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d"No M ?= @))

Kehi Paaila Kehi Anubhuti Travel memoirs: drawn from the experience
of developed to conflict afflicted countries by Sushila Deuja, 2012

ISBN: 978-9937-2-4146-5
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g]kfnL ;flxTodf uB kmf6sf] lgaGw ljwfdf k|yd ofqfj[QfGt ;+ !%%)

df fhf uugLfhsf] ofqfaf6 k|j]z ePsf] lyof] o;kl5 huaxfb'sf]
a]nfot ofqf ;+ !(!) df lglsof] o;} uL s]xL ;dosf] cGtfndf
;+ !($) df rLgsf] klro ;+ !(^& df >L o'f]k ofqf x'b} fhltns
ofqf ;+ !(&) df lglsPsf] kfOG5 To; a]nfsf] ofqf;+d0f j0ff{Tds
z}nLdf ;Lldt xL b'O{ lsl;dn] dfq n]lvGYof] Pp6f b]zb]zfjsf]
j0f{g csf{] tLy{ofqf o;}n] otf n]vgn] ;flxTosf c ljwfsf
rgfn]htf] uL qmlds kn] km}lng ;s]sf] lyPg Tolt ?lrs
klg x'g ;s]sf] lyPg
;+ !((* (( lt k'Ubf oL b'O{ k|j[lQsf cltlSt jod ofqL
n]vsn] cfgf] ofqfg'ej b[li6 klg JoSt uL n]Vg] 9frf ;dft]
ofqfj[QfGtsf] n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg yfn] ;ft ;fn -@))&_ sf]
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b]z;Fusf] ;DaGw a9g uO{ ljb]z e|d0fdf hfg]xsf] ;Vof klg a9g
hfbf ofqf;DaGwL n]vsf] l;h{gfdf j[l4 x'g yfNof] ;fy} oL n]vxdf
klg ;flxlTos kz{ cfpg yfn]kl5 r]tg k|d'v eO{ oL 1fgj4{s
;"rgfsf] dfWod klg x'g yfNof] o;L of] n]vgz}nLn] ubf{ kf7sxsf]
?lr cfsif{0fnfO{ a9fpg yfNof]
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uO{ lghfTdstfsf] k|j]z x'g uPsf]n] o; k|sfsf] n]vgn] lgofqfsf]
klefiff lnP k|t't eof] xfnsf] lgofqfdf P]ltxfl;s k[i6e"ld,
ynsf] ef}uf]lns lylt, ;fdflhs Jojxf, fhgLlts c;, ;f+s[lts

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tyf cfly{s lyltx ljsf;sf ;+rgfxsf] aofg kfOG5g of] pklgj]z aGg k'u]sf], To; a]nf Toxfsf ;xxsf], af6f]xsf], kfs{
;dofjlwdf lgofqfn]vgdf ;aeGbf w]} s[ltx lbP ljlzi6 yfg OToflbsf] k abn]sf], Toxfsf] ljlrqsf] df};d v]tLkftLb]lv
k|fKt ug{]df s]bfdl0f bLlIftsf] gfd cfp5 pxfsf n]vgn] b]zljb]z P]ltxfl;s k[i6e"ld ;d]6L Toxfsf lxGb" b]jb]jtfsf snfk"0f{ dlGbxsf]
tLy{ ;a} ;d]6]sf 5g j0f{g, Do'lhoddf b]vfOPsf] ;f+s[lts emns, ljb]zLxsf] rnv]n
ljb]zofqfsf] qmddf j0f{gfTds Pjd lghfTds pTs[i6 kf]nkf]6sf] ;dodf ePsf cTofrf To;sf] k|ltssf] kdf x]sf]
lgofqfn]vsxdf cu| klQmdf cfp5g 8f= tffgfy zdf{ n}gl;+x lsln lkmN8htf bb{gfs ;DemgfnfO{ hLljt fVb} zflGtsf] ;f; km]g{]
afb]nsf gfdx ofbj v]n, 3gZofd fhs0fL{sf, dx]Zj fo k|of;df nfUg yfn]sf tL hgtfsf] lxhf]cfhsf] lylt atfpg'ePsL
uuf pk|]tLxsf lgofqfn] klg kf7sxsf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] 5 5g h'g k9bf xfd|f dg g} o;} vnalnG5 o;} uL e"ju{ dfg]sf]
gfL ;|i6fdf ljleGg klqsfdf ofqf;+d0f k|sfzg ug{]df jflgf luL lj6hNofG8sf] k|fs[lts b[Zosf] aofg, Toxfsf] afl;Gbfxsf]
cu|klQmdf cfpFl5g utjif{ o; lgofqfn]vgdf dbg k'sf k|fKt hLjgz}nL, s]Gof hfbf Toxfsf] ljz]iftf hgfpg] hgfj, rfx
ug{'ePsf o'jfh gof3]sf] gfd gof k'tfdf ;zQm kn] cfOx]5 kfgLdf xg] uf]xL hnu}F8fx Toxfsf] ;f+s[lts sfo{qmdsf] emns,
@)%$ ;fndf yflkt u'~hg gfL ;flxlTos ;+yfsf sfo{sfL xg;xg, vfgflkgf ;a} kIfx 5f]P fd|f];Fu JofVof ug{'ePsL 5g
;boxdf ONof efO{n] cfgf] lgofqfsf s[ltx nkmjfsf] jlkl k]l;sf] Plkmn 6fjsf] Oltxf;, k'fgf bafsf] cjnf]sg ubf{sf]
o'f]ksf] gf}nf] klj]z clg ;'zLnf b]phfsf] kbf{leqsf] oyfy{ sfa'n dgf]efj cf6{UofnLdf k'u] df]gfln;fsf] lrq x]bf{sf] f]dflGrt
ofqf ljsl;t b]zb]lv G k|efljt d'n'sxsf] ofqf;+d0f s]xL lyltsf] aofg Tot} f]dsf] 7"nf7"nf baf dfsx b]Vbf
kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt n]Vg'eO{ o; If]qdf cfkm"nfO{ kllrt ufO;Sg'ePsf dgdf p7]sf otf ljrf clxn]sf eGbf plxn]sf dflg;x a9L
5g To;} uL u'~hgsL csL{ ;bo laGb' ;'j]bLn] hfkfgdf Ps jif{ d]xgtL, nugzLn, b"bzL{, s'feGbf sfddf ljZjf; fVg], eljiosf
kf7s;dIf NofO;s]sL 5g o;L lgofqfn]vgdf kf7sxsf] ?lr nflu s]xL uf}F eGg] vfnsf x]5g eGg] htf dgdf p7]sf] efjgfnfO{
a9g uO{ cfhef]ln of] km}lnFb} 5 klg JoSt ug{ EofPsL 5g
;flxTosf ;'zLnf b]phf ;flxTon]vgdf @)^# ;fndf k|of;sf] e"klj]li6t ckmuflgtfgsf] lylt aofg ugf{sf] ;fy
klxnf] v'8\lsnf] syf;u|x gof laxfgL sljtf;u|x lnP k|j]z Gsfndf Hofg hf]ufpg l5d]sL d'n'sdf z0ffyL{ hLjg lgjf{x ug{
ug{'ePsL x'g pxfsf] cfgf] ;flxlTos bIftf b[li6nfO{ k|of]u uL k;]sf tL c;xfo hgtfx ljleGg k|sfsf b'Mvx ef]u] b]zdf
>Ldfgsf] ;fydf ljb]zdf sfdsfhsf] l;nl;nfdf e|d0f ug{ hfbf x]s zflGt 5fPkl5 jb]z kms+{bf cfgf] b]zk|ltsf] k|]d >4fn] ljef] eO{
k6s tL b]zxsf] cWoog uL cfgf] l6Kk0fLsf] ;fy Toxf a6'n]sL jb]zsf] hldgnfO{ r'Db} xif{sf] cfF;' emf]sf Toxf cfPkl5 Wjt
cg'ejnfO{ kf7sxsf lgldQ sf];]nLsf] kdf lgofqfsf] l;h{gf uL ePsf ljsf;sf ;+rgfxnfO{ b]v] b'Mv dgfPsf s'fxsf] aofg
kf7ssf] Wofg cfsif{0f ufPsL 5g klxnf] lgofqf kbf{leqsf] oyfy{ lglkmqmL;Fu u]sL 5g cfgf] e|d0fsf] bf}fgdf ljsl;t b]zsf]
sfj'n ofqf @)^$ df k|sfzg ug{'eof] eg] of] ofqf;+d0f s]xL kfOnf pGglt lylt b]Vbf Gdf km;]sf] b]z hgtfxsf] lylt b]Vbf
s]xL cg'e"lt ljsl;tb]lv G k|efljt d'n'sxsf] syfJoyf o;} ;fn afDaf cfgf] b]znfO{ ;DemlG5g st} sNklG5g t st} cfzfd'vL
@)^*df k|sfzgdf NofpFb} x'g'x'G5 x'lG5g
o; gof lgofqfdf b]phfhLn] sDaf]l8of !*^# b]lv k|m]Gr bf];|f] ljZjo'4b]lv g} l;ofn] jlklsf y'k|} b]zxnfO{ cfkmF}df

~v ~ ~u ~
ufEb} ljzfn l;of agfPsf] lyof] log}dWo] lslutfg klg Ps xf] xf] o;n] 1fgsf] l;dfnfO{ kmflsnf] agfOlbG5 cfhsf] cfjZostf
h;sf] cfg} wd{ ;+s[lt ePsf] b]z eP klg l;ofsf] lgoGq0fdf kL Oltxf;sf] ;fy} otf lgofqfx klg kf7qmddf fvL k9fpg'kg{]
nfdf] ;do;Dd ljsf;af6 cf]em]ndf k]sf] lyof] lslutfgsf] Plof eO;s]sf] 5 o;n] ko{6g ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;ts{tf, 1fg r]tgfsf]
!(*=% xhf Sjfo lsnf]ld6 prfO ;d'b| ;txaf6 %))b]lv clej[l4 uL ljZjdf ldqtfsf] jftfj0f l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 a]n}df ;ts{
&!#$ ld6;Dd hg;Vof eg] hDdf %) nfv dfq lslutfgsf] x'g ;s] cfpFbf cfklQxaf6 aRg ;lsG5
k"j{df rfOgf, blIf0fdf tfhlstfg, klZrddf pHj]lstfg pQdf otf] pkof]uL k'ts n]Vg'eO{ u'~hgnfO{ k|sfzg ug{
sfhstfg kb{5 logLx d';ndfg eP klg Tolt s 5}gg lbg'ePsf]df n]vsk|lt xfdL cfefL 5fF} xflb{s wGojfb lbG5f}F
oxfsf] e"agf]6 fd|f v]tL kz'kfngsf] nflu pko'St 5 lxdfn km]lkm]l klg tkfO+{sf] ljb]z of jb]z ofqf eOxf]; otf f]rs
;fgf;fgf 8fF8fxsf] ;fy kmflsnf 7"nf7"nf kmf6 5g oxf efiffsf] lgofqfxsf] sf];]nL xfdLn] kfOxfF} egL z'esfdgf JoSt ub{5fF}
;dof x]5 l;og lslu; efiff rngrNtLdf 5 cu|]hL hfGg]
w]} sd 5g ;= !(() df y'k|} fHox l;ofaf6 cnu x'bf ltg}sf] uLtf s]z/L
;fy of] klg jtGq ePsf] xf] cf]; ;xdf 6'li6sf b[li6n] x]g{] cWoIf, u'~hg
7fpdf P]ltxfl;s wfld{s yn ;'n]dfg rfgsf] kj{t x]5 h;leq
Do'lhod 5 ] eGy] oxf rfOlgh pHj]sLxsf] a9L a;f]af; x]5
lrlrs eGg] 6'li6 k6 5 hxf hfFbf vfgnfO{ gd f]6L 3f]8Lsf]
b"w lbG5g 3f]8Lsf] b"w k]okbfy{ht} uL af]tndf lnP lkOxG5g
of] b"wnfO{ s'd'; eGbf x]5g lj;s]ssf] d'6' cnf 6' SjfP xf]
oxf ;sfL sfof{nox kfln{ofd]G6b]lv fi6klt ejg;Dd ;a} Ps}
7fpdf 5g of] 7fpdf fi6kltsf] ljf]wdf b'O{ k6s cfuf] nufO{ gfz
u]sf lyP oxf l;ogsf] kfnfdf ag]sf] Aofn] 8fG; lyo6 klg 5
Toxf cgf}7f] tlsfn] 3 ttfpg] rng x]5 Pp6f 7"nf] lrDgL ePsf]
7fpdf hf8f]df kfgL ttfP tL tftf] kfgLnfO{ kfOkdf lxF8fP 3nfO{
ttfpbf x]5g
o;L sDaf]l8ofsf] j0f{gaf6 ;'? ug{'ePsf] of] ofqf;+d0f
lslutfgdf k'u] cGTo ePsf] 5 of] lgofqf lgs} 1fgj4{s 5
lrGtg k|wfg, lghfTds cg'e"lt b[li6n] ubf{ snfTds kdf k|t't
ePsf] 5 ljZjJofkL ;+s[ltsf] kdf dfgjwf0ff ;Eotfsf]
Jofkstf a9b} uPsf] a]nf ljleGg b]zsf] ef}uf]lns tyf jftfj0fLo
lylt, Oltxf;, snf ;fdflhs cjyfsf] 1fg x'g', cfly{s cjyfsf]
ljifodf hfgsfL lng' ljsf;sf] nflu r]tgf ;ts{tf hfu0f ufpg'

~3 ~ ~ ~
 Psbd} dl;gfdl;gf lrq e]l6G5 oxfsf lgofqfdf f]ddf
e]l6Psf] 6f]kL JofkfL, sDaf]l8ofsf] lsln lkmN8, k]l;sf 8fG;
lbbLalxgL, sfa'ndf e]l6PsL xf]6n klrflsfnufotsf kfq k|j[lQn]
a]xfn, lahf]u ljsfn sx ;'gfp5g o;L g} c y'k|} ;Gbe{;u}
xflb{s /rgf n]lvsfn] nf]enfUbf] zAb b[ZonfO{ ofqfsf >[vnfdf 8'nfPsL 5g
ljsf;, pGglt cg'zf;gn] km'n]n dfgj ;Eotf b]Vbf bonfO{
o'j/fh gofF3/] 3KnSs} 3f]K6fpg] n]lvsf cGofo, g;+xf n'6kf6sf rlq yfxf
kfPkl5 c;Xo kL8fsf] cg'e"t ul5{g pgsf Totf l6Kk0fL, v'Oo
pbf;L efj s]xL ofqfsf klQmdf ;'ki6 e]6g ;lsG5 n]vs
cg'e"ltsf] rf]vf] af]nL u}cfVofgsf] cfTdf xf] of] klj]znfO{ cufnL ;dfhsf] xf], n]vs dfgjLo kIfsf] xf] ;du| ljZjsf] ;d[l4df n]vs
cufnL n]vsxsf] l;h{gfp8fgn] rfN5 kfOnf, j]u ult cem xG5 eGg] bla{nf], sl;nf] alnof] ljrf lbg b]phfsf] l;h{gfzlQm
lgofqf t emg} rf]vf] xflb{s af]nL xf] hxf n]vs nuQ} e|d0f ulx]sf] k|lta4 nfU5
x'G5 kf7s Psflt O6fnL, k|mfG;, lj6hNofG8htf dfgjLo ;Dk|e'tfn]
g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfgf] uDeL pklylt hgfpg nfluk]sL >]i7tf kfPsf ljsl;t b]zxsf] ltgsf pknlAw, cg'zf;g ljlzi6
;|i6f x'g ;'zLnf b]phf ljljw l;h{gfdf cfgf] rgfsfltf pgLaf6 hLjgz}nLsf] oxf dgf]xfL lrq0f 5 csf{lt ckmuflgtfg, lslu{tfg,
eO;s]sf] 5 kl5Nnf] ;do lgofqfsf] dL7f], jflbnf] ;"rgfTds s]Gof sDaf]l8ofhtf G, ljWj+; qflxdfdqflxdfdn] d'G6f] p7fpg
klsf lnO{ cfPsL 5g pgL nfu]sf sd ljsl;t d'n'sxsf] rrf{ oxf e]l6G5 fi6lgdf{0fsf
b]phfsf] k|t't lgofqf;u|xdf ;ftj6f leGg jfb, ;Eotf lglDt rflxg] fhgLlts, ;f+s[lts g}lts k|lta4tfsf] hf]836fp oL
;]f]km]f]sf xflb{s rgfx ;FuflnPsf 5g o'f]k, Pl;of, clk|msf lgofqfn]vgn] lbPsf ;fs]lts efj x'g, tYo x'g ;Gb]z x'g
dWoPl;ofsf uL ;ft ofqfsf bolrq o; ;ufnf]sf l;;f x'g ofqfn] sf]f, ;f]emf ljj0fnfO{ k|jflxt ub{}gg snf, laDa
;a} dflg; k}tfnfn] 6]s] lx8]sf x'G5g s]jn n]vssf cg'e"ltdf z}nLsf dgf]d kf6f klg lgofqfsf uxgf x'g cfu|x x'g l6kf]6 jf
;d]t yk cu ePsf x'G5g v'f oL kms x]fO, leGg ljrf cnu aofgsf 7]nLeGbf eflifs snfsf pbe6 rfxgfnfO{ lgofqfsf kf7sn]
efjgf;fy cfPsf 5g ;ft 3'DtLsf l;h{gfx rfxgf u]sf x'G5g Tot} yflgotf nf]ssnfsf kmflsnf kf6fnfO{
sDaf]l8ofb]lv lj6hNofG8 x'b} g}f]aL;Ddsf e"uf]n, ;+s[lt, cfTd;ft ulPsf lgofqf a9L nf]slk|o xflb{s dflgG5g b]phfsf
jgklt rf8kj{sf] j[QfGt oxf e]l6G5 o;} uL k|mfG; eP f]d lgs} lgofqfx Totflt pGd'v 5g
x'b} ckmuflgtfg lslu{tfgsf] ;Eotf, xg;xg k|s[ltsf cg]s b]z, ;dfh dfG5]sf dg 5fd] ljf6 efjgfnfO{ ofqfn]
z[vnfsf] aofg oxf cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 JolQm, k|j[lQ ;+s[ltsf] cufn]sf] kfOG5 jftjdf lgofqfnfO{ dltisn] eGbf bosf] sf]dn
;a} vfn] lrq0f ug{ pBt ;flxTosf b]phfn] ;n z}nL, ;; efj cg'e"ltn] u'gu'gfP n]Vg] ljwfsf kdf jLsfg{ yflnPsf] 5 k|t't
;xh k|t'ltsf] ofqf u]sL 5g hxf pgL ;kmn l5g, ;d'Ggt ;ufnf]sf s]xL rgf Totflt nlDsx]sf] 1ft x'G5 ;Vofn] yf]} eP
nflU5g klg cg'e"lt b[li6sf]0fsf lx;fan] cyfx ljrf, ckf r]tgf cgGt

~r ~ ~5 ~
rlqnfO{ oxf lnlka4 ulPsf] nfU5
b]phfn] xfdLnfO{ xjfO{hxfh, ]n, df]6htf ;a} vfn] ;jfL
;fwgdf bu'fP klg ltgsf] cg'e"lt ofqf lgs} ;"Idtd, lgs} lqmofzLn
lgs} anzfnL nfUg] u5{ Oltxf;b]lv lj1fg;Dd, snfb]lv o'4;Dd,
;+j]bgfb]lv ljb|'ktf;Dd wf0ff kf]lvPsf] of] s[lt cg]s b[li6sf]0fn]
cfgf s'/f
k7gLo nfU5 s[ltsfk|lt w]}w]} z'e]R5f fV5' d TolQs} awfO{
klg
g]kfnL ofqf ;flxTodf pgsf] cfudg ;fy{s agf];, ;an agf];
;'vb agf]; z'esfdgf s'g} a]nf zfqdf j0f{g ulPsf k[YjL klqmdfsf syfx c;xh,
c;Dej bGTosyfhtf] nfUYof] k[YjL sqf] 5 egL cfsng ug'{
! k'; @)^* sNkgfaflxsf] s'f x'GYof] k[YjL klqmdfsf] s'f] t emg ;kgfdf dfq
sf7df8f}F ;Lldt xGYof] xf]nf
t cfh ljutsf tL c;xh bGTosyfhtf] nfUg] s'f j}1flgs
cfljisfls rdTsfn] ubf{ ;xh ;Dej alglbPsf] 5 s]xL 3G6fsf]
cGtfndf k[YjLsf] Ps s'gfaf6 csf{] s'gf ;lhn}l;t k'Ug ;lsG5
o;sf nflu ljz]if zlStzfnL rdTsfL klg x'g' kb{}g
cfhsf] o'u j}1flgs o'u xf] j}1flgs cfljisfn] ubf{ cfh
;+;f slt ;fgf] eO;Sof] s]xL 3G6fdf g} sxfsf dflg; sxf k'U5g
v'fn] lxF8] g} k'Ug] eP, hLjge lxF8] klg sxf g} k'luGYof] xf]nf
;[li6stf{n] lrlbPsf] of] e'jg slt ;'Gb d0fLo 5 cnucnu
yfgsf] cnucnu ;'Gbtf, To;sf] j0f{g ug{ zAb g} k'Ub}g k[YjLdf
sxfsxf, stfstf dflg;xsf] a;f]af; 5 Tof] 7fp slt k'fgf]
xf] < e"uf]n, Oltxf;, efiff, ljsf;, xg;xg, vfgkfg OToflb k|To]s
7fpsf] slt cnucnu x'Fbf] x]5 < oL ;a} s'f hfGg a'g e|d0f
Pp6f k|efjsfL dfWod xf] k'ts cWoog u] klg w]} s'f yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 t cfkmF}n] e|d0f ubf{ k|fKt x'g] hfgsfL ;zQm, hLjGt
dfOnf] klg x'g] x]5
>Ldfgsf] ;fy d}n] ljleGg b]zxsf] e|d0f ug{] zf}efUo kfPsL
5' dnfO{ gofgof 7fpsf] e|d0f f]df~rsfL 1fgj4{s nfUb5,
;fy} gof cg'ej a6'Ng] Pp6f df}sf klg xf] d e|d0f u] slxNo}

