not belong to it, would take the good
points that it had by nature, even if they were
not very great, and would amplify them and make
them greater. He would venture to say, when he
wished to praise a horse, which is the lightest of
foot and the best runner of all the animals that
we know.
"Over the top of the flowers he ran without
bending them downward."^

And again he would not hesitate to speak of ''the

swiftness of wind-footed horses."^ And if he were
to praise a house that was beautiful and handsomely
furnished, he would say :

" Surely like this, inside, is the palace of Zeus on

Olympus." ^

The flatterer, however, would express himself in

that way even about the swineherd's hut, if only
he hoped to get something from the swineherd
Take Cynaethus, the toady of Demetrius Poliorcetes
when he had used up all his means of flattery, he
praised Demetrius, who was troubled with a cough,
because he cleared his throat melodiously !

* Source unknown, if Sp6/j.ov is part of the quotation. But

for "wind-footed horses," see Hymn to Venus 217, Pindar,
frag. 221.
' Odyssey 4, 74, said by Telemachus to his friend, admiring

the palace of Menelaus.

 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
21 Ov fMovov Se TOVTO 6Karepov avrcov yvcopiafid
iariv, TO rov<i /xev Ko\aKa<i ovk OKvelv koX yjrevBe-
crdat,rov ')(^api(Taa6ai eveKa rot? e7raivov/xevoi<;,
e^aipeiv he toi/? iiraivovvTa'i ra vTrdpy^ovra Trei-
pdaOar dWd
KaKeivw ou fiiKpo) SiaXXdrTOvaiv,
OTL OL KoXaKe^, i(f)^ oaov olov re avrol^,
fiev
Xpoiyvrai, Tai<; v7r€p^oXal<;, ol iTraivovvra Be Kai
ev avTal<i raviai^ cr(0(f)povovai,v Kal et'To? roov
opwv fievovaiu.
Tavra coi diro iroWoiv oXvya KoXaKeia<i koI
iiraivov dXijdou^ SeijiJ-ara, ax; fir) irdvra^ vtto-

TTTeucr?;? roi/f iiraivovi'Ta^;, dXXd 8taKpivT)<i /cal

7rapa/j,eTpfj<; tm ol/ceim pArpw CKdrepov.
22 Oe/)' ovv, el SoKel, irpoaaye rot? utt' i/xov
elprip,evoi<i Tov'i Kavova^ dfjL^orepov;, oo<t fidOr)^
elre rovr^ etr eKeivw io'iKacnv. eyoi yap el [xev
Tiva a/j,op(f)ov oixrav ecfyrjv Ta> ev Ki^tSa) dydXfiarc
ojxoiav, y6r]<i av Kal rov Kvvaidov KoXaKiK(t)repo<i
6vT(o<i vofii^oLfiriv el Se roLavrrjv VTrdp^^ovaav
oiav '7rdvre<i 'icraa-iv, ov Trdvv eK iroXXov hiaaTrj-
fiaTO<i rjv TO ToXfirj/bia.
23 Ta;^' av o^v^ /xdXXov Be ijBr) etprjKa^,
(f>at,7]<;,
" eiraivelv fiev act KdXXa ec^eiadw dveirl-
el<{ to
(feOovov fievTOi TTOirjaacrdai, tov eiraivov i'x^ptjv,
dXXa fjbrj 6eal<; direiKd^etv dvd pwirov ovcrav."
eyoi Be —
'^Brj yap fxe irpod^eTai TaXrjOe'i elirelv —
ov deal^i ae^ w ^eKTiCTt), elKaaa, Te-yyiToav Be
dyadwv BrifitovpyrjpLaaiv XiOov KaX ')(akK0v "f)

eX€(pavTO<i TreTTocrjfxevoi'i' rd Be vir dvOpdnrcov

yeyevTjfieva ovk dae^4<i, ol/xai, dvd pwiroi^ elKd-

> Text Fritzsche : rixa ^ vvv MSS.

326
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
That flatterers do not hesitate to lie for the sake
of pleasing the objects of their praise, whereas
those who really praise try to magnify what actually
exists, is not the only distinguisliing mark of each.
They differ in a further point, and not a trivial one,
that flatterers use hyperbole to the full extent of
their powers, while those who really praise are
discreet in precisely that particular and remain
within their bounds.
These are a few out of many earmarks of flattery
and of genuine praise which I give you so that you
may not suspect all who praise you, but may dis-
tinguish between them and gauge each by his
proper standard.
Come then, apply, if you will, both canons to my
words, that you may discover whether they conform
to this one or the other. If it had been some ugly
woman whom I likened to the statue in Cnidos, I
might indeed be accounted a liar, and a worse
flatterer than Cynaethus. But since it was one
whose beauty is known to all, the venture was not
a salto morlale.
—
Perhaps, then, you may say indeed, you have
—
already said that you concede my right to praise
you for your beauty, but that I should have made
my praise unexceptionable and should not have
compared a mortal woman with goddesses. As a
matter of fact (now she is going to make me speak
the truth !) it was not with goddesses I compared
you, my dear woman, but with masterpieces of good
craftsmen, made of stone or bronze or ivory and ;

what man has made, it is not impious, I take it,

2 ffe Jensius : 76 MSS.

327
 —

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

^€tv. €/CT09 €1 fit] av TOVTO elvai rrfv ^A0rjvdv
V7r€i\-r)(f)a<; rj tovto
to vtto '^eiSlov TreTrXacrfxevov
Tr)v ovpaviav A^pohiTr^v o iiroirjaev Ilpa^iT€\r)<;
'

ev KvtSft) ov Trdvv ttoWmv ircov. aW' opa /xrj

aae/jivov rj to, roiavra ire pi tmv OeSiV Bo^d^eiv,
(OV Ta^ ye ^ d\rj6el<i elKovw; dv€(f)iKTOV<; elvai
dvOpwTTivr) fxi/iirjcrei eyatye VTroXafi^dvo).
24 Et Be Koi on /ndXicrrd ere ayrat? iKelvai<i elKaaa,
ovK ifibv TOVTO, ouBe e7Ci> irpcoTO'i tuvti^v iTefio/Jujv
TTjv oBov, dWa TToWol KoX dyadol ttoctjtcu, koI
fidXio'Ta 6 TToXtTrjf; 6 cro? "Ofir}po<;, ov koX vvv
dva^i^dao/iaL avvayopevcrovTd fioi, rj ovBefila
firj^avT) fii) ov'xl Kul auTov avv ifxol dXoivai.
^Kprjaojiai Tolvvv avTov, /xaXXov Be ere virep
—
avTov Koi yap Bia/xvrjfMovevei^; ev iroiovaa to,
')(^apie(TraTa t&v ippayjraiBijfxevcov avTa> rt aoi —
€Keivo<;^ BoKel, ottotuv irepl t^9 alxf^aXtoTov
Xeyrj t>79 BpicrrjiBof; otc 'X^pvcrp ^A(ppoBLTr} LKeXr]
eirevOeL tov YlaTpoKXov ; elra fiCTO, puKpov, co?
oxfX, iKavov el fiouj} ttj 'AcfypoBiTT) eoiKvta eaTUi,

EIttc S' apa — 077<TtV KXaiovaa yvvrj eiKvla

defjaiv.

'Ottotuv avv Th roiavTU Xeyrj, ficael<} KaKelvov

Kal diroppLTTTei^ to ^l^Xlov, rj Bt,B(o^ avTCp e\ev-
Oepid^eiv ev too eTraivm ; dXXd kclv av firj S&)<?, o
ye ToaovTo^ alcov BeBwKev, ovB^ ecrTiv o(TTi<i avTov
eTcl TOVTO) rjTidaaTo, ovBe 6 /zao"Ttfat ToXfiijaa^

* 7« Fritzsche re : MSS.
* (Kelvos Fritzsche : iKelvo MSS.

» Iliad 19, 282.

328
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
to compare with man. But perhaps you have
assumed that what Phidias fashioned is Athena,
and that what Praxiteles made in Cnidus not many
years ago is Heavenly Aphrodite ? Come now, would
it not be unworthy to hold such beliefs about the

gods, whose real images I for my part assume to

be unattainable by human mimicry ?
But if I had actually compared you, as much as
you will, with the very goddesses themselves, I
should not have been doing it on my own respon-
sibility and should not have been the first to open
this road. No, there have been many good poets
ahead of me, and above all your fellow-citizen
Homer, whom I shall now call up to plead for me,
or else there is nothing for it but that he himself
will be convicted along with me !

I shall therefore ask him, or, better, ask you in

his stead, since you know by heart —

and it is greatly
—
to your credit all the prettiest of the verses that
he composed, what you think of him when he says
of Briseis, the captive, that as she mourned for
Patroclus she resembled golden Aphrodite ? ^ Then
after a bit, as if it were not enough that she should
be like Aphrodite only, he says ;

"Then made answer, in tears, the maid as fair as

^
a goddess."

When he says that do you loathe him

sort of thing,
and fling away the book,or do you permit him to
enjoy full freedom in his praise? Well, even if you
refuse permission, at all events Time in his long
flight has given it, and nobody has found fault with
Homer on that score, neither the man who made
2 Iliad 19, 286.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
avTov TTjv ciKova ovh* 6 TO, v66a i7ncrr]fir}vd/xevo<i
TMv eTTOiv iv rfj 7rapa'Ypa(f)j] tmv ojBeXwv.
Elra eKeivfp jxev e<pedricreTaL jSdp^apov yvvaiKa,
Kol ravra Kkaiovaav, rfj 'X^pvafj A<f)poBiTrj el- ^

Kacrat, iyo) B\ iva to KaXKofi etiTw, 8i6tc /xt)

firj

dvexv cLKOvovaa, ovk av irapa^aXKoLfii decov

eiKoai yvvatKa cpaiSpdv /cal p^eihiSiaav rd iroWd,
oirep 0€Oi^ op^OLOv dvdpwrroi ey^ovcjLV ;
25 'EttI pbiv <ye rou Ayapep,povoii opa ocrrjp avro^
'

<f>etSa> iiToi^aaTo roiv 6eo)v koI o)? irap^ievcraTO

Ta<i elKova<; et? to avp^perpov co? oixpuaja p,ev

<f>r]a-iv Kal K€(f>a\riv LKeXov avrov elvai tc5 Att,

Tft) "Apei Be rr)v ^divrjv, crrepvov 8e Ta> HoaeiSMvi,

Bcaipcbv Tov dvdpcdTTov Kara pMXrj 7rp6<i Toaovroav
9eS)v elK6va<i' Kal av TrdXiv ^poToXoiyw "A pet
(fyrjaiP tlv ^ opotov elvai KaX d\Kov dWw, OeoeiBrj
TOV ^pvya TOP tov Yipidp,ov, Ka\ deoecKeXov
TToXXtt/cf? TOV TlrjXeo)<;.
'AXXd eirdveipii av6i<; cttI Ta yvvaiKeia TOiv
TTapaB€typ,dT(ov' dKOV€t,<i yap Bij irov avTov
XiyovTa
^Aprep-iBi iKeXr) ^e XP^^^V ^^(ppoBiTr).
Kal
oir) S' "Ayore/it? eia-i KaT ovpeo<;.

26 Ov p,6vov Be Tot'9 dvd pdiirovi avTov<i 6eol<i

direiKd^ec, dXXd xal T'qv ^ Kv(f)6p/3ov Kop^-qv TaU
* tip' by A.M.H., following du Soul's hint that
inserted
the name Hector had fallen out.
* Beols — rhv N: not in EFfl. Probably a conjecture;
AjrejKo^ei is certainly false (Mras).

^ Respectively Zoilus the Homeromastix and Aristarchus

of Alexandria, the grammarian.
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
bold to flog his statue nor the man who marked the
spurious lines by setting daggers beside them.^
Then if he is to be permitted to compare a foreign
woman^ and in tears at that, with golden Aphrodite,
for my part, not to speak of your beauty because
you will not listen, may not I compare with images
of the gods a radiant woman, usually smiling, a
trait which men have in common with the gods ?
In the case of Agamemnon, moreover, see how
parsimonious Homer was with the gods, and with
what propriety he doled out his comparisons He '

says that in eyes and head he was like to Zeus, in

waist to Ares, and in chest to Poseidon,^ dis-
membering the man for the sake of comparing
him with all those gods. Again, he says that
someone is a match for devastating Ares ^ and just ;

so with the rest of them —

the Phrygian, the son
of Priam, is beautiful as a god,* and the son of
Peleus is often godlike.^
But I will return to the parallels that concern
women. You know, naturally, that he says :

"Artemis she resembleth, or else Aphrodite the

golden," *

also,

"Just so Artemis runneth adown the slope of a

mountain." '
Moreover, he not only compares human beings
with gods, but likens the long hair of Euphorbus to

2 Iliad 2, 478-479.
» Notably Hector, Iliad 11, 295 ; 13, 802.
« Paris, Iliad 3, 16. » Achilles, Iliad 1, 131.
« Odyssey 17, 37 (19, 54), of Penelope.
' Odyssey 6, 102, of Nausicaa.

331
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
yiapiaiv aireiKaa-e, Kal ravra aifuxri SeSeufxivrji'.
Kol 6\(o<i Toaavrd icrriv ra TOiavra &)? firjSev
eivai /Jiepof r?^? iroLrjaewt o fir] rat? 6eiaL<i eiKocjiv
hiaKeKoa fxrjTai. axne rj KUKelva i^a\r]\L(f)0(o, rj

Kai Tjfjilv ra ofioia roXfidv i^elcrOa). ovrw Se to

Kara ra<i eiKova'i Kal ra<; ofMOtcoaeiij avevdvvou
iariv coare "Ofii]po<; Kal ra? 06a<; avra<; ovk
MKvrja-ev utto rS)v eXarrovcov irraiveaai' rov<i
yovv T^9 "H/oa? 6(f)0a\fiov<f roi<; roiv ^owv el-
Kaaev erepo^ Si Ti? lo^\e(f)apov rrjv Acf) poBirrjv '

€(f>T]. rrjv /JLev yap poSoSaKrvXov ri<i ayvoel rcov

Kav err iXd')(^iarov rfj 'OfiTjpov iroiija-et aijJbiXrj-
Korwv ;
27 KatTot ra /mev t?}? p,op<^rj<i en p^erpicorepa, el
Ti<? deo) ioiKevai Xeyerac aXXa rd<; 7Tpocn]yopia<;

avra<i iroaoi e/JLi/nijaavro ra? rcov deSiv, Aiovvcrioi

Kal ll(f)atarLcove^ Kal Zr]v(ove<i Kal UocreiScovioi
Kau Kpp,ac rrpoaayopevop.evoL ; Arjro) 8e yvvrj rt?
iyevero ^vayopov rov K-UTrpiap /SacrtXew?, Aral
o/iCt)? OVK r/yavaKrricrev ?; ^eo? Swa/xevrj \L6ov
avrr)v atcnrep rr}v Ni6^7]v direpydcraaOai. ito
yap Tou? Alyvirriov^, o'iirep Kal BeiaiSaifiove-
araroi eltriv rravroyv, o/io)? T049 6etoi<i ovofiacriv
€49 Kopov iTTLXpco/xivovf;' cr)(ehov yovv rh irXelara
avrol<i i^ ovpavov iariv.
28 D.crre ov tt/jo? ye <rov to roiovrov, yp'ocf)o8€(o<i
BiaKelcrdai 7rpo9 rov eTratvov el yap ri ev rco
<rvyypdfi/j,ari 'Tr€7rXr)/j,fieX7]rai et? to Oeiov, <tv
fj,ev dvevdvvo<; avrov, e/cTo<? el firj riva vo/jLl^eii

dKpodcre(o<i evdvvav elvai, ifxe Be a/ivvovvrai oi

332
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
the Graces, and that too when it was soaked with
blood !In short, this sort of thing is so frequent
that there is no part of his poetry which is not well
adorned with comparisons of gods. Therefore you
must either expunge all that, or permit us to be
equally venturesome. So exempt from all account-
ability is the use of comparisons and similes that
Homer actually did not hesitate to derive praise for
the goddesses from things of lower degree. For
instance, he likened Hera's eyes to those of kine.
And someone Aphrodite violet-browed.^
else called
As for "rosy-fingered," who
that has even the
slightest acquaintance with Homer's poetry does
not know it ?
As as personal appearance is concerned, it
far
signifies comparatively little if one is said to be
like a god. But how many there are who have
copied the very names of the gods, calling them-
selves Dionysius, Hephaestion, Zeno, Poseidonius,
Hermes And there was a Leto, the wife of
!

Evagoras, king of Cyprus ; yet the goddess did not

take on about it, though she might have turned her
into stone as she did Niobe. The Egyptians I for-
bear to mention, who, though the most superstitious
people in the world, yet use the names of the gods
to their hearts' content ; in fact, most of their names
are derived from Heaven.
It is not incumbent upon you, then, to be thus
timorous in respect of praise. If any offence at all
has been perpetrated against divinity in that es^ay,
—
you are not accountable for it unless you think
that to listen makes one accountable ; it is I whom

The " Theban poet" of the preceding piece (p.271); i.e.

Pindar.

333
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
BeoL, iireiSav irpo ifxov rov "0/j.Tjpov koI tov<;
aWov<i 7roir}ra<; afjuvvoivrai, oKX ovBeTrco ovSe
rov apiarov tmv (f)iXoa6(f)Q)v rjfivvavTO ecKova deov
Tov avdpwTTov eliTovra elvai.
TloWa eVi e'x^cov rrpo^i ae eiTrelv TloXvaTpdrov
ev€Ka TovTov iravao/jLat, iva koX aTTOfivij/xovevaai
Svvrjdy ra elprjfieva.

nOAT2TPAT02
29 OvK otSa rovTO hvvarov en, S) Avkivc
€c fioi
fiUKpa yap etpijraC aot koI ravra, Koi virep to
vBcop TO €KK€-)(Vfievov. 7r€ipdaofj,ai S" o/i.&)9 eVt-
avrcov.
fiVTja-Orjvat, koI d)<i 6pa<i, ijSrj dirocro^oi
trap' avTrjv iiTL^vcrd/jievo'; ra wra, to? /xt; n
irapep.TTeabv aXXo crvy)(^6r] rrjp rd^iv avrcov, elrd
fioi avpirrecrOai avfi^fj tt/oo? rcov dearoiv.

ATKINOS
AyTft) (TOi fieXycrei, c5 UoXvarpare, otto)? dpiara
viTOKplvrj. iyo) Se iireLTrep dira^ aoi to Spdfia
TrapaSeScoKa, vvv fxev eKTroBcov dirocrrriaopLaf
OTTorav Be Ta? y^rjc^ovi dvaKijpvTrcoat rwv Kpirwv,
rore i]8r} kcu avro<i nrrapecroixai, 6y^6p.evo<i ottoIov
ri ro TeXo9 rov dy5ivo<i 'iarat.

^ Hardly Plato, though he has something similar in the

Republic, 501. But to him the universe is God's image ; see

134
 ESSAYS IN PORTRAITURE DEFENDED
the gods will punish, after punishing Homer
first
and the other poets ! But day they have
to this
not punished the best of the philosophers for saying
that man was God's image ^ !

Although I might say much more to you, I shall

stop for the sake of Polystratus here, so that he may
be able to repeat from memory what has been said.

POLYSTRATUS
I don't know if that is any longer possible for me,
Lyeinus. Even as it is, you have made a long
speech, far beyond your allowance of water. But
I shall try to remember it all the same and, as you
;

see, I am already making off to her with my ears

stopped for fear that something else may pop in
to confuse its outline, and then I may have the bad
luck to be hissed by my hearers !

LYCINUS
That your concern, Polystratus, to act your part
is

to the best advantage. As for me, now that I have

once for all put the play into your hands, I shall
withdraw for the present but when they announce
;

the votes of the judges, I shall be there in person to

see what will be the outcome of the contest.

the end of the Timaeus. Perhaps Lucian means Diogenes,

who said that good men were images of gods (Diog. Laert. 6,
61).

335
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
An account of the worship of "Juno" (Atargatis) at
Hieropolis in Syria, done, not in Lucian's customary Attic
Greek, but in the Ionic dialect, after the manner of Herodo-
tus, which Lucian counterfeits so cleverly and parodies so
slyly that many have been unwilling to recognize him as the
author.
It would be most unfair to Lucian to turn this tale into
contemporary English. In order to have the same effect
that it had in his own day, and to be really intelligible, it
must seem to come from the lips of an ancient traveller.
The version here offered seeks to secure that effect through
mimicry of Sir John Mandeville. It is true that Herodotus
was better known in Lucian's time than Mandeville is
known now, and his language seemed less remote. In every
—
other respect, however in his limited vocabulary, in his
—
simple style, and in his point of view Mandeville provides
—
a mask uniquely adapted to the part if only its wearer
does not fall down in it and break it.
In the notes, which are more extensive than usual because
Lucian's topic here is outside the ordinary classical range,
several books which have been of particular service are cited
by abbreviated titles: E.Schrader, DU Keilinschriftcn und
das Alte Testament, pt. ii, Religion uvd Sprache, 3rd ed.,
1903, by H. Zimmern (Schrader-Zimmern) Stanley A. Cook,
;

Religion of Ancient PaleMine, etc., London, 1908 (Cook) W. W.

;

Graf Baudissin, Adonis und Esmun, Leipzig, 1911 (Baudissin),

and his Stiidicn zur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte, 1878
{Studien) Sir J. G. Frazer, Adonis, Attis. Osiris, in Oolden
;

Bough^, pt iv, London, 1919 (Frazer), and his Folklore in the

Old Testament, London, 1919 {Folklore) ; Albert T. Clay,
A Hebrew Deluge Story, etc. New Haven 1921 (Clay).
Those who wish to see the piece in modern English may be
referred to the version by H. A. Strong (London, 1913).
This is supplied with an introduction and notes by J. E.
Garstang, whose commentary will be found to supplement
this in many points, especially in the matter of Hittite
parallels.

337
 nEPI THS STPIH2 eEOT
1 EiCTTLV iv ^Vpirj TToXt? OV TTOWoV UTTO TOV
Kv(j)pr]Te(o TTorafiov, KoXeerat he xal eajiv
'\pri,
ipr) Tr]<;"Hpr]<; tt}? ^Aa(rvpir)<i. SoKeei 8i fj,oi, roSe
TO ovvofia ovK ap,a ttj iroXei olKeofievrj eyevero,
aWa TO fjuev ap')(^alov aWo rjv, p-era he ccfyiai tmv
ipoiv p,€yd\a)V <yiyvop,iva)V €9 roSe tj i'nwvvp.Lr)
airLKeTO. irepX Tavrr)<; cov ttj'; 7roX,t09 epxop-at
epecov oKocra ev avrf} eariv epeoa he koX v6p,ov<i
TOiaiv €9 TO, Ipa 'X^pecovTai, Kal iravrjjvpia^ ra<i
dyovaiv Kal 6vcria<i ra<; iiTLTeXeovaiv. ipeta he
Kal OKoaa Kal irepl tmv to Ipov elcrapLevwv p,v6o\o-
yeovcri, Kal top vrjov 6kco<; iyevcTO. ypd(f)(o he
Aaavpio^ ecov, Kal t5>v d7n]yeop,ai to, p,ev avTO-
yfrlr} p,a6(i)v, to, he irapd twv Ipeoov ehdrjv, OKoaa

eovTa i/juev trpea^vTepa 670) laTopew.

2 TipwTOL pev (OV dv6p(t)Tra)v Ttav r)p.el^ thpt,ev
AlyvTrTioi XeyovTai deSiv T6 ivvoirjv Xa^eiv Kal

Available in photographs, FN.

^ Hierapolis, or better, in accordance with the coins,

Hieropolis. It is N.W. of Aleppo, on the main road into
Mesopotamia, 15 Roman miles from the crossing of the
Pjuphrates, and byroad about 116 Roman miles from Lucian's
birthplace, Samosata. Its Syrian name was Mabog, (properly
Manbog, i.e. "spring," according to Baudissin, Studien, ii,
159), in Greek, Bambyce. It was dubbed Hieropolis in the
time of Seleucus Nicator (Ael. N.H. 12, 2), but the old name
persisted (Maiibij ; le Strange, Palestine wnder the Moslems,

338
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
In Surrye, not fer fro the Ryvere Eufrate, is a
Cytee that Holy highte and holy is in sothe, for it
is of luno Assurien.^ Yit I weiie that the cyteene
hadde not this name atte firste, whan that it was
founded, but of olden tyme it was other, and after,
whan here servys of the Goddesse wex gret, it was their
chaunged to this. Touching this eytee I purpos
me to seyn alle that is in it, and I schalle speke of
the customes that thei folwen in here rytes, and the
feste dayes that thei kepen, and the sacrifises that
thei perfourmen. And I schalle reherce alle the
tales thatmen tellen of hem that establisschede the
holy place, and how that the temple was bylded.
And I that write am Assurien,^ and of that that I
devyse you, some partie saughe I with mine owne
eyen, and some partie 1 lerned be informacioun fro
the prestes, that is to seyn, tho thynges that I
descryve that weren beforn min owne tyme.
Of alle peples whereof wee knowen, Egyptyens
weren firste, as men seyn, for to taken conceyte of

p. 500) and still attaches to the ruins, on which see Hogarth,

Annual of the British School at Athene, 1907-8, p. 186 sqq;

Cumont, Etudes Syriennes, p. 22 35 sqq. Lucian does

sqq., p.
not identify the city with "ancient Ninus," as do Philo-
stratus and Ammianus.
2 Confusion between Assyrian and Syrian is not peculiar
to this piece nor to Lucian. It goes back to Herodotus,
who says that "Syrian" is the Greek equivalent of the
barbarian "Assyrian" (7,63 ; see Macan's note, and cf. 140).