~h ~ ~~
yflSbgF klg h'g;'s} b]zsf] e|d0f ubf{ d]f] p2]Zo xG5, Toxfsf] HjfOF xlaxfb' ag]tk|lt d cfefL 5' ;fy} dnfO{ lgGt xf};nf
ljleGg ljifodf df]6fdf]6L hfgsfL lng] To; b]zsf hgtfn] u]sf lbg'x'g] d'df, lbbL, legfh', bfO, efO, efph", a'xfL, gGb, cfdfh", h]7fh',
lrGtg 7"nf] cf]xf]bfdf a;]sfn] cfg} ;'Mv;on dfq g;f]rL, b"b[li6 h]7fgL, b]j, b]pfgL, elthL, HjfOF cfkmGtx ;a}df nfvnfv
fVb} u]sf ljsf; OToflbn] dg nf]leG5 lagfsf0f cTofrfLsf wGojfb 5
oftgf ;xg'k]sf] ;'Gbf Toxfsf hgtfpk s?0ff hfU5 dflg;sf]
hLjgdf ht} b]zdf klg b'Mv;'vn] n'sfdfL v]Nbf] x]5 ^ k'; @)^* ;'zLnf b]phf
s'g} s'f l;Sg cfkm}Fn] b'Mv ef]Ug'k5{ eGg] klg t 5}g olb ^*^ k"hf k|lti7fg dfu{ [email protected]
csf] cg'ej dgg ug{ ;s], a]n}df r]tgf cfP, b'Mvaf6 6f9f x'g klg Affg]Zj/ xfO6, sf7df8f}F kmf]g M $$&^&*(
;lsG5 ljleGg c b]zn] n8b}k8b} a6'n]sf cg'ejaf6 klg ;xL df]afOn M (&@!#!#(#(
af6f] klxNofpg ;lsG5 t o;sf nflu g]t[Tj jxg ug{] g]tfsf] dg
nfnr TofUb} s~rg, ;kmf, ;a}sf] enf] rfxg] x'g'k5{ cfh cfkm"nfO{
hlt;'s} zlStzfnL chDaL 7fg] klg s'g} lbg d[To'sf] kGhfdf kg{}
k5{ clGtd cjyfdf cfgf] e"n ;DemL k5'tfpFb} ;'wfg{ vf]h] klg
;don] slxn] s;nfO{ kv]{sf] 5 k'vf{sf] unt af6f]sf] kl0ffd
ef]Ub} a;]sf ef]lnsf cfgf ;Gtltn] nHhf dx;'; uL lwSsfb{} lz
lgx'fpg gkf]; cflv s;n] kf] ;fydf s] lnP uPsf 5g lQf]
xfy cfP lQ} hfg' 5
o; ofqf;+d0fdf d}n] b]v]sf, ef]u]sf, cg'ej u]sf, dgdf
nfu]sf s'f htfsf] Tot} j0f{g u]sL 5' To; If]qdf e|d0f
gu]sfxsf nflu clncln hfgsfL klg xf]; eGg] d]f] rfxgf xf]
d]f] n]vgofqfsL k|]0ff d]lgf d[lt alxgLsf] u'0f d hLjge
e'Ng ;lSbgF, bob]lv wGojfb 5 Tot} o; lstfasf] z'4fz'l4sf]
nflu ;fx|} d]xgt ullbg'ePsf cfb0fLo 8f= s'df sf]OfnfHo" tyf
t]hs'df >]i7Ho"df nfvnfv wGojfb Tot} k|sfzgsf] lhDdf
lnOlbg'ePsL u'~hgsL cWoIf cfb0fLo uLtf s]zLHo"df d'Ld'L
wGojfb 5 d]f] cg'f]wnfO{ jLsfb{} ;do cefjdf klg d]f] lstfa
cWog uL cfgf] dGtJo n]Vg] si6 ullbg'ePsf]df cfb0fLo o'jfh
gof3]df nfvnfv wGojfb 5
o; s[tLnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;xof]u k'ofPsf]df d]f >Ldfg
>L jL]Gb|axfb' b]phf, 5f]fx ;of{t, k'sf, ;'jL, dgg, alxgL piff

~`~ ~6~
e|d0f ul/Psf ljsl;tb]lv G k|efljt d'n'sx ljifoqmd

k|sfzsLo M uLtf s]z/L s

xflb{s /rgf M o'j/fh gofF3/] r
cfgf s'/f M ;'zLnf b]phf
g/;+xf/sf] aLeT; 3fp n'sfP/ plePsf] b]z !
k|s[lt / dfgj ldn]/ /lrPsf] e":ju{M l:j6\h/NofG8 ##
Plgdn Knfg]6sf] /f]df~rsf/L ofqf $&
cfOkm]n 6fj/ / k'/fgf b/af/sf] cjnf]sgn]
k'nlst ePsf] dg &$
;+;f/nfO{ ;Eotfsf] kf7 k9fpg] b]zdf kfOnf 6]Sbf (^
G / o'4sf] e'd/Ldf km;]sf] b]zdf hfFbfsf] qf; !)^
/l;ofaf6 pGd'lSt kfPsf] b]z !#$
e|d0fsf s]xL tl:a/x?
sDaf]l8of, ;g\ @))* !%%
l:j6\h/NofG8, ;g\ @))( !^!
s]Gof, ;g\ @))& !^&
k|mfG;, ;g\ @))( !&#
/f]d, ;g\ @))( !*!
ckm\uflg:tfg, ;g\ @))$ !*&
lslu{:tfg, ;g\ @)!! !()


;'fj, ;xof]usf] axfgfdf bafa lbb} xtIf]k ug{;Dd kl5 kb}{gg fd|f] lyof] To; Kn]gdf w]}h;f] ljb]zLx lyP sf]xL 3'Dg cfPsf
;s];Dd efF8e}nf] dRrfO{ zflGt vnanfOxG5g afbn] cfgf]] 3 xf]nfg, t sf]xL sfdsf] nflu cfh oxfsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] pBf]u ko{6g
klg agfpb}g csf{sf] ag]sf] 3 klg b]Vg ;Sb}g ] otf] b'i6 pBf]u ePsf] 5 ] ;+;fs} ;aeGbf k|frLg 7"nf] lxGb" dlGb To;
k|j[lQn] l5d]sLnfO{ cfTd;Gt'li6 kf] ldNg] xf] jf s'g} jfy{ k"lt{ x'g] a]nfsf] ;Eotfsf ;fy} u[xo'4tfsf ePsf aa{tfsf cg]s syf ;'g]sf]
xf] a'g} g;lsg] c ula eP x]kfxf k|j[lQn] a9L lyrf]ldrf] ub}{ ljZjn] zflGt 5fPkl5 dflg;xnfO{ PskN6 cfg} cfvfn] To; If]qsf]
hfG5g ot}ot} cfGtlsafXo bM'vn] lklN;Psf] b]z sDaf]l8ofn] cjnf]sg ug]{ dg x'G5 xf]nf To;}n] xf]nf o; If]qdf ko{6ssf] 3'Orf]
s]xL jif{otf zflGt 5fPsfn] fxtsf] ;f; km]]sf] 5 ePsf] cWofudgaf6 lgsg] a]nf;Dddf xfd|f] ;fdfg klg cfO;s]sf]
ljb]zLxsf] ;xof]udf ToxfF cfh tLj| kdf ljsf; eOx]5 lyof] Toxfsf dflg;sf] clejfbg ug]{ tlsf, e]ife"iff, dflg;sf] k
To;} l;nl;nfdf Ps sDkgLn] d]f] >LdfgnfO{ Psdlxg] sfdsf] nflu u w]} yfO{jf;L;u ldNbf]h'Nbf] nfUof] xfdLnfO{ aflx clkm;sf] uf8L
k|tfj k7fof] fhwfgL Gxf]dk]gdf g} sfd xf] Toxf s'g} vtf 5}g lng cfPsf] lyof] nfdf] ;dosf] o'4n] ;x tx;gx; eO{ lau|]sf] Tof]
eGg] a'L xfdLn] Toxf hfg] lg0f{o uof} e|d0f u] slxNo} gyfSg], lgdf{0ffwLg cjyfdf g} xf]nf eGg] d}n] ;f]r]sL lyP d]f] dfg;k6ndf
dnfO{ Ps kN6 km]l Hofb} pT;'s nfu]sf] b]zsf] e|d0f ug]{ cj; oxfsf] cs{} vfn] tla sf]lPsf] lyof] t oxfFsf] af6f] ;x b]v]
eujfgn] h'fOlbg'eof] Hofb} v';L nfluXof] rlst k]
l8;]Da #@))* df sf7df8f} 5f]8g' lyof] a}ss eO{ hfg w]} klxn] ;g !*^# b]lv k|m]Gr pklgj]zsf] kdf x]sf] of]
kfPsf] eP w]} glhs kYof]{ t ToxL ;dodf a}ssdf Ps xKtfb]lv b]z, To; ;dodf g} Gxf]dk]g ;x k"} of]hgfa4 kdf a;flnPsf]
Pokf]6{ aGb eP ofq'x cnkq larNnLdf k]sf] ;dfrf l6eLn] x]5 ;x a;fNbf 7fpsf] s'g} sGh'ofO u]htf] b]lvb}g lbn
b]vfOx]sf] lyof] To;}n] xfdL l;ufk' eO{ hfg] eof} km'sfP agfPsf x]5g rf}8f af6f], 7fp7fpdf kfs,{ ;kmf;'U3, st}
sDaf]l8ofsf ;+lwof b]z x'g yfONofG8, nfcf]; leotgfd uHofu'h' gePsf] fd|f] of]hgf uL agfOPsf] dfOnf] nfUof] ;fy}
l;Ns Poaf6 cfO{ Ps ft l;ufk'd} aof} ef]lnkN6 ckfXGglt cfgf]] fhwfgL;u bfHbf x]o efjgf hfuL dg lvGg eof] hxf uP
l;ufk' Poaf6 Gxf]dk]g cfOk'Uof} p8fg ;do Ps 3G6f rfnL; klg cfgf]] b]z;u bfHg dg nfluxfN5 nfdf] ;f; km]b{} ;f]r]F d}n] s7}
ldg]6sf] lyof] l;ufk'df kfgL klx] klg oxfF cfsfz ;kmf lyof] xfd|f] b]z otf] Jojlyt slxn] x'g] xf]nf
Kn]g tntn bf{ ToxfFsf] e"ld b]lvg yfNof] ;;fgf y'Dsfhtf ;fkvsf] ;do xfdL xf]6ntkm{ uOx]sf lyof} uf8L Pp6f
kxf8, htftt} xlofnL, kfgL, lgs} pa{ e"ld 5htf] nfUof] ctfpb} kfs{af6 kf; eof] hxf y'k|} s]6fs]6Lx Gfflrx]sf lyP d}n]
5lPsf] ;"o{sf] kx]nf] ls0fdf jftfj0f d0fLo nfUof] Kn]gn] Gxf]dk]g 8fOenfO{ Tof] s] u]sf] egL ;f]w] p;n] eGof] ;uLtsf] tfndf
Pokf]6{df cjt0f uof] Pokf]6{ G8}G8} xfd|f] sf7df8f}sf] ht} Pf]ljs u]sf] oxfF x]s ;fF 7"nf;fgf hDdf eO{ ;uLtsf] tfndf
;fwf0f lyof] sd cfsng u]sf] d]f] dgn] ca Kn]gdf xfd|f]ht} Jofofd ubf{ x]5g oxf cfOdfO{sf] nflu s'g} aGb]h x]g5 jtGq
eof NofP hf]8nfg clg a;df fv] 6ldgn ejg;Dd n}hfnfg b]lvG5g oxfsf afl;Gbf ;a} xl;nfl;nf dfOnf] ug'{kg]{htf]
eGg] ;f]r]sL lyP d]f] ;f]rfOljkLt Toxf Kn]gsf] 9f]sfdf NofO{ 6'a nfUof] yfONofG8;u l;dfgf hf]l8Psf], wd{;+s[ltb]lv dflg;sf] agf]6,
hf]l8of] clg latflatf xfdL 6ldgn ejglt nfUof} le;f n'uf nufpg] tlsf klg yfO{ht} nfUof]
oxL Pokf]6{af6 g} lbbf] x]5 ejgsf] leqL efu ;fgf] eP klg ;kmf sf]nf]lgon d]g;gdf sf]7f klxn] g} a's ulPsf] lyof] of]

2 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 3

kfrtn] xf]6nsf] t];|f] tnfdf xfd|f] sf]7f lyof] rf}lt sf]7f aLrdf oxf zlgaf cfOtaf labf x'bf] x]5 zlgaf xfdL ;"of{
kf}8Lkf]vL fd|f] nfUof] kljf;lxt ag cfpg]sf] nflu ;fob otf] l8kf6{d]G6n 6f]df uof} hxf lsgd]n ug]{ vfgf vfg]xsf] 3'Orf]
sf]7f lbObf] x]5 Sof] k"} kmlg{8 ckf6{d]G6htf] lyof] vfgf lyof] l;g]df xnsf ;fy} 7"nf] km'8df6{ klg x]5 ljb]zL ;fdfgxn]
ksfpg] ef8fs'8f, lk|mh, dfOqmf] cf]eg, Uof; r'nf], ;fdfg NofP cfgf]] of] 6f] elefp lyof]
jfbsf] ksfP vfg ldNg] dfOnf] nfUof] Ps dlxgf ag' 5 ;w} cfOtaf oxfsf] ko{6sLo yn 3'Dg] xfdLn] of]hgf agfof}
aflxkm] vfP klg s] ;fWo lbp;f]lt uf8L dufP 3'Dg lglSnof} ;aeGbf klxn] oxfsf] Do'lhodlt
sDaf]l8ofsf] If]qkmn !*!,)#% Sjfo lsnf]ld6 5, efiff xf] nfUof} cfh cfP oxf lxGb" wd{sf] kllw ;f3'lb} uP klg s'g} ;dodf
v}d, hg;Vof nueu Ps sf]8 krf; nfv oxfsf] d'b|f lon of] Pl;ofe km}lnPsf] x]5 eGg] s'f To; Do'lhoddf ;hfOPsf
eP klg cd]lsg 8nsf] rngrNtL oxf clwstd 5 sfg'gL kdf d"lt{x HjnGt k|df0f x'g hlt g} cfw'lgstfsf] vf]n cf]9] o; wd{sf]
sDaf]l8of af}l4s fhtGq xf] oxf v]d, leotgfdL, rfOlgh hfltsf] lgGbf u] klg o; s'fnfO{ ;a}n] jLsfl;s]sf 5g ls ;a} wd{sf]
a;f]af; 5 ;do xfdLsxfF eGbf Ps 3G6f aL; ldg]6 cufl8 5 d"n hf] cem egf} ;a}eGbf k'fgf] wd{ eg]sf] lxGb" wd{ g} xf] afFsL
Gxf]dk]g ;x ;d'b| ;tx afasf] prfOdf 5 oxfaf6 cfoft x'g] ;a} o;}sf xfuflauf x'g oxfFsf afl;Gbf clejfbg ubf{ e'ms] gdt]
d'Vo jt' ufd{]G6, a lkm;L kb{5g cfh oxfFsf] cfo a9fpg] csf]{ u5{g rf ;o jif{cl3;Dd of] lxGb" fHo lyof] ] To;kl5 rfOgfaf6
d'Vo ;|f]t ko{6g pBf]u ag]sf] 5 a'l4hd km}nb } cfP cfh oxf b'j} wd{ a|Xdflghd a'l4hd nfO{ plQs}
Eff]lnkN6 xf]6nsf] dflg;;u lsgd]n ug]{ 7fp ;f]Wof} p;n] dfGotf lbPsf 5g lxGb" wd{nfO{ a|Xdflghd elgG5 dnfO{ Do'lhodleq
Pp6f 6's6's1 dufO{ 8fOenfO{ sxfF hfg] egL 7fp atfOlbof] l8;]Da 3'Dbf cfg} b]zsf] dlGbjk 3'dh ] tf] nfUof] ljz]if uL Toxf hxf klg
dlxgf oxfsf] ;aeGbf hf8f] dlxgf xf] ] To} klg 6's6'sdf ; xfjf u0f]zhLsf] srfofgfsf] d"lt{ fv]sf] b]v] lzj, lji0f', u0f]z, kfj{tL, nIdL,
cfpbf zLtn cfgGb nfUof] yfONofG8ht} udL{ 7fp x]5j]jgeGg] a'4 OToflbsf d"lt{ k|zt lyP slt d"lt{x cueu ePsf cjyfdf
;lk ;]G6 xfd|f] xf]6naf6 glhs lyof] To; ;lk ;]G6df h] vf]h] lyP w]h } ;f] a'4s} d"lt{ lyP Toxfsf] dlGb baf ;a} yfO{ l8hfOgs}
klg kfOg] hxf uP klg dflg;nfO{ ;aeGbf klxnf vfgf af;sf] 5g o; b]znfO{ l5d]sLsf] w]} k|efj k]sf] x]5
hf]xf] ug'{kg]{ xtf x'g] 6f]gn ;fk gbL lsgflsgf af6f] x]5 ;x gbLlsgfdf
>Ldfg laxfg ;f9] cf7 ah] clkm; hfg'eof] oxL xf]6ndf a;flnPsf] ;fy} fhfsf] baf Do'lhod klg ToxL nfOgdf lyof]
>Ldfgsf] clkm;sf c ;box klg abf x]5g sf]7fsf] ofndf bafcufl8 7"nf] kfs{ x]5 ;fdf ;uLtsf] tfndf axb} u]sf]
uO{ plEeP 6f9f6f9f;Dd b[li6 k'ofP leqL ;8s klg slt rf}8f gbLsf] zLtn xfjfsf] cfgGb lnb} Aofod ug]{ 7fp ToxLF x]5
;kmf oxfF uf8L bflxg]lt rnfpbf x]5g ;8sdf fd|ffd|f uf8L klxnf] lbg flt To; af6f]af6 kf; x'bf gbL ePsf] ofb ulPg
u'l8x]sf s]6Lx ; s'6L bf}8fOx]sf oxf df]6;fOsndf lbp;f] b]lvof] of] t gbL x}g ;d'b|htf] ljzfn kf] x]5 ;fdf lsgfdf
tLgrf hgf;Dd r9]sf] b]lvof] xf]6nsf] 7Lscufl8 Pp6f 7"nf] ejg ag]sf] kfs{df dflg;x kljf;lxt a;] cfgGb lnOx]sf lyP
algx]5 7"nf7"nf qm]gaf6 lgdf{0fsfo{ eOx]sf], ftdf klg To; ejgsf] cufl8 gbLdf l6d, 8'ufdf ;o ug{ dg eP Tof] klg tof lyof]
Tolts} sfd eOx]sf] x'G5 of] ejg nueu rfnL; tnfsf] 5 xfdLn] klg To; dgdf]xs jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnof} l8;]Da dlxgf
1= c6f]ls;f ;aeGbf hf8f] a]nf eP klg ;fsf] ;dodf Pp6f kftnf] lj6sf] klg

4 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 5

h?t k]g ToxfFsf afl;Gbf w]}h;f] xfk kfOG6df 3'ldx]sf lyP Jojyf x]5 lbgdf xhff} dflg; baf cjnf]sg ug{ cfp5g
udL{ 7fp oxfF gljn v"a kfObf] x]5 gljnsf] kfgL vfP gbLlsgfdf o;n] ubf{ cyf]{kfh{g klg fd|} ePsf] xf]nf Toqf] Plof cf]u6]sf]
ofss ] f] b]lvof] Tolt w]} dflg;sf] rxnkxn eP klg kfs{df st} kmf]xf] bafsf] ofxf ;';fsf] nflu vr{ klg slt nfUbf] xf]nf cnucnu
lyPg 7fp7fpdf kmf]xf] xfNg 8d flvPsf] lyof] s;}n] klg Ps 6'qmf k|of]hgsf] nflu cnucnu baf 5g baf dnfO{ dlGbhtf] nfUof]
kmf]xf] aflx ofss ] f lyPgg Ps ;Eo lhDd]jf gfulssf] st{Jo r6Ss ldn]sf] baf, rf}, au}r f ;f} dg kg{5] ;f]r] fhfsf] k|of]hgsf]
kfngf ub}{ lyP slt k|d] x]5 cfgf]] b]zk|lt a]nf of] 7fp stf] d0fLo, slt f}gs rxnkxn lyof] xf]nf
nfcf];b]lv cfPsf] Ps k|Voft d]su gbL 6f]gn ;fk ;aeGbf klxnf xfdL u2L a}7sdf k'Uof} clnstf l;9L
gbL;lxt c b'O{ gbLsf] ld>0f x]5 of] gbL ;d'b| hlts} 7"nf] plSnPkl5 cufl8 7"nf] xn lyof] h'Qf aflx g} km'sfNg'kg]{ dflg;sf]
ePsf]n] l6d 8'uf dhfn] rnfpg ldN5 rf gbL ldl;Psf] eL8;u;u} xfdLn] klg xnleq k|j]z uof} lxGbL l;g]dfsf] s'g} b]jtfsf]
;udyn lsgfdf cjlyt 5 baf baf hxf b'j} lsgfdf nx} efbfx a;]sf x'G5g ;Lwf cufl8
Do'lhodkl5 xfdL fhfsf] baftkm{ nfUof} sDaf]l8og fhfsf] fhfsf] l;+xf;g, hxfF a;L fhfn] fhsfh;DaGwL 5nkmn ug]{
xhff} jif{ k'fgf] Oltxf; 5 b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpdf fhwfgL abNbf Gofolg;fkm ug]{ u5{g dnfO{ Tof] baf Tot} nfUof] olt fd|f; ] u of] xn
abNbf cflv ;g !$#$ b]lv Gxf]dk]g yfoL fhwfgL aGof] of] ;hfOPsf] lyof] ls ;a} dGqd'Uw eO{ x]b{} lyP d dfOnf] l;g]df x]h ] t}
baf b'O{rf]l6 agfOPsf] xf] ] klxnf] kN6 ;g !$#$ df bf];|f] kN6 dVv kL x]b{} lyP cfh of] a}7s ljz]if uL fHofleif]s, fli6o rf8af8,
;g !*^^ df h'g cfh;Dd sfod 5 of] bafsf] sDkfpG8 $#% fli6o lbj;, ljb]zL kfx'gfxnfO{ e]6g ] OToflb 7"nf7"nf pknIodf
ld6 nfdf] $@! ld6 rf}8f 5 rf}lt cUnfcUnf kvf{nn] 3]lPsf] k|of]u x'b f] x]5 Toxf yflkt l;+xf;gnfO{ klxnf] ztfAbLb]lvsf] zflGt
of] baf v]d cfls{6]Srdf agfOPsf] 5 bafsf] w]}h;f] 5fgf fli6otfn] aflwPsf] v]d fhtGqsf] k|ltlglw dflgbf] x]5
txtx k]sf] To;dfly 7"nf7"nf 6fjn] ;hfOPsf] 5 h'g oxfsf] klxnf] ztfAbLb]lv G8} Ps xhf jif{;Dd oxf blIf0f eftLo
;DkGgtfsf] lrXg xf] klxnf of] ;a} baf sf7sf] lyof] ] kl5 ;a} lxGb" fhfxn] zf;g u]sf x]5g To;}n] oxfFsf dlGbsf] cfls{6]Sr
slqm6sf] agfOof] k'fgf] knfO{ oyfjt fVb} o; bafnfO{ b]zsf] blIf0f eftsf] ht} 5 ;+;fes} k'fgf] ct'No dflgg] oxfFsf] cs'
uf}jsf] k|tLssf] kdf lnOG5 bafsf ;a} sIfxdf ;]tf] kx]nf] dlGb o;sf] k|df0f xf] fhwfgL Gxf]dk]gb]lv #@) lsnf]ld6 6f9f 5
nufOPsf] 5 kx]nf] a'l4hdsf] k|tLs, ;]tf] a|Xdflghd of] dlGb To; a]nf Tof] 7fp sDaf]l8ofsf] fhwfgL lyof] ] cs'
sf] k|tLs dflgG5 b'j} wd{sf] oxfF fd|f] ;+of]hg 5 kfk"j{ sfnb]lv ;donfO{ sDaf]l8ofn] x]s b[li6sf]0fn] x]s If]qdf rd ;DkGgtfsf]
v]dxn] dfGb} cfPsf oL b'O{ wd{ k"f sDaf]l8ofe b]Vg kfOG5 ek" ;'v ef]u u]sf] ;do dflgbf] x]5 lxGb" wd{sf] dha't ks8
of] k"} baf s'g} a]nf fhfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq lyof] t ePsf] b]zdf rfOgfltaf6 km}nFb} cfPsf] a'l4hdn] k|efj hdfpb} lyof]
clxn] of] baf ko{6sLoyn ag]sf] 5 oxf lbge ko{6ssf] 3'Orf] latf}latf} a'l4hdsf] afx'No a9b} lxGb" wd{ cf]]ndf kb}{ uof]
nfU5 clxn] klg oxf fhfnfO{ Tolts} dfGotf lbbf x]5g fhfnfO{ kl5 olt;Dd eof] ls dlGb eTsfpb} To; 7fpdf u'Daf aGg yfNof]
b]zsf] Pstfsf] k|tLs dflgG5 t klg oxfF cfh;Dd b'j} wd{nfO{ plQs} dfGotf lbG5g
ToxL bafsf] k5fl8ltsf] v08df cfhsf fhfsf] lgjf; eujfg a'4 tkofdf nLg x'g'ePsf] a]nfdf 7"nf] a;f{t ePYof]
x]5 hxf aflxL dflg;sf] nflu k|j]z lgif]w ulPsf] s8f ;'Iff ] eujfgnfO{ lehfp5 egL gfun] cfgf]] km0ff lkmhfO{ a;f{taf6 leHg

6 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 7

arfPsf] lyof] ] o; ls+jbGtLsf] cfwfdf oxfF a'4dlGbdf htftt} fhfn] tLg lbg dfq dgfP ] fHofleif]s k"} lxGb" kDkfcg';f
9'ufsf] gfu agfOPsf] b]lvG5 w]} d'b|fdf x]sf a'4sf d"lt{ oxfF kfOP u]htf] b]lvG5
klg v]dxsf] k|rlnt a'4sf] d"lt{ xf] gfudfly a;]sf] a'4 Af|fXd0fxn] sDaf]l8ofsf] clt kljq dflgg] gbL, h'g Gxf]dk]gaf6
ToxfF Pp6f kGgf a'4dlGb 5 e'Odf rfbLsf] 6fon nufOPsf] lgs} 6f9f 5 To; gbLaf6 hn NofO{ af}4 leIf', fhffgL -xfnsf
;'Gb o; dlGbnfO{ l;Ne Kofuf]8f klg eG5g oxf dlGb fhfsf a'afcfdf _ n] gj fhfnfO{ dGq pRrf0faLr cleif]s ulx]sf
bafleq hfFbf h'Qf aflx vf]Ng'k5{ dlGbleq 7"nf] xn 5 h;sf] b]lvGy] To; gbLsf] hnnfO{ lxGb"xsf] uufhn hlQs} kljq dfG5g
e'Odf a;L k|fy{gf u5{g k|fy{gf ug{ agfOPsf] 7fpsf] 7Ls cufl8 ] fhf fhfsf a'afn] xfdLsxfFht} a|fXd0fn] nufpg] ;]tf] wf]tL
xhff} xLfh'xft hl8Psf] gAa] lsnf] ;'gsf] plEePsf] a'4sf] ljzfn sldhhtf] nufPsf lyP cleif]s pT;jkl5 fhsLo zf]efofqf ;'?
d"lt{ 5 To;k5fl8 c cUnf] kf] kGgfn] ag]sf] a;]sf] a'4d"lt{ x'Fbf] x]5 To; zf]efofqfdf ljleGg dfulns z'e jt'x lnPsf
yflkt ulPsf] 5 w]} eStx ToxfF a;L k|fy{gf ulx]y] xfdLn] dflg;xsf] nfOg lyof] ;aeGbf cufl8 b]z fhfsf] G8f af]s]sf
klg ToxfF a;L k|fy{gf uof} leq dgdf zLtntf dx;'; eof] cfgGb ;]gfx, To;kl5 ljhosf] lrXg 7"nf] 8d taf af]s]sf ;]gfx,
nfUof] baf dlGbleq kmf]6f] lvRg jlh{t ulPsf] 5 aflxkm] ;'gsf] Sofg af]s]sf ;]gf To;kl5 ljhosf] k|tLs efnf af]s]sf
au}rfsf] dfq kmf]6f] lng kfOG5 Psb'O{ kmf]6f xfdLn] klg lnof} ToxfF ;]gfx, To;kl5 k'f]lxtx lyP, h;sf xftdf lyP ljleGg jt'ht}
Kofuf]8f 5fgf ePsf] rf}lt v'Nnf ePsf] csf{] Pp6f baf x]5 Tof] fhfn] >Lk]r nufpg'cl3 vfg'kg]{ zkysf] lstfa, Tot} ;'gsf] a'4
7fp vf;df fhfsf] dgf]~hgyn x]5 ToxfF a]nfa]nfdf Snfl;sn d"lt{, u0f]z, srfofgf, lzj, lji0f'sf] d"lt{, xfQLsf] bft, u}8fsf] l;,
gfr gfRg] aflxaf6 cfPsfxn] gfr b]vfpg] lyo6 x]5 klxn] OToflb z'e dflgg] rLhx af]s]sf dflg;x To;kl5 fhfn] nufpg]
fhsLo ljb]zL kfx'gfxnfO{ oxfF ;f+s[lts sfo{qmd b]vfOGYof] ] n'uf, uxgf, >Lk]r n8fOdf ljho k|fKt u]kl5 a|fXd0fff ahfOg]
3'Db}3'Db} hfbfF ToxfF Pp6f nfdf] 6xf] e]l6of] h;sf] leQfdf zv OToflb y'k|} ;u'gsf ;fdfg af]s]sf a|fXd0fxsf] nfOg lyof]
fdfo0f dxfeftsf] lrq;lxt j0f{g ulPsf] lyof] ToxfFleq c y'k|} To;kl5 lyof] ;aeGbf d'Vo efu afx| hgf ;]gfn] ljleGg lsl;dn]
dlGb, cf6{UofnL, xfnsf fhfsf afh]aHo}nfO{ uf8]sf] 7fp h;nfO{ l;uflPsf] kvf af]s]sf To;kl5 fhfsf ;'Iff uf8{n] af]s]sf] Pp6f
dlGbsf] k lbOPsf] 5 fhfn] k|fy{gf ug]{ ot} y'k|} cnu baf l;+xf;g h;df fhfnfO{ fvL 7"nf] Nn] 5ftf cf]9fOPsf] lyof] Tof]
dlGbx 5g zf]efofqf u2L a}7sdf k'uL 6'luof] hxf fhfn] zky vfg] sfo{qmd xb' f]
o; bafsf] k5fl8sf] efunfO{ s8f ;'Iff Jojyf ub}{ k|j]z x]5 To;kl5 ljlzi6 af}4 leIf'xn] fhfsf] sfo{sfn ;kmn xf]; egL
lgif]w ulPsf] 5 k5fl8sf] efusf] bafdf xfnsf fhf gf]bd z'esfdgf;lxt cfzLjf{b lbFbf x]5g To;kl5 a|fXd0fxn] dGqpRrf0f
l;+xfdf]gL -5f]f fhf gf]bd l;+xfg's_ sf] lgjf; 5 rf jif{cl3 fhf zvWjlgsf ;fy z'esfdgf cfzLjf{b lbbf x]5g Pp6f gofF sfg'gdf
gf]bd l;+xfg'sn] 5f]fnfO{ fHoef ;'Dk] clxn] rLgdf pkrfsf] fhfsf] x}l;otn] xtfIf uL fhsfh sfo{ ;'? x'G5
nflu pt} lgjf{l;t hLjg latfOx]sf 5g To;kl5 cflvdf fhfsf] bafcufl8 hDdf ePsf hgtfnfO{
To;kl5 xfdL fHofleif]ssf] df]8]n agfP ;hfOPsf] 7fplt bz{g lbP efif0f ug]{ sfo{qmd x'bf] x]5 o;L fHofleif]ssf]
nfUof} ToxfF Pp6f cnu 7"nf] sf]7fdf fd|f];u k|t't ulPsf] lyof] sfo{qmd ;dfKt x'Fbf] x]5 cfh;Dd sDaf]l8ofn] cfgf]] b]zsf] df}lns
klxn] vf;df fHofleif]s pT;j ;ft lbg;Dd dgfOGYof] ] t xfnsf wd{, ;+s[lt sfod fv]sf] x]5 clwsfljxLg fhf eP klg xhff}

8 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 9

jif{b]lvsf] fh ;+yf c} hLljt 5 oxfsf hgtf sDaf]l8og ;]jf ub}{ k9g yfn]sf lyP ToxL ;dodf logsf] fhbafdf ;DaGw
fhtGqeGbf uf}j cg'ej u5{g fd|} a9b} uPsf] x]5 lsgeg] fhbafdf logsf] Pp6f bfO
ca yf]} sDaf]l8ofsf] ljutlt nfuf+} ;g !*^# b]lv sDaf]l8of lbbL kg]{ sfd ubf]{ x]5 ;fgfdf logL nhfn' zfGt jefjsf lyP
k|m]Gr pklgj]z aGg k'Uof] To; ;dodf ;+;fe Pp6f nx g} rn]sf] ] kl5 logn] k|m]Gr s'ndf klg k9g] cj; kfP ToxfF logsf]
x]5 Sof] st} la|l6; pklgj]z t st} k|m]Gr pklgj]z sDaf]l8of leotgfdL, YffO{, k|m]Gr clt ldNg] ;fyL lyP vf;df Tof] k|m]Gr s'n
fd|f] pj{ e"ld====oxfF x]s lsl;dsf kmnkm"n, wfg, l;Ns, sfh', d;nf, ljb]zL s"6gLlt1sf] 5f]f5f]Lsf nflu agfOPsf] x]5 ToxL s'naf6
tsfL pTkfbg x'g] ;dy hldg ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] ;fy} ;d'b| 5fqj[lQ kfP ;fnf]y;f k]l;df k9g uP k]l;df k'u]kl5 logsf] dg
hf]l8Psf] b]z ;a}sf] cfvf u9]sf] lyof] xf]nf To;}n] klg o;n] w]} k9gdf eGbf fhgLltlt a9L 9Nsg yfNof] Toxf ljleGg sDo'lg6
df v]k]sf] 5 Gxf]dk]g ;x ;d'b| ;txafa prfOdf xg'sf ;fy} kf6L{xdf cfa4 eO{ kf6L{sf] sfo{qmddf efu lnbflnb} k9fOdf k5fl8
oxfF 7"nf7"nf gbLtfn ePsfn] xf]nf a;f{tsf] ;dodf oxf htftt} k] kf; x'g ;s]gg 5fqj[lQ gfdGh' eof] lQf] xft sDaf]l8of
hndUg x'G5 ] a;f{tsf] ;dodf cln ufx|f] g} x'G5 xf]nf kmls{P sDaf]l8of k'u] logn] Pp6f kf6L{ u7g u] sDaf]l8ofdf klxnf]
w]} jif{;Dd k|m]Gr pklgj]z eP xf]ls oxf Oln; efiffsf] kN6 logn] va klqsf k|rfdf NofP k|m]Grzf;glj?4df u'Kt kdf
Tolt rNtL 5}g k|mfG;]nL pklgj]zaf6 jtGq ePotf clxn] clncln krf{afhL ug{ yfn] Uffpdf s'n vf]nL df6 klg ag] ha ;g !(%#
cu|]hL efiffsf] k|rng a9b} 5 df sDaf]l8of k|m]Gr pklgj]zaf6 jtGq eof] To;kl5 ToxfF ljleGg
To; a]nf sDaf]l8ofsf l5d]sL b]zxdf klg k|]mGr pklgj]z kf6L{xsf] pbo eof] jtGq r'gfj klg eof] To; r'gfjdf fhfsf]
lyof] ] To;dWo] leotgfd klg xf] k|m]Grxn] ;aeGbf klxn] Gxf]dk]g kf6L{n] ax'dt Nofof] t c kf6L{xn] wfwnL eof] egL alxisf
;x Jojlyt kn] yfkgf u] k]l; ;xs} l8hfOgdf Gxf]dk]g ;x u] 5nkmnkl5 ;xdltdf ;a}n] ldnLh'nL ;sf agfP oL ;a} fhf
a;flnPsf] x]5 b"bl[i6 uL a;flnPsf] ;x cfh klg Tolts} ;'Gb 5 gf]bd l;+xfg'ssf] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] ;fnf]y;fsf] sDo'lg6 kf6L{
klZrdf b]zsf zf;sxsf] b"b[li6nfO{ dfGg} k5{ slt kl5;Ddsf] ljrf oL ;a}sf] lj?4df leqleq} ;u7g ub}{ lyof] pgLxsf] d'Vo nIo
k'ofO{ sfd u5{g To;}n] t ljsl;t b]zdf blPsf hgtfn] ;'v ef]u ug{ eGg' g} wd{, ;+s[lt ;a} fhgLlts kf6L{sf] gfz uL Psnf}6L zf;g
kfPsf 5g xfd|fh ] tf] rfF8} vfpm hNbL df} eGg]htf] xf] sfod ug]{ lyof] x'g ;S5 leqL tjn] pgsf] kf6L{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
To;kl5 xhff} lqmlrog oxf NofOg'sf ;fy} leotgfdL, yfO{ b]zLljb]zL w]} lyP xf]nfg pgLxsf] cf8df b]zdf u[xo'4 dRrfP
JofkfLx Jofkf ug{ s'n ;~rfng ug{ l6r tyf c y'k|} ;g !(&%df logn] b]zsf] afu8f] cfgf]] xftdf lnP fhfnfO{
gfulsx oxfF NofOPsf x]5g k|m]Gr pklgj]z eP xf]nf otfsf bafdf ghaGbdf fv]
ljBfyL{ ptf leotgfdL k|m]Gr s'ndf k9g hfg] ptfsf ljBfyL{ otfsf] oqf] ;ff pynk'yn x'bf klg logL vf;df sf] x'g eGg] s'f
s'ndf k9g cfpg] ubf{ x]5g s'g} f]s6f]s x]g5 To; a]nf;Dd s;}n] klg kQf nufpg ;s]sf lyPgg pgn] kf6L{df
;g !(@% df sf]Dkf] yf]d eGg] ;x glhs ufpsf] Ps cfgf]] 5bd gfd kf]nkf]6 fv]sf lyP kf]nkf]6 eg]sf] sf] xf] eGg] g}
ls;fg kljfdf ;fnf]y;f sf] hGd ePsf] x]5 gf} hgf bfh'efO, s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg h'g;'s} b]zsf qmflGtsfLxn] cfgf]] 5bd gfd
lbbLalxgLdf oL cf7f} gDadf kbf{ x]5g ;fg} pd]df k9g egL fVg] plxn]b]lvsf] rng x]5 Sof] 6flng xf]r]ldgsf] gfd klg
oL fhwfgL Gxf]dk]g lelqPsf x]5g Pp6f u'Dafdf a;L leIf'xsf] 5bd xf] ]

10 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 11

 Pp6f d"v,{ ;Gsfxf bDeL JolStsf] xftdf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf k] k|wfgdGqL fVg] uL ldnLh'nL ;sf aGof] b'O{ k|wfgdGqLdf Ps
To;n] slt;Dd ax'nL fIf;L sfd ubf]{ x]5 eGg] HjnGt pbfx0f x'g;]g csf{ x'g fhfsf 5f]f glb of] gof ;sfn] kf]nkf]6dfly
xf] of] ;aeGbf klxnf logn] c kf6L{sf dfG5] b]zsf 7"n7"nf nfvf} dflg;sf] Hofg lnPsf]df p;nfO{ 3d} ghaGb fvL d'2fsf]
cf]xf]bfdf x]sf k9]n]v]sf, a'l4hLjL, 8fS6, OlGhlgo, wgLdfgL nflu 5fglag ;'? uof] kl5 of] d'2f ;+o'Qm fi6;3sf] cGtf{li6o
JolStxnfO{ oftgf lbb} dfg{ yfn] logLxsf] lg;fgf sfdbf, cbfntdf k'Uof] 5fglag ax; rNb} lyof] Ps lbg kf]nkf]6n] ]l8of]df
ljBfyL{, s[ifs, OlGhlgo, k|fljlws, a'l4hLjL, k|f]km];, lzIfs, dGqfno ca kf]nkf]6n] ;+o'Qm fi6;3sf] cbfntsf] s73fdf plEeP aofg
kfi6;DaGwL sd{rfLxsf ;fy} ;dfhsf a'h|'s JolStx lyP lbg'kg]{5 pgnfO{ cbfntn] d[To'b08sf] ;hfo;Dd tf]Sg ;S5 eGg]
;a} ju{sf afl;Gbfsf] ljgfz uL s;dfly zf;g ug{ vf]h]sf x'g s'lGg ;dfrf ;'g]5g To;} lbg x[bof3ft eO{ s'g} b'Mvsi6lagf g} axQ
a'g} g;lsg] ;+;fe kf]nkf]6n] u]sf] g;+xfsf] kof{Kt ljf]w eP jif{sf] pd]df pgsf] d[To' eof] clncln lafdL t pgL klxn]b]lv
klg Tof] dfG5] stf] 5 eGg] Pp6f kmf]6f];Dd s;}n] b]v]sf lyPgg g} lyP pkrf klg eOx]Yof] cnfO{ ljleGg oftgf lbb} d[To'sf]
;g !(&& df kf]nkf]6 rfOgf e|d0fdf uP e|d0fsf] a]nf ;3fdf k'ofPsf] b[ZonfO{ dfOnf] v]nsf] kdf lng] fIf; klg cfgf]]
lnOPsf] kmf]6f] ha rfOgf l6eLn] k|;f uof] clg dfq ;+;fn] pgsf] d[To'sf] ;s]tn] olt eoeLt eP5 ls x[bosf] w8sg g} aGb eP
cg'xf b]v] kf]nkf]6 eg]sf] ;fnf]y;f kf] x]5 eGg] yfxf kfP pgsf kfkLn] ;lhn}l;t d'lSt kfof]
cfg} gft]bfxnfO{ klg of] xo yfxf lyPg kf6L{df klg Psbd ca nfuf} 6f]jn n]u Do'lhodlt hxfF kf]nkf]6n] cfgf]]
glhssfnfO{ dfq yfxf lyof] xf]nf cfgf]] sfo{sfndf sDaf]l8ofsf] cnu u'Kt s}bvfgf agfPsf lyP b]ze lkmlhPsf pgsf u''Ktrsf]
gfd abn] sDkf]lrof fv] u0ftGq sDkf]lrof egL 3f]if0ff u] ghdf sf]xL zsf nfUg]htf] ePdf To; JolStnfO{ ;f]wk'5sf]
kfksf] 38f rf8} elG5 eg]ht} tL;f} nfv lgbf{]if gfulssf] gfddf ToxfF NofO{ rd oftgf, si6 lbO{ dflGYof] pgsf] cfgf]]
Hofg lnP Psnf}6L zf;g ug{ vf]h] klg ;Qfdf rf jif{eGbf a9L l6Sg ljZjfl;nf] kmf}h eg]sf] b;b]lv kGw| jif{;Ddsf s]6fs]6L lyP tL
;s]gg ;g !(&( df leotgfdn] kf]nkf]6sf] lj?4df sDaf]l8ofdf s]6fs]6LxnfO{ olt qm" lgb{otfsf] tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] ls pgLx
xdnf uof] leotgfdn] 7"nf7"nf ;xx lhTb} uof] cflv s]xL htf] s7f] oftgf lbg klg kl5 kb}{gy] ht} b'MvbfoL rLTsfn]
gnfu]kl5 yfO{ l;dfgf hundf kf]nkf]6n] ;fxf lnP kf]nkf]6sf] klg pgLxsf] dg klUnb}gYof] bofdfof eg]sf] lQe gePsf s7f]
lgjf{; hLjgnfO{ rfOgf yfO{n] ;'Iff ;xof]u k'ofPsf] lyof] kfif0f;L lyof] dg
leotgfd ;sfsf] 5q5fofdf oxfF fhf k|hftflGqs of] Do'lhod vf;df xfOs'n xf] Tof] k"} s'nnfO{ kf]nkf]6n]
kf6L{sf] ldnLh'nL ;sf aGof] ;g !(** ;Dd sDaf]l8of leotgfdL oftgfu[xdf kl0ft u] 7"nf] sDkfpG8 ePsf] s'nsf] rf}ltsf]
kmf];{sf] cwLgdf lyof] of] ldnLh'nL ;sfsf] lj?4df kf]nkf]6sf] kvf{nnfO{ c cUnf] kmnfdsf kftfxn] 3]] To;df s]G6 5f]l8lbP
kf6L{n] c} ljb|f]x ub}{ lyof] pgLxn] klxnfsf] ht} pu| k lng aGbL agfOPsf sf]xL efUg vf]h] eg] s]G6 nfu] df]; eg] xf]nf
rfx] klg hgtf aflxLhut s;}n] klg pgLxnfO{ ;fy lbPgg s'nsf 7"nf7"nf rf ejg ;a} oftgfu[xdf kl0ft eP
v'lDrb} n'sLn'sL a;] ;g !(&% df ha kf]nkf]6sf] zf;g cfof] Gxf]dk]g ;xsf
;g !((# df oxfF r'gfj ;DkGg eof] fhfsf] 5f]fn] vf]n]sf] afl;GbfnfO{ cfgf]] 3 5f]8L ufp of hundf uO{ ag cfb]z lbP
kf6L{n] ax'dt Nofof] x'g;]gsf] kf6L{n] o;nfO{ jLsf]g cflv b'O{ 8qf;aLr ;xjf;L ;x TofUg ljjz eP ;x To; a]nf Pp6f e'Tofxf