339
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
iph eiaaadai /cal rcfievea /cal 7ravrjyvpia<i airo-

Sel^ai. irpoiTOi Se koX ovvofiaTU Ipa eyvcoaav koX

\6yovf; lpov<i eXe^av. ficTa 8e ov TroWoa-rat
Xpov(p Trap AlyvTrTLcov \6yov ^Acravpioi e<? deov<;
rjKOvaav, kuI ipa Kal vt)ov<; i^jeipav, iv toi<; teal

3 dyaXfjuaTa eOevTO koI ^oava eaTqaavro. ro he

iraXaiov Kal irap AlyvmioLcnv d^oavoi vrjol
eaav. Kal ecyriv Ipa Kal iv ^vpir) ov irapd iroXv
T0t9 AlyuTTTLoicnv lao'XpoveovTa, tcov iyo) TrXelaTa
OTTcoTra, TO ye rod 'H/oa/cXeo? to iv Tvp^, ov
Tovrov Tov 'H/ja/cXeo? top ^iKKr}ve<i deiSovaiv,
'

dWa TOP eyw Xeyo) iroXXov dp^ciioTepo^ xal

Tvpio^ r)pa><i iarlv.
4 "EvL 8e Kal dXXo Ipov ev ^ocvIkt} fieya, to
XiBovioc e'XpvaLV. to? fi^v avrol Xeyovatv, ^Acrrdp-
Ti]^ iariv AardpTijv 5' eyo) SoKeat l^eXrjvairjv
'

€/JifjL€vai. ft)9 8e fxol Tt9 TCOV Ipeeov dirrjyeeTo,

KvpMinjf: iaTlv t^? K.d8/xov aSeX^e?)?* tuvttjv Be
iovaav Ayrjvopo^; tov
^ /Sao"tXe&)<? OvyaTepa, iireihrj

T€ d<f)avr]<> eyey6veev,ol ^olvikc^ to) vrfS) eTifirjaavTO

Kal Xoyov Ipov 67r' avTTJ eXe^av, otl eovaav KaXrjv
Zey? eiroOeev Kal to el8o<; eh Tavpov d^ei,'^dfievo<;
ripTraaev Kai \iiv e? Kp'^Trjv ^epcov dTriKCTO.
TaSe fiev Kal tcov dXXcov ^oivlkcov tjkovov, Kal
*In Astrology, Lucian similarly credits the Egyptians with
Eriority over the Chaldaeans in the study of the stars. In
oth cases his view, surprising in a Syrian, was the common
one of his time, to be found, for instance, in Diodorus
(1, 9, 6).
* The god was Melkart. Herodotus was told by the
priests there tliat the cult was established when the city
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

Goddes, and to stablisschen holy places and closes,
and to apoynten feste dayes. And thai firste knewen
holy names and maden holy tales. But no long
t^ine after, Assuryens herden rumour and speche
of Egyptyens as touching to goddes, and rereden
seyntuaryes and temples, in the whiche thei lette
putten y mages and setten symulacres.^ But aun-
cientlye amonges Egyptyens weren temples without-
en symulacres. And in Surrye ben temples almost
als olde as tho in Egypte, of the whiche I have seen
the moste, and namely the temple of Hercules in
Tyre, not that Hercules that Grekes preysen in here
songes, but that oon wherof I speke is moche elder,
and is Tyres patroun.^
In Phenicye is another grete temple that men of
Sidon kepen. Thei seyn, it is of Astarte, and
Astarte, I trowe, is Luna the Mone.^ But oon of
the prestes tolde me, it belongeth to Europe, Cadmus
suster. Sche was Agenor the Kinges daughter
and after that sche vanisched, Phenicyens yafen
hir that temple for worschipe and maden a storie
of hir, that sithe sche was fair, love coveytede hir,
and transformed his lyknesse in to a bole, and than
ravissched hir awey and bar hir on his bac to Crete.
That same storie I herde of othere Phenicyens also ;

was founded, and was then (ca. 430 B.C.) 2,300 years old
(Herod. 2, 44).
• The Emperor Elagabalus, being the Sun, brought
Astarte the Moon from Phoenicia and wedded her (Herodian
5, 6, 3-5). But she was not originally or at any time
primarily the moon and in Babylonia, as Ishtar, she had
;

for her emblem a star, the planet Venus (Baudissin, 19).

Clay (p. 47) believes that the name Ashera, Ashirta, Ishtar,
is that of a mortal woman, an early queen of Kallab
(Aleppo).

341
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TO vofiia/jLa TCt) ZiBovioi '^^^pecovrai rr]v ^vpco'ir't]v
e(f>e^OfX€vriv e-)(€i. ru) Tavpw tu> Ati' tov 8k vrjov ovk
OjxoX.o'yeovcnv KvpcoTrr)!; e/jb/xevai.
5 E)(^ov(ri 8k KoX aXko ^oiviKe<i Ipov, ovk
Aaavpiov aW AlyvTTTiov, to e^ 'H.\lov TroXto?
€<? Tr]v ^oiVLKijv dvLKeTO. e7ft) /xiv jxiv ovk OTTcoTra,
fxeya 8k Kol To8e /cat ap'x^atov icmv.
6 F1I80V 8k Koi iv BuySXft) fieya Ipov ^A<ppo8iT7]<i
Bv^XLr)<;, iv rw koL ra op'yia i<i "AScovtv eVfreXe-
ovcTLV €8dr]v 8k Kol TO, opyia. Xeyovai <ydp 8)]
(t)V TO epyov to e? "A8(oviv viro tov avo^ iv ttj
X^PV '^V o-'^^Tepji jeveaOai, koI fivijfxrjv tov
7rdOeo<i TVTTTovTal t€ kfcdcTTOv eVeo? Kal dpijveovcri
Kol Ta opyia iTnTeXeovai Kal a^iai fxeydXa
irevdea dvd Tr]v ^ft^prfv laTUTai. iireav 8k diro-
Tv\Jra)VTat, Te Kal diTOKXaixxwvTai, irpoiTa fxkv
KaTayL^ovat tw *A8d)vi8i OKWi iovTi veKvi, pbeTO,
8k Trj erepr) r]fx,eprj ^ooeiv T€ p,iv nvOoXoyeovat. Kal
€<; TOV Tjipa Tre/MTTovai Kal Ta? Ke(f)aXa<; ^vpovTai

^ The coins are described in Head, Historia Nummoruvi,

2iid ed., pp. 797 sq. The temple itself contained, in later
days at least, a painting of the Europa episode (Achilles
Tatius 1, 1). The story was also localized at Tyre, where
the house of Agenor and the bower of Europa were shown
(Arrian, ATiab. 2, 24, 2; Nonnus, Dicmys. 40, 353 sqq.) and
where in the eighth century (Malalas, p. 31) the people still
mourned the abduction in a feast called the kom^ oy^ivi\. The
name Europa is considered Greek whether this particular
;

myth is Cretan or Phoenician in origin the evidence does not

seem sufficient to determine.
* This cult was at Heliopolis (Baalbek). The god, who
appears to have been originally Hadad but to have undergone
syncrisis with the sun-god and with the Syrian "Apollo,"
was worshipped far and wide as Jupiter Heliopolitanus.

342
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

and the moneye that Sidonyes useii hath Europe
sittynge on the bole that is love.^ Natheles wille
thei not avowen that the temple is of Europe.
And Phenicyens han an other maner servys, not
Assuryen but Egyptyen, that cam from Elyople into
Phenicye. I have not seen it, but it also is gret and
auncien.2
But I saughe in Byblos a gret temple of Venus of
Byblos, wherin thei perfourmen cerimonyes in mynde
of Adoon and I lernede tho cerimonyes.^ Thei
;

seyn that the dede that was don to Adoon be the

bore befell in here londe^ and for memorie of that
myschaunce everyche yeer thei beten here brestes
and sorwen and perfourmen tho cerimonyes, ma-
kynge gret doel thorgh that con tree. And whan moum-
the betynge and the wepynge is atte ende, first thei "*^
maken offringes to Adoon, as though he were ded
and than, on the morwe, thei fablen that he is quick,
and fecchen him forth in to the eyr, and lette air

The cult image, says Macrobius (Sahcm. 1, 23, 10) came from
Heliopolis in Egypt by way of Assyria. The ambiguity of
Lucian's Greek (for fepbi/ suggests " holy place ") seems meant
to convey the jocose implication that the magnificent new
temple, built by Antoninus Pius, had been transported
thither without human hands.
' To natives of Byblos their goddess was just Baalat
(Mistress), and to other Semites Baalat Gebal (Mistress
of Byblos) ; in Syriac and Greek Baltis or Beltis is used as if it
were her name. So too Adonis to them was simply Adon
(Lord) ; an early name, or perhaps epithet, was Eliun
(Philo of Byblos; cf. Baudissin, p. 76, Meyer, Gesch., p. 395).
It was only late, if at all, that he was there identified with
Tammuz, upon whom, as fourth king of Erech, see Clay,
pp. 44 sqq The temple, which contained a baetylic stone,
is represented on coins (Babelon, Perses Achiminides, p. 200,
and pi. xxvii, 11 and 12).

343
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
OKa><i AlyvTrTioi airodavovro'i ^A7no<i. jvvaiKoov
Be OKoaai ovk iOeXovcri ^vpeaOai, TOirjvBe ^rifiirjv
CKTeXeouaiv' ev fiifj rj/iiep'r) €7rl irprjcrei rrj<; wprj^
icTTavrai' 17 Be ayoprj p,ovvoicri ^elvoicri, irapa-
Kearat, koI 6 /J,icr66<i e? ttjv ^ Ki^poBirrjv dvalrj
'yi'yveraL.
1 Et<Tt Be evioi Bv^Xlcop ot Xey overt Trapa cr(f>i,at
reddcpOai top Oaiptv tov Alyvirriov, koI to,
irevdea koI ra opyta ovk e? rov "ABwviv aX)C e?
TOV 'Oaipiv irdvra irpriaaecrOai. epew Be koI
OKoOev KoX rdBe Tna-ra BoKeovai. KecpaXr) eKu-
arov eVeo? e^ Alyvirrov e? rr]V Bv^Xov aTrcKveerat
TrXcoovaa tov jxeTa^v irXoov eiTTa -qfjiepewv, kuI
fLiv 01 ave/jLOi (f)epovai deirj vavTiXirf TpeTreTai Be
ovBa/jid, dX,X' e? fiovvqv ttjv Hv^Xov diriKveeTai.
Kui ecTTt TO av/iiTrav Oeovfia. xal tovto eKdcrToo
6Teo9 jtyveTai, to koX ^ efiev TrapeovToi; ev By/9Xw
eyeveTO' koL T'qv K€(})aXijv iderjadfxrjv Hv^Xlvtjv.
^ Kul TOVTOTh icai N not in TE. In both old MSS. the
:

first hand a space in which these words were entered

left
long afterward.

^ Lucian abridges his account of the rites because

they
were familiar. 1 see no reason to suppose that they differed
essentially from the Alexandrian rites as described by
Theocritus (15 end). From him we learn that Adonis
comes to life for but a day, during which he is couched with
the goddess in the temple. Next morning the women carry
him to the sea-shore, and (cf. scholion) commit him to the
waves. Lucian's phrase is Thv T\ipa vf^iirova-i, which has
been curiously interpreted, is to my mind equivalent to
?|a) olffevfxes in Theocritus, and the usual iKKOfxl^ovai.
* See Frazer i, 36 sqq., and the comment of How
and
Wells on Herodotus 1, 199. Note also the apocryphal
Epistle of Jeremiah, 42; and on the "hire," Deuteronomy
^o, lo.

344
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

schaven here hedes as don Egyptyens whan that
Apis is ded.^ And alle wommen that wole not lette
schaven hem, thei payen this penance, that upon
o day thei profren hem for achat of here beautee
but the merkat is open to straungers alle only, and
the huyr becoraeth an offring to Venus.^
Natheles, ther ben somme men of Byblos that
seyn Osiris of Egypte lyeth enterred amonges hem,
and the doel and the cerimonyes ben alle made in
mynde of Osiris in stede of Adoon.^ And I schalle
seye you the cause whi this semeth hem trewe.
Eech yeer an lieed cometh from Egypte to Byblos, head
that passeth the see betwene in 7 iorneyes, and the
windes dryven it, be governaunce of the Goddes,
and it torneth not asyde in no wyse but cometh all
only to Byblos. And this is hoolyche merveylle. wholly
It befalleth everyche yere, and befel that tyme that
J was in Byblos, and I saughe the heed, that is of

Byblos.*
' Byblos was known to the Egyptians from the time of the

Old Kingdom, and her goddess impressed them deeply. She

was identified with Hathor at least as early as the Middle
Kingdom, and her story contributed to the shaping of the
Isis-Osiris myth. When the coffin of Osiris was thrown into
the Nile by Typhon, it drifted out to sea, and so to Byblos,
where Isis sought and found it (Plutarch, Isis and Osiris,
c. 13 sqq. ; cf, Frazer, ii. 9 nqq., 12, 127; Baudissin, pp.
\Q^sqq.).
* The pun signifies that the head was of papyrus, made, no

doubt, of a sort of papier m^ch^, as in a mummy-case. In

the commentary of Cyril on Isaiah 18 (Migne 70, 441) we
learn, instead, of an earthen pot that contained a letter from
the women of Alexandria to those of Byblos, saying that
Aphrodite had found Adonis. There may be something in
the tale of its drift, for the Nile current sets over to the
Phoenician shore, and it is Nile nmd that silts up Phoenician
harbours (cf. H. Guthe, FaLddina, p. 27).
345
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
8 Evi 8e Koi dWo Ocovfia ev rrj x^PV "^V Bi/ySXtj;.
7rora/xo<i ex tov Ai^dvov rov ovpeo^ e? rrjv aXa
eKScSol' ovvofxa rw iroTa/jLO) "AScova iirtKeaTat.
6 8e TTOTafjLO'i eKacrrov cTeo'i alfjidacrerac Kal ri^v
)(poi7]v oXecra? eaTriirrei e? rrjv OaXaacrav koX
(feoiviacrei, to ttoWov tov 7r€\d<yeo<; kuI arjixalvei
Tot? Bi;y8X,tot9 TCi irevOea. /uLvOeovraL Be oti
TavTrjCTi Trjai rj/jieprjaiv 6"ABq}vi^ ava tov Ai^avov
TCTpooaKeTai, Kal to al/na e? to vSoop ip^o/xevov
dWaaaei tov 7roTaju,ov Kal tw pom T7]v iircDvv/xlijv
BcSol. TauTa
fi€v ol iroWol Xeyovacv. i/nol Be
Ti9 dvT)p Bu/3Xto9 dXrjOea BoKeoiv Xeyeiv erepr^v
d7n]y€€To TOV 7rdOeo<; aiTLrjv. eXeyev Be d)Be' " 6
''A8covt<; 6 7roTa/io9, w ^elve, Bid tov Ai^dvov
epx^Tar 6 Be At/Saz^o? KdpTa ^av96ye(i><i €<7tiv.
dvefioi oiv Tpr}X€e<; eKeivrjcn Trjari rj/jiiprja-i icTTd-
fievoi TTjv yrjv tw TroTa/no) eTTKpepovaiv eovaav 69
Ta jiaXicTTa fiiXTcoBea, r] Be yrj fiiv aificoBea
TiOrjaiv Kal TOvBe tov 7rd6eo<; ov to alfxa, to
XiyovaLv, dXX^ r] x^PV cdTiij." 6 fiiv fioi Bu/3Xf09
ToadBe dirrjyeeTO' el Be aT/)e«ea)9 TUVTa eXeyev,
ifiol fxev BoKeet KdpTa Oeii] Kal tov dve/xov 77

crvvTVXi^V-
9 ^Ave^rjv Be Kal e<; tov Ai^avov e'/c Bu/SA-ou,
6B0V ^/jL€p7)<;, 7Tv66/x6Vo^ avToOi dpxcuov Ipov

^ is the present Nahr Ibrahim, a short distance

The Adonis
S. ofByblos. " I have crossed it on Easter day when it was
turbid and ruddy with the rich red sandstone soil from
Lebanon " (C. R. Conder, Pah'stiw, p. 206 of. Frazer i, ;

225). Asimilar discoloration of certain unnamed rivers and

springs is implied in the tale of Philo of Byblos that Uranus

346
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
And in the londe of Byblos is an other merveylle,
a Ryvere goynge out of the Mount Libanon in to the
See, the which is cleped Adoon. Everyche yeer it
is bebledde and leseth his kyndely hewe, and whan nattirai

it falleth in to the See, it maketh mochel therof

rede ; and so it betokneth the doel to hem of

Byblos.^ For they seyn that in tho dayes Adoon
is ywounded up Libanon, and his blod that cometh
into the water chaungeth the ryvere and yeveth the
streme his name. Thus seyn lewed folk. But I
trowe that a man of Byblos spak sothe that devysed
me an other cause of the chaunge, seyinge " The :

Flom Adoon, o straunger, renneth thorgh Libanon,

and erthe of Libanon is right broun. Therfore whan
roughe windes that arysen in tho dayes beren the
erthe to the ryvere, the erthe, that is ful rody,
maketh him blody. So of this chaunge nys not the
blod, as they seyn, the resoun, but the lond." He
of Byblos devysed me thus but and al it so be that
;

he spak trewely, yit to me it semeth passing

merveyllous that the wind aryseth at the righte
tyme.
Also, I went up on Libanon fro Byblos, oon
iorneye, be cause I lernede that ther was an old

was mutilated by Cronus at a certain place in the interior

near springs and rivers, that his blood flowed into them, and
that the place was still pointed out (Miiller, Fr. Hist. Grace,
iii, p. 568). Epiphanius {adv. Haeres. 51, 30) bears personal
witness that at the exact day and hour of the miracle of Cana
the water of a spring at Cibyra in Caria used to turn into
wine, and on the word of his brothers that the same was true
of the river of Gerasa in Arabia. He does not tell us who is
his warrant in the case of the Nile, but observes that that is
why the aatives bottle and set away Nile-water on a certain
date. See also Pausanias 4, 35, 9, and Frazer's note.

347
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
A<f) poBirrj^ e/Mfievai, to K.ivvpi]<; elararo, koI elSov
TO ipov, Koi ap^cuov rjv.
TaSe jxev eVrt ra ev rrj Xvplr) ap-)(aia Koi
10 fxeydXa Ipd. Toaovroav he iovrcov ipol SoKeei
ovSep roiv iv rfj ipfj TroXet p^e^ov eppevai ovSe
1/7709 aX.Xo9 dyi(OTepo<; ov8e X^PV dWrj iporepr).

evi he ev aviw koX epya TroXvreXea koI dpyala

dvadrjpara koX ttoXKcl Ooivpara koX ^oava 6eo-
irpeTrea. Kal deol he Kapra avrolcnv ep(pavee'i'
ihpfoei yap hrj wv irapd a^ltTt rd ^oava kuI
Kiveerai koX ^PV^/^vyopeei, /cal ^orj he iroWdKC^
eyevero ev r& vrj^ K\et,a6evT0<; rov Ipov, kcu
TToWoX ijKOvaav. val prjv Kal oX^ov irept ev
Tolcnv eycb olha Trpcorov eariv iroWd yap
avTocaiv dvtKvieTai iJ^/jT^/iara eic re ^ApajSir]^ kol
^oivLKQ)V Kol IBa^vXcovioyv Kal dWa €K KaTnra-
hoKir)^, rd he Kal Kt\i«e9 (pepovai, rd he Kal
^Acravpioi. elhov he eycb koI rd ev r(p vrjo) \d6pr)
drroKearai, eaOrjra ttoWtjv Kal dWa OKocra i<i
dpyvpov rj €9 ^/ouo-oi/ dtroKeKpLrai. opral pev
ydp Kal TTavrjyvpie'; ovhap,oicnv dWoiaiv dv6pdnrcov
roaalhe uTrohehexarai.
11 'laropeovri he pot erewv Trepi, OKocra ra> IpCo
earcv, val rrjv Oeov avrol ijvrcva hoKeovaiv,
rroWol \6yoL iXeyovro, rwv oi pev Ipoi, ol he
^ At Aphaca, between Byblos and Baalbek, at the head
of the Adonis, where Adon was buried and Baalat died of
grief. Down to the fifth century a bright light appearing in
the sky near the temple summoned the worshippers at set
times, and an artificial pond gave omens ; oli'erings were
thrown into it, which sank if the goddess was favourable or
floated if she was adverse (Zosimns i, 58 ; of. Socrates 1, 18).
The site is eloquently described by Frazer, i, 28, and pictureid
348
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
seyntuarye of Venus that Cinyras founded and I ;

saughe the temple, and it was old.^

Thise ben the olde and grete seyntuaryes in
Surrye. But of hem alle, as I wene, is non gretter
than tho in the Holy Cytee, ne non other temple
mo blessed, ne non other lond holier. Costevouse costly
werkes ben therinne, and aunciene ofFringes, and
manye merveylles, and symulacres in lyknesse of
goddes. Also, the goddes ben apertely reveled unto
hem for here symulacres sweten and meven and
;

prophecy en, and ofte tymes hath ben schowtynge

in the temple whan the holy place was under lokke,
and many han herde. Certes, in richesse it is first
amonges alle that I knowe for thider cometh moche
;

tresor from Arabye and Phenicye and Babiloyne,

and moche fro Cappadocye, and som Cilicyens
bryngen, and som Assuryens. And I saughe what
hath ben prively put up in the temple, many robes
and other thinges that have ben chosen out as
silver outher gold. And of festes and solempnytees
noon other folk in the world hath apoynted so
many.
Whan I asked how many yeres the seyntuarye
hadde dured, and who thei wenden that here supposed
Goddesse were, manye stories weren tolde, both

in Perrot-Chipiez, Hist, de I'Art iii, fig. 18, opposite p. 56 ;

for the rock-sculptures in the neighbourhood, to one of which
the description of the goddess in Macrobius (Saturn. 1, 21, 5)
refers, see Baudissin, p. 78 and pis. i-iii, and for the ruins of
the temple, destroyed under Constantine but possibly rebuilt
under Julian, Rouvier, Btdletin Archiologique, 1900,' 169 sqq.
Lucian's amusing reticence is byway of parody on Herodotus,
and derives its point from the fact that his reader, knowing
the reputation of the place (Euseb. Vit. Constant. 3, 55), is
all agog to hear about it.

349
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
ifi^avee<:, ol Se Kapra /j,v0coBee<;, koI aWoi
^dp^apoi, oi fxev roicriv' FiWrjcriv OfioXoyiovre';'
Toi'9 €<y(o 7rdvTa<i jxev ipeco, SeKOfiai he ovSafid.
12 Ot fiev Mv TToWol AevKaXicova top ^KvOea^ ro
Ipov el'craaOai Xejovaiv, rovrov AeuKoXlcova eVt
Tov TO TToWov vScop iyivcTo. AevKoX-Lcovof: Se
Trepi Xoyov ev" ^IKXrjaiv rjKOvaa, tov" FiWr}ve^ eir'
avTw Xeyovaiv. 6 8e p.vdo^ coSe e^^i.
"HSe rj yevei], ol vvv avOpooiTOL, ov Trp&roi
iyevovTO, dX\^ €K€lvtj /xev r] yever) 7rdvT€<; wikovro,
ovToi Se <yeveo<i roil Sevrepov elai, to avTLf i/c
AevKa\la)vo<i 69 ttXttjOvv ttTrt/cero. eKcivcov Se
Tripi TOiv dv6p(07r(ov rdSe pivdeovrai' v^piaral
Kapra eoj/re? dOepbima ep<ya eirpr^acrov, ovre yap
opKia e(f)vXaacrov ovre ^eivov; iSeKovro ovre iKe-
recov r]ve'i-)(ovro, dvO mv crcfyla-cv i) fxeydXr) (TVjxc^opr)
diTiKero. avriKa yrj ttoXXov vScop €kSiBoI kuI
r]

6p,^poL p,eydXoL eyevovro kuI ol rrorafiol Kare-

^rjaav fjLe^ove<; Kal rj ddXaaaa eVi iroXXov dve^rj,
€9 irdvra vScop eyevovro Kal 7rdvre<i mXovto,
AevKaXlmv 8e jjlovvo^ dvdpooTruiv iXLirero e<i

y€ver)v hevreprjv ev^()vXL7)<i re Kal rov evcre^eo<i

etveKa. rj 8e ol acorrjplr] TySe eyevero' XdpvaKa
/xeydXrjv, rrjv avro'i elxev, 69 ravrrjv ea^c^daaf;
7ral8d<i re Kal yvvatKa<; ecovrov iae^r]' ia^aivovri
Be ol drrLKOvro ave^ Kal lttttoi Kal Xeovrcov yevea
Kal 6(f)ie<i Kal dXXa oKoaa iv yrj ve/xovrai, irdvra

^ 2i(ri6fa Buttmann.

^ Deucalion in the role of a Scythian is odd. Hence

Buttmann, rightly recognising that the tale is close akin to

35°
 ;

THE GODDHSSE OF SURRYE

prestes lore and lewede folkeSj and verraye fables
and some weren outlandissehe, but othere somme
acordeden to hem of Grece. AUe thise seyinges I
schalle reherce, but I beleve hem not in no kynde.
The more partie seyn, Deucalioun, the Scythe,^
—
founded the seyntuarye that Deucalioun in the
tyme thereof the grete Flode befel. Of Deucalioun
I have herd a tale amonges Grekes, that thei tellen

in mynde of him and the storie is of this maner

;

kynde.
Tillsgeneracioun, the men of now a dayes, nas not
the but that firste generacioun al perissched,
firste,
and thise ben of the seconde generacioun that cam
of Deucalioun and multiplyed eftsones. Of tho
firste men^ thei seyn that thei were right felonouse
and didde wikkede dedis, for thei ne kepten not non
othes, ne herberweden no straungers, ne receyveden 'w-
no fugityves ; and for that skylle the grete tribu- came
lacioun cam upon hem. Anon the erthe sent forthe
moche water and grete reynes were made and the
ryveres flowede gretli and the see wex wondur high,
in to tyme that alle thinges weren chaunged to water
and alle men weren
dede, outtaken Deucalioun that
was unto the seconde generacioun for his gode
laft
conseil and his gode werkes. And his deliveraunce
cam in this wyse. In to a gret arke that he hadde he
putte his children and his wyves, and thanne entrede,
and at entrynge ther camen to him swyn and hors
and lyouns kynd and serpentes and alle bestes that

the Babylonian flood-storjs proposed the reading 2i(ru06o,

considering Sisythes a possible variant of the name that la
15erossu8 is Xisouthros. This is tempting, and has been
widely accepted ; but the mistake, if there be one, is quite as
likely to be due to Lucian or to his informant as to a scribe.
 .