12 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 13

guLht} aGof] b]zsf ljleGg 7fpaf6 pgLxsf] ghdf ckfwLnfO{ oxf oftgf lbb} u]sf tL eofjx lrqx Toxfsf leQfdf 6fFluPsf lyP
NofOGYof] oxfF 5fglag uL lgb{otfk"js{ ;hfo lbOGYof] ;hfo kfpg]df Tof] qm" ;dodf k'Ub} ;f]r]cf]xf] To; a]nf of] 7fp stf] 8nfUbf]
ljleGg b]zsf gfuls klg k] ht} leotgfdL, nfcf]l;og, yfO{, OlG8og, ag]sf] lyof] xf]nf htftt} kL8f ef]lux]sfxsf] bb{gfs lrRRofx6,
kflstfgL, la|l6;, cd]lsg, Sofg]l8og, Go'lhNoflG8og c6l] nog 56k6fOx]sf cw{hLljt zLx oftgf lbb} u]sf tL fIf;kL
t ;aeGbf a9L t cfg} sDaf]l8og gfulssf] Hofg lnP dfgj cfkm"n] rfx]htf] hafkm gkfpbf cfqmf]lzt aGb} c a9L oftgf
sltsf] t k"} kljfnfO{ g} dfL lgld6ofGg} kfllbP ev hGd]sf] lbg tlD;b} lyof] xf]nf
aRrf;Dd fv]gg To; ;dodf hGdg' g} To; afnssf] ckfw 7xlof] s}bL agfOPsfxnfO{ ;f]lwGYof] ] oxf sf]xL 8fS6, OlGhlgo,
hlxn], hxf, haha b]zdf czflGt, ljb|f]x, n8fO eO{ cfhstf km}nG5 k|f]km]; 5 < eP cufl8 cfpm xfdLnfO{ cfjZos 5 ;fFlRrs} cfjZos
ta To; 7fpsf cfOdfO{sf] g} b'b{zf eO{ lelS6d x'g k'U5g oxf klg 5 xf]nf egL cufl8 uof] eg] v';L x'b} csdfn uy]{ ] clg nu]
ljb|f]xL egL NofPsf cfOdfO{nfO{ ;f]wk'5sf] axfgfdf Tolts} anfTsf lgb{otfk"j{s dfy]{ ] k9]n]v]sf a'l4hLjL t b]Vg} gx'g] dfg{ tlD;xfNg]
ePYof] Toltn] gk'uL ;'Gg Toxf flvPsf lrq x]g{;Dd g;Sg] uL d"v{ e]8fsf] b]z agfpg vf]h]sf] kf] xf] ls < stf] a'g} g;lsg] gLlt
oftgf lbO{ df] hlthlt kfk ub}{ uP plt rf}ltaf6 cfnf]rgf, To; a]nf stf] bb{gfs sf?l0fs jftfj0f lyof] xf]nf o; 7fpdf
bafa ljf]w a9b} uof] o;n] ubf{ pgLx cQflnb} cfj]udf cfP cfsfzdf ef]sfPsf rLnlu4 p8b} lyP xf]nfg ;'g;fg ;xdf lbp;}
c a9L dfG5] dfg{ ;lqmo eP v]d?h -kf]nkf]6sf] n8fs" ;]gf_ sf] ef]sf ofnx sfpb} otfptf bf}8b } lyP xf]nfg x'g t pgLx klg slt
gLlt lyof] 3f; sfl6xg' eGbf To;sf] hf g} pvfNg'k5{ To;}n] xf]nf vfpmg nf;sf] 5]nf]vn ] f] c3fO{ klg ;s]sf lyP xf]nfg pkm dg a]rg
} eO{
Ps OlGhlgosf] kfr 5f]f5f]L;lxt k"} kljfsf] xTof uof] kl5 ux elP cfof] ca Toxf ulxlP x]b{} w]} ;do latfpg dg nfu]g of]
p;sf] ljf]wdf cfjfh p7fpg] To; kljfsf s'g} ;bo gxf]; eg] snL o'uL fIf;sf] otf syf oxfF slt xf] slt eg] ;fWo 5}g
xf]nf otf 36gf t oxfF slt xf] slt ;f]wk'5 k"f ePkl5 cfvfdf tL oftgf lbg] cf}hf oftgf lbOPsf lrq x]bf{ xfd|f] u?8
kL AffFwL, xft k5fl8 nuL l;qmLn] AffFwL, ;d"x;d"x agfO{ 6sdf fvL k'f0fdf j0f{g u]sf] s'f ofb cfof] u?8 k'f0fdf kfkL dflg;nfO{ d[To'
;xeGbf cln 6f9f lsln lkmN8df nuL tL cw{hLljt 56k6fpb} u]sf kZRoft stf] kfksf] nflu stf] ;hfo egL h'g lsl;dn] cYof{OPsf]
JolStxnfO{ Pp6} vfN8fdf xfnL k'llbbf x]5g of] v'd]?hnfO{ clt x'G5 Tof]eGbf klg eofjx lrq;lxt cf}hfx Toxf b]v] a]nfa]nf
dg kg]{ tlsf xf] ] nfdf] ;dokl5 otf ;fd"lxs lrxfgx oxf w]} leqb]lv l;lu eO{ zLdf sf8f pd|GYof] Pp6f sf]7fsf] l;;fsf]
km]nf k] 7"nf] bfhel dfG5]sf vKkx lyP To; a]nfsf tL ;hfo lbg]
of] Do'lhod ePsf] s'n ;xsf] dWoefudf x]5 klxn] To; JolStx x]bf{ ;fwf0f dfG5]htf] b]lvP klg cb[Zo nfdfnfdf l;
e]udf stf] lyof] s'lGg clxn] t 3gf atL 5 Tof] s'nsf] k|j]zfdf bfx|f ePsf Stlkkf;' fIf; x]5ghtf] nfUof] dg Pstdf;sf]
l6s6 sfpG6 lyof] klxn] g} To; 7fpsf] af]df yfxf eP xf]nf eO{ ljlSt 5'6of] dfG5]sf] hft;u g} 3[0ff nfUg yfNof] nfn;f
Toxf k|j]z ubf{ dg 9Ss km'Nof] dg vnalnP gdfOnf] nfUof] jfy{n] slt;Dd cGwf] agfpbf] x]5 cflv dbf{ ;fydf s] lnP
lvGg dgn] s'nsf] sf]7fsf]7f rfxfof} k|To]s sf]7fdf oftgf hfG5g tL ckfwLxn] s] lnP uP t < of] ;a} r]tgzLn k|f0fLn]
lbg] kmnfdsf ljleGg cf}hf flvPsf lyP xfdL;u;u} rf ljb]zL x]Ssf fVg'kg]{ s'f xf]
s]6Lx klg ;a} ;fdfg lrqx a8f] efj's d'b|fdf lgofNb} lyP tL;f} nfv lgbf]{if gfulssf] ut lkP kf]nkf]6n] cflv dg]{

14 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 15

a]nfdf ;fydf s] lnP uof] p;sf] cGTo]li6 ;dodf >LdtL 5f]Ln] Psb'O{ 6fkmx 5g oxf a;'Gh]n Psrf]l6 klg aQL lge]sf] yfxf
;Dd efu lnPgg x'g ;S5 pgLxnfO{ kf]nkf]6sf] lqmofsnfk dg ePg kfgLsf] t g s'} ug{' kb{}g 5]nf]v]nf] x]5 oxf hgtfsf] nflu
k]sf] lyPg xf]nf p;sf] ;GtfgeGbf nHhf dx;'; kf] uy]{ ls qf; rflxg] clt cfjZos s'f kfgL, aQLsf] dfu k"f ullbPsf x]5g
aLr afr]sf ;Gtfg v'n] ljf]w ug{ sxf ;Sy] xf]nf eG;f sd k]6f]n klg ;tf] eP xf] ls hfthftsf gof uf8Lx
Oltxf; eg]sf] ljutsf 36gfx 5n{u b]lvg] P]gf xf] u'8]sf b]lvGy]
clwsfsf] cf8df cNk ;dosf] nflu ckfw n's] klg clwsfljxLg Ps lbg a]n'sf k}bn} 3'Dg uof} 7fp7fpdf kfs{, kfs{df sf]xL
cjyfdf To;sf] vf]htnf; t eOxfNbf] x]5 htf] f]Kof] Tot} Aof6ldG6g, sf]xL r'uL v]lnx]y] st} k]|dL o'jfo'jtL k]jfsf] hf]8Lht}
kmN5 cfkm"n] h] u]sf] lyof] of egf} cfgf]] khtf] lyof] eljion] ukmdf dUg b]lvGy] kfs{sf] lsgfdf u'8fpg] lS;fdf tftf]tftf] vfgf
Tot} pbfuf] kflxfN5 s;}n] Oltxf; d]6fp5' eGb}df d]l6G5 < algx]sf] ToxL vfgf lsg] sf]xL vfOx]sf jftfj0f jR5
To; lbg xfdL b'js } f] dg ;fx|} lvGg lyof] To; Do'lhodaf] 5nkmn ug{ dfOnf] nfUof] xfdL a;]sf] 7fpglhs Pp6f k'fgf] u'Daf x]5 oxL
dg klg nfu]g Pp6f clt bb{gfs lrq e'Ng ;lsx]sL lyOg cfvfdf u'Dafsf] gfdaf6 fhwfgLsf] Gxf]dk]g egL gfds0f ulPsf] xf] ] of]
3'ldx]Yof] Pp6f 7"nf] clkm;sf] >LdtL hf] ev hGd]sf] aRrf sfvdf u'Daf cln cUnf] 7fpdf 5 rf}lt vn] 3]]sf], lgs} l;9L r9g'kg{]
lnP d]rdf a;]sL k5fl8af6 pgsf] 6fpsfdf 7"nf] kmnfdsf] 8G8Ln] dnfO{ t G8} xfd|f] joDe"ht} nfUof] lx8b}lx8b} gbLlsgflsgf
5]8b } u]sf] pgsf] gh ;fd' To; gjhft lzz'nfO{ pgLaf6 vf];] df]sf] x'b} fhfsf] bafcufl8sf] kfs{df k'Uof} hxf w]} dflg;x 6xNb}
b[Zo e'Ng} ;lsx]sL lyOg lbdfudf w]} af] k]5 ls s;f] lgb|f klg ;fsf] zLtn xfjfsf] cfgGb lnOx]y] Toxf Pp6f b]jLdlGb lyof]
fd|f;
] u nfu]g ;kgf klg Tot} cgf}7f] cgf}7f] cfOXof] Toxf uO{ bz{g u] dlGbaflx dfUg]x a;]sf lyP cfOdfO{, s]6fs]6L
Kff]nkf]6sf] ;dodf aL; k|ltzt hgtfsf] xTof ePsf] lyof] abfd, lrK;, rSn]6, kfgL OToflb a]Rb} lyP 8'ufdf 3'Dg dg kg]{x
] ;aeGbf a9L t a'h'|s ;fx|} ;fgf aRrfx DfflP ] clxn] oxfF kljf;lxt 3'Db} lyP h;df ]6'fFF klg lyof] xfdLn] klg gbLlsgf
slQsf] 3df a"9fa"9L g} 5}gg ] oL ;a} s'f ;'Gbf s'g} fIf;sf] syf k]6Lhtf] ag]sf] 7fpdf a;L gbLsf] zLtn xfjfsf] cfgGb lnof} oxfsf]
eGbf sd 5 t < a? a9L g} 5 xf]nf ;aeGbf dgf]d df};d eg]sf] oxL xf] htf] nfUof] latf} lgzfsf]
>Ldfg laxfg cf7 ah] gftf vfP clkm; hfg'x'GYof] d}n] ;fd|fHo km}nb} lyof] rf}lt aQL aNb} uof] aQLsf] k|sfzdf jftfj0f
sf]7fdf a;L oxfsf] af]df s]xL n]v" ls eGg] cf6] t dg a]r}g ePsfn] c d0fLo nfUof] fhbaf cufl8sf] v'Nnf 7fpdf ;w}} Pf]las
xf]nf n]Vg hfu g} nfu]g a? lstfa k95' egL k9g vf]h] Tof] klg ;'? eO;s]sf] lyof] s] aRrf s] 7"nf ;a} ;uLtsf] tfndf Jofod
dg nfu]g l6eL vf]n] cu]|hL Rofgnafx]s ;a} oxLsf] efiffdf cfpg] ub}{ lyP dfOnf] nfUof] s]xLa] ToxL rf}df aof} To;kl5 3'Db}3'Db}
Rofgn dfq lyP lxGbL Rofgndf Pp6f 6f Kn; cfpbf] x]5 ToxL ahflt cfof} Toxf nfOg} ]6'fFFx lyP o; Plofdf ko{6sxsf]
x]] axlng] sf]l;; u] b; ah]lt sf]7f ;kmf ug{] s]6Lx cfP 3'Orf] lyof] oxf ljleGg lsl;dsf ]6'fFF eP klg cfh xfdLn] oxfsf]
pgLxnfO{ u'8 dlg{ u'8 afO{afx]s s]xL af]Ng cfpb}g sf]7f ;kmf df}lns v]d vfgf vfg] ljrf uL v]d ]6'fFFtkm{ nfUof} gljn w]}
u?Gh]n pgLx dnfO{ x]] d's'fpy] d klg d's'fP hafkm lbGy] kfpg] eP xf]nf oxfF vfgfdf gljnsf] k|of]u a9L x'bf] x]5 v]d
xfdL b'j}yLsf] dgdf Pscsf{sf] af]df hfGg]a'g], s'f ug]{ OR5f cfn' eg]sf] ;Vvv08 x]5 jfb kms eP klg vfgf l7s} lyof]
x'bfx'b} klg efiffsf] c1fgtfn] s'g} ;+jfb x'b}gYof] oxfF cu|]hL hfGg] To;kl5 6's6's lnof} ; xfjf vfb} xf]6n cfOk'Uof} cfhsf] ;fF

16 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 17

a8f] dfOnf];u laTof] oxfF a}sssf] htf] df]6;fOsn, 6ofS;L htfkftfsf] 5fgf gofFgof ag]sf af6f]5]psf kSsL 3x fd|f
klg kfOG5 Pp6} df]6;fOsndf kfr hgf;Dd a;]sf] b]lvof] fd|f l8hfOgsf klg b]lvP 7fp7fpdf u'Daf klg TolQs} st}st}
df]6;fOsndf slt hgf;Dd ag kfOG5 eGg] s'g} lgod 5}ghtf] 7"nf7"nf df5fkf]vL, xfd|f] fhdfu{df ht} sxL ;fgf];fgf] Knfl6s
nfUof] xfdLsxfFhtf] af6fdf e'ofxf s's', 5f8f ufO{at' nntL 5fgf xfnL s]xL ;fdfg a]Rg fv]htf] b]lvGYof] Pp6f s'f xfd|f]
lx8]sf] b]lvPg lgs} Jojlyt ;x 5 fhdfu{eGbf leGg lyof] Tof] s] eg] fhdfu{ aLraLr s'g} ufO{at',
lqm;d;sf] rxnkxn oxfF klg lgs} a9]htf] lyof] ]6'fFFcufl8 dfG5], s's' lx8]sf] b]lvPg o; e]udf e'ofxf s's' t 5b} 5}g eg]
l;uflPsf ;fgf;fgf lqm;d; 6Lx flvPsf lyP af6fdf zfGtf klg x'G5
Snhn] nufpg] aRrfsf] n'uf, 6f]kL a]Rg flvPsf] lyof] xfd|f] xf]6nsf] k}tfnL; ldg]6 hltdf xfdL To; kxf8sf] km]bLdf k'Uof} 5'Lsf]
naLdf klg lqm;d; 6L rf}lt pkxfx flvPsf] lyof] 7"nf7"nf a]nf oxfF w]} dflg; 3'Dg cfpbf x]5g To; kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf a'4dlGb
kfrtf] xf]6nx b'nxL l;uflP} l;uf]sf lyP ;"of{ l8kf6{d]G6n lyof] gfd xf] p8 dfpG6]g 6]Dkn of] kxf8 G8} xfd|f] joDe" hlts}
6f] glhs} ePsfn] csf]{ lbg xfdL lx8b} Toxf k'Uof} d"n 9f]sfdf cUnf] x]5 dlGb;Dd hDdf %)( l;9L 5g ] Toxf gofk'fgf]
lqm;d; 6L 7"nf] zfGtf Snh, ;fy} w]} pkxfx flvPsf lyP uL tLgj6f u'Daf lyP 8fOe xfd|f] ;fydf lyof] ToxfFsf] af]df ;a}
aRrfx dfP otfptf bf}8b} lyP To; 6f]sf] ;aeGbf tNnf] s'f p;n] a'fpb} lyof] l;9L pSng'cl3b]lv b'O{ ;fgf s'n] s]6fx
tnfdf u|f; ] L 6f], kmf6 km'8 k;n c y'k}| k;nx lyP x]s k;ndf xfdL;u;u} psfnf] r9b} lyP ;fy} pgLxnfO{ To; dlGbaf] yfxf
TolQs} eL8 lyof] ;ftcf7tn] To; 6f]df k|To]s tnfdf ljleGg ]l8d]8 ePsf s'f atfpb} klg lyP Ps lsl;dn] xfd|f] ufO8htf] eO{ lx8b}
n'ufb]lv h?L x]s ;fdfgsf k;nx lyP k|To]s tnfdf 7"nf7"nf lyP 5'Lsf] lbgdf k};f sdfpg] af6f] l;9L pSnb} ubf{ d;u;u}
]6'fFF lyP dflyNnf]df s]6fs]6Lx cuh |] L w'gdf f]n s]6 v]Nb} lyP lx8b} slxn] udL{ ef] < egL hfkfgL xft] kvfn] xlDsG5 7f8} psfnf]
Tof]eGbf dfly csf]{ Pp6f ]6'fFF x]5 hxfaf6 k"f ;x b]lvGYof] ToxL ePsfn] ysfO{ nfuL s]xLa] ;'tfof] eg] ysfO nfUof] < egL f]lSG5
a;L ;xsf] llnldnL x]b{} vfgf vfof,} dfOnf] nfUof] o;L;u;u} psfnf] r9L dfly k'Uof} xfdLsxfht} oxfF klg dlGbsf]
e|i6frf Pp6f cToGt 8nfUbf] ;?jf f]u x]5 ls Sof xf] l;9Ldf dfUg]x a;]sf lyP tL s]6fx cfgf]] af]df klg atfpb}
pkrf uL lgd{"n kfg{} g;lsg] hxf uof] ToxL f]usf] rrf{ ;'lgG5 lyP 3 ToxL ufpdf xf] ] afp ula 5g k9fpg k};f k'Ub}g
dfqf dfq tndfly xf]nf To; f]un] o; b]znfO{ klg u|t kf]sf] 5 To;}n] 5'Ldf ot} ufO8 eO{ clncln sdfp5f} x]bf{ klg dfof nfUbf
] h;n] ubf{ ljsf; sfo{df 7"nf] cjf]w k'u]sf] 5 ] s]6fx lyP
csf]{ 5'Lsf] lbg Gxf]dk]g ;xeGbf cln 6f9f uf8Ldf sla ;aeGbf klxnf xfdL fhf gf]bd l;xfg'sn] agfPsf ToxfF
k}tfnL; ldg]6 nfUg] Pp6f ;fgf] kxf8 x]5 Toxf uof} Tof] yfO{ ePsfdWo] ;aeGbf gofF u'Dafdf uof} cUnf] 7fpdf rf}lt sf};Lhtf]
af]8{;Dd k'Ug] fhdfu{ x]5 rf}8f fd|f] af6f], b'j}lt xlofnL, kfgLsf] v'Nnf 7fp, Toxfaf6 Gxf]dk]g ;x b]lvbf] x]5 rf}lt 3'd] x]of}
t oxfF s'g} bM'v 5}g bfoflt Toqf] 7"nf] 6f]gn ;fk gbL, afofFlt dfOnf] nfUof] l;9L plSnPsf] csf]{ ;fO8df of egf} dlGbsf] 7Ls
Toq} 7"nf] tfn ;xaf6 hlt 6f9f x'b} lyof} plt dnfO{ xfd|} dw];lt k5fl8sf] efu, hxfF ;fgf;fgf v ePsf] vfnL 7"nf] 7fp Pp6f
uPhtf] nfUof] htftt} s]f, gljn, cfk, lnrLsf af]6, xfd|f] fkf cUnf] 6fj klg lyof] Tof] 7fp tL s]6fxn] b]vfpb} eg] kf]nkf]6n]
ljf6gusf] ht} tn nfdfnfdf v'f xfnL agfPsf] sf7sf] 3 bf]ifL 7fg]sfnfO{ ;d"x;d"xdf NofO{ Pp6} vfN8fdf xfnL k']sf] 7fp

18 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 19

Pp6f lsln lkmN8 of] klg xf] dg l;lu eof] pgLxsf] d'xfdf e'nfpg] sf]l;; ub}{ ;do otf] cf}iflw xf] h;n] ht} kL8f klg ;xg
3[0ffsf] efj k|6 b]lvGYof] ;f]r] clxn] Tof] 7fp zfGt, xf]xNnfd'Sthtf] ;Sg] agfOlbG5
b]lvP klg To; a]nf Toxf stf] sf]nfxn qf;k"0f{ jftfj0f lyof] >Ldfg clkm;af6 cfpg'ePkl5 w]}h;f] ;fdf xfdL 6's6's
xf]nf 6s elel dflg; Nofpb} Pp6} vfN8fdf k'b}{ ;nanfpb} u]sf lnP 3'Dg lgSnG5f} oxfsf] xfjf jR5, k|b"if0f d'Sthtf] nfU5 st}
zL klg nf;;u;Fu} ufl8lbg] lgb{otfsf] klg kfsfi7f ;f]Rbf klg kmf]xf] b]lvb}g ;8s b'j} ;fO8df llnldnL aQLsf] dfnf vxdf
dg eu x'G5 a]lPsf] dfOnf] nfUof] eljiob|i6f o; ;xsf of]hgfsfxn] sqf]
dnfO{ nfUof] clxn] klg To; 7fpdf e6lsPsf cfTdfxsf] ljrf k'ofO{ ;x a;fn]sf x]5g clkm;sf] nflu cnu 7fp kfls{
3'Orf] 5 xf]nf cfgf]] csfn d[To'sf] sf0f vf]Hb} Tot} ?dlNnb} 7"nf7"nf vfnL v'Nnf 7fp w]} kl5;Ddsf] ;f]r fvL agfPsf
xf]nfg otf cGToxLg 36gfxsf] aofg u] oxf ;fWo 5}g ca rfltsf] af6fsf] aLrdf k]m|Graf6 jtGq ePkl5 agfPsf]
nfuf} u'Dafsf] csf]{ lbzftkm{ ToxL lslnu lkmN8eGbf cln k Pp6f Pp6f jtGqtfsf] k|tLstDe 5 rf}lt 7"nf] vfnL 7fp cf]u6]sf]
7"nf] fd|f] a'4dlGb lyof] lslnu lkmN8sf] 5]p5fp 6f9f6f9f;Dd To; 7fpdf dflg;x ;fsf] cfgGb lnb} 3'ldx]y] ToxL cufl8
s'g} atL lyPg cfvfn] EofP;Dd htftt} ;dtn vfnL e"efu OlG8og ]6'fF lyof] cfh Toxf hfg] ljrf uof} dnfO{ Pp6f s'f
b]lvGYof] ;dtn e"ld kfgL k|zt 5 v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] h] klg kmN5 cgf}7f] nflux]Yof] Tof] s] eg] OlG8og fhfxn] xhf jif{eGbf a9L
xf]nf rf}lt 3'd] dlGb x]of} l;d]G6df s'b] agfOPsf] lgs} fd|f] oxf zf;g u]sf] eP klg OlG8og afl;Gbfsf] k'fgf] atL eg] b]lvb}g
u'Daf lyof] To;kl5 xfdL To; u'Dafsf] vf; efu hxfF Ps xhf s'g} a]nf lgld6ofGg kfL l;WofPsf x]5g Sof] Tof] jtGqtf
a'4sf ;fgf;fgf d"lt{ flvPsf] leqL efudf uof} a'4 eujfgnfO{ tDeeGbf lgs} cufl8 Pp6f ;flns lyof] Tof] ;flns oxfsf clt
;aeGbf dg kg]{ km"n sdn r9fof} w"k afn] k|fy{gf uof} e6lsPsf ;Ddflgt af}4 u'?sf] xf] ]
cfTdfsf] lr zflGtsf] sfdgf uof} dgdf Ps lsl;dsf] zLtntf lqm;d; Oesf] ;f 6's6'sdf ToxfFsf] dd x]g{ lglSnof}
dx;'; uof}F To;kl5 Toxf cjlyt ;o jif{ k'fgf] b'O{ c u'Daf ;a} xf]6n Tolts} l;uflPsf eP klg ;aeGbf llnldnL f}gs
jlkl 3'Dof} rsf]{ 3fd lgs} udL{ nfUof] Toxf dfly sf]N8 l8s a]Rg gfuf jN8{ xf]6ndf lyof] ToxfF aflx g} ;fpG8 aS; fvL cu|]hL w'g
fv]sf lyP tL s]6fxNffO{ klg lbof} xfdLn] klg lkof} psfnf] r9] ahfOPsf] lyof] ;uLtsf] w'gsf] tfndf kfgLsf] kmf]xf]f uLruL
xf]nf lgs} udL{ nfUof] sdn km"nsf] oxfF v]tL g} ubf{ x]5g sdn eO{ gfr]htf] b]lvGYof] ToxfF ljz]if ljb]zLxsf] 3'Orf] lyof] To;
km"nsf] kmn klg x'G5 ] To; kmnleq ;fgf;fgf aLh x'G5g aLh xf]6nsf] cufl8sf] vfnL 7fpaf6 Toxfsf afl;Gbf xf]6nsf] dd d'Uw
vfbf pRr Strfk sd x'G5 egL To; 8fOen] eGb} lyof] eO{ x]b}{ lyP ;aeGbf rxnkxn oxL b]lvof]
hLjgdf slxn] xf;f] slxn] f]bg eg]ht} o; 7fpdf ePsf] oxf cfO{ ;aeGbf ufx|f] eg]sf] kmf]g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] cd]lsfdf
5 tL g;+xfsf] a]nf ;DFbf ;fx|} b'Mv nfUof] t cfh b]zdf zflGt ug'{ k] ;lhnf] ;tf] t g]kfndf ug'{ k] ufx|f] dxFuf]
5fP dflg;x xf;Lv';L b]z pGgltsf] af6f]lt cu|; ePsf] cs' jf6nfO{ ;+;fs} ;aeGbf k'fgf] dfgj lgld{t ct'No
b]Vbf cToGt v';L nfUof] x'g klg xf] ;w} Tof] sfnf] cWoff] ctLtnfO{ dlGb dflgG5 cfhsf] htf] cfw'lgs cf}hf d]l;g gePsf] a]nf,
sf]6ofP To;}df clNP klg sxf hLjg lgjf{x x'G5 afRgs} ;a} dfgj xt lgld{t sfo{sf] cfh ljZje rrf{ ;fxgf ulG5
nflu pHofnf] eljiolt kfOnf t rfNg} k5{ sfnf] cw]f] ctLtnfO{ sDaf]l8of cfpg] ko{6sx ljz]if u] oxL dlGb x]g{sf nflu cfp5g

20 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 21

w]} klxn] l6eLdf, k]kdf o;sf] v"a k|z+;f ;'g]sL lyP oxf;Dd cTolws b]lvP w]} 7fpdf wfg f]lkx]y] sxL wfg sf6] afnL
cfP dlGb b]Vg gkfO{ kms{g kg]{ xf] ls eGg] v;v; nflux]Yof] leofpb} lyP G8} ;d'b| ;txafasf] hldg eP xf]nf a;f{tsf]
of] dlGb Gxf]dk]gaf6 #@) ls=ld= 6f9f 5 uf8Ldf sDtLdf 5 3G6f ;dodf oxf htftt} kfgLkfgL x'G5 ] To; a]nf wfg f]Kg ldNb}g
nfU5 vf;df ToxfF tLg lbgsf] k|f]u|fd agfO{ hfg'k5{ ] ljb]zLx t cln pRrf 7fpdf To; a]nf klg wfg f]K5g ] atLeGbf cln
t b'O{tLg xKtf latfpg cfpbf x]5g c cg';Gwfgstf{ eP t aflx uO{ b]lvof] cfvfn] EofP;Dd htftt} v'Nnf hldg, 7fp 7fpdf
dlxgf} abf x]5g d]f] ;fx|} x b]v] >Ldfgn] zlgaf uO{ cfOtaf tfn, gbL otf ufO{at' klg k|zt lyP cd]lsf o'f]ksf] htf]
kmls{g] of]hgf agfpg'eof] lsgeg] ;f]daf clkm; hfg' lyof] h] d]l;gn] v]tL gug]{ xf] eg] oxf dflg;n] xftn] f]Kg], sf6g] ug{ t ;Dej
xf]; Toxf;Dd uO{ x]g{ kfOg] eof] Hofb} v';L nfUof] Pp6f uf8L lhe{ xf]nfhtf] nfu]g lsgeg] olt 7"nf] 7fp 5 ls ufpsf dflg; To;sf]
uL laxfg ;ft ah] g} xf]6naf6 lglSnof} jR5zLtn laxfgLsf] nflu kof{Kt x'g} ;Sb}g
ofqf ;'vb d0fLo lyof] 6f]gn ;fk gbL kf uL 5 gDasf] ufpsf dflg;sf nflu oftfoftsf] cln c;'ljwf g} x]5htf]
fhdfu{ ksl8of} To; gbLdf hfkfgn] agfOlbPsf] ljzfn k'n d}qL nfUof] nf]sn a; rNbf] x]g5 ;fgf];fgf] ;fdfg cf];fg]{ l6khtf]df
k'n egL gfds0f ulPsf] x]5 leotgfd n8fOdf cd]lsL Kn]gn] k5fl8 a;L ofqf u]sf] b]lvof] ufpsf] af6f]df ;fOsn, df]6;fOsn
o; k'ndf ad v;fnL Wjt kfllbPkl5 hfkfgn] k'gM lgdf{0f ullbP cTolws dfqfdf b]lvP ;fOsn, df]6;fOsn g} pgLxsf] ofqfsf]
] o; k'neGbf ptfsf] atL 7"nf] ula atL klg lgs} b]lvof] xfd|f] nflu ekbf]{ ;fwghtf] nfUof] To;}n] 7fp7fpdf af6f]df l;;Ldf
fhdfu{5]p ;fgf];fgf] k'fgf] 3df ;fgf];fgf] k;n yfk]ht} oxf k]6f]n a]Rg flvPsf] lyof]
klg lyof] 7fp7fpdf 7"nf7"nf cfw'lgs 3x klg lyP fhdfu{ xfd|f] fhdfu{df uf8L f]lsof] ls vfg] ;fdfg a]Rg NofPht}
eg] klg oxf atL ePsfn] uf8L latf} rnfpg'kYof]{ s's', s'v'f, Ps 7fpdf 8fOen] lrofgftf vfg f]Sof] To;kl5 t rf}ltaf6
dflg; af6fdf lxl8x]y] uf8L, df]6;fOsn, ;fOsnsf] klg cTolws ljleGg ;fdfg lnPsf dflg;xn] 3]g{ yfn] s;}sf] xftdf kmnkm"nsf]
rfk lyof] otf klg xfd|f] fkf, ljf6gusf] htf] nfdfnfdf v'f f]nf, kfgLsf] af]tn lyof] c b'O{ hgfsf] xftdf 7"nf] yfndf rf
u]sf] dfly sf7] 3 lrl6Ss k]sf fd|f lyP otf klg u'Dafx nufP a]Rg NofPsf] rLh b]v] xfd|f] hLp l;lu eof] Ps hgfsf]
k|zt b]lvP leIf'x klg TolQs} lyP 8fOen] eGof] oxfF w]} yfndf tf]sf] 7"nf]7"nf] sfnf] dfs'f, csf]{sf] yfndf tf]sf] ;fnf
k9]n]v]sf dflg;x leIf' aG5g af6fdf evsf s]6f klg leIf' b]v] lyof] kl5 8fOen] eGof] To; 7fpdf dfs'f, ;fnf kfNg] kmfd{ g}
8fOenfO{ ;f]w] s] oL slnnf leIf'x ca ;bfsf nflu kljfaf6 5 ] x]g{ hfg] egL ;f]WYof] tf]sf] dfs'f t abfdht} dL7f] x'G5 ]
6f9f xG5g < 8fOen] eGof] x}g pgLxnfO{ Totf] s'g} nufd p;n] eGof] Eofu'tf, ;k{ t g s'v'fsf] df;'ht} jflbnf] x'G5 ]
5}g cfgf]] OR5f xf] slt ;do;Dd leIf' aGg] egL sltn] t cfgf]] w]} 7fpdf af6f]5]p df5fsf], ;k{sf] ;'s'6L a]Rg flvPsf] lyof] tL
unt afgL ;'wfg{ klg leIf' aG5g ] leGgleGg cjlwsf] sf];{ x'G5 ;a} b]Vbf ;f]Rg k'u] o; 7fpsf dflg;x ef]sdLn] of egf} s]xL vfg
xf]nf lgi6fsfi7f Psfu| Ps lrQ eO{ Wofg uL dgdf ePsf ljsf gkfPrflx db}{gg xf]nf lsgeg] oxf gvfg] eGg] s'f s]xL x]g5
kvfnL z'4 s~rg eO{ zfGt dg lnO{ 3 kms{G5g ] e6lsPsf] htftt} kfgLkfgL 5 hnrxsf] s] sdL hlt vfP klg xftkfv'f
cfgf]] dg, afgLnfO{ jzdf Nofpg] of] Pp6f ultnf] sfObf nfUof] lvofpg] xf] eg] cGgsf] s] sdL Toqf] vfnL 7fpdf leotgfdL d"nsf
oxfF s]f, gljn, tf8, d]jf, cfk, lnrL OToflbsf vx afl;Gbf s's' klg vfG5g ] hf8f] a]nf s's' vfP zL tfTg] zlSt

22 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 23

lbG5 ] rfr'?uL sd dfqfdf b]lvPsf] klg logLxn] vfP ;s]sf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu dlxgf} lbg a5g ] oxf cfpg] ko{6sx sDtLdf
x'g ls htf] nfUof] tLg lbgsf] k|f]u|fd agfO{ cfpF5g ] sDaf]l8of cfpg] slt ko{6s
clxn] oxfsf] ljjfx x'g] a]nf xf] ] 7fp7fpdf kfn xfn]sf] s]jn cs' jf6sf] nflu dfq klg cfp5g ]
dflg;xsf] rxnkxn b]lvGYof] o; af6f]af6 ;Lw} a}ss klg ;aeGbf klxn] l6s6 lng] sfpG6df uof} Ps lbgsf] k|To]s
k'luG5 ] oxfF tf8sf v k|zt dfqfdf lyP 8fOe tf8sf] vsf] JolStsf] aL; 8n, tLg lbgsf] rfnL; 8n Ps xKtfsf] ;f7L 8n
pkof]lutfaf] atfpb} lyof] tf8sf] kmnsf] jfOg aG5 kmnnfO{ lnbf] x]5 Toxf Pp6f s'f clt f]rs nfUof] Tof] s] eg] l6s6
tsfLsf] kdf klg vfOG5 kft 6f]k agfpg k|of]u ulG5 o;sf] sfpG6aflx ofndf ;fgf] Sofdf lyof] l6s6 lng] k|To]sn] Toxf
sf7 clt alnof] x'G5, To;nfO{ 3 agfpg k|of]u ulG5 w]}h;f] uO{ plEeg'kg]{ clg cfgf]] kmf]6f];lxtsf] l6s6 cfpbf] x]5, dfOnf]
oxfFsf 3x oxL sf7af6 ag]sf x'g ] o;sf] kmlg{r klg aG5 nfUof]
] udL{ w]} eP xf]nf ;fOsn, df]6;fOsndf lx8]sf s]6Lx ;a}n] ca nfUb} lyof} cf7 ;o jif{cl3 ag]sf dlGblt x'g t o;
Xof6 nufPsf] b]lvof] ls;fgxsf] nflu t g clt g} h?L xf] of] 7fpsf] b'O{ xhf jif{ k'fgf] Oltxf; x]5 ;'?b]lv g} blIf0f eftaf6
uf]?Uff8f, 3f]8fuf8f klg ufplt rnfpbf x]5g oxf s'v'fsf] efn] cfPsf lxGb" fhfxn] zf;g u]sf x'g ] p;a]nf ;a} sf7sf] 3
n8fpg] v]n klg v"a x'bf] x]5 sxLsxL ;'Fu' n8fpg] v]n klg x'G5 agfO{ ay] ] gjf} ztfAbLb]lv rflx 9'ufsf] dlGb agfpg] k|rng ;'?
] oqtq htftt} ljleGg sf sdnsf km"n km'n]sf 5g eP5 To; 7fpsf] glhs s'g} kxf8 5}g 6f9f6f9faf6 xfQLnfO{
o; cs' jf6df ko{6ssf] w]} cfjthfjt x'bf] x]5 ko{6s af]sfP NofO{ agfOPsf x'g ] Toxfsf ;a} dlGbx Tolt a]nf of]
af]s]sf 7"nf 8an 8]s a;x cf]xf]bf]xf] ub}{ lyP ;f9] kfr 3G6fdf 7fp snf;+s[ltsf] wgL ;fy} ;DkGgtfsf] lzvdf k'u]sf] lyof] ]
xfdL cs' k'Uof} ;f]df b]jL rftf] xf]6ndf sf]7f klxn] g} a's To; a]nf oxfF 7"nf7"nf ljZjljBfno, cktfnb]lv x]s s'fsf] ;'ljwf
ufO;s]sf] lyof] o; 7fpdf 7"nf7"nf xf]6n b'O{ ;o, u]6 xfp;, lyof] ] To; a]nf o; 7fpdf aL; nfv hg;Vof lyof] ]
tLg xhf, ]6'fF t slt xf] slt Toltn] gk'uL oxfF gofFgofF xf]6n, ;aeGbf klxnf ;+;fsf] ;aeGbf k'fgf] 7"nf] wfld{syn
u]6 xfp; k|zt algx]5g oxfsf] ;x klg fd|f] Jojlyt kn] cs' jf6lt nfUof} dlGbcufl8 uf8L f]Sgf;fy s]6Lx xftxftdf
a;flnPsf] x]5 ;Lw} klxn] xfdL xf]6n uof} xf]6n lgs} fd|f] lyof] kfgLsf] af]tn, sf]N8 l8s, ;f]lelgo, oxfsf] hfgsfL ePsf] ufO8
sf]7fdf uO{ g'xfO{w'jfO,{ tfhf eO{ klxn] vfgf vfg uof} xfdL;u Pp6f a's lnPsfn] 3]] kfgL lnof} tL s]6Lxn] d}n] nufPsf] ht} 6Lsf
ufO8 klg lyof] ufO8n] Pp6f ]6'fFdf nUof] hxfF w]} ko{6sx vfgf b]pm egL dfUg yfn] d]f] Aofudf lyof] ;a}nfO{ Pp6fPp6f lbP
vfOx]y] xfdLn] 8fOe ufO8nfO{ klg ;u} ag eGof} pgLxn] x}g v';L eO{ nufP
xfdL Toxf a5f} egL cln k cnu 7fp b]vfP vf;df ko{6s Nofpg] cs' jf6sf] d'Vo k|j]zdfu{ 7"nf]7"nf] 9'ufn] agfPsf] rf}8f
8fOe ufO8nfO{ To; 7fpdf fvL l;Q}df v'jfpbf x]5g af6f] lyof] P3fb]lv afx| ztfAbLdf fhf ;"o{jd{g bf];|f]sf] kfnfdf
To; ufO8n] eGb} lyof] uPsf] jif{ oxf aL; nfv ko{6s ag]sf] of] k|b]z To; a]nfsf] fhwfgL xf] rfkf6] cfsfsf] sla
cfPsf lyP ] o; kfnf cln sd 5 ] oxfF cGtf{li6o ljdfgyn aof;L la3f hldg o;n] cf]u6]sf] 5 To; a]nfsf dflg;n] slt a'l4
klg 5 a}ssaf6 ;Lw} a;df cfP klg x'g] ;aeGbf klxn] xfdL k'ofP agfPsf o; dlGbsf] l;dfgfsf] rf}lt 7"nf] gfnf agfO{
;+;fs} clt k'fgf] dlGblt nfUof} slt ko{6sx t oxfsf] dlGbsf] To;df kfgL elPsf] 5 To; gfnfdf hf]8] cUnf] kvf{n nufPsf]