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

69 ^evyea. 6 Be iravra iSeKCTo, Kal /j,tv ovk
iaivovTO, aWd achi fieydXr) 8i66ev <J)c\li] iyevero.
Kol iv fiifi \dpvaKi 7rdvTe<i eirXevcrav ecrre to
vha>p eireKpdreev. ra fiev ^evKoK.icovo'i irepi
^Wrive<i i(TTopeov(TL.
13 To Be diro tovtov Xeyerai \0709 vtto tcov ev
rfi Iprj TToXei p,eyd\o)<t d^co^ Owvpdaai, on ev
rfi (T(f)€Tepr] X^PV X^'^M'^ fieya iyevero Kal to
(Tvp,7rav vBcop Karehe^aro' AevKaXlav Be, iirel
TdBe iyevero, /3&)yu.ou? re eOero Kal vrjov eVl r^
XdcTfiarc "Hp?;? dyiov iarrjcraro. iycb Be Kal ro
^dcrpa Kdpra piKpov.
elBov, Kal eariv vtto ro) vrjo)
el fxev 5iv TrdXat Kal p,eya iov vuv roiovBe iyevero,
OVK olBa' ro Be iyo) elBov, pt,iKp6v eariv.
%r}p,a Be t^9 iaroplrj^ roBe rrprjacrovcnv. 5t9
eKaarov ereo'i iK Oa\d(rari<; vBcop €9 rbv vqov
drriKveerai. (^epovai Bk ovk Ipee^ pbovvov, oKKd
rraaa %vpir) Kal ^ApajSirj, Kal rreprjOev rov
^v(f)pt]r€Q) TToWol dvdpcoTTOi £9 OdXaaaav ep^pv-
rai Kal irdvre^ vBoop (f)epovcnv, ro irpcora pev iv
T(p vrjm eKxiovai, perd Be i<i ro ^Aarpa varep-
X^rai, Kal BeKerac ro x^crpa piKpov iov vBaro<;
Xprjpa TToXXov. rd Be iroieovre^ AevKaXicova iv
TO) lpa> rovBe v6p,ov deadat Xeyovcri avp(f)op'fj<; re
Kal evepyeair)<i pLvrjpa eppevai.
^ In spite of Lucian's repeated assurance, the story is more

Semitic than Greek. On the West Semitic origin of the

flood-story, see Clay, where also a translation of the Baby-
lonian tale according to Berossiis may be found (p. 82 sq.).
* At Gezer, not far from Jerusalem, "there is a living
tradition that the waters of the flood burst forth in the
neighbourhood" (Cook, p. 107). Likewise at Athens, within
the enclosure of Olympian Zeus, in the precinct of Olympian

352
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
lyven on erthe, two and two. And he resceyvede
hem alia, and thei diden him non harm, but betwene
hem was great charitee fro the goddes, and in oon
arke thei alle seyleden whyl the water prevayled.
So seyn Grekes of DeucaHoun.^
But of that that sewede, men of the Holy Cytee foUowed
tellen a tale that is worthy of gret merveylle, how
that in here londe opnede a huge hole and resceyvede
alle the water and whan this happed, Deucalioun
;

leet maken awteres and leet bylden over the hole a altars
temple halowed to luno.^ I saughe the hole, that is
benethe the temple, a right lityl oon. If whilom it
was gret and now is become suche as it is, I wot
neer, but that I saughe is smal.
In tokene of that storie thei don thus. Twyes
eech yeer water cometh fro the See in to the temple.
And not prestes only bryngen it, but al Surrye and
Arabye and fro beyonden Eufrate gon manye men
;

to the See and bryngen alle watre, that anon thei

scheden out in the temple, and thanne it goth
adoun in to that hole and al be it that the hole is
;

smal, natheles it taketh inne gret plentee of water.

And in doynge thus thei seyn that Deucalioun made
suche ordeynaunce for the seyntuarye in memorie of
that tribulacioun and that benefice.*
Earth " here the ground is cloven to a cubit's width and
: ;

they say that after the dehige which happened in Deucalion's

time the water ran away down this cleft. Every year they
throw into it wheaten meal kneaded with honey " (Pausanias
1, 18, 7, Frazer's translation).
are given in c. 48.
' Further details of this rite Frazer's
note on Pausanias I.e. compares an Athenian Hydrophoria
connected with the memory of the flood also the annual
;

water-pouring in the Temple at Jerusalem on the Feast of

Tabernacles. The performance was not simply commemor-
ative; the offering at Athens of meal and honey was

353
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
O fiev Mv ap^ato^ avrolai X0709 a^^X rov\
14 Ipov TOioaSe iariv. aWoi Se Sefibpa/xiv ttjv
Ba^v\covL7]v, T^? 8r) TToWa epya iv rfj 'Ao-t>/
iariv, ravTrjv koL roBe to eSo? ctaaaOai vo/x(,-\
^ovaiv, ovK "^pij Se eicracrOai aXka firjTpl eoivrrj'i,
Trj<; /\€pK€TQ) ovvofjia. A€pK€TOv<i 8e elSo? iv
^olvIkt} iOeijadfMTjv, ^evov rjfMicrer) p,ev
dir]/na
f^vvT), TO he oKocrov iK firjpcbv e<f aKpov; TroSa?
i-^dvo^i ovprj airoTelverai. rj Be iv rfj Ipy irokec
Trdaa yw^ iajLv, 7ri<7T^e? he rov \6you avrolatv
ov Kapra ifx(f)avie<;. Ix^vaf 'x^prjjia Ipov vo/ml-
^ov(TLv KoX ovKore iy^Ovayv -ylravoucrr koX 6pvi6a<i

chthonic, and so was the water-pouiing there (Cleidemus in

Athenaeus 5, p. 410a). At Hieropolis the object was to quell
evil spirits, according to Melito. "But touching Nebo.
which is in Mabug, why should I write to you ; for lo all !

the priests which are in Mabug know that it is the image of

Orpheus, a Thracian Magus. And Hadran {i.e. Hadaranes,
a double of Hadad) is the image of Zaradusht, a Persian
Magus, because both of these Magi practised Magism to a
well which is in a wood in Mabug, in which was an unclean
spirit, and it committed violence and attacked the passage
of every one who was passing by in all that place in which
now the fortress of Mabug is located and these same Magi
;

charged Simi, the daughter of Hadad (cf. c. 33), that she

should draw water from the sea, and cast it into the well, in
order that the spirits should not come up," etc. (Cureton,
Spicil. Syr. 44 sq.) Early modern travellers have seen sea-
water poured into a brook (Baudissin, Studien, ii, p. 181), and
it is perhaps significant that nowadays the Jans are angry if
water is spilled on the hearth (Baldensperger, Immovable
East, p. 85). Cf. Baudissin, p. 437, 3.

* A legend of Ascalon made Semiramis the daughter of

Derceto by a Syrian youth with whom Aphrodite {i.e.

Astarte) made Derceto fall in love. In her grief and shame,

354
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
Now that is the olde aunciene storie amonges
hem touching to the temple. But othere men
trowen that Semiramys of Babyloyne, of the which
sothely ben manye werkes in Asye, sche made this
foundacioun, and not for luno but for hir owne
Moder, that hadde to name Derketoun.^ And I
beheld the schap of Derketoun in Phenicye, a
straunge merveylle, halfundel womman, but the
tothere half, wel fro thighes to feet, streccheth out
in a fissches tayl.^ But the ymage in the Holy
Cytee is hoolyche woman, and the tokenes of here
seyinge ben not right certeyn. Thei leven fissches
holy thynge, and thei ne touchen fissche never; and

Derceto destroyed the youth, exposed the daughter, and her-

self leaped into a pool and was turned into a fish. Semiramis
was miraculously attended by doves until she was discovered
and handed over to Simmas, a royal overseer eventually
;

she married Ninus (Ctesias, quoted by Diodorus Siculus 2, 4).

She was intimately connected with temple traditions at
Hieropolis two statues of her stood near the temple, with
:

one of which the story was connected that she had once
tried to usurp the place of the goddess (cc. 39, 40), and some
thought that the " token" of c. 33 represented her.
* Cook, p. 30 sq. speaks of "various rude and almost
shapeless objects of bronze which have been interpreted,
thanks to a more realistic specimen from the Judaean Tell
Zakariya, as models of an amphibious creature with human
head and the tail of a fish;" and he adds: "a splendid
Carthaginian sarcophagus of a priestess (M. Moore, Carlhage
of the Hioenicians, frontispiece) represents a woman of strange
beauty with the lower part of the body so draped as to give
it a close resemblance to a fish's tail." But in Hellenistic
times the goddess was almost always represented in human
form. For other stories of her transformation, see W.
Robertson Smith, Eng. Hist. Rev., ii (1887), 303 sq, Gruppe,
;

Or. Mythol. p. 1345 ; for the survival of the belief into

modern times, Noldeke, Zeitschr. der Deutsch. MorgeTildnd.
Oesellsch. 35, 220.

355
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TOL'9 fiev dWov<i aiTeovrai, irepKTreprjv Be fiovvrjv
ov criTeovTat, dWa (T(f)i(Tiv ijSe iprj. ra Be yi-
yvofieva BoKeei avrol<i iroieeddai Ae/j/ceroO? kuX
"^lefxopdficoii etve/ca, to fiev on, AepKerco fj,op(f)r}v
i')(dvo<i '€)(ei, TO Be on to 'ZefiipdfiLo^ reXo<i e?
irepicrrep'qv drnKeTO. dX)C iyo) top fiev vtjov on
^ep,i,pdfj,io<i epyov ianv rd-^a kov Be^ofxai,- /\ep-
Kerov^ Be ro ipov e^fievav ovBafia TreCdofiai, eVel
Kul Trap' Alyvrrriav eviotaiv l'xdva<i ov (Tireovrai,
Koi TdBe ov AepKeroc )(apli^ovrai.
15 ^^anv Be koI dWo<i X0709 lp6<i, top iyo) ao(f)Ov
avopo<i rj/covaa, on rj fxev uer) rer) ecrnv, to be
Ipov "Arreo) TroLrjfia. "Attt;? Be yevo<i fiev AuSo?
rjv, TrpwTO? Be ra opyia rd e? 'Perjv iBiBd^UTO. Kal
rd ^pvye<i koI AuSol koI Xa/xodpa.Ke'i eiTLre-
Xeov(rcv, "ArTeco irdvTa eixadov. oi)<; ydp fiiv r}
']?eri ere/xev, ^iov fiev dvBprjiov direTrava-aTo, fiop-

(f)rjv Be OrjXerfv rffiei-^ajo koI eadPjTa yvvaixTjirfv

eveBvaaro Kal e? irdcrav yrjv (fjoirecov opytd re

eirereXeev kov rd eiradev aTv^iyeero Kal 'Perjv
TfeiBev. iv rolaiv Kal e'9 Xvplrfv drriKero. a><t Be

ol Treptfv FiV(f)p>']re(o dvdpcoTroc ovre avrov ovre

* See with the notes thereon.

cc. 45, 54,
' Onthe transformation of Seinirainis into a dove, see
Athenagoras, Legal, pro Christ. 70 (Ctesiae Fragmenta ed.
Miiller, p. 17) ; Diodorus 2, 20, 2. Diodorus (2, 4, 6 cf. ;

Hesychiua) says that the name Semiramis is derived from

the word for dove in the Syrian dialect. At all events the
similarity of the Assyrian word suinniatu (dove) helps to
account for her introduction into these stories (Lehmann-
Haupt, Roscher's Lexikon, s.v. Sernirainis, p. 694).
* Lucian's scepticism is unjustified. Pliny (5, 81) and
Strabo (16, p. 785) were better informed. Atargatis is the
Greek version of 'Atar-'ata ; Derceto is the Greek version
356
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
though of othere foules thei eten alle, the dowve
thei ne eten not, but sche is holy, as thei wenen.^
And thise thinges ben don, thei trowen, be cause of
Derketoun and Semiramys, the oon for that Der-
ketoun hath schap of a fissche, and the tother
because that atte laste Semiramys tornede to a
dowve.2 But to me, that the temple was bylded of
Semiramys j)eraventure may I graunte but that it ;

longeth to Derketoun I ne leve not in no kynde.^

For amonges somme peples of Egypte thei ne eten
not fissche, and that is not don for no favour to
Derketoun.*
Ther is also an other holy storie that I herde from a
wys man, how that the goddesse is Cibella and the
servys founded of Attis. Attis was a Lydien of
kynde, that first leet teche the ceremonyes that
longen to Cibella. And alle rytes that Phrygiens and
Lydiens and Samothracyens perfourmen, tho rytes
lerneden thei of Attis. For whan Cibella gelt him,
he cessed to lede the lyf of a man, but chaunged
to femele schappe, and did on wommenes clothynge,
and goynge to every londe perfourmed ceremonyes
and reherced what betyd him and preysed Cibella
in songes. Ther with alle cam he to Surrye, and for
als moche as the peple beyonden Eufrate resceyvede

of the abbreviated form Tar-'ata. See Cumont in Pauly-

Wissowa, under Atargatis and Dca Syria.
Ilcalencycl. ,
* In Astrology, c. 7, Lucian tells why these Egyptians do
it ; it is because they were especially devoted to the sign
Pisces. This may be more than a mere jest Cumont says
; :

" Old totems of Semitic tribes or of P^gyptian nomes survived

in the form of constellations" (Astrology and Religion, p.
116; cf. p. 81). But for the abstaining in Egypt other
reasons were given, from Herodotus on (2, 37 cf. Plutarch,
;

iKis avd O.siris, cc. 7, 32, 72, and for other references, Frazer,
Pausanias iv, p. 154). See also page 398, note 1.
357
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
bp'yia ihcKovTo, iv rwSe t^ X^PV '^^ Ipov inoi-

YjaaTo. cnj/iirjia Si' r) Oe6<i rh iroWa e? '"Perjv

iTTLKveerai.^ \eovre<; yap fiiv ^epovcri Kal rvfx-

iravov €)(€(, KoX eirl rfj Ke^dXfj irvpyocfiopeei,

OKOLTjv '1^€T)V AvSol TToieovcriv. eXeyev Be Kal
TdWcov iripi, oi elcriv €v tm IpSt, on TdWoi
'
iipjj fiev ovBafid, 'Pirj Be TCfivopTac xal "Arrea
fiifxeovrai.

Ta Be jxot evirpeirea jxev BoKeet efxfievai, dXtjdea

Be ov' eTrel Kal tj;? rofjLrjf; dWrjv alrirjv r]KOvaa

] 6 TToWov TTKrroTeprjv. dvBdvec Be fiot a \eyovcnv

Tov Ipov irepi rot? "FiWrjcrt to, ttoWo, ojuoXoyeov-
T69, TTjv fiev Oeov "}ipr}v Bok€Ovt€<;, to B epyov
Aiovvcrov rov ^efieXrjf; Troirjfia' Kal yap Brj Aio-
vvaoi; 69 Itvpirfv diriKero Keivrjv oBov ttjv rfxdev

69 AW Loiri'qv . KoX eari iroXXa ev t& Iptp Aio-

vvaov iroirjTeo} aijfiara, iv rolcn Kal ia6P]Te<i
^dp^apoL Kal Xldoi ^IvBol Kal eXe^avToav Kepea,

TO, A.iovvcro'i i^ AWioirwv rjveLKev, Kal <f)aXXol

Be icTTdcn iv Tolcrc TrpoTrvXaioia-i Bvo Kapra fie-

ydXoL, iirl tcov iniypafifia roiovBe eTnyeyparmai,

" TovaBe <^aXXov<; Ai6vvao<i Hpi] fi'rjTpvcrj dvi-

* 4-iriKVfeT ai Lehmami : intKttrai TE : airiKe'cTai N.

 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
him not, ne his cerimonyes nouther, he founded the
seyntuarye in this place. And for a signe thereof,
the goddesse for the most partie ressembleth Cibella,
for lyouns drawen hir and sche holt a timbre and
bereth tours on hir hede, right as Lydiens formen
Cibella. Also he spak of Galles that ben in the
temple, seyinge that Galles gelden hem and counter-
feten Attis not at alle for no worschipe of luno but
for worschipe of Cibella.^
Bat after myn avis, al be it that this is wel
semynge, it is not trewe, for I have herde an other
cause whi thei gelden hem that is a gret dele mo to
beleven. Me liketh what men seyn of the seyntuarye
that acorden fulle wel to hem of Grece, that demen the
goddesse luno and the seyntuarye mad of Bachus,
Semeles sone. For withouten doubte Bachus cam
to Surrye in that passage in the which e he wente to
Ethiope. And in the temple ben manye tokenes of
Bachus foundour, as namely foreyne garnements and
precious stones of Ynde and olifauntes homes, that
Bachus broght from Ethiope. And two yerdes, or
pileres, stont in the entree, passynge highe, on the
whiche is vvriten this scripture " I Bachus presentede
:

^ This identification of the Dea Syria with Rhea

has been
spoken of as a temple-legend. Is it not rather a simple
deduction of Lucian's "wise man," based upon general
resemblance and upon the presence of Galli in both cults?
The resemblance, however, was real, and the identification
was not unusual a striking instance is in Bardesanes, where
;

the Syriac version (Cureton, 31) has Tharatha, the Greek, as

quoted by Eusebius, Rhea. It has been revived by modern
scholars, notably Meyer, and with good reason ;but whether
the "Mother-goddess" is Semitic in origin, as he formerly
held, or non-Semitic (Hittite), as he now argues, is still, it
seems to me, an open question. See note below on Combabus.

359
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
07}Ka. '
TO ifiol fxev vvv koX rohe ^ apKcei, ipeo)
oe Kat aX.X' o ri earlv iv tm vi]m Aiouu(rov opyiov.
<f)aXX.ov<i '
EiXXr]v€<i Aiovvaai ijeipovcriv, iiri rcov
Koi ToiovBe ri (f>epovaiv, avhpa<i fjLCKpov<i i/c ^vXov
7r€7roir)/j,€Vou<;, fxeydXa alBola e^j^oi/ra?* KokieTai
Se rdSe vevpocriracrra. ecm 5e koX roSe ev rip
Iptp' iv Be^ifj rov vrjov /cdOrjrai fiiKpb<i dvrjp
')(^d\Keo<; e')(aiv alholov jxi'^a,
17 lioadhe pev^ tmv olKiarioyv rov Ipov
dp<f)l
p,vdo\o'yeovaiv. 8e ipeco fcal rov vrjov irept
rjhfi

6ecno<; re o/ceo? iyivero koI oaTC<; pbiv eVot j/craro.

Xeyovai top vtjov top vvv iovra p,r) ep,pevai tov

rr}v dp')(r)v yeyevT^jxevov,^ aXV eKelvov p,€v Kareve-

')(6rivaL \pov(p varepov, rov Se vuv iovra Xrpa-
TOViKT}^ €fip,€vat iroCrjpa, yvvacKO'S rov ^Aaavplwv
^aai\e(o<;.
AoK€€l 8e p,Ol 7] '^TpaTOVLKT} eKeiVi] €pp,€vaL, TJ)?
o Trpoyovo<; rjprjcraTO, rov ijXey^ev tov Ir^Tpov
iinvoir}' to? ydp fiLV i) (Tvp,<f)opr} KaTeXa^ev, dfirj-

1 T<$S6 A.M.ff. : ride MSS.

MSS.
—Fritzsche
* fiiv : fiiv
' fi^ yey fvriufvov : first Aldine not in MSS.
; TE show
lacunae ; the space in r is about 31 letters.

* Phallic pillars, further described below, cc. 28-29. Tlie

inscription is much too pointed to be genuine ; it is a hoax
like that in the True Story 1, 7 (vol. i, p. 255). Pillars were
an ordinary feature of Semitic "high places," both of wood
(asherim) and of stone (masseboth) see Frazer, Folklore, iii, ;

62 sqq. In the case of the asherim I know of no direct

evidence that they were phallic, but the masseboth, many of
which still survive, are sometimes clearly of that nature
(Cook, 14, 28 ; see also le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems,
p. 294, for a curious survival of this significance). The
pillars at Hieropolis were made of wood, since cleats were

360
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
thise yerdes to luno my step moder." ^ Now to
me this sufficeth, natheles I schalle seye you another
thing that is in the temple, that longeth to cere-
monyes of Bachus. Men of Grece formen yerdes
for worsehipe of Bachus that beren on hem litylle
men made of wode that han grete membres, the
whiche men thei nempnen Popets,^ And in the
temple ther is this same thing on the righte syde
;

sitt a lityl man of brasse that hath a gret membre.

So seyn thei of the foundours of the holy place.
And now I schalle speke of the temple, wher that it
was sett and who that leet by Id en it. Men seyn,
the temple that stont now is not that oon the
whiche was bylded atte firste, but that was beten
doun sithen som tyme, and the temple that stont
now is the werk of Stratonice, wyf to the Kyng
of Assurye.^
I trowe, this is thilke Stratonice that hir step
sone lovede, that was betraysed by the phisicyens *
invencioun. For whan the infortune oppressed him,

nailed to them ; they were therefore asherim, and form a

further bond between Ashera (Astarte) and Atargatis.
Whether originally phallic or not, they were in Lucian's day
themselves used as " high places " ; see below.
* 8ee Herodotus 2, 48, on Egyptian puppets {aydKfiara
v(vp6(JiraaTa.).
' Stratonice was daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and
wife of Seleucus Nicator ; she was subsequently surrendered
by him to his son Antiochus I, Soter, by a former wife,
Apama. The famous tale which follows (in Lucian a pure
digression, but quite in the Herodotean manner) is rehearsed
at length by Plutarch also {Demetrius 38). Rohde has made
it pretty clear that, though possible enough (Galen claimed
to have detected hidden love in the same way), as far as
Antiochus is concerned it is fiction (Griech. Roman, p. 52.)
* Erasistratus (Plutarch, I.e.).

361
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
')(aveaiv tS> KaKw aicr'^pfa So/ciovTi kut r]av)(i'qv
ev6(T€€v, e/cetTo Be aXyecov ovBiv, Kai ol r] re %/3ot^
TTajjuirav erpeTrero koI to crcofia Si' r}fieprj<i i/j,n-
paivejo. he Irjrpo'i &)? elBe fiiv e<? ovBev €/jb(f)avt<i
appcoariovra, eyi/co rrjv vovcrov epcoTa e/xfievai.
epcoro'i Be a(f)aveo<; TroWa arj/jLr'jia, 6(f)6a\fJi,oi re
aaOevee^; koI (fxovr) koI XP'^'-V '^<^'' BaKpva. fiadaiv
Be ravra ry Be^ifj et^e rod
eiroiee' %ef/9t fxev
verfviaKOV rrjv KapBirjv, eKciXee Be rov<i ava rrjv
otKirjv TTcivra^' o Be r(ov p,ev dWcov eaiourcov
irdvrcov ev r/pe/JLLr) fieydXj) r]V, Qi<i Be rj fiTjrpviT)
d-uLKero, rtjv re ')(^poir)v rjWd^aro koX IBpcoeiv
cip^aro Kat, rpofim et^^ero koI ?; KapBirj dverrdX-
Xero. rd Be fyiypofieva efx(f)avea ra> IrjrpM rov
18 ep(ora eiroLeev, Kai fiiv a)Be h']aaro. KoXecra^ rov
vei]Via-KOv rov marepa Kdpra oppooBeovra, ""HBe
T) vov(7o<;, ' " rjv iral'i oBe dppoycrriec, ov
€(f>7},
vovcro<i ecxriv, dWa dBiKirj' oBe ydp roc dXyeei
/j.€v ovBev, ep(0<; Be fiiv /cat (ppevo/SXa^eir} e^ei.
iTTiOvfiiec Be rcov ovBa/md rev^erat, (piXecov yv-
vaiKa ifMip, rr)V €7C(> ovri fxerrjcroiMaL^^ 6 fxev
S)v roidBe ao(f)uj iyjrevBero. 6 Be avrcKa eXluaero,
" npo9 re ao^irj'^ Kai IrirpiKi)^, jirj fioc iraiBa
oXear}<i' ov yap edeXcov ravrrj crv/x(f)opf] ea^^ro,
dXXa ol 7] vov(TO<i deKovair). r& <tv /jLrj8ap,d
^rjXorvTTeayv irev6o<i eyelpai Trdcrr} ^acriXrjlrj p,r)Be
/77T/309 ecbv (j^ovov TTpo^eveeiv ^ IrjrpiKfj." 6 pev
o)8e dyvQ}<; ecbv iBeero. 6 Be p,iv avri^ dp^i^ero,
" ^Avoaia airevBet^; ydpov ip,6v diratpeop.evo'i rjBe
lijrpov dvBpa ^idi)p,evo<i. (tv dv avro<i
Be KOi<i
eirprj^a^, el rov arjv yvvatKa eirodeev, ep.ev rdBe
^ Trpoltv(en> Koene, Schaefer : irpo^fvieis N : lacuna in TE.
362
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
he mifijhte not susteyne the mysese that semede
him schamful, and so he stille felle into syknesse, quietly
and lay withouten ony peyne ; and his hewe
ehaunged outerly, and his bodye feblede eech
day. But whan the phisicyen saughe that he
was wayk withouten pleyne cause, he iugged that
the syknesse was love. For of derne love ther veers'.

ben manye signes, as waike eyen, voyee, hewe,

teeres. And whan that he perceyved it, he did
thus. With his righte honde he kepte the yonge
mannes herte, and thanne he sent after all tho that
weren in the house. And whan everyche of the
othere entrede, this was in gret ese, but whan his
step moder cam, he ehaunged his hewe and swatte
and schoke and his herte stirte. Thise thinges leaped
scheweden his love to the phisicyen, that helede
him thus. After that he hadde clepede the yonge
mannes fader, that was sor adrad, " This syknesse,"
quod he, " wherof thy child is wayk nis not syknesse
but synne, for verrayly he soffreth of no peyn, but
of love and wodenesse. And he coveyteth that fremy
he may not have in no wyse, lovynge my wyf
that I wil not forgon." So that oon lyde in gyle.
And anon that other besoghte him :
" Be thy
conynge and thy phisik, destroie me not my sone ;

for he is not in this cas of his owne wille but hath

the syknesse mawgree himself. Therfore do thou not
thorghe despyt make sorwe in alle the rewme, ne
thou that art phisicyen brynge manslaughtre in to
phisik." Thus preyde he, al unwar. And that
oon answerde :
" Thou foi'threst wykked dedis,
revynge me from mj' mariage and destreyninge a
pore leche. What Avoldestow thiself have don and
he coveytede thy wyf, thou that axest suche bones boons

363
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Seofievo^; ; 6 Be Trpo? raSe eXeyev co9 ov8 avTo<i
av Kore yvvaiKo^ i^eiaaro ovBe TracBl acoTrjpirjii
i(f)d6i'€ev, el Kai ti fii}Tpuirj<i eTreOv/xeev ov yap
ofioirjv (TVfM<f)opr}p efifievai yafjberrjv rj Tralha oXecrai.
ft)9 Tahe 6 Irjrpo^ o]Kov(Tev, " Tt roi" e(f)7), " ifie
8e
Xiaaeai ; koX yap roi a-qv yvvalKa iroOeei' ra Be
iyco eXeyov iravra erjv -^evBea^ TreiOerat fxev
TovreoLai, Kal rco [lev ttulBI XetVet koI yvvatKa koI
^acrikrjirjv, avTO^ Be e<? rrjv HaffvXcovLrjv ')(^(opr]v
aiTLKeTO Kal ttoXiv evrl rw ^vcf>prjTr] eTTCovvfiov
eoovTov eiroirjaaro, evOa ol Kal 7) reXeurr] eyeveTO.
a)Be fxev 6 IrjTpo^; epcora eyvco re Kal li]craTO.
19 "HBe Br} oiv rj '^rparovLKT] eVt to3 Trporepro
avBpl avvoiKeovaa ovap roiovBe iOerjaaro, ax?
/xiv rj "Hprj eKeXevev eyeipai ol tov ev Trj Ipfj
TToXet VTjop, el Be cnreideot, ttoXXu ol Kal KaKo,
atreiXeev. rj Be ra jiev irpcora ovBefiiav wprjv
erroieeTO' ixera Be, tw? p-iv [xeyaXrj vov(ro<; eXa^ev,
Tw re avBpl rrjv o^^iv airrjyrjaaTO kuI rrjv Uprjv '