24 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 25

5 s]xL uL zq' cfgf]] If]qdf 3'g vf]h] ;Lw} cfpg g;s"g eGg] dlGbx x]5g w]}h;f] lalu|Psf cjyfdf x]5g oxfFsf] dlGbdf
clek|fon] agfOPsf] o; gfnfdf uf]xL klg 5fl8Psf] x'GYof] ] kvf{nsf] fdfo0fdxfeftsf lrq sf]lPsf] lyPg a? To; a]nfsf] hghLjg
rf}lt ;}lgssf] kxf xGYof] d"n k|j]zdfu{sf] ;Lwf cufl8 tLgj6f lNsg] vfnsf] lrq s'lbPsf] lyof] o; dlGbsf] leqL efudf a'4sf]
9'ufsf snfTds k|j]zf 5g l;9L plSnP To; faf6 hfbf d"lt{ lyof] ;fy} ToxfF leIf'xsf] klg pklylt lyof]
Pp6f fdf eujfg lji0f'sf] ljzfn d"lt{ 5 csf]{ fdf nIdLsf] lbgesf] kl>dkl5 ;"o{ eujfg lj>fdsf] nflu ctfrnlt
Tot} csf]{ fdf a'4sf] d"lt{ x]sf] 5 ToxfFaf6 k|j]z u]kl5 leq cf]fnf] nfUb} lyof] kGw| ldg]6 hlt psfnf] r9L ;"of{t x]g]{ Toxf
b'j} ;fO8df 7"nf7"nf rf} b'j}lt ;fgf;fgf dlGbaLrdf rf}8f Pp6f ;fgf] 8f8f x]5 ko{6sx ;a} Tot} nfUb} lyP clt d0fLo
af6f] af6fsf] bfofFafofF 7"nf]7"nf] gfu, l;+xsf] d"lt{ lgs} lx8]kl5 b[Zo b]lvG5 egL ufO8 eGb} lyof] cfh cfsfz w'Dd eP xf] ls ;"o{
7Ls cufl8 aLrdf ;aeGbf cUnf] bfofFafofF cln xf]rf]xf]rf] dlGb eujfgn] klg fd|f];u bz{g lbOx]sf lyPgg lbgesf] ofqfn] ysfO
b]lvof] tL xf]rf dlGb agfPs} Tot} xf] jf kl5 elTsPsf x'g klg lgs} nflux]Yof] To;}n] xfdL ;Lw} xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} afsL 3'dlkm
6fpsf] elTsPsf] cjyfdf 5g of] dlGb rf}ltaf6 nfdf]nfdf] ef]lnsf] nflu yug ub}{
UofnLn] 3]lPsf] 5 To; UofnLsf] kvf{n, 5fgf, ofn, 9f]sf, e'OF lqm;d; gof jif{sf] f}gs ;+;fe 5 oxf dfq s] sd
;a} 7"nf7"nf 9'ufn] agfOPsf] 5 To; UofnLsf] leQfdf fdfo0f, htftt} aQLn] l;uflPsf] dfOnf] lyof] ;fdf xfd|f] xf]6n glhs
dxfeftsf syfsf lrqx cToGt fd|f];u s'lbPsf 5g gs'lbPsf sfjlng ]6'fFdf cK;f gfr x'bf] x]5 7"nf] xndf ljleGg k|sfsf
;fbf s'g} ofn, 9f]sf, leQf, 5fgf ToxfF 5}gg slt d]xgt u]sf vfgf flvPsf], lgs} eL8 x'bf] x]5 To;}n] 6]an klxn] g} a's ug{'kg]{
x]5g To; a]nfsf sfnLu9n] ljb]zLx PsPs lrq lstfa k9b} ufO8n] xfd|f] nflu klxn] g} 6]an a's ullbPsf] lyof] ;a} hgf
Toxf a9f] cle?lrsf ;fy lgofNb} lyP To;kl5 ;aeGbf leqL efu cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ vfgf lnO{ cK;f gfrsf] cfgGb lnFb} lyP ;f ;ft
hxf aLrdf tLgj6f 7"nf dlGb ePsf] 7fpdf k'Uof} lgSs} cUnf] ah]b]lv ;'? eof] cK;f gfr aLraLrdf c yfgLo gfr b]vfP
x]5 l;9L r9] hfg'kg]{ t w]} dflg; lx8bf sdhf] x'g] 8n] klg w]}h;f] cK;f gfr g} lyof] G8}G8} yfO{ gfrht} nfUof]
xf] ls To; dlGbdf hfg jlh{t ulPsf] x]5 To; dlGbsf] dfly cK;f ag]sf s]6Lx fd|ffd|f lyP Ps 3G6fsf] sfo{qmd lyof]
Psb'O{ leIf' eg] b]vf k] of] dlGb fd|f];u 3'Dg] xf] eg] Ps lbg ljb]zLx oL ;a} gfrx cfgf]] Sofdfdf s}b ub}{ lyP dfOnf] nfUof]
k"}n] klg Eofpb}g xf]nf ;;tL x]] xfdL csf]{ cln ksf] dlGblt xfdLn] klg Sofdfdf s}b uof}
nfUof} xfdLnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dodf w]} x]g{' lyof] gfr ;lsPkl5 vfgf vfO{ xf]6n kmls{of} xf]6nsf] l;]K;gdf
To; dlGbsf] gfd xf] jfof]g cs'eGbf 7"nf] 7fp o;n] d;fh ug{ rfxg]sf] nflu sf]7fd} pknAw x'g ;S5 egL n]lvPsf]
cf]u6]sf] 5 ] o;nfO{ klg rf}ltaf6 kfgLn] 3]]sf] 5 o;sf] rf lyof] lbgesf] lx8fOn] lgs} yflsof] d;fh ufpg] ljrf uof}
lbzfdf rf 7"nf7"nf k|j]zf 5g ] d"n 9f]sf k'Ug'cl3 Toxf Pp6f kmf]g ugf{;fy b'O{ s]6L cfOk'u] b'j}n] Ps 3G6f hlt d;fh ufof}
k'nhtf] x]5 h;sf] b'j} ;fO8df Psflt c;'x csf]{lt b]jxn] ;Grf] nfUof]
gfu klqmx]sf] d"lt{ x]5 To;kl5 d"n 9f]sfdfly rflt rf 7"nf] ef]lnkN6 laxfg ToxL xf]6ndf a]|s kmf6 vfO{ c x]g{ afFsL
7"nf] b]jtfsf] cg'xf ePsf] d"lt{ x]5 uf8Ldf To; d"n 9f]sfaf6 dlGbtkm{ nfUof} km]l cfgf]] kmf]6f];lxtsf] l6s6 lsgL k|j]z uof}
lgs} leq k'u]kl5 ToxfF d"n 9f]sfsf] ht} 7"nf7"nf cg'xf ePsf y'k|} rf}lt cg'xf ePsf] of] jfof]g dlGb If]qdf cgluGtL otf dlGbx

26 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 27

5g w]} t elTsPsf] cjyfdf 5g s'g}s'g} dlGbsf] leqaf6 v ula 5f} xfdLn] oqf] 7"nf]7"nf] xf]6n sxf agfpg ;S5f} oL ;a}
pld|P cfsf hDd} lalu|Psf] cjyfdf 5 tL ;a} dlGbsf] hL0ff]{4f ljb]zLsf] xf] w]}h;f] oxf sf]log k|m]Grn] 7"nf] nufgL nufPsf
ug]{ xf] eg] k};f slt rflxPnf ToxL Ps dlGb b]vfpb} ufO8n] 5g ljb]zL nufgL leofpg ;sfn] cln v'Nnf gLlt ckgfO{ ;'ljwf
eGof] o; dlGbdf klxn] cK;fx ay] ] clxn] klg lbgdf lbP slt ;lhn}l;t lelqbf x]5ghtf] nfUof] Toqf]Toqf] nufgL
PskN6 yf]} ;dosf] nflu eP klg cK;fx oxf cfp5g ]. Toxf nufP ljb]zLn] agfPsf eP klg cflv tL cfg} b]zsf] ;DklQ t
s]6Lx cK;fht} eO{ lxl8x]sf lyP ko{6sx pgLxsf] kmf]6f] x'g To;n] ubf{ ToxfFsf slt afl;Gbfn] sfd kfPsf 5g sltsf]
lvRg Jot b]lvGy] o; If]qdf 3gf hun lyof] hunleqleq hLjgt a9b} 5 ;lhn}l;t sfd dfd kfP xtktL s;}sf] lbdfudf
eUgfjz]ifhtf dlGb slt xf] slt aofg u] ;fWo 5}g To; dlGbdf ;}tfgn] af; ub}{g xf]nf Ps kN6 xfd|f eljiob|i6f of]hgfsfxn]
hfg]cfpg] af6f] g} cnu lyof] To; af6f]df Pp6f u|'k Toxfsf] df}lns ulxlP ;f]Rg'kg]{ ljifo xf] of]
afhf ahfOx]sf lyP tL ;a} ckfu lyP ufO8 eGb} lyof] tL ;a} u[xo'4sf] ;dodf o; If]qdf klg lgs} gf]S;fg ePsf] lyof]
kf]nkf]6sf] a]nfdf laR5fPsf] af?bL ;'?df kL ckfu ePsf x'g ] olt w]} elTsPsf dlGb, 9'uffsf rf 5g ls tL ;a} agfP
ufO8n] eGof] To; a]nf o; hunel htftt} ad g} ad lyof] ] s] ;fWo d'Vod'Vo vf; w]} gelTsPsf dlGb x]of} To; If]qsf]
of] If]q klg pgLxsf] ks8df lyof] Toxfsf slt d"lt{x To; a]nf e|d0fkl5 eGg dg nfUof] To; a]nfsf dflg; slt d]xgtL, sqf]
aflx rf]L lgsf;L ePYof] ] xf};nf b"b[li6 fVb} agfPsf cfTd}b]lv ;fxgf ug{ dg nfUof]
ca yf]} To; 7fpsf] Oltxf;lt hfpm afx|f} ztfAbLdf of] b]z wGo x]5g Toxfsf k'vf{ wGojfb 5 cfhsf lk9LnfO{ To; ct'No
ljsf; ;DkGgtfsf] lzvdf k'uL rd ;'v ef]u ub}{ lyof] rf}wf} uf}jnfO{ hf]ufOfv]sf]df dgdf Ps lsl;dsf] >4fefj lnO{ To;
ztfAbLlt yfONofG8n] oxf xdnf uof] eLif0f n8fO uL yfONofG8n] 7fpaf6 labf lnof} Toqf] nfdf] af6f]sf]] ofqf afsL g} 5 e;s
o; If]qnfO{ cfgf]] sAhfdf lnof] o; n8fOkl5 sDaf]l8og fhwfgL pHofnf]d} k'Ug'k5{ egL xf]6ndf cfO{ ;fdfg lnof} ufO8nfO{ wGojfb
Gxf]dk]gdf ;of] hf] cfh;Dd sfod 5 lgs} kl5 of] If]q yfONofG8af6 u'8afO{ eGb} af6f] nfUof}
d'St eP klg oxf lsg xf] dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePg5 ;of} jif{;Dd lxhf] lbge cfh laxfg cfsfz w'Dd eO{ ;"o{ eujfg
of] If]q xfPsf] a]va cjyfdf Xof] ;g !*^# df sDaf]l8of k|m]Gr xfPhtf] eP klg clxn] latf} afbn' 3'D6f] p3fL d's'fpb} lyP
pklgj]z aGof] clg Toxf o'f]lkogxsf] cfjthfjt a9g yfNof] lbg pHofnf] dfOnf] nfUof] oxL af6fsf] aLraLrltsf] Pp6f
k|m]Grxn] g} o; If]qsf] kQf nufPsf x'g 3gf hunleq ;of} ufpdf 8fOesf] 3 x]5 af6fdf s]6fs]6L ;fOsndf nfOg nfu]
jif{ k'fgf] ;Eotf kQf nufP w]}h;f] dlGbx elTsPsf eTsg] s'naf6 3 hfFb} u]sf] b]lvof] pgLxnfO{ x]b}{ 8fOen] eGof] xfd|f]
cjyfsf lyP pgLxsf] kl>d d]xgtn] ubf{ cfh ;+;fesf a]nfdf otf] ;'ljwf sxf kfpg' sqf] 6f9fb]lv lx8] cfpg'kYof]{ w]}
ko{6sn] ;of} jif{ k'fgf] ;Eotf x]g]{ a'g] cj; kfPsf 5g cfh ufx|f] lyof] p;sf] a'af k'ln;df lyP ] kf]nkf]6sf] a]nf dflP 5g
sDaf]l8ofsf] d'Vo cfo;|f]tsf] af6f] ag]sf] 5 of] If]q afh]afh'sf] Hofg hf]ufpg cfdfn] ;fgf;fgf 5f]f5f]L lnO{ yfO{ af]8{sf] z0ffyL{
d]xgtsf] kmn cfh sDaf]l8ogxn] rfVg kfOx]5g lzljdf z0f lnOg ] cln zflGt 5fPkl5 fhwfgL cfP ] oxfF
Toxf cfpg] w]}h;f] ko{6s sf]log, leotgfdL, yfO{, rfOlgh, ;sfL sd{rfLsf] tna Psbd sd x]5 8fOesf] tna dlxgfsf]
hfkfgL, o'f]lkog x'G5g ] ufO8 eGb} lyof] xfdL sDaf]l8og krf; 8n dfq 5 ]

28 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 29

 7"nf7"nf wfgsf kmf6, rf}lt xlofnLsf] cfgGb lnb} cfof} cufl8 cUnf] t"kf lyof] t"kfcufl8 km"n w"k a]Rg fv]sf] lyof]
Gxf]dk]g k'Ug'cl3 Ps 7fpdf w]} ;fgf;fgf lrl6Ss k]sf 3 lyP km"n w"k lsgL t"kfcufl8 fvL cfTdfxsf] lr zflGtsf] sfdgf
8fOe eGb} lyof] tL 3x sDtLdf Ps nfv 8nsf x'g oxfsf uof} To; t"kfeGbf k5fl8 nx} cgluGtL vfN8fx lyP hxfF
3 c;fWo dxFuf 5g ] lxhf] laxfgsf] eGbf cfh o; hfkfgL d}qL cgluGtL dflg;x ufl8Psf lyP Toxf ufO8n] Pp6f v b]vfpb}
k'ndf lgs} 6flkms hfd lyof] ft kg{'cl3 xf]6n cfOk'Uof} df}sfdf eGof] ;fd"lxs xTofsf] a]nf To; vdf nfp8lks flvPsf]
;+;fs} Ps ct'No ;Dkbfsf] e|d0f ;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg ePsf]df x'GYof] ] To;df 7"nf] s'g} lsl;dsf] cfjfh nufOGYof] ] h;df
xfdL b'j} ;Gt'i6 lyof} oftgf ef]lux]sf aGbLxsf] bb{kL8fn] lrRRofPsf] cfjfh aflx;Dd
oxfsf] ufO8 a'sdf Pp6f dfpG6 Pe]6 gfdsf] g]kfnL OlG8og gcfcf]; Tof] 7"nf] cfjfhdf baf]; eg]
vfgf kfOg] ]6'fFsf] gfd b]Vof} cfZro{ ldl>t v';L nfUof] oxf;Dd Pp6f km';sf] 5fgf xfn]sf] v'Nnf 7fp lyof] h;df b'O{ ;o
cfP ]6'fF vf]Ng] sf] xf]nf < 7]ufgf kQf nufO{ sf}t"xnsf ;fy g]kfnL gfuf cfOdfO{ aRRffx Uffl8Psf lyP Toxf Pp6f 7"nf] v lyof]
Nsf] d]6g, g]kfnL jfbsf] t[i0ff d]6fpg Toxf k'Uof} pT;fxfsf ;fy h;df aGbLnfO{ em'G8ofP xftv'f sfl6GYof] ] ot}ot} Toxfsf
]6'fFdf k|j]z uof} ;fwf0f lsl;dsf], Toxf sfd ug{] ;a} yfgLo cg]s bb{gfs syfx ufO8n] atfpb} lyof] Toxf k'u]sf ;a} ko{6sx
s]6L lyP c8{ lng cfpg] eftLohtf lyP h'g pdusf ;fy pbf; lvGg dgn] 3'Db} lyP ToxfF Pp6f lrq k|bz{gL ulPsf] 7fpdf
Toxf uPsf lyof} vf;} Toxf g]kfnLkg eg]sf] s]xL b]lvPg Pp6f ;a} flsb} cle?lrsf ;fy x]b{} lyP To; a]nfsf] lrq;lxt To;af]
g]kfnL emG8f g]kfnsf] gS;f leQfdf em'lG8Psf] lyof] To;afx]s d]g'df j0f{g ulPsf] lyof] ;a} Toxf n]lvPsf] af] k9b} lrq x]b}{ lyP ToxL
g]kfnL vfgfsf] gfd klg lyPg ToxfF Ps k'?if g]kfnLht} nfUof] rf hgf evsf s]6Lx a8f] pbf; d'b|fdf cjnf]sg ub{} lyP
kSs} oL g]kfnL ]6'fFdflns xf]nfg egL >Ldfgn] tkfO+{ g]kfnL xf] egL To;dWo] Ps s]6L cfkm"nfO{ yfDg} ;lsx]sL lyOgg cfvf ftf]ftf]
k|Zg ug{'eof] x}g d t kflstfgL x' eGbf xfdL 5Ss kof} stf] kfL cf;' k'5b} lyOg ;fob pgsf] cfkmGt sf]xL To; xTofsf08df
g]kfnLht} h]xf]; g]kfnL vfgfsf] jfb lng gkfP klg l5d]sLsf] k]sf lyP xf]nfg lvGg dg lnO{ xfdL ToxfFaf6 aflxlof}.
vfgfsf] jfb lnof} To;kl5 xfdL xfd|f] xsahf eg]ht} x]s s'f ;tf] kfOg]
ca 3 kms{g tLg lbg dfq afsL lyof] 5'Lsf] lbg sf]7fdf l;og dfs{]6df uof}. ;fu'f] 7fp eL8 7"nf] lyof] lsgd]n vf;}
slt ag] egL 8fOe af]nfO{ 3'Dg lglSnof} 8fOen] ;x glhssf] lyPg ;;tL x]] kmls{of} To;kl5 ToxL glhs ePsf] n]slt
kf]nkf]6sf] a]nfsf] csf]{ lsln lkmN8df nUof] otf lsln lkmN8 c nfUof} n]s hfg] af6f] cln kmf]xf] ;fu'f] lyof] Tot} 7fpdf klg
klg slt 5g ] afDaf Pp6} sfd ulxbf dflg;nfO{ ToxL sfdsf] ljb]zLxsf] eL8 lyof] cfgGbn] a;] vfgf vfOx]y] 8fOen] eg]sf]
nt kf] nfUbf] x] 5 ls < gq s;}n] olt w]} dflg;sf] xTof ug{ ;S5g of] Psbd ;tf] 7fp xf] ] tLg 8n;Dddf ag kfOG5 ] ufhfr];
xf]nf < 7"nf] 7fp cf]u6]sf] o; lsln lkmN8df sla gf} xhf dflg; klg vfg kfpg], ;tf]df sfd rnfpg] ko{6ssf] nflu x]5 of] 7fp
uf8]sf] xf] ] kf]nkf]6sf] zf;gkl5 cfh To; 7fpnfO{ lbjut lgbf{]if sDaf]l8of h]D;sf] nflu k|Voft 5 ljz]if uL ?ljsf] nflu
cfTdfsf] ;Demgfjk t"kf agfOPsf] 5 To; t"kfdf v08v08 ljb]zLx lrgf]sf] kdf nfg] u5{g 3'Dbf3'Db} lbg laTof] ef]lnkN6
agfO{ ToxfF dfgj vKkx ;hfP flvPsf] 5 >Ldfg clkm;sf] afsL sfd l;Wofpg labfafL x'g clkm; hfg'eof]
d"n 9f]sfdf l6s6 lnO{ To; lkmN8df k|j]z uof} 9f]sfsf] 7Ls d}n] ;fdfg Kofs u] >Ldfg clkm;af6 kms{g'ePkl5 6's6's dufP

30 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 31



cfo cfh{g ug{'kof] cfocfh{gsf] nflu ;a} b]zdf Pp6} kmd{'nf nfu" w]} k|z+;f ;'g] klg o; b]zsf] e|d0f ug]{ cj; eg] kfPsL
x'b}g cfgf]] b]zsf] klj]z, ef}uf]lns kllyltsf ;fy} leGg 7fpdf lyOg hgjL !(@), @))( df h]g]efdf >Ldfgsf] Pp6f ldl6n]
pTkfbg x'g] leGg jt'xn] 7"nf] kms kf]sf] x'G5 ;aeGbf klxnf t dnfO{ klg Toxfsf] e|d0f ug]{ cj; h'of] hgjL !& df stf
cfgf]] b]zdf ;lhnf]l;t pTkfbg x'g] ;+;fsf] ahfdf To;sf] dfu, Poaf6 bf]xf cfO{ Ps ft aof} s]xL ;docl3;Dd z'4 d?e"ld
vkt slt 5 To;n] cfocfh{gdf slt 6]jf k'ofp5 To;sf] vf]hL ljsf;n] g5f]Psf] b]z stf cfh lbg b'u'gf ft rf}u'gf ljsf; ub{}
cg';Gwfg x'g'kof] ht} lj6hNofG8 clwstd kxf8L e"ld eP d?e"ldsf] sfofkn6 x'Fb}5 Pl;ofnL ula dhb'xsf] cfzfsf] s]Gb|
xf]nf oxfF w]} klxn]b]lv ufO{at' w]} kflnGYof] b"wnfO{ w]} lbg;Dd ag]sf] 5 of] e"ld lxnf]df sdn eg]em} cfw'lgs ljsf;n] d?e"lddf
e08f0f ug{ gldNg] s;L o;nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd fVg] egL ljleGg zLtntf xlofnL Nofpb} 5 c;Dej eGg] s]xL 5}g eGg] pbfx0f
vfB klsfsf] vf]hL ub{} uP cfjZostf g} cfljisfsf] hggL xf] lbPsf] 5 of] b]zn]
eg]em} ljleGg k|of; vf]hLsf] pkh xf] rLh b"wnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;ft ah] stf Po h]g]efsf] nflu p8of]
;~ro ug{ ;lsg] rLhsf] pTkfbg ;'? u] To;kl5 latf} b"waf6 bf]xfb]lv h]g]ef hDdf ;f9] 5 3G6fsf] p8fg lyof] vf;df of] ;do
ljleGg k|sfsf rsn]6 pTkfbg u] o;af6 k|zt kmfObf lng ;kmn lj6hNofG8 3'Dg] pko'St a]nf xf]Og ] kfgL, lxp kg]{ cTolws hf8f]
eP cfly{s lyltdf o;n] 7"nf] ;'wf Nofof] ;+;fe lj; rLh df};d otf] hf8f] df};ddf oxf;Dd cfpg' >Ldfgsf] t sfdsf] s'f]
rsn]6n] 7"nf] gfd sdfof] h'g cfh;Dd sfod 5 of] k|of; lj; lyof] To;df d}n] df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fP otf cfsfz ;fx|} w'lDdPsf]
PsLs0f x'g'cl3 g} yflnPsf] xf] x]5 Sof] Kn]g lgs}a] sfnf] afbnleq xfOXof] dgdg} ;f]r] wGo
To;kl5 pgLx latf} lbdfuL sfdk|lt cu|; x'b} 38L agfpg dflg;sf] a'l4 otf] cGwsfdf s'Of]sf] sfu;l p8]sf] hxfhn] slt
yfn] lj; 38L eg]kl5 ;+;fe cfh klg Tolts} gfd 5 lgof{t ;lhnf]l;t hldgdf cjt0f ufof] of] ;a} hxfhdf ePsf] oGq
ug{ klg ;lhnf] cfo klg a9L x'g] To;kl5 oxf e kbf{ 7"nf7"nf Pokf]6{df hl8Psf] oGqsf] ;xfotfn] ;Dej ePsf] t xf] Totf] oGq
a}sx v'n] ht} cK7off] kllyltdf klg uf]Kotf eu gx'g] ljZjf; agfpg] klg log} dflg; x'g Wjt agfpg] klg log} dflg; leGg
lbnfP cfvf lrDnL ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] egL ;+;fesf wgLdfgLsf] leGg d'08sf] leGgleGg a'l4
ljZjf; lhTg ;kmn eP clg ;+;fesf wgLx oxfsf] a}sdf k};f oxfF Oldu|];g sf8{ eg'{kbf{] x]g5 kf;kf]6{df le;f x]] 5fk
fVg nfnlot eP rf}ltaf6 k};f cf]Olg yfNof] pgLxsf] of]hgf nufOlbP tL 5fk nufpg] JolStn] xfd|f] kf;kf]6{ x]] g]kfn egL d'v
;kmn x'b} uof] cfh a}s Joj;fo g} oxfFsf] 7"nf] cfo ;|f]tsf] af6f] aUofP xfb} 3'Dg cfPsf] egL ;f]Wof] >Ldfgn] x}g ldl6df cfPsf]
ag]sf] 5 k};f, cf6, lbdfusf] ld>0fn] stf]stf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGbf stf] ldl6 egL Pp6f a]dtnjsf] k|Zgsf] em6ff] ofSof]
cfw'lgs ;'ljwfsf ;fy} k|fs[lts ;'Gbtfsf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;+;fesf p;sf] xfpefp x]bf{ xfdL ula b]zsf] dflg; lj6hNofG8htf]
ko{6s oxf lelqPsf 5g ;'Gbf c;Dejhtf] nfUg] kxf8df uf8L b]zdf 3'Dg cfpg] cf}sft 5 egL JoUo uL x]k]sf] xf] lshtf] nfuL
]n;u;u} u'l8x]sf] b]lvG5 ;+;fedf ;aeGbf a9L s]jn sfsf] gdfOnf] nfUof] dgdg} ula eP klg To;n] kfNg'k]sf] 5}g Sof]
k|of]u klg oxL ePsf] 5 ] x]s 7fpdf x]s ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 ;a} b'Mvlhnf] n8b}k8b} eP klg cfg} b]zsf] cGg vfP afFr]sf 5f}
cfgf]]cfgf]] If]qdf Tolts} h'6]sf 5g oxfsf] 6]S;6fon pBf]un] htf] klg nfUof] x'g t p;n] Totf] ;f]r]sf] gx'g klg ;S5 d]f]
klg TolQs} ;kmntf kfPsf] 5 dgsf] ts{gf dfq klg xf]nf t}klg cfkm" sdhf] ePkl5 anjfgsf]

34 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 35

cufl8 cfkm;]cfkm Totf] efjgf cfpbf] x]5 efn'sf] dg vlgpmdfly b]vfof] ToxfF Pp6f s]6L k|j]z ub{} lyO{ d klg To;}sf] kl5kl5
eg]ht} sdhf]nfO{ kfOnfkfOnfdf otf] 7Ss nfluxG5 ;xg] uP of] 7"nf] cf6{UofnL lyof] ;of} jif{ k'fgf k]lG6 Toxf slt
afgL a;fNg'k5{ egL cfgf]] dg a'emfP xf] slt ;hfP flvPsf PsPs u] x]g]{ xf] eg] lbgen] klg
Toxfaf6 6ofS;L lnP ;Lw} xf]6n k'Uof} hxfF xfd|f] nflu klxn] k'Ub}g xf]nf ;;tL x]] aflx cfP of] cln cUnf] 7fpdf ePsfn]
g} sf]7f a's ulPsf] lyof] To; Plofsf] lgs} fd|f] xf]6n x]5 Toxfaf6 rf}lt b]lvGYof] rf}lt b[li6 3'dfP slxn]sfxL hf8f]
ofqfsf] ysfgn] To; lbg sxL uPgf} a]nfdf sf7df8f}sf] rf}ltsf] 8fF8fdf lxp k]ht} rf}ltsf] 8fF8fdf
!( hgjLsf] laxfgb]lv g} >Ldfgsf] ldl6 lyof] >Ldfg lxp lyof] ;kmf cfsfz 8fF8fdf lxp clt d0fLo nfUof] dnfO{ t
lgsg'eP kl5 sf7df8f}af6 NofPsf] kbdfjtL l;+xff lnlvt lxpb dlxgfsf] sf7df8f}ht} nfUof] To; 7fpaf6 ;Lwf cufl8 tfn
;dfgfGt cfsfz eGg] pkGof; lnP a;] pkGof; a8f] f]rs lyof] tfnaf6 lglsPsf] kmf]xf]f Toxfaf6 k|6 b]lvGYof] lr;f] df};d df]6f]
;do lat]sf] kQf] g} ePg >Ldfg cfpg'ePkl5 3'Dg hfpm eg]sf] n'uf nufP lx8bf cfgGb nflux]Yof]
l;dl;d kfgL klx]sf] ;fx|} hf8f] lyof] To;}n] w]} 6f9f6f9f;Dd Toxfaf6 cem cufl8 uP hxf cln ;fgf;fgf ;8s cln uNnL
hfg] s'} ePg ToxL glhssf] ahf Ps fpG8 nufof} vfgf vfg uNnLhtf t slt ;kmf Toxfaf6 Pp6f s'n ePsf] 7fpdf cfOk'u]
]6'fFdf kof} xfdL a;]sf] xf]6n Psbd ;]G6df x]5 Do'lhod, s]6fs]6L wdfwd aflx lgSnb} lyP nGr 6fOd ePsf] x]5 lglZrGt
n]s, n]ssf] kmfpG6]g ;a} glhs} lyof] ef]lnkN6 >Ldfg ldl6df lglkmqmL s]6fs]6L xfb}, ukm ub{} d]g f]8df ePsf] Dofs8f]gfN8tkm{ hfb}
hfg'ePkl5 d PSn} 3'Dg lglSnP oxf klAns 6fG;kf]6{sf] Psbd lyP slt fd|ffd|f s]6fs]6L, nf]enfUbf x]lx"htf] nfUof] Ps kN6
fd|f] Jojyf x]5 ;xsf] leqL d'Vod'Vo ;8sdf 6fd rNbf] x]5 s'g} wfld{s k|jrgdf ;'g]sL lyP o; gfzjfg zLsf] rf cjyf x'G5
6fd rNg] 7fpdf uf8L nfg kfOb}g 6fd grNg] 7fpdf nfdfnfdf a; ] eg] ht} M != afn cjyf -dfofnfUbf]_, @= o'jf cjyf -nf]enfUbf]_,
u'l8x]y] h]g]efdf w]} cUnf] 3 agfpg kfOb}g ;xleq prfOsf] #= j[4 cjyf -l3gnfUbf]_, $= d[t cjyf -8nfUbf]_ xf] tL bf];|f]
lx;fan] emG8}emG8} pq}pq} htf 3x lyP hf8f] a]nf eP xf]nf cjyfsf nf]enfUbf hdftxaLr d as'Nnfsf] x"ndf sf}jfht} lx8b}
ahfdf hf8f]s} ljleGg l8hfOgsf n'uf b]lvP af6fdf lx8g]x klg lyP dfOnf] nfUof] s]6fs]6Lsf] eL8nfO{ lrb}{ d klg Dofs8f]gfN8leq
nfdfnfdf sf]6 6fpsfdf s;}n] Xof6 t s;}n] dkmn a]] km6fkm6 k;] xf]xNnf, eL8sf ;fy hf]8Lhf]8L eO{ vfb} lyP ToxL s'gfdf
lx8b} lyP d klg PSn} latf} rf}lt cjnf]sg ub{} cl3 a9b} Pp6f vfnL s';L{ b]v] ToxL uO{ a;] xNsf vfgf lnP Psl5g;Dd
lyP cnu ;+;fsf] dfOnf] cg'e"lt ub{} a;] To;kl5 latf} cfgf]] af6f]
vf;df d Do'lhod hfg rfxGy] ;xsf] gS;fdf lrgf] nfu] Toxfaf6 ;Lw} tfnlt uP dgdf dL7f] ofb lnb} l;l; lr;f]
nufOPsf] lyof] af6fdf lx8g] dflg;nfO{ d of] 7fpdf hfg rfxG5' xfjf km6fkm6 lx8bf zL cln tft]sf] cg'ej u] h]g]efsf] k|tLssf]
egL b]vfP pgLxn] otfaf6 hfg] egL atfOlbP ;f]Wb}vf]Hb} d kdf lnOg] tfnaf6 lglSng] kmf]xf]f ToxLF cufl8 lyof] ko{6sx
To; Do'lhoddf k'u] Do'lhodsf] cufl8 7"nf] rf} of] cln k'fgf] To; kmf]xf]fnfO{ k5fl8 kfL kmf]6f] lnb} lyP tfnsf] lsgflsgf
7"nf] 3 lyof] l6s6 sfpG6 k|j]zf vf]Hb} otfptf 3'dF] l6s6 kfs{df dflg;x cffdn] 3'Db} lyP tfndf ;fgf;fgf 8'uf l6d
sfpG6 sxLF b]lvg To;kl5 af6f] lxl8x]sf Ps k'ln;nfO{ ;f]w] 6Gg} lyP ef8fsf l6d klg 3'ldx]Yof] otf] lr;f] kfgLdf xf;x
p;n] l6s6 lng' kb{}g egL k|j]zsf] nflu Pp6f l;;fsf] 7"nf] 9f]sflt cffdn] kf}l8x]y] d}n] klg tfnsf] kmf]xf]f csf kmf]6f lnP Ps

36 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 37

ToxLsf afl;Gbf xf]nfg pgL eGb} lyP cfsfz ;kmf ePsf] lbg ufP hgtfsf] fo a'em]sf] b'O{rf g]tfsf] lbdfudf h] r9of] ToxL
xf] o; 7fpsf] c;nL ;'Gbtf emlNsg] afbn nfu]sf] a]nf kmf]xf]fsf] ;a} hgtfsf] fo xf] eGg] s] h?L 5 pynk'yn x'g] ToqfToqf
jk fd|f];u b]lvb}g cfh cfsfz ;kmf gePsfn] Tolt fd|f] b]lvPg lg0f{o PSn}n] ug{ s;n] lbof] ltgLxnfO{ clwsf xfdLsxf t h] klg
egL b'Mvdgfp ub{} lyP slt ;+j]bgzLn ;r]t x]5g cfgf]] d'9]an vfP vf gvfP l3r oxL xf] gfuls ;jf{]Rrtf <
b]zsf] ;Dkbf ;'Gbtfaf] ToxfFsf gfuls 5Ss nfUof] ;+;f ;fd' km]l nfuf} h]g]eftkm{ ;fyLn] h]g]ef n]ssf] lsgfdf x]sf]
sfod ;'Gbtfsf] uf}j gwldlnof]; eGg] sf]l;; u] b]zk|]dsf] efjgf ;fgf] kxf8L ;'Gb atLlt nfg'eof] of] clt dxFuf] cfjf;Lo If]q x]5
emNsfpb} slt Jojlyt tlsfn] agfOPsf 3 af6f] ToxfFaf6 n]s 5n{u
ToxfFaf6 latf} 3'Db} xf]6nlt cfOk'u] xf]6ncufl8sf] kfs{sf] b]lvGYof] n]ssf] lsgfsf] af6fdf dfnfht} nfOg} aQL an]sf], ;x
rf}df cln cUnf] kf] 38L h8fg u]sf] b]v] Tolts} b]vfpg dfq Tot} lemlnldnL nIdL k"hfsf] ftem} slt dfOnf] lbp;f] eP oxfaf6
flvPsf] xf] ls egL fd|f];u lgofn] 38L rlnx]Yof] lj6hNofG8sf] n]s cem ;'Gb b]lvGYof] xf]nf pxfn] xfdLnfO{ ;xeGbf cln k sG6L
ljz]iftf xf] 38L of] 38L h]g]ef lrgfpg] k|tLssf] k xf]nfhtf] ;fO8lt nUg'eof] uf8L xfSb} ukm ub{} ubf{ pxfnfO{ uf8L slt lk8df
nfUof] To;kl5 xf]6n kmls{P >Ldfg klg ldl6 ;s] cfOk'Ug' uOx]5 eGg] ofb gePsf] xf] ls ;8ssf] dfly e'mlG8x]sf] lah'nL
eof] af]8{df lemdlemd aQL an] lk8 a9L ef] eGg] vtf lrXg b]vfOx]sf]
cfh l8gsf] nflu lj; ;fyLn] ;xaflx cln 6f9f u|fdL0f x]5 tL ;fyLn] xfdLnfO{ ;"lrt ufpb} uf8Lsf] lk8 7Ls u] crDd
If]qdf nfg] ljrf ug{'ePsf] x]5 lng cfpg'eof] ;fyLsf >Ldfg nfUof] sxf xf]nf Tof] oGq h;n] ;8sdf u'8b} u]sf] uf8Lsf] lk8 gfk]
>LdtL Ps k|m]Gr ;fyL hDdfhDdL kfr hgf lyof} hfbfhfb} cWoff] 8fOenfO{ ;r]t ufpg] xfd|f]htf] 7fpaf6 cfPsfnfO{ t h] klg
eO;s]sf] lyof] pgL cfkm}Fn] uf8L xfSb} lyP ;fy} h]g]efsf] ljz]if crDdnfUbf] x]5
ljz]if 7fpsf af]df hfgsfL klg lbb} lyPF xfdL a;]sf] xf]6nsf] s]xL ;xeGbf aflx zfGt jftfj0f, vf; lsl;dsf] ]6'fF x]5
b"Ldf ePsf] Pp6f 7"nf] lalN8 b]vfpb} pxfn] eGg'eof] of] ;sfL of] lj6hNofG8sf] vf; ljz]iftf, vfgfkl5 6nLdf u'8fpb} ljleGg
lalN8 oxfsf] ;aeGbf k'fgf]dWo]df kb{5 emG8} 8]9 ;o jif{ k'fgf] k|sfsf rLhx Nofp5g oxfsf] htf] rLhsf] k|sf ;+;fe cGt
o;nfO{ gukflnsfn] eTsfP gof agfpg] of]hgf agfPsf] 5 oxfsf] sxL x'b}g xf]nf cfhsf] ;fem cToGt dfOnf];u laTof] 5'lg] a]nf
of] s'f cToGt fd|f] nfUof] Tof] s] eg] ;xleqsf] af]df s'g} lg0f{o d}n] sf7df8f}af6 NofPsf] pkxf pgLxnfO{ lbP ;fx|} v';L eP
lng'kof] eg] hgdt ufObf] x]5 To; lalN8af] klg h]g]efjf;Lsf] ef]lnkN6 ldl6 l;lWbgf;fy of6'8] eGg] kxf8df hfb} lyof}
hgdt ufOof] ] h]g]efjf;Ln] aflxL cfj0f geTsfO{ htfsf] Tot} hxf cfO; ls a]n'lgsf] k|ltof]lutf x'b}5 ] jif{df Psrf]l6 oxL
fVg] lg0f{o u] cfh leqL efu eTsfP gof agfP klg aflxL efu ;dodf of] k|ltof]lutf x'bf] x]5 o;df efu lng dflg; 6f9f6f9fb]lv
pt} k'fgf] df}lns ksf] 5 pgLx cfgf]] df}lnstfdf uj{ u5{g cfp5g ] tL lj; ;fyLsf] of6'8]df cfg} 3 5 ;frf] lbG5'
crDd kb{} ;f]r] cxf] oxf sqf] dfg lbPsf x]5g hgtfnfO{ x]s d]f] 3d} ag' eGb} x'g'x'GYof] t xfdLn] xf]6ndf ag] ljrf uof}
lg0f{odf ;xefuL ufpb} grfxbfgrfxb} klg cfgf]] b]zsf] gLlt;u ef]lnkN6 ldl6 l;WofP >Ldfg Ps ah]lt cfpg'eof] To;kl5 xfdL
bfHg k'U5' s]xL ;dootf xfd|f] b]zdf sqfsqf lg0f{o eP Tof] klg 6ofS;L lnP ;Lw} 6]g 6];g k'Uof} lj6hNofG8sf] kxf8df klg ]n
b'O{rf g]tfsf] dlyundf h] r9]sf] lyof] ToxL eof] v} hgdt hfG5 egL ;'g]sL lyP cfh k|ToIf b]Vg ;o ug{ kfOg] eof] ;fx|}

38 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 39

sf}t"xn v';L nflux]Yof] 7f8} kxf8 pSng'cl3 df]G6' ;x k5{ Ps xf;x cfgGbn] kf}8L x]sf ;fgfb]lv 7"nf 8'ufdf dflg;x ;o
ft ToxL ag] ljrf uof} ]n h]g]ef tfnsf] lsgflsgf x'b} hfbf] ulx]sf n]ssf] csf{] lsgf hxf otfsf] ht} atL b]lvGYof] Tof]
x]5 7"N7"nf l;;fsf ofn, l;6 klg Tot} cffdbfoL aflx lxp atLsf] k5fl8sf] lxdfn O6nL b]zsf] Ps efu xf] ] 3'Dbf3'Db} rf}lt
k]sf] hf8f]htf] b]lvP klg ]nleq slt Gofgf] cfxf slt dfOnf] aQL aln;s]sf] lyof] n]s lsgfel klg aQLaQL dGbdGb lr;f]
of] h]g]ef tfnsf] nDafO &@ lsnf]ld6, rf}8fO !$ lsnf]ld6 xfjfsf] cfgGb lnb} 3'Db} lyof} To; lsgfaf6 l;fgsf] kxf8lt
ulxfO #!) ld6 5 ] of] tfnsf] cflvL 5]p df]G6' x]5 Tolt 7"nf] x]of} dfly Pp6f 7"nf] lemlnldnL bafhtf] 3 b]lvb} lyof] kSs}
tfndf hxfh, 8'uf ;fy} kfgLdf v]Ng] x]s vfn] v]n klg Tolts} x'bf] Tof] xf]6n xf]nf ToxfF;Dd s]df hfG5g xf]nf egL ;f]Rb} lyP 6'l6
x]5 8f8fsf] dflydflyaf6 uOx]sf] ]naf6 tfn tfnsf] kflklsf] nf]Eofpg xf]nf xfdL a;]sf] xf]6ndf Sofl;gf] klg lyof] ahfsf] Ps
;'Gb lxdfn b]lvx]Yof] cfgf]] b]zdf ]nsf] d'v b]Vg gkfPsf xfdLn] kmGsf] nufO{ xf]6n cfof} aflx hlt lr;f] lyof] sf]7fleq TolQs}
rf}ltsf] d0fLo jftfj0f ]nsf] ;km olt dgdf]xs lyof] ls olQs} Gofgf] ;'Tg'cl3 PskN6 km]l k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb 56f lgofNg dg nfUof]
;km ulx", ]naf6 gcf]n"{+htf] eof] aflx sf};Ldf cfof} ;kmf cfsfz rdrd rlDsx]sf tff tL klg
oxf a;f{tsf] kfgL xfdLsxfFhtf] d';nwf] df6f] ;a} aufpg] xfdL;u} v';L eO{ dfOx]sf x'g lshtf] nfUof] lr;f] eP klg
vfnsf] kbf{] x]g5 To;}n] xf]nf kxf8df klg xfdLsxfhtf] ufuf w]}a];Dd ToxLF al;Xof}
gagfP f]ln vfnsf] hldgdf v]tL u]sf 5g w]}h;f] oxfF cu' ef]lnkN6 laxfgsf] ]naf6 xfdLnfO{ of6'8] hfg' lyof]
nufPsf] b]lvof] h'g;'s} 7fpsf] atL klg slt Jojlyt b]lvG5 d]f ct[Kt gogx k|s[ltsf] ;'Gbtf cjnf]sg u] cem} c3fPsf
st} s]xL s'fsf] sdL 5}g To; n]ssf] k'5fcufl8 7"nf] 8fF8f lyof] lyPgg tL ;'Gb cd"No kn u'D5g lshtf] d]f] nf]eL dg ftdf
Tof] 8fF8fsf] dflydfly uPsf] df]6 af6f] 6f9}af6 k|6 b]lvGYof] Toxf fd|f];u lgb|f klg k]g lem;ld;]d} p7] sf};Ldf cfO{ ablnb} u]sf]
kxf8df af6f] agfpbf s]xL uL rfg kmf]L agfpg'kof] eg] kxf8nfO{ k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb d'xf lgxfg{ yfNof} To; 7fpsf] Tof] laxfgL slt ;'Gb
grnfO{sg tnaf6 nf p7fP To;dfly af6f] agfpbf x]5g k'n lyof] eGg] d zAbdf aofg ug{ ;lSbg ju{ eg]sf] ot} ;'Gb d0fLo
agfPht} rfgnfO{ 8fOgfdfO8n] kmf]bf{ kxf8 vnalnP k}f] hfg] x'G5 xf]nfhtf] nfUof] df}sf g} Tot} k]sf] cfh df};d Psbd ;kmf
8n] To;nfO{ rnfpb}gg cUnf]cUnf] lkn agfO{ af6f] agfPsf] lyof] k"j{ltaf6 clncln pHofnf] k|sfz km}nb} sfnf] cWoff] ftnfO{
6f9}af6 b]lvG5 slt ljrf k'ofPsf 5g df]G6' h]g]ef n]ssf] klZrdlt ws]Nb} lyof] k"j{lts} cfsfzdf cfwf rGb|df hudufpb}
lsgfdf cjlyt Pp6f ;fgf] ahf ePsf] 7fp x]5 ;fgf] 7fp eP tffxnfO{ x]b{} d's'fOx]Yof]] rfx laxfgLsf] ;s]t lbb} lrla
xf]nf h]g]efeGbf oxf xf]6n ;tf] sf]7f klg 7"nf] lyof] xfdL a;]sf] lrla ub{} lyP cfxf slt d0fLo lyof] Tof] laxfgL aflx lgSs}
xf]6n 7Ls n]ssf] lsgfdf lyof] xfdL a;]sf] sf]7f n]s ;fO8lt} hf8f] lyof] leq hfg dg} nfu]g w]}a];Dd ;'Gb, d0fLo laxfgLsf]
lyof] xfd|f] sf]7faflx Pp6f 7"nf] sf};L lyof] hxf a;L n]s 7Ls ;fjfbg lnOXof} latf} lxdfnsf] lzdf lStd nflndf 5fpg
cufl8 lxdfnsf] ;'Gb b[Zosf] cfgGb lng kfOg] n]ssf] lsgflsgf yfNof] fte tfndf kf}8b} u]sf xf;x clncln b]lvg yfn]
af6f] dflg;x ud n'uf 6Dd nufP s's'nfO{ klg n'uf nufOlbP rfx cfgf]] u'8af6 lgSnb} cfsfzdf sfjf vfb} p8b} lyP ;fob
8f]ofpb} 3'Dg lglSnPsf xfdL klg n]s lsgflt 3'Dg lglSnof} ef]sfPsf ar]fxnfO{ cfxff vf]Hg lgSn]sf xf]nfg cyjf xfdLn]em}
n]ssf] kfgL olt ;kmf s~rg lyof] ls ;a} lkP ;Sg'htf] nfUof] ;'Gb laxfgLsf] cfgGb lng p8]sf xf]nfg latf} af6fdf dflg;sf]