IXdaKero Kal arrjaeiv rov vrjov vireBe^ajo. Kal

avTLKa vyiea yevofievrjv 6 dvrjp €9 rr/v Iprjv iroXiv
eTTC/ATre, (tvv Be ol Kal -x^pijfjuira Kal aTparirjv ttoX-
Xijv, TOL'9 fMev olKoBo/jiieiv, toi'9 Be Kal tov d(T(f)aXeo^
e'iveKa. KaXeaa<i Be Tiva r(ov eayvTov (fylXcov, verjvirjv

^ Compare the famous story in Herodotus (3, 119) of the

wife of Intaphrenes, who preferred brother to husband and

sons.
* The known facts are that Seleucus made Antiochus

joint-ruler in 293 B.C. ; that the marriage of Stratonice to

Antiochus may have taken place at that time, but the date
is not known ; and that in 281, on becoming master of the
whole realm of Alexander through the defeat of Lysimachus,
he planned to entrust, and perhaps actually did entrust, all
364
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
of me ? " Therwith he replyede that he him self
wolde never have ben ialous over his wyf ne grucched be-
his sone deliveraunce, if so be he hadde eoveyted his ^^
step moder; for it was not the lyke infortune to
lese a wyf as a sone.^ And whan the phisicien herde
that, " Wherfore than," quod he, "dostow beseehe
me ? Parfey, he loveth thy wyf, and alle that I
seyde was fausse " !
Than was the fader over-
comen, and yold bothe wyf and rewme to his sone, realm
and goyinge himself to the contree of Babyloyne leet
make a cytee nyghe Eufrate that was cleped after
his owne name, ther as his dethe befel.^ Thus did
the phisicien bothe knowe and hale love.
Now, I seye you, whyl yit that Stratonice duellede
with her formere housbond, hir mette a dreme how
that luno bade hir to bylde the temple for hir in the
Holy Cytee, and if sche sholde not obeye, sche
manaced hir with manye harmes. Atte first, sche
ne took no fors of it but after, whan a grete sykness twu
;

hent hir, sche told the dreme to hir housbond and

enforced hir to apayen luno, and behight to bylde appease
the temple. Anon sche becam hool, and thanne hir p^"™*^**
housbond wolde sende hir to the Holy Cytee, and
with hir a gret tresor and a gret boost, some for to
bylden and other some for here seurtee. Therfore
he sompned oon of his frendes, a right fayr yong man

Asia to his son, intending himself to assume the throne

of Macedonia. But within a few months he was assassinated
by Ptolemy Ceraunus near Lysimachia in Thrace. He built
many cities named after him this Seleucia, 15 miles below
;

Baghdad, is generally called "on the Tigris," but it lay

between the two rivers, which at that point are only 25
miles apart, and the canal Naarmalcha, connecting the
Euphrates with the Tigris, flowed by it.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kapra koXov, rw ovvofia Tjv K.ofi^d^o<i, " '£70)
TOt," e^Tj, " 0) Ko/j,0d^€, iaOXov eovra (fnXeo)
re fiaXtara (piXcov e/xcov Kal irdfiTrav eTraiveco
re Kal evvoirj^ .t^9 e? rjfji,ea<i, rjv hrj
ao(f)ir](;

eVeSe'^ao. vvv 8e fioi '^petcb fi€yd\r)<; iriario^,

TU) ae 9ek(o yvvaiKL ijufj iaTrofievov epyov re
/iot einrekeaai Kal [pa reXecrat Kal arparirj'i
iiriKpaTeeiv' aol Se aTriKOfxevo) i^ rjixeoov Tijxrj
fjbeydXr] eacrerai."
IIpo9 rdSe 6 K.o/ii^d^o<i avTiKa XicraeTO ttoXXcl
Xtiraperov pur] p,iv iKTrepLirecv piTjBe TrcaTeveiv ol
Ta TToXXop ecovTov p,e^ova ')(^prjpaTa Kal yvvalKa
Kal epyov Ipov. ra 8e oppcoheev pir} kot4 ol l^rjXo-
TVTTLr] -^povoy varepoy e? rr/v 'ZrparovLKijv yei'oiro,
20 rr)v pLovva aTrd^eiv ep-eXXev. co? Be ovhapd eirei-
dero, he i/cecri?;? hevTeprj^ dirreTai Bovvai 01 ^povov
eTTTa rjpiepecov, /zera Be diroaTelXai pnv reXiaavrd
Tl Tcov pidXiara iBeero. tv^cov Be pr]iBio}<;, e?
Tov eoiVTov oIkov aTTiKveerai Kal irecroiv ^(apLa^e
TOidBe coBvpero' "^Q. BelXaia, ri pt,0L ravrrj'i t-^?
iriarLO^ ; tl Be p,oi oBov, rrj<; TeXo<; 7]8r] BepKop,ai. ;

v€o<f p,ev iyoD Kal yvvatKl KaXfj e-yjrofiai. to Be

pioi pLeydXr] (Tvp,(f)opr) eaaerai, el pt,rj 670)76 Trdaav

^ The name Konibabos, which does not occur elsewhere in

Greek, has been identified as that of the opponent of

Gilgainesh in the Gilgamesh-Epic, Hu(m)-ba-ba (Schrader-
Zimmern, p. 570, and note 2). Clay has shown (pp. 49-53)
that this name is not Elamite, but Amorite or West Semitic ;
he holds that it was borne by a historical personage who
lived in a cedar district of the West and humiliated Baby-
lonia at the time of Gilgamesh, about 4000 B.C. However
that may be, Kombabos is Humbaba, and in this story,
which is the temple-legend, the name of Kombabos is the
366
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
that highte Combabe/ and seyde " For thou art
:

noble, Daun Conibabe, I love thee most of alle mine

frendes, and I preyse tliee gretli for tliy coninge and
for thy gode wille to me, that thou hast discovered
beforn. And now me nedeth of grete feyth,
wherfore I vi^ole that thou folwe my wyf, for to
acomplisshe the werke in my name, and to per-
fourme the sacrifises, and to reule the boost and ;

whan thou retornest thou sehalt gete highe worschipe

fro me."
Therwith anon Combabe gan preye and beseche
him ful besily that he scholde not send him forth ne
betaken him nouther that tresor, that was moche to entrust

gret for him, ne his wyf, ne the holy werk. For he

was adrad lest that ialousie scholde assayle him
afterwardes as touching to Stratonice, that he moste
lede forth e allone. But sithe the kyng wolde not
herknen in no kynde, he assayde an other requeste,
for to graunte him seven dayes space, and than sende
liim forth, whan he hadde don a thing thereof he
hadde most nede. And whan he obteyned this
bone lightely, he wente to his owne house and caste
himself adoun and pleyned right so "Alias wrecche,
:

what have I to don with this feythe, what have I to

don with this viage, whereof I seighe now the ende ?
I am yong, and schal folwen a fayre womman. This
schalle be gret meschief to me, but if 1 putte awey

significant part; Stratonice has taken the place of an earlier

female. I believe her immediate predecessor was Semiramis,
from Ammianus Marcellinus, 14, 6, 17, and her general
connection with this site she in her turn probably ousted an
;

earlier Sima or Ata, with whom Komhabos may have been

brought into connection through building or rebuilding the
temple (cf. Clay, p. 51, note 22 j.

367
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
alriTjv KaKov airoO/jaoixai' r^ fxe XPV^ fiiya
epyov airorekecrai, to Trdvra (f>6^ov lijcreTai."
fiot
TdBe eliroyv dreXea eoivrov itroieev, koX raficbv
ra alSola e? dyyjjtov [xiKpov xaredero afivpvrj
T€ d[ia Kol fieXtTL koX dWoiai OvcofiaaL' xal
eiretra acppr^ylhi rrjv epopee aT]/jt,T]vdfjL€vo<i to
Tpcofia IrJTo. fjL€Ta Be, to? /jliv oBonropeeiv iSoKeev,
diTLKoixevo'i e? tov ^aaiXea ttoWmv irapeovTwv
BiSol re a/iia to dyyr'jLov koI \eyet wBe' " 'H
BeairoTa, ToSe fwi fiiya Kei[JbrfK,Loi> iv Tolai
OLKeioLaL aTTeKeaTO, to efyft) KupTU eirodeov' vvv oe
eirel ixeydXrjv ohov 6p)(^ofiai, irapd crol ToBe drjcroixat.
ail Be fJLot da(f)aXiai<i e')(€Lv' ToBe ydp p,oi y^pvcrov
^eXTepov, ToSe /xoi t/'^u^j)? ifir}<; dvrdPiov. evT
CIV Be dTTL/cco/xai, aoov aSxt? aTroiaofiai" 6 Be
Be^d/xevof eTeprj (TcjypijyiBi earjfiULveTO Kol TOiai
Tafiirjcri (^povpeeiv eveTeiXaTo.
21 l^op,0d^o<i /xev vvv to (itto TovBe da^aXea
oBov TjvueV aTTiKOfievot Be e? ttjv iprjv iroXiv
(XTrovBfj TOV vrjov oLKoB6/u,eov koX cr(f)ccn Tpla erea
iv TO) epyo) e^eyeveTO, iv Toicn dirk^aive Tdtrep
6 Ko/jL^d^O'i oppdtBeev. -q "ZTpaTOVLKr] yap ')(^p6vov

irrlTToXXov avvovra fiiv trodkeiv dp^CTO, fieToL Be

oi Koi KdpTa iirefirjvaTO. koI Xeyovaiv oi ev tt}
Ipfi iroXei Tr]v"lApr}v TOVTewv alTcrjv iOeXovaav
yeveaOai, Ko/x^d^ov ecrdXov filv iovTa XaOeeiv
fji7]Bap,d, "^TpaToviKTjv Be TiaaaOai, otc ov prjiBiaii
TOV vt]ov inrea^eTO.
22 'H Be TCi fjuev irpoiTa iaax^^poveev koX ttjv vovcrov
eKpvTTTev ft)9 Be oi to kukov /xe^ov 'qav^iri'i iyiveTO,
if i/jb(f)ave<i iTpv-\(eTo KXaieaxev re Bi i)iJbep->-i<; koX
Ko/ji^d^ov dveKuXeeTO kul ol irdvTU Ko/i/3ay8o9
368
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

alcause of evylle therfore most I perfourme a gret
;

dede that schal hele me of alle fere."

Thus he seyde, and thanne he marrede him self
and whan he hadde kutte offe his genitours he put
hem into a lityl pot, and bawrae with alle, and hony
and othere thinges of swete smelle. Thanne he
selede it with a signet that he bar, and helede his
wounde. And after, whan him wel seraede for to
don iorneye, goynge to the kyng, beforn manye men
that ther weren he toke him the pot, seyinge thus : gave
" O sire, this grete tresor I was wont for to kepe
prevely, and I lovede it wel; but now, for als moche
as I schal gon a fer weye, I wole betaken it to you.
Kepeth it sikkerly for this to me is bettre than
;

gold, this to me is als dere worth as my lyf. Whan

I I'etorne, I schal here it home ayen saf and sound."

So the kyng resceyved it and seelede it with an

otlier signet and bad his stywardes for to kepen it
curyously.
Than Combabe mad his weye safly and whan thei
;

were comen to the Holy Cytee thei gan bylde the

temple besily, and thei spenten 3 yeres in the werk,
and in tho yeres that Combabe dredde befel. For
in companyinge with him a gret whyl Stratonice
began for to love him, and thanne sche wex right
wode over him. Men of the Holy Cytee seyn that
luno was voluntarie cause thereof, to the entente
that Combabes godeness scholde not lye hidde and
Stratonice scholde ben punissched be cause that
sche ne behight not the temple buxomly. readily

Atte firste sche was mesurable and hyd hir

maladye but whan as hir miseyse becam to gret
;

for pees, sche sorvvede openly and wepte everyche

day, and cryde on the name of Combabe, and Com-

369
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
rjv. reXo? Se d/xr]')(^aviov<ra rfj avficpopfj evirpeirea
iK€(rLr)v aX\(p fiev mv rov epiora ofxo-
iSi^rjTO.
\oyeetv iipvXdaaero, avrrj Se iTn')(eLpeeLv alhiero}
iirivoeei wv roidSe, oXv<o ccovttjv fieOvaaa-a 69
Xoyov^ 01 eXOetv. apa 8e otv(p ecnovri rrrapprjcTLr)
re iaep^erac koX rj dTTOTU^t?; ov Kapra aiaxpv,
oKKa rSiv Trptja-aop^iveov eKaara e? d'yvolr}v
dvaxwpeei.
'n? hi ol iBoKce, Kol iiroiee Tavra. kcu eVet
e/c BeiTTvov iyevovro, dirLKopbevrj e? ra oiKela iv
Tola I K.op./3d^o<i avXl^ero, Xtaaero re koX yovvoav
airreTO koI top epcora ayfioXoyeev. 6 Be tov re
Xoyov aTrrjveo)^ direBeKeTO kol to epyov dvaivero
Kai ol Tr)v p^edrjv inreKoXeev. d'neiXovar}<i Be
fjL&^a TL KUKov eayvTTjV epydaaaOai, Belaaf irdvra
ol Xoyov €(pr}V€V koX iracrav rrjv ewvrov irdOrjv
dirriyrjcraTo koX to epyov 69 ip,(f)av€<; rjveiKev.
IBovaa Be r/ "ZrpaTOViKri rd oviroTe eXireTO, p,avLr]<{
jxev eKeivr}<i ea')(eTo, €p(OTO<i Be ovBafxd eXrjOeTo,
dXXd irdvTa ol avveovaa TavTrjv TTapajxvOiijv
eiToUeTO epa)TO<i aTrprJKTOCo. eaTiv 6 eyo&>9 ovto<;
ev Tj) Iprj TToXei, kuI €ti vvv yiyveTai' yvvalKe<i
TdXXcov e7ri,6vp,€Ovai koI yvvai^l VdXXoi enrip.at-
vovrai, ^tjXorvTreei Be ovBei<}, dXXd a<^Lai to
'^pi]p,a Kdpra Ipov vop,i^ovaiv.
23 Ta S' a)v ev ttj Ipfj TroXei dp,(f}l Tr}V ^Tparo-
viK7]v ovBap,d TOV ^aaiXea XeXrjOev, dXXd
•iToXXol KaTrjyopeov koX tu yiyvo-
aTTiKveofievoi,
fieva dTTTjyeovTo. eVt roicn irepiaXyemv e^
dT€Xeo<i TOV epyov K.op,^d8ov p-eTe/cdXeev. dXXot

' atSetro Lehmann : iSttro r, r)8efTo N.

 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

babe was alle the worlde to hir. And fynally, for
sche ne mighte not susteyne suche adversitee, sehe
soughte a wel semynge peticioun. Now sche was
war for to avowen hir love to ony other, yit sehe
hadde scham for to assayen ought hh'self. Therfore
sche bethoghte hir of this devys, that sche scholde
make hirself dronke with wyn and thanne speke
with him for what tyme wyn cometh inne, boldness
;

of speche cometh inne with alle, and disconfiture

nys not over schamful, but all that is don passeth
into foryetynge. f^L
Right as hir thoghte, right so sche didde. For
aftre mete sche wente to the house wherin Combabe
was logged, and besoghte him and embraced his
knees and avowed hir love. But he resceyved hir
wordes rudeliche, and wolde not assente to the dede,
and reprevede hir of dronkenesse. But whan sche
made manace to don som gret harm, thanne
hirself
for fere he told hir the storie and descryved al
alle
his owne cas and discovered his doynge. And
wlian Stratonice saughe that hir ne thoghte never
to seen, sche stente of hir wodenesse, yit sche forgat desisted
^^""^
not at alle of hir love, but companyed with him
alle weyes and in that gyse solacede the love, therin
sche mighte not speden. That maner love abydeth
yit in the Holy Cytee, and is mad now a dayes
wommen coveyten Galles and Galles wexen wode
for love of wommen natheles is no man ialous, but
;

hem thenketh this thing right holy.

Now that that had happened in the Holy Cytee
touching Stratonice scaped not the kyng in no
kynde, but manye that retorneden acuseden hem
and reherceden here doynges wherfore the kyng
;

was grevously troubled and sompnede Combabe fro

371
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Bk \eyovai \6yov ovrt dXrjdia, rrjv XrpaTOvLKrjv,
itrecSrj a'iTeTV)(e tmv eSiero, avT7]v ypdy}racrav €?
TOvdi'Bpa Tov K.o/j,^d/3ov Karrjyopeeiv rreiprjv ol eiri-
KoKeovcrav, Kal to "KX\r]ve<; '^deve^oiii<i irepi \e-
ffovat Kol ^aiBpri<i rrj^; }^VQ)aalr)<;, ravrl Kal
'Aaavpiot e? SrparovLKijv fivdoXoyeova-iv. iyo)
fiiv vvv ovhe X6ev€^0Lr]v rreldo/Mai ovSe fpavBprjv
roidSe irriTeXecrai, el top 'IttttoXvtov dTpeKeco';
eiroOee ^aiSprf. dWd rd fiev e'^exft) o/c&)9 Kal
iyivero.
24 'n? Se 77 dyyeXiT) e? rrjv Iprjv iroXiv drrriKero
eyvw T€ 6 KoyLt^a/3o9 rr)v alTLr/v, dapaewv re
fjev, OTt ol T} 0.770X0767 oiKoi eXetTrero, /cat fjLiv

ekdovra 6 ^aaiXev'i avrUa fi€v eh-qcriv re KaX

iv ^povpji elxev /xerd 8e, Trapeovrtov ol tmv
(piXwv at Kal Tore 7r€/j,7rofievM rro Ko/iySa/Sm
irapeyePOVTo, irapayayoov €9 fieaov Karrjyopeuv
dpy(6ro KaC ol fioi'xeCr^v re Kal dKoXacrcrjv irpov-
(pepev Kdpra Be BetvoiraOecov •rria-Ttv re Kal
^iXirjv dveKaXeero, Xiywv rptcrad K.ofi^d^ov
dBiKeetu fxoL')(pv re iovra Kal e9 TrCariv v/3pi(Tavra
Kal 69 Oeop dcre^eovra, TJ79 iv t& epyto ToidBe
eirprj^ev. ttoXXoI Be irapeaTeoiref; ijXeyxov on
dva(f)ai>Bbv cr(f)ea'i dXXijXoicri crvve6vTa<; elBov.
irdatv Be TeXo9 eBoKeev avTiKa OvrjdKeiv K-o/M/Sd-
^ov Oavdrov d^ia ipyacrfievov.
25 'O Se Te&)9 P'ep icTTijKeev Xeycov ovBev' inel Be
^Brj €9 TOV <p6vov tiyero, ^dey^aro re Kal ro

37a
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
the werk or it was finissched. Othere men seyn not
sooth, that whan Stratonice fayled of hir purpos,
sche hir self wroot lettres to hir housbond and
acused Combabe, blamynge him of assayinge hir.
Right as men of Grece seyn of Steneboye and of
Fedre Cnossien, right so seyn Assuriens of Strato-
nice.^ Now to me, I ne beleve not that Steneboye
dide no suche thing, ne Fedre nouther, if Fedre
trewely lovede Ypolite. But lat tho thinges worth oo
right as thei weren.^
Whan the tidinges were come to the Holy Cytee,
and Combabe lernede the acusaccioun, he wente
boldely, for because he had laft his answere at home.
And at arryvinge, anon the kyng bond him and
kepte him in prisoun ; and after, whan his frendes
there weren that there weren beforn, whan Combabe
was sent forth, he ladde him in presence and began
for to blamen him, reprevinge him of avowtrie and
vileinye and in sore bitternesse of herte he putte
;

him in remeinbraunce of feythe and frendschipe,

seyinge that Combabe didde 3 fold wrong be cause
he was avowtrer and brak feyth and synned ayeyns
the goddesse in whoos servys that he so wroughte.
And manye stode forth and made witnessing that
thei saughen hem companye togider openly. And
atte laste alle demeden that Combabe scholde dye
right anon, for his dedis disserveden dethe.
In this tyme he stondynge seyde noght. But
whan thei wolde leden him to his dethe, he spak,
^ The story of Joseph and his master's wife (Genesis
39)
would be in this instance a parallel more apt. And with
both compare the scorning of Ishtar by Gilgamesh in the
Epic (Schrader-Zimmern. p. 571 sq.).
* Tliis sentence parodies Herodotus 2, 28 : Tovra fxev wv
(<TTw &1S IffTi T« Kol ins OLpx^lv f'yfi'fro, and similar transitions.

373
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
KeifirfKiov atree,^ Xeywv &)<? dvatpeet fiiv ovx
v^pLO<i ovBe ydfi(ov etveKa, aXXd eKCivcov eirtdv-
fiicov rd 01 dmoiv TrapeOrjKaTO. 7rpo<; rdBe 6
^aaiXev^ KoXeaa^ rov Tafiitjv eKeXevev iv€iKat
rd ol (ppovpeeiv eBcoKev' co? Be rjveiKev, Xucra?
T'qv cr(f>p7]ylBa 6 K.op.^d/So'i rd re eveovra iire-
Bei^ev Kol koiVTov OKola eireirovOeev, eXe^e re,
"'n ^acrtXev, rdBe rot iyco oppcoBecov, evre fie
ravrrjv oBbv eVe/XTre?, dcKcov rjov xal eirei fie
dvajKair) fieydXr] eK ako KureXa^ev, rotdBe
errereXeaa, iaOXd fiev e? Becnrorea, ifiol Be ovk
evrv')(ea. roiocrBe fieproi eo>v dvBpo<i eir* dBtKirjv
ey/caXiofxai.^^
26 'O Se 7ryoo9 rdBe dfi^(i)cra<; ^ irepte/SaXev re fiiv
KoX BaKpvcov dfia eXeyev, "'O K.ofi^d^e, rl fieya
KUKov elpydaao ; ri Be creoovrov ovrco^ deiKeXiov
epyov fiovvo<; dvBpwv ^ eTrprj^a^ ; rd ov Trdfnrav
eiraiveoo. w ax^'TXie, o? roidBe erXrjii, ola firjre
ae rraOeetv fiijr ifie IBeaOai axpeXev' ov yap
fioi ravr7}<i aTroXoyir}^ eBeev. dXX^ eirel Baificov
roidBe ijdeXev, irpcora fiev crot riai,<i e^ r}fie(ov
eacrerai, avrecov crvKOtpavrecov 6 ddvaro^, fierh
Be fieydXrj Bcoper] diri^erai ^/ofcro? re 7roXX6<;
Kal dpyvpo<; drrXero'i koX eadrire<i ^ Kaavpiai koI
iTTTToi ^acnXrjLoi,. diri^eai Be Trap" rjfxea<i dvev
ecrayyeXeof; ovBe rc<; direp^ei, ae tjfierepr]^ 6yjno<:,
ovB' rjv yvvaiKt dfia euvd^(Ofiai." rdBe elTviv re
dfia Kal eiToieev' Kal ol fiev avriKa €<i (f)Ovov
riyovro, rw Be rd Boipa eBeBoro Kal r] (jyiXct]
^ alree Koene : iurte TE, &ree N.
* Valckenaer danfidxras MSS.
dfificlxras :

' o'jTODS — ivSpuv N

lacuna in TE, in which the supplement
:

(a conjecture) has been entered by a late hand.

374
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
and requered that tresor, seyinge, he wolde sleen
him, not for no vileinye ne avowtrie, but coveytinge
tho thinges that in goynge he hadde betoken him.
Thanne the kyng called his sty ward and bad him
brj'iige what hadde ben goven him for to kepe and ;

whan he broght it, Combabe brak the seel and

schewed what was with inne and what he himself
hadde sofFred. And he seyde " O Kyng, for I was
:

adrad of this whan ye wolde sende me on this weye,

therfore me was loth to gon and whan ye gretly con-
;

streyned me, I wroghte this maner dede, that is gode

for my maistre but not wel for me. Natheles, 1 that
am such as ye seen am reprevedeof a mannes synne."
At this seyinge that other youled and toke him in
amies and wepynge seyde " O Combabe, wherfore
:

hastow wi'ought gret mescheef ? Wherfore hastow

don thiself suche a despyt that never yit no man ne
sayde ? I preyse this not at alle. O herde herte,
that wast hardy for to don suche thinges, that I
wolde thou hadde neer sofFred ne I neer seen Me !

wantede not this answere. But for als moche

as it was goddes wille, first shaltow han vengeaunce
of oure grace, the dethe of thi false chalengeres
hem self, and after schal comen a gret yifte, moche
gold and gret plentee silver and Assuriene clothes
and rialle destreres. And thou shalt come before royal
'"^''*"
me withouten that ony man presente thee, and "^

noon schalle lette thee fro sight of me, thoghe I be

abedde with my wyf." ^ Right as he seyde, right so
he didde. Tho weren ladde to dethe anon, but to
him the yiftes were goven and grettere frendschipe
1 A plain reminiscence of Herodotus 3, 84 and 118, with

V
the significant change of fiv fi.)] yvvaiKl to ovS' ywaiKi
(AUinson).

375
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
fxet^oDV iyeyoveev. iBoxeev Se ovSeU en ^Aaavpccov
Koyu./3a/3w (xo(^lrjv koX evdaifxovirjv €LKe\o<;.
Mera Se aiTqcrdfxevo^ eKTcXeaai to, \eiirovTa
TO) vr)M —drekia yap fiLV dTroXeXoiireev — avri^i
ivefXTreTO, koX rov re i^ereXeae koL to
vr)ov
XoLTTov avrov efxevev. eScoKCv Be ol ^aa-ikev^
dper-i]<i re koX €vepyeaLi]<; eXveKa ev Ta> IpS) eardvai

')(d\Keov' KoX en e? rifjirjv ev r& Ipw Ko/jb^d^o<i

')(^d\Keo<i, 'Ep/jLOK\eo(; rov 'Po8tov nrotrffia, fiopt^rjv

fM€V OKoir) yvvrj, eaOrjra 8e dvSprjCijv e;\;et.

Aeyerai Be tmv (piXwv tou? fxdXiaTa ol evvo-
eovTWi i<i Trapafiv^lrjv rod irdOea KOivcovirjv
eXeaOai rrj<; avfi^opf]';' eTCfiov yap €Q)vtov<; koX
Bianav ttjv avrtjv i/ceLvo) BiatreovTo. dXXoc Be
ipoXoyeov<nv eiri tw Trprjy/u,aTi, Xeyovra ox; rf
Wp7) (pcAeovaa Kofi^d^ov iroXXoccrL rrjv ro/J,r}v
€ttI voov e^aXXev, 6ko)<; fxr) fx.ovvo<i eVt tj} dvBprjLij
27 XvTreoiTO. to Be eOo<i tovto eweiBr} dira^ eyevero,
€Ti vvv /xever xal ttoXXoI CKdaTOv ereo^ ev tw
ipa> Ta/jbvovTai Kal OrjXvvovTai, etre Kofi^d^ov
7rapafiv$e6/j,€voi etre xal '^pr) %apt^oi'Taf rdfA-
vovTai 8' a)v. eaOrJTa Be oiBe ovKerc dvBprjLijv
exovaiv, dXXa ei/xaTa xe yvvaiKijia (^opeovaiv
Kal cpya yvvatKwv eiTLTeXeovaiv. eo? Be iyo)
i]Kovov, dvaKearat Kal TOVTetcv e<? Kofi^d^ov 77
alrCr]' (rvveveiX^V J^^P ol Kal rdBe. ^elvrj yvvrj
69 iravrjyvpiv diriKoixevrj, iBovcra koXov t€ eovra
Kal eaOrjTa eTi di'Bprjlrjv e^ovTa, epwTi fieydXat
eax^TO, /jteTO, Be fiadovaa dreXea eovTa ccovttjv
^ Hermocles ofRhodes is known only from this passage;
his name must have been preserved by an inscription on the
statue, which we may be sure was the restoration of an
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
was graunted. And it semede that Combabe hadde
not his pere in Assurye for wisdom and for bhsse.
And after, ther as he besoghte to finissche the
remenant of the temple, for he hadde laft it un-
finissched, he was sent eftsones and broght it to an
ende, and abood there fro thens from ward. And be
cause of his vertue and wel doynge, the kyng vouchede
saf that his ymage in brasse scholde ben set in the
seyntiiarye. And so for gerdon Combabe dwelleth yit
in the close, formed of brasse be crafte of Ermocle
the Rodien, lyk a womman in schappe, but clothed
as a man.^
The storie telleth that his beste frendes, for solas
of his wo, chosen to parte his lot for thei gelten
;

hem and ladde that same manere lyf. But othere

men rehercen prestes lore to this matere, how that
luno lovynge Combabe putte it in the thoghtes of
manye to gelden hem, in the entente that he
scholde not mourne allone for manhode. But ever-
more sithen that this custom was first establissched,
it abydeth yit, and everyche yeer manye men
gelden hem in the close and becomen as wommen,
wher it be that thei solacen Combabe or reioysen
luno. Algates thei gelden hem. And thise no
lenger clothen hem as men, but weren wommenes
wedes and don wommenes werkes. And as I herde,
the blame of this also is leyde on Combabe for a ;

thyng befel him in this wyse. A straunge womman

that cam thider on pilgrimage saughe him whyl
he was fayre and clad yit as a man, and sche was
seysed of gret love. But after, whan sche lernede
older statue of the putative originator of the Galli and
possibly real founder of the temple, installed in connection
with the Seleucid restoration of the temple itself.

377
VOL. IV. N
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Sieipyucraro. eVi Tot(rt Ko/x/3a/So9, aOvfiicov on
oi aTUYect)? ra i<i ^ K^poZiTqv e%et, eadrJTa
yvvaiKrjii^v iveSvcraro, okco<; fjurj/ceri kreprj yvvrj
lara i^airaTeoiTO. rjhe alrLr] TdWoiai (TToX^9

K.ofi0d^ov fiiv fiOL TocraSe elprjcrOo), TdWcop

Be avTi<i €ya> Xoya varepw fiefiv^aofiat, to/x?}?
re avrecov, 6k(0<; Ta/JLVOvrai, koI ra<l)rj<i oKoirjv
OdiTTOvrai, koX ot€V e'lveKa e? to Ipov ovk iaep-
')(pvTai' TTporepov he fxoi Ov/xof elirelv Oea-io^;
re Trepi tou vtjov kol fieyddeo^, KaX BijTa
ipeco.
28 'O /iiev %wpo9 avTo<i, iv tA to Ipov iSpvTai,
\6(f>o<; icTTLv, Kearai Be Kara t^9
fiecrov /xdXia-Ta
7r6\to<i, Kai oi Tei)(ea Boia TrepiKearai. tcov Be
ref)(€(i)v TO fiev dp')(^cuov, to Be ov ttoWop rjp,ecop
Trpea^vTepov. to, Be TvpoTrvXaia tov Ipov e?
ave/jLov ^operjv diroKeKpiVTai, pbeyado<i oaov re
eKUTOV opyviicov. iv TOVTOiai TOiai it poirv\aioi<Ti
KaX ol (jiaWol e<TTaai tou? Ai6vv(to<; eaTrjcraTO,
TjXiKirjv Kal oiBe TpcrjKoa-lcov opyviewv. e? TOUTecov

^ Since Kombabos bears a very ancient name, since the

temple-story ascribes the origin of the Galli to him, not to

Attis, and since Attis does not figure at all in the worship as
described by Lncian, the Galli can hardly be a Seleucid
importation from Phrygia (Cumont) in that case Attis
;

would have been imported also. Meyer, who believes the

cult ancient here, but Hittite-Anatolian in its origin, finds
evidence of Attis-worship in the name Atargatis (Atar-Ata),
which he interprets as the Astarte of Attis i,e., the goddess
;

that is characterized by the worship of Attis {Oesch.,-p. 650).

This view not only leaves Kombabos out of account, but
does not reckon with the fact that the deity Ata was often,
if not always, thought of as feminine (cf. Baudissin, p. 15S, 1).
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
that he was marred, sche slowe hirself. Thanne for
despeyr that Combabe hadde be cause he was
acurst in love, he didde on femele elothinge to the
ende that never non other womman scholde ben
so begyled. That is whi Galles weren femele
aparayl.^
Of Combabe have I seyd ynow, and of Galles I
schallemake mencioun sone in another partie of my
boke,2 how that they ben gelded, and in what
manere that thei ben buryed, and wherfore thei
entren not into the temple. But first it listeth me
to telle of the site of the temple and his gretnesse,
and therfore I schalle don right so.

The place therinne the temple sytt is a hille and ;

it liggeth wel in the myddes of the cytee, and two

walles enviroune it. Oon of tho walles is auncien,

but the tother is not mocheles elder than oure tyme.
The entree of the holy place maketh out toward the
Septemtryon, wel a 100 fadmes of largenesse and in ;

that entree stont tho yerdes that Bachus leet set,

on heighte a 300 fadmes.^ A
man goth up the oon
The connection, however, between Attis and Ata is indubit-
able ; and I believe that there is an analogous connection
between Kombabos (Assyr. Hum-ba-ba, Babyl. Hu wa-wa,
with characteristic w for b) and KvBvkos (Gallus), Kv^iifft)
(the goddess Cybele). It cannot be mere coincidence that in
Syria Ku(in)baba serves Ata, while in Phrygia Cybebe is
served by Attis. That the transfer in which man and
goddess exchanged names was from Semitic to non-Semitic
soil is, it seems to me, likely from the antiquity of the name
Ku(m)baba. Other arguments are not wanting.
« C. 50-53.

^ Some reduce these 300-fathom emblems to 30 by

con-
jecture, but it is in unimportant details like this that Lucian
gives rein to his inclination to parody. Mandeville gives the
Tower of Babel the modest height of 64 furlongs eight —
miles.

379
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
rov eva cj^aXkov^ dvrjp eKacrrov ereo<; 5i9 avipx^rai
oiKeei re ev aKpat tw (fyaWM 'x^povov kma rjixepeoov.
aiTLTj Se 01 T^<? dvoSov "]8e Xeyerai. ol fiev
TToXkol vo/jil^ovaiv OTL vy}rov Tolcri deolaiv o/jLiXeei
Kol djaSd ^vvairdarj Xvplr) aireei, ol 8e rcov
ev'X^coXicov d'^yoOev eiratovaLv. aXXoiaiv Be Bo/ceei
KOL TuBe AeuKaXicovo^; e'lvcKa iroLeecrdai, eKelvr)<i
^VfjL(f)oprj<; fMV7JfjLara, OKore ol dvOpwiroi i<i rd
ovpea Kot 69 Ttt 7r€pifji7]Kea ro)v BevBpewv fjaav
ro TToXkov vBwp 6pp(oBeovr€<;. cfxol p-ev vvv koI
rdBe diriOava. BoKew <y€ pev ^lovvam (T(f)ia<;
Koi TaBe TTOieeiv, avp,^d\XopaL Be rovrioiai.
<f)aWov<i oaoi Aiovvao) iyelpovcri, ev rolai (f)a\-
XoloL KoX dvBpa<i ^v\ivov<; Kari^ovaiv, orev p,€V
eivcKa iyoi) ovk epew. BoKeet 8' oov p,oi, koI oBe
e? eKelvov p,ip,r]cnv rov ^vkivov dvBpo^ dvepx^fai.
29 'H Be ol dvoBo<i Ton'jBe' creipi] p,iKpf}^ ecovTov
re koI rov (f)aW6v irepi^dWei, perd Be
dpua
eiTL^alveL ^v\(ov irpocrcfiVMV tm <j)aX\,(p okoctov
e? )(^(op7]V d/cpov TToSof* dvicbv Be apa dva^dWet
TTjv creiprjv dp,(f>OTep(odev OKcoairep rjvio)^€Q}v. el
Be Tt? roBe pev ovk oirwirev, oiruiTrev Be <f)oiviKO-
^areovra^; rj ev ^Kpa^irj rj ev AljinrTq) t] dWodi
Kov, olBe TO Xejo).

^ eva (t>a\\6v N: lacuna in TE, in which these words are

entered in a late hand.

* fiiKp^ Kuster: naup^ AISS.

* This is evidently the true reason, and not either of the

two that follow. That the nods can hear better from near
at hand is good Semitic psychology but the use of a pillar
;

instead of a mountain-top, or a ziggurat, or the roof of a

house, appears otherwise unevidenced in early Syria. " It
was perhaps the memory of this strange rite (not however
380
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
of thise yerdes twyes in the yeer and woneth at the
cop of the yerde for the space of 7 dayes. And the
cause of his goynge up, as men seyn, is this. Lewed
folk trowen that he speketh with the goddes on highe
and axeth bones for alle Surrye, and the goddes
heren his preyeres fro there nyghe.^ But othere
wenen that this also is don be cause of Deucalioun,
in tokene and mynde of that tribulacioun, whan
men wenten into montaynes and into the gret highe
trees for fere of the flode. Now to me, that is not
to beleven. I suppose wel that thei don this for
worschipe of Bachus, and I conclude it thus. Yerdes
thatthei maken for worschipe of Bachus, on tho yerdes
thei setten alle weyes wodene men but I schalle
;

not seye whi.^ Therfore me thenketh, in goynge

up, that oon countrefeteth that other woden man.
The manere of his goynge up is this. He putteth
a schort corde abouten himself and the yerde, and
thanne he clirabeth on peces of wode ynaylled on
the yerde, bigge ynow for to lette setten on his J*'''"
toon and ther as he climbeth he throweth up the
;

corde with bothe hondes right as he mighte schake

the reynes of a charre. If ony ther be that hath
not seen this thing, but hath seen men that climben
trees of palme in Arabye or in Egypte, or elles
where, he undirstondeth wherof I speke.'
peculiar to Syria, but known also iu India) which led
Simeon the Stylite to ascend his column four centuries later
at a site not very far west of the old temple of the Dea
Syria " (C. R. Conder, Palestijie, p. 206).
^ Compare Herodotus 2, and the lephs \6yos. The
48,
explanation that Lucian has in mind is probably the
Prosymnos story (Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. 2,
p. 30 P.).
' This method of climbing palms is alluded to by Pliny,

13, 29.

381
N 2
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Eiireav oe e? re\.o<i iKrjrai tt}? oSoO, (xeiprjv
ereprjv d(f)el<i rrjv avTb<i e%ef, fiaKpijv ravrrjv,
avekKet tmv ol dv/j,6<;, ^v\a koX eifiara koI aKevea,
airo Tcov eBpTjv avvBicov oKoirjv Kokirjv l^dvec,
fiLfivei re ')(^pQvov twv elirov ^fiepecov. iroWol
Se oLTTCKueofievot )(^pva6v re koIdpyvpov, ol Se
XoXkov, rd ixivov^ irp6(rde kgL-
vofjii^ovaiv, e?
fi€vov Karidaiv, \iyovr€<} rd ovvofMara €Ka(rTO<;.
Trap€cyT€cb<i Se aA,\o<? dvo) dyjeWei' 6 Be Be^d-
lxevo<i Tovvofia evx^^V^ e? eKaarov Troiierat, dfia
Be ev'xpfxevo'i Kporeei TToirjfia ')(^d\Keov, to deuBei
fieya koX rprj'^u Kcveofievov. evBei Be ovBa/xd'
TjV yap p,iv virvo^ eX.77 ttotc, aKopirio^ dvtoav
dveyeipei re koI deiKea ipyd^eTUi, Kai ol rjBe 77
^rjficrj Tov VTTVov eVt/cearat. rd fiev 0)v €<i top
cTKopTnov [xvOeovrat, Ipd re koX deoirpeirea' el
Be aTpcKea iarlv, ovk e')((o ipeeiv. BoKcei Be fioi,
fieya e<; dypvTrvlrjv avfij^dWerai koX Trj<i TTToocno'i
77 oppcoBlr},
^aWo^areoiv fxev Br) Trepi rocrdBe dpKeec. 6
30 Be V7]6^ opeei fiev e? '^eXiov dvLovra, elBo^ Be KaX
epyaavqv earlv oKolov<i vr}ov<; ev 'loovirj Troteovcrtv.
eBpr] fieydXr) dve^ei e« 7779^ pAyado<i opyvietov
Bvoiv, eVi T^9 1/7709 eTTiKearai. dvoBo'i €9 axnov

^ iXifof A.M.H. : iKfivov TE. N reads : ol 8e x**^"^"

KOfii^ovcriv, elr' oc^ei'Tej iKflpov vp6<r6( Keifxfya atriacri, etc. This
Byzantine correction has been followed in all editions since
the prificeps, which reads as TE.
* yrjs Longolius rrjs MSS. :

^ Very likely the bronze sistrum fragments of these have

;

been found in Phoenicia (Cook 45). The object was to scare

382
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
Whan he is comen to the ende of his weye, he
letteth falle an other corde that he hath, that is
long, and draweth uppe what him list, wode and
clothes and purveyaunce, of the whiche he frameth
a sete lyk as a nest, theron he sytteth and abydeth
for the space of the before seyde dayes. And
manye comynge putten gold or silver or peraunter
brasse, that thei usen for here moneyes, in to a
vesselle that lyeth there near, seyinge everychon
his name. Thann oon that stondeth there beside
calleth it uppe and whan that other resceyveth the
;

name of eech, he preyeth for him, and in preyinge

schaketh a thyng of brasse that souneth gret and
schrille whan it is stered.^ And he ne slepeth never.
For if that ever he falle on slepe, a scorpioun goynge
up awaketh him and doth him pitous harm and
;

that is the peyne that is leyde on him for slepynge.^

Now this tale that is told of the scorpioun is a holy
tale and wel semyng, but wher it be trewe or non,
I wot neer. Natheles, me semeth that drede of
fallynge avayleth moch to wakfulnesse.
Now thanne, of yerde-climberes have I seyd y
now. But as touching the temple, it loketh ayenst
the sonnes rysynge, and the form and makyng
therof is right as thei bylden temples in lonye. A
gret platte forme ryseth fro the erthe 2 fadmes of
highte, where on the temple sytt. The weye up to
away which as Lucian says elsewhere (vol. iii,
evil spirits,
p. 343),take flight if they hear a chink of bronze or iron.
* There is probably special significance in the scorpion.

Not only does it occur frequently on Babylonian seals, and

later become the sign of the Zodiac, but in the Gilgamesh
Epic (Frazer, Folklore,!, 112), the mountain, where the sun
goes down (i.e. Antilian on Schrader-Zimmern, p. 573), is
;

guarded by a scorpion man and woman.

383
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
\iuov TreTToiijrai, ov Kapra aaKon. aveXdovri
oe nowfxa fiev Kac o irpovrjo^ /xeja Trape^^erat
Ovprjcrl re rjcrKrjrai
XP^^^V^'-^' ^vSoOev Se 6 vrjo^
Xpvcov re TToWov airdXafiTTeraL koI r] 6po(f>r}
iraaa 'X^pvcrer}. diro^ei 8e avTov oSfirj dfi^poair]
OKOcrj Xiyerat t?;? X^PV^ '^V^ 'Apa/?/?;?, /cat
aoi TrjXodev dviovTL Trpoa^dWei rrvoirjv Kapra
ajadrjv koX tjv avri'i 0.771779, ovSa/xd XetTrerat,
aWa aev ra re eifiara €9 iroWov e^ei rrjv ttvoltjv
Koi av if 'Trdfx.irav avrf)<; fivqaeai.
31 EvSoOev Se 6 vrjo<i ovk a7rX,oo9 ecrriv, dWd iv
'

avT(fi 6d\afio<i dWo^ TreTroirjrat. avoho<i Kol €9

Tovrov oXtyt]' Ovprjcri Se ovk tjaKrjrai, dWd
e9 dvrtov uTra^ dvaireTTTaraL. €9 fxev mv rov
fieyav vrjov 7rdvT€<i eaep^ovrat, €9 Se rov ddXa^iov
Oi Lpee<; fiovvov, ov fiivrot 7rdvTe<i ol ipie<i, dXXd
01 pbdXicrra 0.7^/^601 re elaiv koX olai 7rd(ra e?
TO ipov fieXerai Oepairrjir]. iv Se ToiBe iXatai to,
eSea, rj re "Hpj] koI rov avrol Ata iovra erepw
ovvofxari kXtjc^ovctiv. dfi(f)(i) Se xP^<^soi re elatv

KUL dfjL(f)(o e^ovrar dXXa rrjv fiev "Hprjv Xeovra

^epovacv, 6 8e ravpoiaiv i<f)e^erai.

' The other name, the right one, is Hadswi, or Raniman,

god of the lightning and
of the waters (rains and floods),
known from very early times to the Semites, to the Mitani
folk under the name of Teshub, and to the Hittites, upon
whose monuments he is conspicuous, with the axe and the
thunderbolt for attributes. He underlies not only Jupiter
Heliopolitanus but Jupiter Dolichenus. Consequently his
identiii cation here also with Jupiter was inevitable, and it
is chiefly in virtue of this that his spouse waa identified
with Juno (cf. Dussaud, Pauly-Wissowa, s.v., and Schrader-
Zimmern, p. 447).
* Lucian's statement is borne out by the coins ; see Head,
Hist. Numm., 2nd ed., p. 777. Atargatis is seen sometimes
384
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
it is mad
of stone, that is not over long. And
whan thou art aboven, the parvys of the temple
scheweth thee a thing of grete merveylle, for it is
dight with dores of gold. And with inne, the temple
schyneth with mocheles gold, and the ceylours ben
alle goldene. And a hevenlyche savour cometh out
of it, lyk as cometh, men seyn, out of the londe of
Arabye. In goynge up, fro fer it sendeth toward
thee a wondur swete brethe and ther as thou gost
;

thy weye, it fayleth never, but thi clothes kepen

that brethe ful longe tyme, and thou schalt ever-
more ben in remembraunce ther of.
And with inne, the temple is not oon, but in it is
mad an other chambre, to the which is an other weye
up, that is but schort. That chambre is not dight
with dores but liggeth alle open ayens thee. In to
the grete temple comen alle men, but in to the
litylle chambre the prestes only, and not alle the
prestes, but only thei that ben most nyghe to
the Goddes and han in governaunce alle the servys
of the temple. And in that chambre am throned
the ydoles, that oon luno and that other that is
love, algates thei clepen him be another name.^
And both ben of gold, and both sytten, but lyouns
beren luno, and that other sytt on boles.^

riding on a lion, sometimes enthroned between two of them ;

Hadad (not Baal Kevan) is seated between two oxen. " On
an inscription from North Syria (eighth century) Hadad has
horns, and with this agrees the association of the bull with
the god . we maj' conjecture that the small heads of
. .

bulls unearthed by the excavations are connected with his

worship" (Cook, 90; cf. Schrader-Zimmern, p. 778). Com-
pare Tobit, 1, 5. The lion appears also in connection with
Ata, with "Kadesh," who stands upon a lion in an Egyptian
representation of her, and with several Babylonian deities,
as well as with Cybele.
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kat Br]Ta to fxev tov Ai09 ayaXfia e? At'a
irdvra oprj Kol K€(f>a\r)v koI eifiara kol eSprji',

32 Kai fiiv ovSe ideXoiV a\Xro<; eiKdcrei^. rj 8e '

H/)>7

aKOTTkovTi roL rroXvetBea fjiop<f)T)v eK<^aveei' Koi

TO, fjLev ^vfXTravra arpeKei Xoya "Hpr) iariv, e%€t
he Tt KOL ^Ad7)vaL7]<i Kal 'A^/joStTi;? koI ^eXrjvacrji;
KoX 'P6?7<f KoX 'ApTefiiBo<i KoX Nefi€aio<i koX
M.otp€(ov. %€t/3t Be rfi fiev erepj) aKrj'mpov e%6t,
T^ erepr) Be arpuKTOV, Kal eVi ttj K€(f)aXfj aKTivd<;
re (f>opeei koX ivvp'^ov kou Kecrrov rw fiovprju rrjv
Ovpavir)v Kocrfieovaiv. eKToadev Be oi •)(^pva6<i re

aXXo<i TrepiKearai, Kal XiOot, Kcipra TToXvreXee';,

TOiv 01 fiev XevKoi, ol Be vBaT(ioBee<;, ttoXXoI Be
olva)Bee<;, iroXXol Be 'irvp(oBee<;, en Be 6vv^e<i ol
%apBa>oi TToXXol Kal vaKivSoi Kal a/ndpayBoi, to,

(fiepovcriv AIjvtttioi Kal ^{vBol Kal AlOcoTre^ Kal

MijBot Kul ^ApfievLoi Kal Ba^uXmvcoi. ro Be Br)

fie^ova Xoyou d^cov, tovto dTrTjyqaofiar Xidov

eirl rfi Ke(f>aXf} (fiopeer Xv-x^vl<; KaXeerai, ovvopa

Be ol TOV epyov rj avvrvx^rj. diro rovrov iv

vuktI (j€Xa<i iroXXbv dTroXdfnreTai, viro Be ol
Kal 6 vr]o<i dira'i olov viro XvyyoiaL <\>aelveTai.
iv "^fiepr} Be ro fiev ^eyyo^ daOeveec, IBerjv Be 6%et

* Compare Plutarch, Crassus, 17, 6 " And the first

:

warning sign came to him from this very goddess, whom

Bome call Venus, others Juno, while others (of. Cornutus 6)
still regard her as the natural cause which supplies from
moisture the beginnings and seeds of everything, and points
out to mankind the source of all blessings. For as they
386
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
And certeynely the symulacre of love ressenibleth
love in alle pointes, as heed and garnements and
throne ; and thou mightest not lyknen him unto
no thing elles, and thou wolde. But whan thou
lokest on luno, sche wil schewe thee grete dyver-
sitee of semblauntz for al be it that the hool, trewely
;

considered, be luno, natheles it conteyneth some

dele of Minerve and Venus and Luna and Cibella
and Deane and Fortune and Parcas.^ And in that
oon hond sche holt a troncheon, and in that
other a distaf and on hir hede sche bereth rayes,
;

and a tour, and that ceynt tl)at men arayen with cesius

Venus Celestial allone. And abouten hir sche hath

mo gold and precious stones right costlewe, some
whyte and some watry, and manye lyk wyn and
manye lyk fuyr and therto sardoynes withouten
;

nombre and berylles and emeraudes. Thise stones

bryngen men of Egypte and Inde and Ethyope and
Medye and Ermonye and Babyloyne. But I schal
devyse you a thyng that is yit mo to speke of.
Sche bereth on hir hede a ston that hight Lampe
and hath his name after that that it doth. That ston
schyneth in the nyght with grete claretee and
serveth all the temple with light, right as it were
of lampes. In the daye his schyninge is feble but

were leaving her temple (where, Plutarch says, he had been

taking an inventory of the treasures), first the younger
Crassus stumbled and fell at the gate, and then his father
fell over him " (Perrin's translation). The identification
with Aphrodite, which occurs on inscriptions from Delos, is
due to her Astarte side to Lucian in this case it is of course
;

particularly suggested by the famous cestus. What sug-

gested the other goddesses is not clear to me in the case of
Athena or of Nemesis the rays indicate Selene, the distaff
;

Artemis, and the sceptre the Parcae, or Moirai (Fates).

387
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kapra irvpcoSea. koX aXXo Ocov/jLaarov ecniv iv
rw ^odv(p. TJv ecrrecb? avTco<i ecroyoe?;?, e? a€ opfj
Kal fiera^aivovTi ro ^\€fifj,a UKoXovdeei' koI
fjv dWo'; eripcodev laroper),^ tcra koI e? eKelvov
eKTeXiei.
33 'Ei^ /jLecrq) Be aficfiorepcov €crTr)K€v ^oavov dWo
')(^pv(Teov, ovSa/xa roiat dWoiai ^odvoicrc e'lKeXov.
TO Se fjLop(i)r]v ovk e')(€i, (feopeei Se tcov
fiev Ihirjv
dWcov deoiv etSea.KokeeraL Se arj/ntjiov Kal vir
avTMV ^Aacrvpicov, ovSe ti ovvofia iScov avrSt
edevTO, aX\! ovhe <yevecno<i avrov Kal etSeo?
Xeyovaiv. Kal fiiv ol /j,€v e? Aiovvcrov, dXXoi 8e
€9 AevKaXicova, ol Be e<? %eixipap,Lv dyovaiv Kal
jdp Bt) o)V iirl rfi Kopvcpfj avrov irepiarepr]
')(^pv(xeri e(^ecrrr}Kev, rovveKa Brj /xvdeovrai, 'Ze/xi-

pdfiio<i ejxfjievai roBe arjfirjiov. diroBr^p.eei Be Bl<i

eKaarov ereo? e? OdXaaaav 69 K0fj,tBi]v rov etTTov

vBaro<i.
34 'Ei/ avr& Be r& vr)a> icnovTcov ev dpiarepfj Kea-
rai Trpcora fxev Op6vo<i 'HeX.tou, avTOv Be eBo<; ^
OVK evr fiovvov <ydp 'HeXtof Kal 1,eXr)vair}<i
^oava ov BeiKvvovcnv- orev Be eivcKa uBe vop,i-
^ovaiv, €70) Kal ToBe ep,a6ov. Xeyovai rolcri jxev
dXXoiai deolaiv oaiov efi/xevac ^oava troieea-dai,
'
iaopev du Soul, Edd.
2 fSos Schaefer: dSos MSS.

^ Compare Herodotus 2, 44, on the great emerald pillar in

the temple of Melkart at Tyre also Mandeville, pp. 239,
;

276, ed. Halliwell, on luminous stones in the possession of

the Emperor of Cathay and of Prester John. Diodorus (3, 39,
8) credits the topaz with this power.
* It is clear from the passage in Melito quoted above that

Lucian's "token" (semeion) rests upon a misunderstanding

388
 "

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

it hath a right fuyry aspect.^ And ther is an
other merveylle in that ydole. Gif thou loke oil
hir stondynge ayenst hir, sche loketh on thee, and
if thou remeve thee, hir regard folweth thee natheles
;

if an other beholde hir fro the tothere syde, sche

doth right so to him also.
And betwene hem stont a symulacre of gold, not
lyk the othere symulacres in no kynde, that hath
no propre schap but bereth the qualitees of the
other goddes. And the Assuriens hem selve clepen
it Tokene, for thei han not goven him no propre name ;

in sothe thei mowe not seyn whens it cam ne what

maner thyng it is. But some beleven, it is of Bachus,
and othere that it is of Deucalioun, and othere that it
is of Semiramys. And for sothe a dowve of gold
stont on his hede, and so thei devisen that it is
Semiramys Tokene. And it doth iorney twyes
eech yeer to the See, for to fecchen that water
aforseyde.2
In the temple himself on the left syde in entry nge is
first a thron of Elye the Sonne, but noon ymage of him
sytt there on. For of Sonne and Mone only schewen
thei non symulacres, and I lernede wherfore thei
folwen this usaunce. Thei seyn that of othere
goddes it is leful to lete make symulacres, for that

of the name of a goddess, Simi, Simia, Semea (Noldeke cf.

;

Hoefer, s.v. Semea in Roscher). The name also figures in

the Semiramis-Derceto myth, for the royal overseer is called
Simmas. Note also that the figure has a dove on its head.
A Talmudic gloss cited by Drusius says " Samaritanus
:

circumcidit in nomine imaginis columbam referentis quam

inventam in vertice montis (iarizim certo quodam ritu colunt
(Selden, de Dis Syris, p. 275). See Montgomery, Samaritans,
p. 320.

389
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

ov yap acftecov i^avea iravreai, ra eXhea' 'HeXto?
he Kol 'ZeXrjvatTj Trd/jiTrav ivapyiet Kal a^ea<i irdv-
Te9 opeovai. Koirj oov alrir) ^oavovpyir]'; rolai iv
ra> ^epi (paivo/jLevoiai
35 Mera Be tov Opovov roiirov Kcarai ^oavov
KtToWwvo'i, ovK olov icoOee iroiieadar ol fiev
yap aWoi iravref; * XTToWuiva veov re ijyrjvTai
Kal Trpwdrj^Tjv TTOieovavv, fiovvoi Se ovroi 'AttoX.-
Xtovo'i yeveirjTeai ^oavov BecKvvovaiv. Kal rdBe
iroieovre^ ecovTOVf fiev iiraiviovaiv, *EX,\»^i/ft)i/ 8^
KaTTjyopeovcnv Kal dWoav oKoaot ^ KiroKKwva
TraiSa Oe/xevot IXdaKovrai. alrLT) Se r]8e, Soxiei
avreoiai d(TO<plr) fieydXrj efifievai, dreXea Troiie-
<T0at rplcri 6eoiai ra eiSea, to Be veov areXe? en
vofi'i^ovdLV. ev Be koI dWo rw a^erepw 'AttoA,-
\(ovL Kaivovpyeovai' fiovvoi ATToWcova
^ eifiaai
KO(Xfieovaiv.
36 "Kpycov Be avTOV Trepi iroWh fiev ej^o) elirelv,
epeo) Be to fidXiaTU Ornvfid^etv d^iov. irpSira Be
Tov /navrrjiov €TTi/j,vi]<T0fiai. fiavTrjia TroWa fiev
Trap "EiXKiqai, iroWa Be Kal irap Alyvtrrloiai,
ret Be Kal ev Ai^vrj, Kal iv rfj Be ^Aairj iroWd
eariv. dWd ra fiev ovre ipecov dvev ovre 7rpo0r/-

* Compare Meyer, Gesch., p. 192, on the lack of images and

temples in the Egyptian worship of Ra.

* Apollo is Nebo, whose statue, bearded and clothed,
erected at Kelach by Adad-Nirari III, son of Semiramis,
may be seen at the British Museum (illustrated in Roscher,
Lexikon, I, p. 49). The inscription that it bears implores
long life for Adad-Nirari, king of Assyria, and for Sani-
muramat, the Lady of the Palace. Nebo was highly favoured
39°
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
here schappes ben not seen of alle men. But Sonne
and Mone ben wel visible and alle men beholden
hem. Whi thanne make symulacres of thynges that
aperen in the eyr ?
^

And ther nyghe this throne is sett a symulacre

of Apollo, not lyk as he is wont to ben formed. For
alle othere leven Apollo yong and formen him as a
stripling, but thise allone schewen a symulacre of
Apollo berded. And doynge this thei preisen hem
selve and repreven Grekes and alle othere men that
worschippen Apollo in lyknesse of a child. And the
resoun is, for it semeth hem gret folye to maken
schappes of Goddes inperfyt, and al that is yong
thei demen yit inperfyt. And here Apollo hath
other novelrye for thei allone arayen him with
;

clothynges.2
Now of the wondres that he doth I can speke
largely, but I wol telle only that that is most
marveyllous ;and first I schalle make mencioun
of the oracle. Ther ben manye oracles amonges
Grekes and manye amonges Egyptyens, and some in
Libye, and also manye in Asye. But thise oracles
speken not withouten prestes or prophetes but ;

by Semiramis, and also, in later days, by Antiochus Soter,

who rebuilt his temple at Borsippa in 268 B.C. At Edessa,
near Hieropolis, his worship continued until the coming of
Christianity (Cureton, Ancient Syriac Documents, pp. 14, 22,
41). Contemporary testimony to its existence at Hieropolis
is furnished by Melito see above, p. 353, note 3.
; The statue
at Hieropolis that we find described in Macrobius seems to be
a later one ; for though it was bearded and clothed, as in
Lucian's day, there was a calathus on the head, a spear
topped with a little figure of Victory in the right hand, a
flower in the left, a breastplate on his body, and over it a
snaky aegis ; also, two eagles near by (Saturn, 1,17, 67-70).

391
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
recov (fiOeyyovTai, oSe Be avTO^ re Kivierai koI ttjv
fMavT7]Lr)v 69 reXo<; avrovpyiei. rpoiroii Se avTrj<i
TOioaBe. evT av iOeXr) -^prjafujyopeetv, iv rjj

eBpT] TTpcora Kiveerai, ol Be fxiv lpee<i avTiKa

aeipovcTLV rjv Be purj delpaxrcv, 6 Be IBpcaei koL e<;

fie^ov €Ti Kiveerai. evr^ av Be viroBvv're'i (fiipoocrtv,

ayec a<^ea<i iravTrj irepiBivecov kuI e? aWov ef
erepov /jieTaTrrjBecov. Te\o<i 6 dp^^iepev'i dvTid(Ta<;
eirepeeTai fitv irepl a.'ndvTWV TrprjyfidTcov 6 Be ijv

rt /Mt) eOeXr) TroieeaOai, oTrlao) dvw^^^iopeei, rjv Be

Ti eTTaiver), d<yeL 69 to irpoaoa Tov<i 'jrpo(f)epovra<;
OKcoairep rjvio'X^ecov. ovt(o<; fxev a-vvayeipovai to,
Oea^ara, Koi oine Ipov TTpijyfia ovBev ovre XBiov
rovTov dvev iroieovaLv. Xeyei Be koI tov €Teo<i
irepc /cat tmv wpicov avrov iraaecov, Kal OKore ovk
epovTai?- Xeyei Be Kal tov (TTjfjLTjiov irepi, Kore
37 %/D?7 fiiv aTroBrjfxeeiv rrjv elirov dTroBrj/nirjv. epeo)
Be Kal dXXo, to e'/ieO irapeovro^; eirprj^ev. ol fiev
fiiv lpee<i d€Lpovre<i ecpepov, 6 Be T01/9 fiev iv <yfi

Kara) eXtTrev, avTO<; Be ev t& rjipi pLOvvo<i icpopeero.

88 MeTO, Be rov ^AiroXXcova ^oavov ecrriv "ArXav-
To<;, /jLerd Be 'l^p/Mem Kal Et\6f^ftr79.
^ (povrai Fritzsche : ^aovrai MSS.

^ At Heliopolis, Jupiter Heliopolitanus, who had absorbed

" Apollo," gave oracles in much the same way (Macrobins,
Saiurn, 1, 23. liisqq.). So also did Ammon
at his great
Libyan shrine (Siwa) ; the description of the procedure when
Alexander consulted it (Diodorus, 17,50-51), somewhat blind
in itself, is clear in the light of these parallels. The ikon of
the Virgin at Phaneromene, Salamis, is credited with similar
Eowers to-day (Capps), and for a parallel in modern Sierra
leone, see Frazer, Folklore, iii, p. 323.
• This is very likely the same triad of Semitic deities

under another set of names, and in slightly different mani-

392
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
that oon meveth be himself and be himself acom-
plischeth his fercastinge, wher of the maner is right
so. Whan he is in wille for to make predicatioun, atte
firste he meveth on his thron, and thanne anon the
prestes beren him up ; but if thei ne beren him
not up, he sweteth and meveth ever the more. And
whyls thei carryen him on here scholdres, he dryveth
hem, tornynge hem in alle weyes and lepynge fro
that oon to that other. And atte last the Chefe
Preste meteth him and axeth him of alle manere
thinges and gif he wole not that a thyng ben don,
;

he draweth him backwardes but if he commende a

;

thyng, he dryveth his bereres forwardes right as he

were dryvinge a charre.^ So assemblen thei the
predicatiounes, and withouten this don thei no
thing, ne solempne ne lewede. And he speketh of
the yeer and the sesouns ther of, ye, whan thei
ne axe not and he speketh of the Tokene, whan
;

it schal gon that iorney aforseyde. And I schalle

seye you an other wonder that he wroghte in min
owene presence. Whan the prestes wolde beren
him up and carryen him, he lafte hem doun on the
erthe and fleighe in the eyr al be him self.
There beside Apollo is a symulacre of Atlas, and
there neer, of Mercure and of Lucine.^

festations. For Atlas I would suggest Hadaranes, who

according to Melito was worshipped here a sign of the
;

Zodiac would have sufficed to suggest the supporter of the

heavens. Hermes (Mercury) should be Nebo at bottom, be-
cause that planet is the planet of Nebo ; but the Helio-
politan Mercury who took the place of the Hieropolitan
ApoUo-Nebo in the triad is thought to have been called
Simios (Dussaud). Eileithyia (Lucina), the helper in child-
birth, is Mylitta, though here they may not have called her
by that name (cf. Schrader-Zimmern, 423, note 7).

393
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
39 T<^ fiev 5iv evTO^ rov vrjov S)he KeKoafxeaTai'

efo) Se ficofiof re Kearai ixe<ya<i X'^XKeo'i, iv Se koI

aXka ^oava fivpia -x^aKKea ^acriXetov re koX Ipecov
KaraXi^o) Be twv ^aXicrra d^iov fivijaaa-dai. iv
apcareprj rov veco XefiipdfjbLO<i ^oavov ecrrtjKev iv
Se^ifi rov vrjov iinheLKVvovcra. avecrrr) 8e 8t'

airirjv roirjvhe. avOpanroicrLV OKoaoi 'Evpirjv

OLKeovaLv vofiov iiroieero eavrrjv fiev okco<; deov
iXdcTKecrdai, OecJov he tcov dXXcov xal avrrj<i "HpT^?
dXo'yeeiv. KaX whe iiroieov. /nera Be w? oi 6e6-

Oev aTTLKOvro voixrol re koI <TV/jL(j>opal ^ koI

dXyea, fiavii]<; fiev i/C€ivrj(i air eir aver aro koX
OvrjTTjv eonvrrjv 6p,oX6yeev Kal rotaiv vTrrjKooiaiv
avTi<i ixeXevev e? "Uprjv TpeireaOai. rovveKa Brj

en TOiijBe dvearrjKev, rolaiv aTriKveofievoiai rrjv

"Hpijv IXda-Kea-Qai BeiKvvovaa, Kal 6eov ovKeri
emvrrjv dXX^ iKeivqv ofioXoyeovaa.
40 ^IBov Be Kal avrodi 'KXev7j<i dyaXfia Kal
'FiKd^r)<i Kal ^AvBpop,d)(r]<; Kal HdpiBo'i Kal "Ek-
Topo<i Kal 'A;^tWeo9. elBov Be Kal N6tp€09 elBo^;
Tov 'AyXatrji;, Kal ^iXofiijXrjv Kal TIpoKvrjv ert
yvvaiKa<;, Kal avrov Tr)pea opvida, Kal dXXo
dyaXfxa 'Z€/iiipd/j,io<;, Kal K.ofil3d^ov t^ KareXe^a,
Kal XTpaTOVLKrj<i Kdpra KaXov, Kal ^ AXe^dvBpov
avT& iKeivcp eiKeXov, irapa Be oi 2,apBavd-
TraXXo^ €<TTr]K€V oXXtj fiop<f)7] Kal dXXr) aroXy,

* (Tvn<fopal N, du Soul : a-vft(popi) TE.

394
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
Now have I devysed you how that the temple
is aparaylled with innen. Withouten is set a gret
awtere of brasse, and there nyghe ben othere symul-
acres of kynges and prestes withouten nombre and ;

I schalle telle you tho that ben moste worthy of

mencioun. At the lefte syde of the temple stont a
symulacre of Semiramys schewinge the temple with
hir righte hond, the whiche was sett up for this
resoun. Sche made ordeynaunee unto alle that
duelleden in Surrye that thei scholde worschippe hir
as here goddesse, recchynge nought of the othere
goddes and luno hirself. And thei didde right
so. But after, for als moche as syknesses and tribu-
laciouns and peynes weren leyde on hir by the
goddes, sche cessed of that folye and knouleched that
sche was mortalle and commaunded alle hir subgettes
to tornen hem ayeri un to luno. Wherfore sche
stont yit in suche gyse, devysing to alle that comen
that thei schuUe worschippe luno, and knoulechynge
that sche is not goddesse no more, but that other.^
And in that place saughe I also ymages of Eleyne
and Ecube and Andromacha and Parys and Ector
and Achilles. And I saughe Nireos ymage, that
was sone of Aglaye, and Philomele and Progne, that
weren yit wommen, and Tereus himself, that was a
brid, and an other ymage of Semiramys, and of
Combabe that that I spak of, and a right fayr of
Stratonice, and oon of Alexaundre lyk as it were the
verray man, and there beside him stont Sardanapalle
in other schappe and other aparayl.^

^ There may be some truth in this legend, for Semiramis

actually received worship in Carchemish, just north of
Hieropolis.
^ That is, with the figure and clothing of a woman,

395
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
41 'Ey Se rfi avXrj d^eroi vifiovTai /Soe? fMeyaXoi
Kol ITTTTOt Kol dcTol Kul dpKTOt Kol XeOl/TC?, KOt
avd pdoTTOv^ ovhajxa a-lvovrai, aXkd iravTef Ipol re
elat Koi )(eLpor)9ee<i.
42 Ipee? he avrolcn iroXkoX dTroSeSe^arai, rcbv ol
ixev TO, lp)]ia (r<f)d^ovaiv, ol 8e cnrovBri<^opeov(TLV,
dXkoL Be '7rvp<f)6poi KaXeovrat kol dWoc irapa-
^co/jiioi. eir efiev 8e 7r\€i,ove<i koI rpnjKoa-icov e?
rrjv Ouacrjv diriKveovTo. €cr6r}<; 8e avreoicri Trdat
XevKT), Kol TTtXov Itti ttj Ke<^a\fi e-^^ovaiv. dp')(^i€-

pev^ Se aXXo9 eKaarov €T€o<; tTTiyiyverai, Trop(jiv-

perfv re px>vvo^ ovro<; <f)ope€L koX ridprj "X^pvaer)

43 dvaSeerai. ecrri Se kuI dWo ttX^^o? dvOpioirwv

ipo)V avXrjrieov re koI avpicrrewv koX VdXkwv,
KaX yvvalKe<i eTrifxavie^ re koX (ppevo^Xa^ie^.
44 @ucrir} Be Bl<; eKda-rrj<i r)p,€p^]<; imreXeerai, e?
rrjp irdvref; dm/cviovrac. Ail fiev Siv Kar r}<TV-

X^V^ Ovovcriv ovre deiBovre<i ovre av\iovre<i' evr'

dv Be rf] "Uprj xardp^covrat, detBovaCv re koX
avXeovaiv koI /cpordXa ermKporeovaiv. xaC pot
rovrov rrepi aa(f)e<i ovBev eltrelv eBvvavro.
45 "Eo-Tt Be KoX \ipvr} avroOi, ov irdWov eKd<; rov
ipov, iv Ttj l^^ve^ ipol rpe^ovrai ttoWoI teal

TToXveiSee?. ytyvovrai Be avrwv evioi Kapra

p,eydXoL' ovroi Be kol ovvopara e-xpvaiv Kol

Sacred animals were a common feature of temple-closes

^

in Greece (Gardner-Jevons, Manual, p. 188). Plato intro-

duces sacred bulls into his Utopian Atlantis, Critias, 119 d.

396
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

And in the clos at large pasturen grete boles
and hors and egles and beres and lyouns and thei ;

don no uianere harm to men but ben everyche of

hem holy and tame.^
Prestes thei apoynten withouten nombre, of the
whiche some sleen the vietimes and some beren the
ofFrynges of licours and some ben cleped Fuyrbereres
and some Awtere Prestes. Whan I was there, mo
than a 300 weren wont to assemblen hem for sacrifise.
Thei ben clothed in whyte robes alle, and thei han
a poynted cappe on here hedes.^ And everyche
yeer a newe chefe preste is sett over hem, that
allone wereth a robe of purpre and is crouned with a
coronale of gold.' And therto is other gret multy-
tude of religious men, of floyteres and piperes and
Galles, and also wommen that ben wode and out of
here witte.
Twyes each day sacrifise is perfourmed, to the
which alle comen. To love thei sacrificen withouten
ony noys, ne syngynge not ne floytynge but whan ;

thei presenten ofFrynges to luno, thanne thei syngen

and floyten and sounen cymbales. And as to this
thei mighte not telle me no thing certeyn.
Ther is also a lak, a lityl fro the temple, in the
whiche holy fissches ben norysscht, withouten nombre
and of dy verse kyndes. Some of hem ben ful grete,
and thise han names and comen whan thei ben
• For the pointed cap, see Cumont in Daremberg-Saglio,

Did. desAnt., s.v. Syria Dea, fig. 6698, and the reference in
the next note (Abd-Hadad).
3 Coins of Hieropolis, of the fourth century, B.C. (Babelon,

Perses acMminides, No. 315), show the high priest Abd-Hadad

in the dress here described. Compare Herodian 5, 3, 6
(costume of Elagabalus cf. Dio Cassius 79, 11); Cureton,
;

Ancient Syriac Documents, p. 41 (Sharbil, priest of Nebo)

Athenaeus 5, 215 B.C. (priest of Sandan at Tarsus).
397
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
epxovrai KoXeo/Jbevoi' eV ifieo 8e rt? Jjv iv
avrolcn "x^pvaocfiopecov. iv rfj Trrepvyc iroLrjfia
XPvaeov avTetp avuKearo, kul piv ijo) TToXXa/cf?
ider)(Tdp,7)v, koi el')(€v to iroi'qpba.

46 Ba^09 5e r^? Xlfivr]'; ttoXXov. eyoD fiev ovk

€7reiprj0r}v, Xeyovai 6' a)v Kal BirjKoaiayv opyviifov
irXeov €fi/u,evai. Kara fieaov Se avrrj'i ^cofjbo^
XvSov dvi<TTrjK€v. BoKeoif av d(f)vco l8oi)v TrXooeiv
T€ fiiv fcal TO) vSaTi ivoxeeo-dai, koX ttoXXoX wSe
vofML^ovatv e'/toi 8e SoKeei cttOXo? v^eo-reco? ^

fjiiya^; dve^^i'V top ^cofiov. eareirrai he del Koi

dvcofiara e%et, iroXXol Be kol eKacrTijf; ^p.eprj'i

KUT evxh^ ^'"> ci^Tov vrjxofJbevoi <TTe(f)av7}(f)opeovaiv.

47 Tlyvovrat Se avTodi xal Travrjyvpie'i re fiejKT-
rai, KaXeovTui Be €9 Tr/y Xifivrjv KaTa^dcne<i, ort
ev avrfjai e? rr^v XC/xvrjv rd ipd Trdvra Karep^e-
rai. ev rolcnv rj
'
Yiprj dTriKveerai, rwv
Trpcori]

Ix^vcov e'lvCKU, fit) (T<f}€a<i 6 Zeu? TrpwTO'i tBrjTai'

rjv yap ToBe yevrjrai, Xeyovaiv oti 7rdvT€<; aTroX-
XvvTai. Kol Brjra 6 fiev epx^rat, 6\fr6p-€vo<i, rj Be

* v(peffTea)S Gesner : icpfcrreiis MSS.

^ " At Hierapolis in Syria, in the lake of Venus, they (the

fish) obey the spoken commands of the aeditui ; when called,

they come with their golden ornaments they show affection ;

and let themselves be tickled (adulautes scalpuntur), and

they open their mouths for people to put in their hands"
(Pliny, Nat. Hist. 32, 17). According to Aelian {Nat. Hist.
12, 2) they swam in regular formation, and had leaders.
The pond still exists, but the fish are no more (Cumont,
6tvde8 Syriennes, p. 36 sq,). There were similar ponds at
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

cleped. And whan I was there, amonges hem was
oon that werde gold. On his fynne was festned a
ioyelle of gold and often tymes I saughe him, and
;

he hadde that ioyelle.^

That lak is passynge depe. I assayde it not, but
men seyn that it hath wel mo than a 200 fadmes ;

and in the myd place ther of stont an awtere of

stone. Seeynge it on a sodeyne, thou woldest
trowen that it fleyted and rode upon the water, and
manye men wenen thus but I suppose that a gret
;

piler pight undernethe bereth up the awtere. And

it is ever more dressed with gerlondes and hath
encens brennynge, and manye swymmen overthwart
to it eech day for a vowe that thei han, and bryngen
gerlondes.2
At that place ben wondur grete festes, the which
highte Desceyntes unto the Lak, be cause that in
tho festes alle the ydoles gon doun to the lak.
Amonges hem luno cometh first, be cause of the
fissches, to the entente that love schalle not seen
hem first for if so be that this happeth, thei dyen
;

alle, as men seyn. And for sothe he cometh to

Ascalon, Edessa, and Smyrna see the interesting inscription
:

from Smyrna in Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscr. Grace. *, No. 584.

The custom was transmitted to modern times (Baudissin,
Studien, ii, pp. 159 and 165; Hogarth, I.e., p. 189).
On the fish tabu in Syria, see Xenophon, Anab. 1, 4, 9
Menander, fragment 544 Kock Cicero, de Nat. Deor. 3, 39 ;
;

Diodorus 2, 4, 3 Plutarch, Moral. 170 D, 730 d ; Ovid,

;

Fasti 2, 461 sqq. Athenaeus 4, 157 B

; 8, 346 c sqq.
; ;

Clement Alex., Protrept. 2, 39, p. 35 p ; Hyginus, Fah. 197;

Astron. 2, 30.
' Gruppe (Or. Myth. u. Religionsgesch., p. 813) connects this
"Floating" island with the holy island of Tyre, the floating
island of Chemmis in the swamps of Buto, and with the
Greek stories of Delos and Patmos.
399
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TTpocro) larafievrj dTreipyei re fiLV Koi iroWa
\nrapeov(Ta dTTOTTefiireL.
48 l^leyiaTai 8k avToicn 7ravr)yvpi€<i at i<; daXaacrav

vofii^ovrai. dXk' eyo) tovtcov irept cra(pe^ ovhev

e%ft) elirelv' ov yap rjXOov avrb'i ovBe iireip'^dqv
TavTr}<; t?7<? 68onropir]<i. ra Be e\66vre<i jroieov-
aiv, etoov Kal UTrijy^aofiai. dyyjjiov €KaaTO<i vBari
rdSe o-earjfMavrai.
(recray/jiivop (f)€povaiv, Krjpa> Se
Kai ovK auTol \vadfi€voi ')(^eovTai, a\A,' ecTtv
fiiv
dXeKrpvoDP lp6<;, oUeei Be iirl rfj \ifivrj, 09 iireX
(T<pe(i)v Be^ijrai ra dyyr]ia, Trjv re a-^prjylBa opfj
Kal fjLicrOov dpvvfievo^dvd re \veL rov Bea/xov Kal
rov KTjpbv diraipeerai' Kal iroKKal puvie^ ck rov-
reov rov epyov rm dXcKrpvovt dyeipovrai. evOev
Be €? rov VTjov avrol ivetKavr€<; cnrevBoval re Kal
0vaavre<; orricray dirovoareovatv.
49 'Oprewv Be iraaecov rwv otBa fieyiarrjv rov
eiapa dp)(op,evov eirtreXeovaip, Kai fj,iv ol fxev
TTvprjV, ol Be XafirrdBa Ka\eovcnv. dvairjv Be ev
avrfi roirjvBe Troieovaiu. BevBpea /xeydXa eKKo-^av-
T€9 rfi avXfi eardai, fierh, Be dyiviovra alyd<; re
Kal ola<i Kal dWa
Krrjvea ^wd eK rdv BevBpewv
dTrapreovaiv ev Be Kal opvida Kal ei/j,ara Kal
"Xpvaea Kal dpyvpea iroiijfMara. erredv Be evreXea
TTavra rrrotijcrcovrai, 7repieveiKavre<; ra Ipd irepl
ra BevBpea Trvprjv evLacriv, ra Be avrcKa irdvra
^ " The rite of descending to the water {Kara^aais, Semitic

yerid) was common all over Syria. . . Its purpose was to

.

revive the water-sources and bring rain " (Dussaud, Pauly-

Wissowa s.v. Hadad). Why
the fish should need protectioa
400
 ;

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

seen hem, but sehe, stondynge beforn him, letteth
him, and with manye supplicatiouns sendeth him his
weye.^
Wondur grete ben also the festes that thai ben
wont to make in goynge to the see. Of tho festes
ne can I not seye no thing certeyn, be cause that
I ne wente not myself ne assayde not that pil-
grimage. But what thei don whan thei retornen,
that I saughe and schalle devyse you. Thei beren
everychon a pot fulle of water, and thise pottes ben
seeled with waxe. And of hem self thei ne breke
not the seel for to schede it out but ther is a holy
:

Cokke,2 that woneth nyghe to the lak, that whan dwells

he resceyveth the vesseles he loketh to the seel, and
getteth him a fee for to undon the bond and remeve
the waxe and the Cokke gadereth moche silver
;

thorghe this werk. And fro thens thei hem self

bryngen it in to the temple, and sclieden it out
and after this thei perfourmen sacrifise, and than
thei wenden hoom ayen.
But the grettest of alle festes wherof I knowe is
kepte in the firste somer sesoun, and some men
clepen it Fuyr Feste and some Torche Feste. 'I'her
inne thei don sacrifise in this wyse. Thei kutten
grete trees and setten hem in the clos, and after,
brynginge gotes and schepe and othere bestes, thei
hangen hem fro the trees, alle on lyve, and eke
briddesand clothes and ioyelles of gold and of silver, birds

And whan thei han mad everyche thing complet and

perfyt, thei beren the ydoles aboute the trees, and
thanne thei casten inne fuyr and als swythe alle tho instantly

from Hadad is a mystery to me, unless here too Hadad had

begun to be identified with the sun.
* Not, according to Dussaud, a Gallus, but an overseer.

401
VOL. IV. O
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kaiovrai. e? ravrrjv rrjv oprrjv iroXXol dpdpeoTroi
aTTLKveovrai e/c re %vpir]<i Kal rwv rrepi^ 'x^uipeoiv
Tracrecov, (pipovalv re ra ecovrcov Ipa eKaaroc Kal
ra (Tr]fir]i,a eKaarot eyovcrtv e? rdSe /jbefiifjLrjfxeva.
50 Ey prjTrjai Se rj/aepijcri to
e? to fiev irXrjdo^
ipov ayeipovTUi, VdWoL Se ttoWoI koI tou?
e\e^a, ol Ipol av6poiiroi, reXiovcri to, opyia, rdfi-
vovrai Te rov^ 7rrj-)(ea^ koX rolav vcoTOiai Trpot
aWr]\ov<i TVTTTOVTaL. TToWol Be (r(f)icn irape-
trrewTe? eiravXeovai, ttoXXoI 8e TVfiTrava irara-
aXXoi 8e delSovaiv evdea Kal Ipa dcrfjuara.
yeovcTtv,
TO 8e kpyov 6/CT09 tov vrjov roSe ylyverai, ouBe
eaep')(pvTat 69 rov vrjov okocol roBe rroieovaiv.
51 'Ey TavTrjai rfjat rj/xeprjai Kal TaXXot yi-
yvovTai. eiredv yap ol aXXoL avXeooai re Kal
opyia ^ TTOieoivrai, e? iroXXovf; rjBr} rj fiavir}
airiKveerai, Kal ttoXXoI e<? 0€)]v dirtKOfievoi fjuera
Be ToidBe eTrprj^av. KaraXe^oi Be Kal rd Troieov-
aiv. ve'qviT)^ oto> rdBe diroKeaTai pi'\p-a<i rd
eifxara fxeydXr) ^ofj e? fiecrov epx^'Tai Kal ^i(f)0<i
avaipeerai' ro^ Be iroXXd errj, ifiol BoKeei, Kal
Tovro ecTTTjKe. Xa^cov Be avriKa rdfivet ewvrov
Oeet T€ Bia t% TroXfo? Kal rfjat, %e/jcrt <^epei rd
erapsv. 69 oKoirjv Be oIkltjv rdBe diroppiylrei, eK
^ opyia (lu Soul : SpKia MSS.
« rhA.M.H.: tA MSS.
^ Baudissin (176, 3) knows no closer parallel than the
Continental Mai-/tste, and thinks that, if the Syrian custom
came down from the North, a community of origin is possible.
Somewhat similar is the practice at Tarsos of erecting a
pj're, setting on it an image of the god Sandan, and then
burning it up. Frazer (i, 126, 146) associates the two
customs and ascribes their origin to the immolation of a
402
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
thinges brennen.^ To this teste comen manye bothe
fro Surry e and from alle the marches there aboute ;

and alle bryngen here owne holy thinges and ban

alle here Tokenes made in lyknesse of that on.
And upon sette dayes the multytude assemblen
hem in the clos, and manye Galles and tho religious
men that I spak of pertourmen here cerimonyes ;

and thei kutten here owne armes and beten that oon
that other upon the bak.^ And manye that stont
ther neer floyten, and manye beten timbres, and
othere syngen wode songes and holy. This is don
withouten the temple, and thei that don it comen
not in to the temple.
And in thise dayes Galles ben made. For whan
tho floyten and perfourmen here rytes, that folye
sone entreth into manye, and manye ther ben that
camen for to seen and thanne wroghten in thilke
manere. And I shal descryve what thei don. The
yong man to whom Fortune hath goven this adver-
sitee, he casteth ofFe his clothinge and cometh in to
the myddes, cryinge in a grete voyce, and taketh
up a swerd that hath stode there thise manye
yeeres, I wene. Thanne he geldeth him right anon
and renneth throghe the Cytee berynge in his
hondes tho parties therof he gelt him. And that
house into the whiche he schalle casten thise, he

human victim, the priest-king. For myself, I should like

to know what became of the tree in the Attis-cult, that was
cut down and brought into the temple, that the image of
Attis might be tied to it (Frazer, i, 267). In the Gilgamesh
Epic, Humbaba is posted by Bel as watcher of the cedars
(Schrader-Zimmeru, 570) and sacred trees still have offerings
;

hung on them (Robertson Smith, Bel. of the Semites, pp.

185-6).
« See 1 Kings, 18, 26-28.

403
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
TavTTjij eadrjTo. re OrjXerjv Kal Koa/xov rov 'yvvai-
Kr}iov Xafi^dvei. raSe fiev iv rfjai TOfiyai iroieov-
(TlV.

52 A7rodav6vTe<; 8e TdWoi ovk ofxoLrjv Ta(f)r]u

Tolaiv aWoLCTL OaTTTOVTai, a\V eav dirodavrj
VaWo<i, eraipoi fiiv deipavre^ if rd nrpodcrreia
(jiepovaiv, Oi/jievoi Se avrov Kal to (fyiprpov 7a>
eKOjjLta-av, virepOe \i9oL<i ^dWovcriv, Kal rdSe
trprj^avre'i ottlctw dTrovoareova-iv. (f>v\d^avT€<i
Se eTTTa rjixepewv dpidfibv ovT(o<i e? to ipov
ea-ep'X^ovrar irpo he rovrecov rjv iaeXOooaiv, ovk
53 ocria iroiiovaiv. vofMoia-i 8e e? ravra )(^perovTai
TovTeoiai. rjv p,ei> Ti? avT€(ov veKvv h^ijTat,
eKttvqv TTjv to Ipov ovk diTLKveeTai, rff
r)p,epriv i'i

€Tepr} Se KaOr]pi<i ewvrov iaipx^Tai. avTMv Se

rSiv OLKeimv rov v£Kvo<i etacTTot, (pvXd^avTe<;
dpidfiov r]p,epea)v Tpi/jKovra Kal ra? K€(f)a\d<i
^vpdfievot iaep^ovTar irplv he rdSe iroirjaaL, ov
a(pi(TL eaievai ocriov.
54 ®vovaiv Se ^oat dp(revd<i re Kal O^Xea<i Kal
al'Ya<; Kal 6ia<i. <Tva<i Be p,ovvov €vayea<i vopi-
^ovT€<i ovre Ovovaiv ovTe criTeovraL. dXXoi 8'
ov cr(f)ea<; evayew;, dWd
tpoj)? vofxi^ovaiv. opvL-
6q)v Te avTeocai TTepia-Teprj Boxeei 'X^pi^fia IpoTUTOv

^ Compare Joshua 8, 29, and for the modern practice,

Baldensperger, 16, 1. Perhaps originally the Gallus was

stoned to death at the expiration of a certain time.
* On the pollution of death, see Leviticus 21, 1-3 Ezokiel ;

44, 25. Cf. Frazer, ii, 227 nqq. On shaving the head, Levit,
21, 5 Ezekiel 44, 20.
;

• Elagabalus, by way of sportula, gave away all manner

of animals except pigs " for he abstained from them by the

;

law of the Phoeuicians" (Herodian 5, 6,9; cf. Dio Cassius

404
 ^

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

getteth thens femele wedes and wommanlyche
aparayles. Thus don thei whan thei gelden hem.
And Galles at here dyenge ben not enterred in
lyk manere as other men, but gif a Galle dye, his
felawes liften him up and carryen him in to the
skirtes of the Cytee and sette doun the man himself
and the fertre on the whiche thei broghte him, and
casten stones aboven ; ^ and whan this is don, thei
wenden hoom ayen. And thei w.-iyten for the nombre
of 7 dayes or that thei entren in to the temple for ;

if thei entren before, thei misdon. And the cus-

tomes that thei folwen therto ben thise. If so
be that ony of hem seeth a dede man, he cometh
not in to the temple that day but on the nexte
;

daye, aftre that he hath pured him, thanne he

entreth. And tho that ben of the dede mannes kyn
wayten for the space of 30 dayes and lette saliaven
here hedes or thei entren but before that this hath
;

ben don, it is not leful for to entren.

Thei sacrificen boles and kyn and gotes and schepe.
Swyn only thei ne sacrificen not nouther eten be cause
that thei demen hem unclene.^ But othere men
demen hem not unclene but holy. And amonges
briddes the dowve semeth hem wondur holy thing,

79, 11). Suidas Aonv7vos alludes to the custom as Syrian,

s.v.
and Sophronius (Migne 87, 3, p. .3624) in the case of a girl
from Damascus ascribes it to the worship of Adonis. See
Baudissin, p. 142 sqq. "In Palestine and Syria the animal
was used in certain exceptional sacrifices which were recog-
nized as idolatrous (Isaiah 65, 4 ; 66, 17) and it was an open
question whether it was really polluted or holy" (Cook, 48).
There was similar uncertainty in Egypt see Herodotus
;

2, 47, and Plutarch, Isis and Osiris, 8. Ltician is perhaps

thinking of the pig as holy in connection with the Eleusinian
mysteries, and Demeter worship generally. It was holy also
in Crete, and apparently in Babylon (Ninib).

405
 THE WORKS OF LUCIAN
Kai ovSe -yjraveiv avricov SiKaieovaiv koX rjv
aeKOVTe<i a\lr(ovTai, evayeei; iKeivt-jv rrjv ri/xiprjv
etat,. TovveKa 8e avreoiai avvvo/j,oi re elai Kal
€<; rh olKcla iaep')(0VTai koI to. ttoW^ iv yfj
vifiovrai.
55 Aefft) Se teal rtov iravqyvpia-Tewv ra ^xaaroi
TToieovcriv. avrjp evr av e? Trjv Iprjv noXiv irpoiTOv
aTriKvirjTai,^ KecpaXrjv p,€v oSe Koi 6(f)pva<i i^v-
paro, /nera 8e lpevaa<; oiv ra jxev aXka Kpeovpyeei
re Kal evcoxeerai, to Be vuko^ X^I^"'*' defxevo^; iirl
TOVTOV e? yovv e^erai, 7r68a<; Se Kal K€(f)aXr)v
Tov KT7jv€0<; eVi TTjv icDVTOV K€(f)a\T)p dvaXa/M^d-
ver a/j.a ?e €ux6fievo<; alriei, rrjv fiev irapeovaav
Ova-LTjv heicecrdai, p.e^co 8e iaavri^ VTriaxveerai.
reXecra? ^e ravra, rrjv Ke(f)a\r}v avrov re ari^erai
Kal Tfov aXXcop oKoaoi rrjv avrrjv 686v diriKviovrai,
dpa<; 8e diro rr}^ ecovrov oBonropeei, vBaal re
yfrvxpolai Xovrpojv re Kal iroaio'^
;3^p60yLtei/09

eiveKa Kai e? 7rd/jL7rav x^f^oKoiTecov ov ydp ol

€vvr]<; iiri^rjvai oaiov irplv r-qv re 68ov eKreXecrai

56 Kal €9 Tr)v ecovrov avri^ diriKeadai,. iv Be rrj

^ airiKveijTai Werfer : i.inKVffTai MSS.

^ "In Syria by the sea i3 a city named Ascalon. ... I
saw there an impossible number of doves at the crossways
and about every house. When I asked the reason, they said
it was not permissible to catch them for the inhabitants,
;

from a remote period, had been forbidden to enjoy them.

So tame is the creature through security that it always lives
not only under the same roof with man but at the same
table, and abuses its immunity " (Philo Judaeus, quoted by
Eusebius, Praep. Evang. 8, 14, 50). See Hehn, KuUurpflanzen
und Haustiere* p. 329 sqq. Baudissin, Stvdien, ii, p. 191.
;

* Shaving the head and brows was probably purificatory

in this connection. See Plutarch, Isis and Osiris, 4.

406
 ;:

THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE

and thei ben not wont so moche as to touchen hem
and gif thei touchen hem maugree hem selven, thei
ben unclene that day. Therfore dowves lyven
amonges hem and entren here houses and gadren
here mete for the moste part atte erthe.^
And I schal telle you what the pilgrimes alle don.
Whan that a man wole faren for the firste sythe toUme
the Holy Cytee, he schaveth his heed and his browes,^
and after that, he sacrificeth a schep and than he ;

kerveth it and eteth it alle, saf only the flees that

he leyeth on the erthe and kneleth ther on, and
taketh the bestes feet and heed and putteth upon
his owne heed. Ther with alle he preyeth, askynge
that this present sacrifise be resceyved and behotynge promts-
^"^
a grettere that nexte sythe.^ And whan alle this is
atte ende, he putteth a gerlond on his owne heed
and on the hedes of his felawes that wolle gon that
ilke pilgrimage. Thanne levynge his owne eontree
he doth iorney and he useth cold watre bothe for
;

to wasschen with and to drynken, and slepeth

alle weyes on the erthe for he ne may not liggen
;

in no maner bedde un to tyme that his pilgrimage

be fulfilled and he be comen ayeii to his owne
eontree.* And in the Holj'^ Cytee he is resceyved
' By this procedure the worshipper seems clearly to
indicate that the sacrificed sheep is a substitute for himself;
it is so understood by Frazer, Folklore, i, 414, 425-428.
What the worshipper says and does is equivalent to: " Take
this poor offering in my stead, part for part myself I will
;

offer next time." In Schrader-Zimmern, p. 597, a cuneiform

inscription is cited that concerns such a vicarious sacrifice
"The lamb, the substitute for a man, the lamb he gives for
the man's life ; the head of the lamb he gives for the head of
the man," etc. For another view, see Robertson Smith, Rel.
of the Semites, p. 438.
* Psalm 132, 3 ; cf. Robertson Smith, Eel. of the Semites,
481 sqq.
407
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

Ipf} iroXei iKSeKeTui /jliv avijp ^€ivo86/co<i dy
voeovra' prjrol yap Stj mv eKd<TTr]<i rroXio'i avTodt
^eivoSoKot elcriv, koI rohe vaTpodev oikoi SeKOVTUi.
KuXiovrai 8e vtto ^Aacrvpiwv oiiSe SiSdaKaXoi,
OTi a<f)Lai irdvra virr^yeovrai.
57 %vovcn he ovk ev avTw rS> ipa>, a\V iirehi
irapacTT^a-r] tA ^(op,w to iptjiov, €Tria7r€Laa<}
avTi<; dy€t ^<p6v €<? rd oiKela, eXOoov Se kut
ecovTov dvei re Kal ev-)(^erai.

58 "EaTti/ he Kal dWr]<i t/jotto? TOioaSe.

Ovcrlr]<;

(TT€'\p'avre<; rd ex rSyv tr potrvXaitov

Iprjia, ^(od
diridaiv, rd he KaTeve-)(6evTa OvvjaKOvaiv. evLoi
he Koi 7ratha<; ecovTcov evrevdev diridaiv, ovk
6po'i(0<i TOi? KTt]veaiv, aXX^ e? 7rr]pr)v ev9ep,€voi

X^'-P''
Kardyovaiv, d/j,a he avreoicriv iiriKep-
TOfiiovre^ Xeyovariv on ov 7rat8e<?, dXXd y8o€9
elcrlv.
59 Xri^ovTai he travre*;, ol fiev e? KapTrov<;, ol he is
av^evas' koI diro rouhe diravres Aaavpioi
a-Tiyp,aTr](j)opeov(Tiv.

* A relic of child sacrifice. "Shall I give my first-born

for my transgression, the fruit of my the sin of my
body for
"
soul ? (Micah 6, 7). On traces of infant sacrifice discovered
in the excavations in Palestine, see Cook, pp. 36, 38, 43
Frazer, Folklore i, 418 and note. From recent excavations in
a sanctuary of Tanit at Carthage, it is apparent that first-
born children were oS"ered to that goddess during the whole
period of Punic occupation (Am. Journal of A rckaeul. 1923, ,

&107). '* Jephthah's daughter had many successors before

adrian tried to stamp out the practice. At Laodicea h
virgin was annually sacrificed to 'Athena' until a deer took
her place Elagabalus was accused of ofiering children in his
;

sun-temple at Rome ; ... an Arabian tribe annually sacri-

ficed a cliild, which they buried beneath the altar that served

40S
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
of an hoste that he knoweth not propurly. For
certeyne men in that place ben apoynted unto
everyche cytee as hostes, and dyverse kynredes han
this office of linage. And Assuryens clei)en tho
men Maistres be cause thei techen hem everyche
thing.
And the sacrifises ben not perfourmed in the
temple, but whan he hath presented his victime
beforn the awtere, he schedeth offrynge of wyn
there on, and tlianne he ayen ledeth him on lyve
to his logging, and whan he is comen there he
sacrificeth and preyeth be him self.
Ther is also this other maner sacrifise. Thei dressen
here victimes with gerlondes and hurlen hem doun
the degrees of the entree on lyve, and in fallynge
doun thei dyen. And some men hurlen here owne
children thens, but not in lyke manere as the bestes.
Thei putten hem in a walet and beren hem doun
in bond, and thei scornen hem with alle, seyinge
that thei ben not children but oxen.^
And alle leten marke hem, some on the wriste
and some on the nekke and for that skylle alle
;

Assuryens beren markes,^

them as an idol. In many parts, too, bodies of slain victims
were used for purposes of divination " (Bouchier, Syria as a
Roman Province, p. 247 sq. ).
* Lucian probably means tattooing, although actual brand-
ing was practised on occasion. "Some are afflicted with
such an extravagancy of madness that, leaving themselves no
loom for a change of mind, they embrace slavery to the
works of human hands, admitting it in writing, not upon
sheets of papyrus as the custom is in the case of human
chattels, but by branding it upon their bodies with a hefted
iron with a view to its indelible permanency ; for even time
does not fade these letters" (Philo Judaeus, de Monarchia 1,
8 fin.). The view that this was the "mark of Cain" is
409
 ;

THE WORKS OF LUCIAN

60 Uoieovci Se Kal aWo fiovvoi<ri 'KWrjvtov
Tpoi^rjvLOiai ofioXoyeovTe^. Xe^co Be koI to,
eKclvoi TToieovaiv. '^pot^rjvioi rfjcn irapdivoKTt
Kat Tolaiv riiOeoiai vofiov iiroirjaavro firj fiiv
aWco<; yd/xov livai, irplv 'IinroXvTa) K6fia<;
Keipacrdai' /cat wSe Troteovcriv. tovto Kal iv rrj
ipfi TToXet yiyverai. ol fiev verjviat row yeveicov
aTrdp^ovrai, roi<; Be veoiat Tr\oKdfiov<i ipov<i eK
yeveTrj<i dindaiv, TOt'9 eiredv iv rS> lpa> yevcovTai,
rdp^vovaiv re Kal e? dyyea Karad€VT€<i ol /xev
dpyvpea, iroWol Be y^pvaea ev tw vrjo) irpoarj-
\waavre<; diriaaiv imypdy\ravTe<i eKaaTot rh
ovvojxaTa- tovto Kal eyo) veo^ gtl oiv eireTeXeaa,
Kal €Ti jxev iv Ta> ipw Kal 6 "rrXoKa/xofi Kal to
ovvofj,a.

forever being advanced anew, only to be anew denied. The

practice was forbidden to the Jews (Levit. 19, 28, where
the Septuagint reads : /col ypd/x/xaTa a-TiKra ov iroii\ff(r( iv
vfiiv). Among tlie Moslem population it still survives, but
apparently without any religious significance. "A Syrian
custom the workers in tattoo are generally Syrian, and the
:

decoration is seen mainly in Syria and North Palestine "

(H. Rix, Tent and Testament, p. 103). In du Soul's time all
Christians who visited the Holy Land came back tattooed,
he teUs ua (Lucian, ed. Hemsterhuys-Reitz, iii, p. 489).

410
 THE GODDESSE OF SURRYE
And thei in the whiche thei
don another thing,
acorden to men
of Trosen allone of Grekes, and I
schalle telle you what tho don. Men of Trosen han
made ordeynaunoe as touchinge the maydens and
the bachelerSj that thei schulle not maryen or thei
lette scheien here lokkes for worschipe of Ypolite ;

and so thei don. That thing is don also in the

Holy Cytee. The bacheleres offren of here berdes,
and the children from here birthe leten holy crulles
growe, the which thei scheren whan thei ben pre-
sented in the temple and putten in boystes outher
of silver or often tymes of gold, that thei naylen
faste in the temple, and than gon here weye but ;

first thei wryten there on here names everychon.

Whan I was yong, I fulfilled that ryte and bothe;

my cruUe and my name ben yit in the seyntuarye.*

* For the custom at Troezen see Pausanias 2, 32, 1 but
;

he speaks only of girls. Its general prevalence is shown in

Frazer's note on that passage, in which the item of chief
interest in connection with Lucian is that in Caria, at the
temple of Zeus Panamaros, it was customary for a man to
dedicate a lock of hair in a stone receptacle on which was
carved his name and that of the priest or priestess in charge ;
the receptacle was preserved in the temple.

411
 INDEX
A.bonoteichus, city on the coast of Alemane, mother of Heracles, 323
Pap ilagonia, now Ineboli, 175, 187, ALiXVN'DER, THE FALSE PUOPHET,
18y, 217, 251 173-253
Abradatas, king of Susiana, contem- Alexander of Abonoteichus, 175 sqq.
porary with Cyrus the Great, Alexander the Great, 139, 141, 149,
according to Xenophon in the 175, 185, 199, 305, 307, 395
Cyropaedia, 275, 291 Alexandria, 231
Achaeans, 129 Alibantis,name of " tribe " in Hades,
Acheron, Lake, in Hades, 89, 115 coined from alibas, corpse, 107
Acherusian Plain, be-iide Acheron, 97 Amalthea, the goat that nursed Zeus,
Achilles, 323, 331, 395 whose horn became the Horn of
Acropolis, of Athens, 25, 265 Plenty, 141
Adonis, 343, 345, 347 Amastris (see p. 210, note 1), 209, 211,
Adonis River, in Phoenicia, 347 247, 249
Aeacus, nephew of Pluto, son of Zeus Amazons, 55, 265, 267
and Kuropa, brother of Miaos and Amphiaraus, of Argos, a seer, one of
Rhadamanthus, gate-keeper of the Seven who led the Argivea
Hades, 87, 103, 115, 123 against Thebes, worshipped as a
Aegeus, king of Athens, father of god after his translation at Oropus
Theseus, 117 in Boeotia, where he gave oracles
Aegiali, village on the coast of Paphla- to those who slept in the temple, 201
gonia, about half-way between Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus, who
Abonoteichus and Amastris, 249 also had an oracular shrine at
Aeginetan (obol), 119 Mallus in Oilicia, 201, 215
Aeschines, Attic orator, opponent of Amphion, who, with the aid of a lyre
Demosthenes, 149 given him by Hermes, built the wall
Aeschines, the Socratic, 287 of Thebes by making the stones
Aetion, famous painter, 271 move of their own accord, 281
Agamemnon, 99, 101, 331 ANACHARSIS, OR ATHLE'inCS, l-<)9
Agathon, Athenian tragedian, whose Anachar.iis, the Scythian, visited
effeminate manners were ridiculed Athens in quest of Greek learning
by Aristophanes in the Thesmo- and was introduced to Solon by his
phoriazusap, 149 countryman Toxaris (Lucian,
Agenor, of Sidon, 341 Scytha), 3 sqq.
Aglala (Aglaye), 395 Andromache, wife of Hector, 395
Aidoneus (Pluto), 89, 123 Anonymus (poet), 159, 325, (Pindar?)
Alastores, see Avengers 333, (Epicharmus) 143
Alcamenes, sculptor, 261, 263, 265, Antenor, one of the elders of Troy,
267 289
Alcestis, wife of Admetus of The?saly, Aornus, in India, 143 (see note 1)
who gave her life in exchange for Apelles, famous painter, contemporary
his,and was brought back from of Alexander the Great, 261, 271,
Hades by Heracles, 117 295
 INDEX
A.phrodite, 149, 271, 295, 303, 305, Artemis, 331, 387
309, 311, 329, 331, 333, 387, (Pan- Asclepius, 189, 195, 197, 211, 225,
demos) 171, (Urania) 387, (of 229 251
Byblos; Baalat) 343, 345, 349, Asia, 177, 187, 355, 391
(of Cnldos) 263, 265, 269, 305, 319, Aspasia, of Milet\a.s, mistress of
327, 329, (in the Gardens) 263, 267, Pericles (see Plutarch, Pericles, c.
305, 307, 319 24), 287
A.pis, the sacred bull of Egypt, 345 Assyria, Assyrian (often confused with
ipollo, 7, 9, 151, 189, 195, 215, 223, Syria, Svrian), 103, 339, 341, 343,
225, 231, 237, 285, (Nebo) 391, 393 349, 361, 373, 375, 377, 389, 409
ApoUonius of Tyana, famous Neo- Astarte, 341 aiid note 3
Pythagorean philosopher and Atargatis, the Goddess of Syria,
thaumaturge of the 1st century identical with Derceto, but called
A.D., 183 Hera by Lucian, see p. 356, note 3,
Aquileia, 237 (its narrow escape from and s.v. Hera (Atargatis)
capture is not chronicled elsewhere) Ate, 291
Arabia, 139, 349, 353, 381, 385 Athena, 25, 265, 267, 295, 319, 329,
Arbela, town E. of Nineveh, which 387
gave its name to the battle (331 B.C.) Athens, Athenian, Attic, 17, 23, 25,
between Darius and Alexander, 67, 119, 155, 169, 225, 239, 263,
fought at Gaugamela, about sixty 283, 287
miles N.W. of Arbela, 139 Athos, Mount, a conical peak of white
Areopagite, member of the court of limestone 6350 ft. high, connected
the Areopa^s, 29, 31, 35 with the peninsula of C'halcidice by
Areopagus, hill opposite the Acropolis a narrow isthmus through which
at Athens, and high court which sat Xerxes dug a canal for his fleet,
there, 29, 35 159, 305, 307
Ares, 331 Atlas, 393
Arete, wife of Alolnous, king of the Atreus, father of Agamemnon, 101
Phaeacians, 289, 303 Atrometus, father of the orator
Aristarcbus, grammarian of Alexan- Aeschines, 141
dria, ca. 175 B.C., especially famous Attis, Asiatic demigod, legendary
for his commentaries upon llomer, worshipper of Rhea (Cybele), who
in which a dash (obelos) was emasculated himself in orgiastic
prefixed to lines thought spurious, frenzy, 357, 359
331 Augean stable, which It was one of the
Arlstippus of Gyrene, founder of the labours of Heracles to clean, 175
Oyrenaic (Hedonic) school of philo- Avengers (Alastores), a pluralization
sophv, honoured in Hades for his of the spirit of Vengeance, single
geniality (c/. 1, 321), 95 in Greek tragedy, 91
Arlstodemus, an Athenian, the schol- Avitus, governor of Bithynia and
iast says, satirized for indecency Pontus, 249 and note 3
by Cratlnus (fr. 151 K) and Aris-
tophanes (fr. 231 K), 179 Babylon, Babylonia, 83, 85, 139, 199,
Armenia, 213, 387 349, 355, 365, 387
Arrian (Flavins Arrianus), born In Bacchus, see Dionysus
BIthynia, Roman by citizenship, Bactra, the city of Balkh, in Central
but not by birth, distinguished for Asia, 229
eminent civil and military service Bion the Borysthenite, moralist and
under Hadrian as well as for bis satirist of the first half of the 3rd
writings, 177 century B.C., whose Diatribes,
Artemisium, northern point of Euboea, which influenced Horace and were
off which a naval engagement imitated by Teles, are now lost
between Greeks and Persians took (111, 128, note 1, 129, note 2)
placeln480B.O., 169 Bithynia, 183, 187, 189, 199, 249

414
 INDEX
Boeotia, 85, 109 Chaerephon, friend of Socrates, 151
Bosporus (Cimmerian), 249 Chalcedon, city opposite Byzantium,
Branchidae, priestly family of Miletus, 187, 189
claiming descent from Branchus, Chaldeans, 85
custodians of the temple of Apollo Chaiicles, father of the actor Polus,
at Didymi, to which the name lUl
Branchidae is also applied, 185, 215 Charon, 91, 119
Brimo, goddess of Hades, worshipped Chimera, 95
especially at Pheraein Thessaly and Choaspes, a river flowing past Susa,
represented on horseback, bearing the water of which, boiled and
a torch : elsewhere identified with stored in vessels of silver, accom-
Hecate, Demeter, or Persephone, panied the Great King wherever he
107 went, 85
Briseis, captured by Achilles in Chrestus of Byzantium, pupil of
Lyrnessus, given to him as prize, Herodes Atticus, paid teacher of
and afterwards taken away by rhetoric in Athens (133)
Agamemnon, 329 Christians, 209, 225
Briseus, father of Briseis, king of Chrysippus, the Stoic philosopher,
Pedabus, 271 3rd century B.C., 209
Bruttian, 203 Cibella, see Gybele
Bubalus, a fictitious bandit, 241 (Jilicia, Cilicians, 201, 215, 349
Byblos, city of Phoenicia, 343, 345, Cinyras, fabled king of Cyprus, father
347 of Adonis, priest of Aphrodite,
Byzantine, 183 renowned for wealth and, it would
seem, for luxury, 149, 349
Cadmus, a Phoenician, son of Agenor Cithaeron, Mount, sejiarating Boeotia
and brother of Buropa, mythical from Megaris and Attioa, 281
founder of Thebes, 341 Claras, just W. of Colophon, site of
Calamis, Attic sculptor, jl. ca. 460 B.C., famous sanctuary of Apollo, 185,
265, 267 215, 231
Calligeneia, name of woman, 239 Clio, Muse of History, 285
Calliope, Muse of Epic Poetry, 283, Clysma, 231
285 Cnidus, Cnidian, 263, 267, 269, 327,
Calypso, name of servant, 241 329
Cappadocia, 245, 349 Cnossian (Cnossus, in Crete), 373
Carian, 101 Oocconas, partner of Alexander of
Oarystus, city of S. Euboea, 321 Abouoteichus, otherwise unknown,
Cassandra, 271 183, 187, 189
Cassiopeia, 305 Cocytus (Kiver of Wailing), 115
Cebes, author of the Tabula, a Combabus (see p. 306, Twte 1, 378,
description of an imaginary allegori- note 1), 367-379, 395
cal painting representing the life Compliments, personilied, 141, 143
of man, 141 Ooronis, daughter of Phlegyas and
Ceorops, legendary founder and first mother of Asclepius, 195, 225
king of Athens, 101 Cranion (Scully), name of dead man,
Celer, name of fictitious bandit, 241 107
Celsus, to whom Lucian addresses the Creon, king of Thebes, typical usurper
Alexander (see notes, pp. 174, 204), and tyrant, 101
175, 199, 203, 205, 253 Crete, Cretans, 65, 117, 341
Celt, Celtic, 213, 241 Critius (Kritios), sculptor, 147
Cerberus, 77, 89, 95, 107, 115, 119 Croesus, King of Lydia, defeated and
Cercopes, 179 captured by Cyrus after obtaining
Ceryces, descendants of a mythical from Apollo the oracle that on
Cervx (Herald), hereditary priests crossing the Halys he would destroy
at Eleusis, 227 a great kingdom, 99, 237, 325
 INDEX
Oronus, 145 Ecbatana, capital of Media, 159
Croton, city In Magna Qraecla, 321 Ecube, see Hecuba
Cupids, see Erotes Egypt, Egyptian, 97, 127, 139, 141,
Oybele, 193, 237, 357, 359, 387 277, 333, 339, 341, 343, 345, 357,
Oynaethus, a toady, 325, 327 381, 387, 391
Oynegeirus, brother of Aeschylus, a Eileithyia (Lucina), 393
hero of Marathon, who had his arm Eleyne, see Helen
cut off when he laid hold of a Eli.s 311
Persian ship, 159 Elye, see Helios
Cynic, 73, 173 Elyople, see Heliopolis
Cyprus, 333 Elysian Fields, 117
Cyrene, 95 Endymion, 225, cf. 221
Ephialtes (see Otus), 153
Daedalus, escaped from Minos in Epicharmus, 143 (see p. 144, note 1)
Crete on wings cemented with wax, Epictetus, 177
293 Epicureans, 225, 231, 233
Danae, 79 Epicurus, 199, 209, 231, 235, 253
Danube, see Ister Eponymi (Namesakes, at Athens), 25
Darius, 103, (the Younger) 139 Erasistratus, a physician, 301-365
Deane (Diana), see Artemis Erechtheus, fabled king of Athens and
Delos, 185 founder of the Erechtheum, where he
Delphi, Delphian, 185, 231, 237, 271 was worshipped as a hero, along
Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Anti- with Athena Polias, 101
gonus, 335-282 B.C., 325 Erinyes (Furies), 89, 91, 117
Democritus of Abdera, the philosopher Ermonye, see Armenia
(see p. 240, note 1), 199, 241 Erotes (Cupids, Loves), 141, 273
Demosthenes, 137, 145, 147, 157, 163 : Essays in Portraiture, 255-295
his father " was called the sword- EssAjrs IN Portraiture Depended,
maker because he had a great fac- 297-335
tory and slave workmen who Ethiopia, 359, 387
exercised that trade " (Plut. Eumolplds, descendants of Eumolpus,
Demosth. 4) hereditary priests of the Eleasinian
Demostratus, 233 mysteries, 227
Derceto, 355, 357 Eumolpus, a Thracian invader, cham-
Deucalion, the Greek flood-hero, 161, pion of Eleusis in the war with
351, 353, 381, 389 Athens, 55
Didymi, ten miles S. of Miletus, seat Eupator, king of the Bosporus, 249
of a great sanctuary of Apollo, 215, Euphorbus, Trojan hero of the Iliad,
231 331
Diocles, 241 Euphranor, painter and sculptor, con-
Diogenes, the Cynic, 103, 105, 319 temporary with Alexander the
Dion, of Syracuse, banished by Diony- Great, 27"l
sius the Younger (366 B.C.), later Euphrates, 85, 89, 339, 353, 357,
became tyrant in his stead, 95 305
Dionysius of Sicily, the Younger, Euripides, 73, 75
tyrant of Syracuse, 367-357 B.C., Europe, 341, 343
of Locri, 357-346, and again of Eurybatus, proverbial for rascality,
Syracuse 346-343, 95 variously explained as an Ephesian
Dionysius, as a common name, 333 who betrayed Croesus to Cyrus, an
Dionysus, 39, (named beside Heracles Aeginetan, a thief able to climb walls
as a conqueror because of his sub- by the aid of sponges and climbing-
jection of India) 143, (in Syria) irons, one of the Cercopes, and
359, 361, 379, 381, 389 Eurybates, the comrade of Odys-
Dioscuri, 179 seus, 179
Diotima, 289 Euxine Sea, 17, 191

416
 INDEX
Bvagoras, king of Cyprus, fl. ca. 333; (Atargatis), 339, 353, 355,
400 B.C., extolled in the Evagoras 359, 361, 365, 369, -77, 385, 387,
of Isocrates, 333 395, 397, 399
Heraclea (Pontica), coastal city of
Fame personified, 141, 143 Bithynia, 249
Fates (Moerae), 387 Heraclean stone (i.e. either from
Fedre Cnossien, see Phaedra of Heraclea, or of Heracles), the
Cnossus magnet, 258
Fortune, see Tyche and Nemesis Heracles, 87, 91, 97, 143, 179, 323, 341
Funerals, On, 111-131 Heraclids, name of a company of
Furies, see Erinyes young men in Sparta, 63
Hermes, 117, 285 (a giver of elo-
Galatia, 187, 199, 215, 231 quence), 393 (a Syrian god)
Q-alli (ttalles), emasculated devotees Hermes, as man's name, 333
of Atargatis, 359, 371, 379, 397, Hermocles of Rhodes, sculptor, 377
403, 405 Hesiod, 35, 79, 81, 113, 139, 143
Germany, 235 Hieropolis, in Svria, 339, 349, 353,
Glaucus of Carystus, victor in boxing 355, 365, 369, 371, 373, 407, 411
at Olympia {ca. 620 B.C.), Delphi Himera, city in Sicily near Termini, 313
(twice), Nemea, and the Isthmus Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons,
(eight times each), 321, 323 invaded Attica to punish Theseus
Glycera, a name commonly adopted for carrying off Antiope, 55
by courtesans, borne by the mis- Hippolytus {see Phaedra), 373, 411
tress of Menander, and by the Homer, 35, 75, 79,87,97, 99, 113, 117,
leading character in his Perikei- 129, 145, 151, 183, 219, 243, 249,
Tomene, 151 271, 273, 279, 283, 291, 295, 325,
Qlycon, 201, 225, 227, 229, 231, 247, 329, 331, 333, 335
251, cf. 173 Hydra, 59
Gorgon (Medusa), 257, 281 Hymettus, mountain E. of Athens,
Graces, the, 149, 179, 273, 333 famous for honey, 149
Great Mother, the (Rhea-Cybele), 193
Greece, Greeks, 7, 17, 61, 63, 109, Icarius, father of Penelope, 289
127, 135, 323, 341, 351, 353, 359, Icarus, nephew of Daedalus, who flew
361, 373, 391, 411 too high on his artificial wings, so
that the sun melted the wax, 293
Hades (Pluto), 73, 75, 87, 209, 221, Ida, Mount, 177
(lower world) 113, 125, (ambiguous) India, Indian, 127, 159, 231, 237,
83 359 387
Hebrew, 193 Ionia,' Ionian, 215, 259, 261, 287.383
Hecate, 89 lonopolis, later name of Abonoteichus,
Hector, 395 251
Hecuba, wife of Priam of Troy, 395 Irus, 99
Hegesias, sculptor, 147 Isocrates, 157
Helen of Troy, 293, 387, 395 Ister (Danube), 235, 237
Helicon, mountain of Boeotia, haunt Isthmian games, held every other year
of the Muses, 139, 285 near the sanctuary of Poseidon, on
Heliopolis, city in Lower Egypt, just the Isthmus of Corinth, 9, 13, 59
N. of Cairo, 343 Isthmus (of Corinth), 13, 21
Helios, the sun, 389-391 Italy, 215, 221, 223, 243
Hellanodicae, the ten officials in charge Iiion, punished in Hades for his
of the Olympic games, 307 endeavour to seduce Hera by being
Hellespont, bridged, and so " crossed bound to a revolving wheel, 97
afoot," by Xerxes, 159
Hephaestlon, as a man's name, 333 Jove, see Zeus (Hadad)
Hera, 271, 303, 305, 309, 311, 319, Juno, see Hera (Atargatis)
 INDEX
Lebadela, town of Boeotia, now Melampus, 325
Llvadia, 109 Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy, 288
Leda, mother of Castor and Pollux, Menander, the comic poet, 221
169 Menelaus, 271
Lemnian Athena, 265, 267 Menippus, Cynic satirist, of Gadara,
Leonidas, 159 perhaps of the 3rd century H.C.,
Lepidus (see p. 210, note 1), 211, 231 whose writings were characterized
Lesbian poetess (Sappho), 289 by the Intermixture of prose and
Lesche, the, at Delphi, 271 verse, 73 sgq.
Lethe (Oblivion), 117 Menippus, or The Descent into
Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis, Hades, 71-109
225 Menoeceus, father of Creon, 101
Leto, of Cyprus, wife of King Eva- Mercure, see Hermes
poras, 333 Metrodorus, chief disciple of Epicurus,
Libanon, Mount, 347 199
Libya, 391 Midas, King of Phrygia, 108
Lnoian, 245 Miletus, 287
Lucine, see Elleithyia Milo, of Croton, latter half of 6th
Luna, see Selene century B.C., victor at Olympia and
Lyceian Apollo, 7 Delphi, six times each. In wrestling,
Lyceum, grove of Lyceian Apollo, performer of many feats of strength,
E. of Athens, in which was a gym- 321
nasium, 49 Minerve, see Athena
Lycinus, a mask of Lucian's, 257- Minos, 65, 91, 93, 95, 117
295, 299-335 Mithrobarzanes, name of Magus, 85,
Lycurgids, name of a company of 89, 91, 109
youths in Sparta, 63 Moerae, 387
Lycnrgus, f>5, 67 Muses, 139, 285, 296
Lydian, 357, 359 ' Mysia, 177
Lynceus, sharp-sighted pilot of the
Argonauts, 325
Namesakes, see Eponyml
Kausicaa, 289
Macedon, Macedonian, 103, 119, 143,
Necysleus (of Corpsebury), mock name
183, 185, 199
of deme in Hades, 107
Maeandrius, retainer of Polycrates,
Nemean games, held every other year
and his successor for a brief space in the precinct of Zeus Nemeius
as tyrant of Samos, 99
between Cleonae and Phlius, In
Magi, 83
Northern Peloponnese, 9, 21
Magnus, name of Bandit, 241 Nemesis, 387
Mallus, city in Oilioia, seat of the
Nereids, 305
oracle of Amphilochus, 215
Nesiotes, sculptor, 147
Malthace, a courtesan, leading char-
Nestor, oldest of the Greeks at Troy,
acter In a lost comedy by Antiphanes,
most eloquent, and most talkative,
151
103, 279, 323
Marathon, (Attic deme) 101, (battle
Nile, 141, 231, 233
r-of) 159
Nlobe, 129, 257, 333
Marcomanni, 235 Nireus, most handsome of the Greeks
Marcus (Aurelius), 235, 251 at Troy, 99, 299, 395
Mausolus, tyrant of Halicamassus in
Caria, in whose memory his wife
Artemisia erected the Mausoleum, Odysseus, 87, 103, 117
one of the seven wonders of the Olympia, 13, 21, 311
world, 101 Olympiad, 123, 147
Modes, Median, 87, 169, 387 Olympian, the (Pericles, see Plut.
Medusa, 257, 281 Pericles 8), 287

418
 INDEX
Olympias, wife of Philip of Macedon, Penelope, wife of Odysseus, 289, 291,
and mother of Alexander the 3U3
Great, 185 Pericles, 287, see Olympian
Olympic games, 9, 13, 59, 307 Persephone, 89, 113, 117
Orpheus, 87, 281 Perseus, son of Danae, slayer of the
Osiris, 345 Medusa, 189, 251
Osroes (Chosroes), Parthian general, Persia, Persians, 127, 139, 141
213 Phaeacians, king of (Alcinous, in the
Othryades, a Spartan, who, left for Odyssey), 99
dead on the field of Thyrea by two Phaedra, daughter of Minos, King of
surviving Argives, erected a trophy Crete, and wife of Theseus, who
and inscribed it in his own blood, brought about the death of her
159 stepson Hippolytus by falsely
Otus, and Ephialtes, sons of Aloeus, accasing him of attempting her
nine years old, nine ells broad, honour, 373
and nine fathoms high, who tried to Phaon, mythical boatman of Myti-
scale heaven and were slain by lene, who received youth and
Apollo, 153 beauty from Aphrodite for carrying
her across the water without pay,
Pacate, 271 299
Paetus, physician, 253 Phidias, 261, 265, 267, 311, 329
Palamedes, Greek hero at Troy, Philip of Macedon, 103, 149, 175
famous for wisdom and inventions, Philomele, and Procne, daughters of
unjustly put to death on a charge of Pandion, 281,395; Philomele was
treason, hence Socrates {Apology, ravished and maimed by Tereus of
41 B) wished to compare exp*iences Thrace, husband of Procne, who in
with him in Hades, 103 revenge slew Itys, her son and his.
Panathenaea, festival held at Athens, She was changed into a nightin-
the "Lesser" every year, the gale, Philomele into a swallow, and
" Greater " every four years, 9, 13 Tereus into a hoopoe.
Pandion, father of Philomela and Phiueus, blind king of Salmydessus
Procne, legendary king of Athens, in Thrace, 325
whose daughters were turned into Phobi, pluralization of the earlier
the swallow and the nightingale, Phobos, son of Ares, spirit of
281 panic, 117
Panthea, mistress of Verus, see p. 255 Phoebus (Apollo), 189, 223
Panthea, wife of Abradatas {see p. Phoenicia, Phoenician, 193, 341, 343,
274, note), 275, 291 3 49 35.5
Paphlagonia, Paphlagonians, 187, 189, Phrygian, 97, 105, 357, (Paris) 331
191, 197, 199, 215, 227, 231, 233 Phrynondas, " notorious among the
Parcas (Moerae), the Fates, 387 Athenians for rascality, no less than
Paris, 331, 395 Burybatus " (Harpocration see
;

Parrhasius, celebrated painter, rival Suldas, and Blaydes on Aristoph.

of Zeuxis, 261, 295 Thesm. 861), 179
Parthi, 213 Pindar, 271, 321, 325, 333
Patroclus, 329 Plataea, battle of, 159
Peleus, father of Achilles, 221, 331 Plato, 145, 161, 157, 171, 209
Pelias, usurping ruler of lolcus, uncle Plenty, Horn of, see Amalthea
of Jason, who was dismembered Pluto" (see p. 115, note), 89, 113, 115,
and boiled by his daughters at the 117, 123, 127
suggestion of Medea in order to Pnyx, where the Athenians assembled,
restore his youth, 301 on the slope of the hill adjoining
Pella, city of Macedonia, wUch Philip the Areopagus, 25
made its capital instead of Aegae, Podaleirius, the Healer (see p. 190,
185, 193, 197 note), 189, 191, 225, 251

419
 INDEX
Poenae (Tormentors), personifications Rhadamanthus, son of Zeus and
of retaliation in Hades, 89, 91, 117 Europa, brother of Minos and
Pollux, see p. 133 Aeacus, viceroy of Hades, 77, 89,
Polus of Sunium, son of Oharlcles, 107, 117
actor, 101 Rhetoric personified, 131-171, esp.
Polycrates of Samos, tyrant renowned 141 sqq.
for the brilliancy of his court, sixth Rhodian, 377
century B.C., 99, 103 Rome, Roman, Roman Empire, 177,
Polydamas, of Scotussa In Thessaly, 191, 213, 215, 217, 223, 237, 287
Ol3Tnpic victor in the pancratium, Roxana, daughter of a Bactrian chief,
408 B.C., renowned for feats such as wife of Alexander, 271
killing a lion without arms, 321 Rutilia, wife of an Imperial steward,
Poly deuces (Pollux, Castor's twin), 225
famous as a boxer before he Rutilianus, prominent Roman, com-
achieved immortality, 323 memorated in two inscriptions
Polygnotus of Thasos, 5th-century {C.I.L. xiv, 3601, 4244; see note,
painter, active at Athens, 271, 295 p. 214), 179, 215, 217, 219, 221, 225,
Polymnia, Muse of Sacred Poetry, 235, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253
285
Polystratus, interlocutor, 257 sqq., Sacerdos, of Tius, otherwise unknown,
299 sqq. 229, 231
Pontus, Roman province on the Black Salamis, 159
Sea, E. of Bithynia, 189, 199, 209, Samothracians, 357
227, 233, 249 Sappho, 289
Poseidon, 331 Sardanapalus, Assurbanipal, King of
Posidonius, man's name, 333 Assyria, 7th century B.C., to the
Potheinus, 169 Greeks a byword for luxury and
Praxiteles, Attic sculptor, 4th century effeminacy, 103, 149, 395
B.C., best known by his Onidian Satyrus, of Marathon, son of Theo-
Aphrodite (copy in Vatican) and gUon, actor, 101
his Hermes (original at Olympia), Scythia, Scythian, 7, 13, 17, 25, 69,
263, 267, 269, 329 127, 241, 351
Priam, 101 son of (Paris), 331
; Selene, 221, 225, 341, 387
Procne {see Pandion and Phllomele), Seleucus, 303, 361-373
281, 395 Semeion {see p. 388, note 2), 389,
PROPES.SOR OP Public Speaking, the, 393, 403
133-171 Semele, daughter of Cadmus, mother,
Protesjlaus, of Thessaly, first of the by Zeus, of Dionyfus, 359
Greeks to fall at Troy, who was Semiramis {see p. 354, note 1), 355,
allowed to revisit earth and see 357, 389, 395
his bride Laodamia, 117 Severianus, 213
Protogenes, slave name, 239 Sib\l, 191
Pylos, old man from, Nestor, 279 Sicily, 95
Pyriphlegethon, River of Burning Sicyonian, 155
Fire in Hades, 89, 115 Sidon, Sidonian, 139, 341, 343
Pyrrha, wife of Deucalion, 161 Simonidcs, 323
Pyrrhias, a cook, probably fictitious, Sinope, 191
99 Sipylus, Mount, near Magnesia on the
Pythagora?, 179, 181, 209, 219, 227 Maeander, 257
Pythian Apollo, 151 Siren,'-, 283
Pythian games, held at Delphi Sisyphus, who, for telling Asopus,
(" rocky Pytho ") every four years, father of Aegina, that her abductor
9, 59 was Zeus, was compelled in Hades
to roll uphill a huge stone which
Quadi, a German people, 235 kept rolling down again, 97

420
 "

INDEX
Skeletion, 107 was imprisoned there, and at last
Smjrna, 259, 261 brought back by Heracles, 117
Socrates, 103, 151, 287, 289 Thessaly, 117
Solon, as an interlocutor in the Thmuis, town in Egypt, 167
Anacharsis, 1-69 Thon, king in Egypt, 183
Sosandra, statue by Calamis, 265, Thrace, Thracians, 55, 187, 199, 281
267, 269 Thucydides, 186
Sostratus, possibly the efifeminate Tiber, 213
Athenian whom Aristophanes dubs Tigris, 85
Sostrate, 179 Tillorobus, 177
Sparta, Spartan, 63, 65, 67 Timocrates of Heraclea, philosopher,
Steneboye (Stheneboea), of Tiryns, otherwise unknown, 249
who falsely accused Bellerophon to Tisiphone, one of the Erinyes, or
her husband Proetus of attempting Furies, 127
her honour, 373 Tityus, 97 (see note), 153
Stpntor, a Greek at Troy " who used Tius, coastal city of Bithynia, 229
to shout as loud as fifty men Token, see Semeion
(Iliad, 5, 783), 121 Tormentors, see Poenae
Stesichorus of Himera, lyric poet, Tricca, town in Thessaly, 191
313 Trophonius, legendary builder, with
Stratonice, wife of Seleucus Nicator, Agamedes, of early temple at
303, 361-373, 395 Delphi, worshipped as a hero at
Bunium, an Attic deme on the pro- Lebadeia in Boeotia, in a cave
montory of that name, 101 deemed to be an entrance to Hades
SURRYE, THE QODDESSE OP, 337-411 and much visited by seekers after
Syria, Syrian (see also Assyrian), 241, oracles, 109
339, 341, 349, 353, 357, 359, 381, Trosen (Troezen), birthplace of
395, 403 Theseus, city near S. shore of
Saronic Gulf, approximately oppo-
Tantalus, father of Niobe, 97, 117, site Athens, 411
257 Troy, 161, 323
Tarentine, 155 Twin Brethren, the Dioscuri, Castor
Teiresias, Theban prophet, consulted and Pollux, 179
in Hades by Odysseus in Homer Tyana, city in Cappadocia, near the
and by Menippus in Lucian, 75, 85, Cilician Gates, 183
107 Tyre, 341
Tereus (see Philomele), 395
Terpsichore, Muse of choral dance and Venus, see Aphrodite
song, 283 Verus, Lucius, Emperor, 161-169 A.D.,
Terrors, see Phobi (255), 275, 293, 295
Thais, not the historical courtesan,
but " Thais pretiosa Menandri," a Wealth personified, 141, 143
character created by Menander in
his lost comedy Thais, 151 Xenophon, of Athens, 275
Theano, wife of Antenor of Troy, 289, Xenophon, unknown companion of
303 (?) Lucian, 247
Theano, the Pythagorean, 289, 303 ( ?) Xerxes, 103, (his flight from Greece
Theban, 75, (Theban poet, Pindar) after Salamis) 159
271 Thebes, 201
; Xo'is, town in Egypt, 167
Theogiton, father of the actor Satyrus,
101 Tnde, see India
Thersites, ugliest of the Greeks at Tpolite (Hippolytus, see Phaedra)
Troy, 99, 323 373
Theseus, went to Hades to help
Pelrithousto carry off Persephone, Zeno, man's name, 333

421
 INDEX
Zeus, 51 77, 93, 115 127, 137, 171, Zoilus, the Homeromastix, of Amphi-
179, 195, 201, 227, 237, 263, 311, polls, who censured Homer in two
331, 341, 343, (son of, Minos) 65, writings, one of them containing
117, (sons of Zeus and Hieda, Castor nine books, 331
and Pollux) 169, (Zeus Philios) 137, Zoroaster (Zarathushtra), the founder
Eadad, see p. 384, note 1) 385, 387, of the religion of Persia and the
397, 399 wisdom of the Magi, of unknown
Zeuxis, painter, active from about date, 83
425 B.C., 261

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