40 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 41

rxnkxn b]lvg yfNof] dlg{jfsdf lgSn]sf xf]nfg sf]xL km6fkm6 x]5 rf}lt ;]tf] un}rf la5ofPhtf] 6]g ToxL dflyaf6 cfgf]]
lx8b} lyP t sf]xL bf}8b} lyP w]}h;f]sf] ;fydf s's' lyof] k"j{ltsf] ultdf bf}8b} lyof] otfsf] e]usf] km]l cnu ;'Gbtf, vx lxpn]
8fF8flt Psgf;n] x]lxF] latf} afn ;"o{ cfgf]] slnnf] k|sfzn] nrSs nlRsPsf, 7fp7fpdf ;fgf;fgf 3 xfd|f] ufp3df u]ht}
k[YjLnfO{ hudufpb} 8fF8faf6 d's'fpb} b]vfk] Pp6f l;uf] cfufsf] oxfF klg hf8f] ofdsf] nflu bfpfsf] hf]xf] ubf{ x]5g k|To]ssf] 3sf]
l9Ssfht} Ps kN6 rf}lt x]] lxdfn k"0f{ of}jgdf k'u]ht} aflx Ps efudf ldnfP ;fgf;fgf d'8fx flvPsf xf]rfxf]rf
hudufOx]Yof] k[YjLjf;Lx cfcfgf] sfo{ If]qdf nflu;s]sf lyP ufO{ kfNg] uf]7, lrl6Ss k]sf 3 kf]6 x]]ht} nfUof] kxf8}kxf8
o; laxfgLsf] ;'Gbtf d]f] dgdf o;L u9]sf] 5 ls d hLjge e'Ng x'b} 6]g cfgf]] uGtJotkm{ bf}8b} lyof] 6];g cfpg'cl3 ca of] 6];g
;lSbg xf]nf cfpb} 5 egL k|;f ubf]{ x]5 To; 6];gdf cf]n{g]x cfgf]] ;fdfg
ca xfdL;u of6'8] hfg] ;do w]} afsL lyPg To;}n] ofqfsf] lnO{ 9f]sfdf plebf x]5g 6]g f]lsgf ;fy c6f]d]l6s 9f]sf v'N5
tv ub{} tn ]6'fFdf a|]s kmf6 vfg uof} h'g clt ;'Gb n]s aflx lgSnG5g 8fOen] pt}af6 9f]sf vf]Ng] aGb ug{] ub{5 xfdL
;fO8lt g} lyof] ;'Gbtfsf] cfgGb lnb} gftf vfof} xf]6nsf] ;a} cf]n{g] 6];g cfpb} lyof] ;fdfg lnO{ 9f]sfdf uO{ plEeg'kYof]{ cln
cf}krflstf k"f uL xfdL 6]g 6];gtkm{ nfUof} of] Tolt 7"nf] 6];g ;'t eOP5 f]s]kl5 ;fdfg lnO{ hfbfhfb} 9f]sf aGb eO{ 6]gn] ult
t xf]Og t oxfaf6 w]}lt 6]g hfbf] x]5 oxfsf] 6]g oftfoft lnOxfNof] xfdL Psl5g t cflQof}, cndNn kof} ca s] ug]{ < c
;sfL geO{ ;a} k|fOe]6 xf] ] 6]g b'O{tLg yL sDkgLsf] 5 ] af6f] ofq'xn] eg] csf{] 6];gdf cf]ng { ' clg otf cfpg] 6]g
df cfO{ oxf cf]ng
{ '
lsGg], 6]gsf] lnu la5ofpg], 6];g agfpg] ofjt s'f ;a} k|fOe]6 ug{ t Tot} kg{] eof] t xfdLnfO{ csf]{ s'fn] lknf] kfof] To; 7fpdf
sDkgLn] u]sf] xf] ] crDd nfUof] k|fOe]6n] sqf] b"lb[i6 uL nufgL ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf 5}g 6ofS;L klg klxnf g} c8{ u] dfq
nufPsf clg kf] b]z ljsf; x'G5 xfdLsxf t cfhsf] ef]ln ;f]Rg] cfp5 ] xfdLnfO{ xf]6naf6 lng cfPsf] xf]nf xfdLnfO{ gb]v] kms{G5 ls
of]hgf agfpg] s;}nfO{ km';{t 5}g ;a}nfO{ xtf 5 ;Qf eQfsf] eGg] 8 eof] xfdL;u p;sf] df]afOn gDa klg lyPg
cfkm" PSnf]n] df]hdtL ug{ kfP k'Uof] csf{] 6];gdf cf]ln{of} otf kms{g] 6]gnfO{ s'L aof}
lxp kf]; ls cfwLa]L cfcf]; 6]g cfpg] hfg] tf]lsPsf] Ouln; l;g]dfdf b]vfPht} htftt} lxp g} lxp ;fgf] lrl6Ss k]sf]
;dodf Ps ldg]6sf] klg kms kb{}g ;dosf Tolt kSsf 5g 6];g 6Dd ud n'uf nufPsf dflg; 6]g s'lx]sf v'Nnf cfsfz
7Ls ;dodf 6]gn] ult lnof] of6'8] hfgnfO{ ToxL l;fgsf] kxf8 3fd klg k"0f{ of}jgdf k'u]sf] Gofgf]Gofgf] cfgGb nfUof] rf}lt b[li6
pSng'kbf{] x]5 6]g psfnf] r9b} lyof] hlthlt dfly uof] plt 3'dfP cu|]hL l;g]dfdf b]vfOg] b[Zoht} dfOnf] nfUof] ToxfF w]}
plt h]g]ef n]s 6f9f6f9f;Dd ;'Gb ;x b]lvof] slnnf] 3fd, a] kv{g k]g ljkLt lbzfaf6 cfPsf] 6]gaf6 lglZrt 6];gdf
;kmf cfsfzcufl8 lxdfn olt d0fLo lyof] ls Tof] k|s[ltsf] ;'Gbtf k'Uof} o;kfnf t km'tL{;fy cf]ln{of} cln l9nf;'tL ug]{sf] t oxfF sfd}
dGqd'Uw eO{ lgxflXof} cl3Nnf] lbg tnaf6 8fF8fdf dxnhtf] x]g5 wGo xfdLnfO{ lng cfPsf] 6ofS;L s'lx]sf] x]5 ToxfFaf6
xf]6n b]v]sf], Toxf;Dd s]df hfg] xf]nf egL ;f]r]sL lyP cfh ToxL xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} vf;df of] 7fp ljleGg lxpsf] v]nsf] nflu k|Voft
xf]6nsf] 5]paf6 6]g hfFb} lyof] To; 8fF8fsf] l;fgdf k'u]kl5 6]g x]5 o; 7fpsf w]}h;f] 3 h]g]efsf wgLwgLsf] v]n v]Ng cfpbf
Pp6f ;'?leq kof] cs{} 7fpdf lglSnof] To; 8fF8fsf] 7Ls k5fl8 ag] 3 x'g ] To;}n] oxf Tolt rxnkxn lyPg cln ;'g;fg
eP xf]nf ca h]g]ef n]s b]lvg 5f8of] o; efudf lxp k|zt k]sf] lyof] xf]6n klg w]} 5}g ] xfdL a;]sf] xf]6n slasla tLg

42 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 43

;o jif{ k'fgf] xf] ] sf7}sf7sf] ;a} Jojyf ldnfOPsf] ;fgf] lyof] lr;f] xfjf leq kof] dfOnf] nfUof]
Ps hgf km'lt{nL dlxnfn] rnfPsL lx5g tL dlxnf slxn] efG;fdf Eff]lnkN6 laxfgsf] df};d crDdl;t ablnP5 lxhf]sf]]
k'lU5g t slxn] l;]K;gdf o; 7fpdf 3'Dg cfP klg xf]6ndf ag Totf] fd|f] 3dfOnf] lbg, cfh uDd afbn nfuL lxp kg]{ tofLdf
sd} cfpbf x]5g Sof] tL dlxnf cfkm" aflxkm] hfbf 8fOenfO{ lyof] l;]K;g;u} l6eL sf]7f To;;u} af klg lyof] ToxfF a;L tftf]
s'?jf fv] hfbL lx5g xfd|f] sf]7f dflyNnf] tnfdf lyof] hxfaf6 skmL lkof} l6eL sf]7faf6 tn a];d]G6df hfg] eof x]5 8fOe
6f9f6f9f;Ddsf] b[Zo b]lvGYof] w]} lbgkl5 cfh ;"o{ eujfgn] bz{g a]nfa]nfdf tn hfb}cfpb} ub{} lyof] kl5 p;n] eGof] a];d]G6df
lbPsf] htf] 5 lxp k]kl5 3fd nfUbfsf] ;'Gbtf cj0f{gLo x'G5 3 ttfpg] AjfPn 5 h;df kfgL tftL Tof] kfgL 3el nufOPsf]
rf}lt lxp eP klg 3fd nfu] xf]nf Tolt hf8f] nfu]g vfgf vfO{ kfOkaf6 lx8bf 3 tftf] x'G5 ToxL AjfPndf ;fgf];fgf] bfpf
s'g} ljnDa guL k|s[ltdf dfpg lglSnofF} hxfhxf df]6 u'8]sf fVg pm a]nfa]nf tn hfbf] x]5 lbge lxp kof] sxL hfg] s'}
lyP ToxfToxf lxp klUnP lx8g ldNg] gq c 7fpdf t lrlKng] 8 ePg lxpdf lx8g] h'Qf klg x'g'kof] gq lrKn] v'f eflrg] 8
x'bf] x]5 xfdL lxp 5Nb} latflatf 6f9f;Dd k'Uof} h;h;sf] dfly tnfdf ePsf] afb{nLaf6 lxp k]sf] x]b{} aof} xNsf skf; em]em}
oxf 3 5 pgLxsf] uf8L cfpg] Aff6fdf cnucnu Uof]h 5 kmkm emb{} lyof] lbgsf] vfgf klg ToxL vfof} 8fOesf] ukm ;'g]
Uof]h klg ldf]6n] v'N5 Uof]hleq uf8L fvL ToxL leqaf6 Pp6f aof} vf;df tL 8fOe cfO; ls l;sfpg] k|lzIfs x]5g ca
6nLdf a;L cfgf]] 3leq k'U5g ] aflx lxpdf lx8bf lrlKng] 8n] efu lng] k|ltof]uLxnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg hfG5' egL pgL af6f] nfu]
xf]nf slt aGbf]at hxfF OR5f ToxfF pkfP lbdfu d]xgtsf] ld>0f lxp klx]sf] sxL hfg] s'f klg ePg km]l xfdLnfO{ lxpsf] v]naf]
oxf k|zt b]Vg kfOof] tL lj; ;fyLsf] ot} lsl;dsf] oxfF 3 5 ] s]xL yfxf klg lyPg ftsf] vfgf klg xfdLn] ToxL vfof} ef]lnkN6
xfdLnfO{ ;frf] lbG5' o;f]o;f] u] hfg" egL ;Demfpb} lyP s]s] xf] laxfgsf] 6]gaf6 xfdLnfO{ h]g]ef kms{g' lyof]
s]s] csf{sf] 7fp ufx|f] nfUof] xf]6nd} ag] ljrf uof} clg pg}n] xfdL ;fgf] 5bf xfd|f] a'afsf] ;'b"klZrd bfr{'nf ;?jf ePYof]
xf]6n a's ufOlbP ToxfF abf b]v]y] hf8f]el e]8f, Rofu|f, rf}+L ;a} hgfjnfO{ lxdfnaf6
dfpb} lxpdf a;L kmf]6f] lnof} Tof] 7fpsf] ;'Gbtfsf] ;kfg tn a];Ldf emfy{] cln hf8f] sd ePkl5 km]l lxdfnlt psfNy] Tot}
ub{} lj6hNofG8sf] lxp x]g]{ wf]sf] k'ofP ;femdf sf]7faflx afb{nLdf oxf klg lxp kg{] a]nfdf ufO{at'nfO{ tn a];Ldf emf5{g ] oxf ePsf
a;L k|s[ltsf] cjnf]sg ub{} aof} Tolt prfOdf eP klg Tof] 7fp ufO{uf]7x clxn] lxp kg]{ a]nf nueu vfnL 5g ] s'g}s'g} uf]7df
kmflsnf] cfO; ls ug{ ldNg] clncln lefnf] 8fF8f, oftfoftsf] ;a} tftf] x'g] Jojyf ldnfO{ ufO{x flvPsf] 5 ] ht} ljsl;t 7fp eP
;'ljwf k'u]sf] xlx;fan] kkm]S6 x]5 klg ;xL hLjgeGbf kxf8L hLjg ;3if{k"0f{ sl7g g} x'G5 oxL
Ps xKtfkl5 Toxf cGtf{li6o x6 Po a]n'g p8fpg] k|ltof]lutf ;3if{ d]xgtn] ubf{ cfh ;+;fe o; b]zsf] gfd pRr 5
x'b}x]5 s]xL lbg a;] k|ltof]lutf x]] hfpm egL h]g]efsf ;fyL hf]8 ef]lnkN6 laxfg gftf vfP 6];gtkm{ nfUof} cfh klg
ub{} lyP ToxL ;dodf cfO; lssf] klg k|ltof]lutf x'b} 5 ] flt df};d Tolt fd|f] lyPg lxp gk] klg cfsfz Tolt v'Nnf b]lvb}gYof]
v} slt ah]sf] lyof] ofn vf]n] x]of} 6x6x h"g nfu]sf], lxpdf 6];gaflx cTolws hf8f] lyof] To;}n] leq k|tLIffnodf uO{ aof}
h"gsf] k|sfz kbf{ htftt} rfbL la5ofPht} hldg rlDsx]Yof] Gofgf] lyof] Toxf h]g]ef hfg] a"9fa"9L;lxt w]} dflg; lyP Ps
aflx ;]tfDd] lxp eP klg leq sf]7f gg tft]sf] ofn vf]Nbf x'lQb} ldg]6sf] klg kms gkfL 7Ls ;dodf 6]g cfOk'Uof] ;kgf b]v]ht}

44 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 45



;hfpb} sltn] klxnf]rf]l6 Kn]g r9]sf xf]nfg gof cg'ej cln cfOlbP emu8fsf] aLp g} pld|b}gYof] of] ;+;f slt ;'GbzfGt x'GYof]
cflQPhtf], 8fPhtf] stfstf xfPhtf] kljf;usf] la5f]8sf] xf]nf t ldrfxf k|j[lQn] ufh]sf] of] ;+;f sdhf] kfP lyrf]ldrf]
kL8f OToflb ldl>t efj d'xfdf k|6 b]lvGYof] Psb'O{rf]l6 ljb]z uP ug{ cl3 ;L xfN5 oxfF s;nfO{ km';{b 5 csf{sf] cK7off] b'Mvaf]
cfO;s]sf cg'ejLx gofnfO{ ctL{pkb]z lbb} Toxfsf lgod ;Demfpb} ;f]RgnfO{ km]l csf{n] cfgf]a] f] ;f]lrb]nfg eGg' klg t d"vt{ f xf] cfgf]]
lyP csf{sf] 7fp stf] xf]nf stf] sfd ug{'kg]{ xf] g efiff ldN5, dfnsf] ;'Iff cfkmFn} ] ug{ ;Sg'k5{ lbgsf] pHofnf]df eP of] af]8{ nfOg
g pgLxn] rfx]htf] sfd hfg]sf] 5 s]s] ug{'kg]{ xf] s;}s;}sf] sxf b]lvGYof] xf]nf h]xf]; cfgf]] 3sf] ;'Iff cfkm}n
F ] ug{k' 5{ eGg] ultnf]
dg To;}To;} cflQOx]Yof] xf]nf lg sf9] vtf df]n]sf 5g ltg{ b[i6fGt b]Vg kfOof] xfd|f] b]zdf klg ot} uL af nufpg ;s] s]xL
;lsPnf ls g;lsPnf dgdf zsf plAhb} xf]nf t}klg cefj}cefjdf dfqfdf eP klg cftsckfw sd x'GYof] xf]nf ls
lklN;Psf o'jfx k};f sdfO{ ;'vL hLjgsf] klsNkgfdf 8'Ab} csf{sf] ca km]l nfuf} ofqftkm{ sla kfr 3G6fdf stfsf] fhwfgL
7fpdf htf] sfd ug{ klg tTk ePsf 5g ;DkGg 3sf eP s] otf] bf]xfdf hxfh cjt0f ub{} 5 eGg] s'f klrflsfn] pb3f]if ulg
b'Mv ug{ cl3 ;y]{ xf]nf cfgf]] 7fpdf ;lhnf]l;t k};f sdfpg] df}sf kfP ;a} ofq'x l;6 ;Lwf kfL a]N6 afFw] ;fjwfg eO{ a;] d}n] ofnaf6
sf] csf{sf] 7fpdf b'Mv kfpg, csf{sf] nftaft ;xg cfpYof] dha'Ln] t aflx x]] cxf] stf] lemlnldnL 3fd nfu]ht} aQLsf] pHofnf]
xf] kfOnf 8f]lPsf x]s If]qdf ePsf] cfly{s dGbL, a]f]hufLn] o'jfxnfO{ dflyaf6 x]b}{ nfUof] slt Jojlyt tlsfn] ;x a;fn]sf 5g sqf
ljb]z knfog x'g dha' agfPsf] 5 xfd|f] b]zdf sqf uugr'DaL ejgx ;f]r] oL ;a} lgdf{0fsfo{df xfd|f bfh'efOsf]
df};d fd|f] eP xf]nf p8fg klg fd|} lyof] ofnaf6 lgk slt kl;gf ax]sf] 5 gu|f slt lvPsf] 5 slt b'Mv u]sf 5g,
cWoff]df cfvf 8'nfP sxLsxL u'hd'Rr aQL an]sf] b]lvGYof] kSs} sltsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 To;sf] s'g} n]vfhf]vf g} 5}g
Tof] s'g} ;x xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg nufP cfwL h"gsf] l9Ssf] xfdLnfO{ stf ljsl;t ePsf] w]} ;do ePsf] 5}g cf7b; jif{
kR5fpb} ;u;u} lxl8x]Yof] klrflsfn] ykLykL ;a}nfO{ vfgf cl3;Dd oxf vf; s]xL lyPg ] phf8 d?e"ld, ;'Svf w"nf] df6f]
v'jfO;lsg lgSs} a]df of egf} Kn]g p8]sf] 8]9b'O{ 3G6fdf nfdf] ePsf] 7fpsf] cfh sfofkn6 ePsf] 5 Pokf]6{sf] htftt} gofgof
aQLsf] dfnfhtf] b]lvof] h'g dfnfsf] aQL sxL 6'6]sf] lyPg nfOg} aGb} u]sf ;+rgf b]lvP sqfsqf cf}hfxaf6 fte sfd x'G5
Psgf;n] lgs}a] aQL an]sf] b]lvof] Tof] s] xf]nf < crDd nfUof] xf]nf a;af6 6ld{gn ejglt nfUof} a;af6 6ld{gn ejg;Dd emG8}
Po xf]6]hnfO{ ;f]w] pgn] elgg of] OlG8of kflstfgsf] af]8{ aL; ldg]6 hlt nfUof] xf]nf slt 7"nf] Pokf]6{, htftt} stf Posf
nfOg xf] hxf l;dfgfdf lah'nLsf] tfaf nufP aGb ulPsf] 5 Kn]g lyP xfdL 6flGh6 nfpGhtkm{ nfUof} Toxfaf6 km]l a;df fvL
Toltn] gk'uL tfafdf fte aQL aflnG5 cfgf]] k"} l;dfgfdf xfdLnfO{ lahg]; nfpGhlt nu] lahg]; nfpGhsf] jftfj0f b]v]
Toqf] 5]saf dnfO{ nfUof] otf] dha''t afaf6 t Pp6f d';f] klg l5g{ xfdL 5Ss kof} lahg]; nfpGhsf] nflu cnu Pp6f 7"nf] ejg
;Sb}g xf]nf sqf] aGbf]at cxf] slt vr{ d]xgt u]sf x]5g t 5'fPsf] x]5 ToxfF vfg]lkpg]b]lv lnP aRrfxsf] nflu v]Ng]
Toqf] l;dfgfdf fte aQL aNg] s;}n] cWoff]sf] kmfObf gp7fpmg 7fp, g;{L, cfOdfO{sf] nflu Ao'6L kfn{, ;fdfg lsGgsf] nflu sd'St
eg] xf]nf cfgf]] y}nLsf] d'v cfkm}Fn] aGb fVg ;s] cnfO{ bf]if k;n, OG6g]6 rnfpg sDKo'6sf] Jojyf, ;do lat]sf] kQ} gx'g]
lbg' g} k]g eGg] gLlt ckgfPsf x]5ghtf] nfUof] x'g klg xf], t dfOnf] dfGb} 5f]f d otfptf 3'Db} ;a} x]b{} lyof} g}f]aL hfg] ofq'
htf] cfgf]] gLlt 5 Tot} c ;a}sf] klg xf]nf eGg] 1fg tL ;a}df egL af]nfpg cfof] cffdbfoL nfpGhsf] w]}a] jfb lng} kfOPg

48 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 49

 a;af6 xfdLnfO{ Kn]g;Dd k'ofP sf7df8f}b]lv bf]xf;Dd lemlnldnL, Jojlyt tlsfn] a;flnPsf] ;x Toxfsf] ;docg';f
cfpg] ofq'eGbf bf]xfg}f]aLsf] ofq' sd x]5g Kn]g cln ;fgf] lyof] laxfgsf] Tot} kfr ah]sf] lyof] Kn]g hf]df] s]Gof6f OG6g];gn
Pokf]6{sf] rf}lt stf Posf] 7"nf;fgf Kn]g slt xf] slt stf Pokf]6{df cjt0f uof] Kn]g lglZrt 7fpdf f]lsPkl5 6o'a NofO{
Po ;'? ePsf] w]} ;do ePsf] 5}g ] t slt pGglt ul;s]5 Kn]gsf] 9f]sfdf hf]l8of] ofq'x latflatf Kn]gaf6 6ld{gn
To;sf] t'ngfdf s7} xfd|f] Ps dfq Wjhfafxs h]7f] PonfOgsf] ejglt kfOnf ;fb{} lyP cWofudgaf6 kf; eO{ cl3 a9of} le;f
cjyf ;Dembf a}fUo 5'6of] xfdLn] sf7df8f}sf] la|l6; fhb"tfjf; gfukf]vLsf] le;f zfvfaf6 g}
stf b]zsf] clxn]sf] fhfsf] a'afsf] kfnfdf vf;} ljsf; x'g lnPsfn] s'g} ;dof ePg slt ko{6sx oxL Pokf]6{af6 le;f
;s]sf] lyPg ] t]n k|zt ePsf] d'n's k};fsf] s] sdL a'afsf] lnOx]sf lyP
b"blz{tfsf] sdL, ;'t rfn 5f]fnfO{ dg k]g b; jif{ hltcl3 >Ldfg tLg dlxgfb]lv blIf0f ;'8fgdf sfo{t x'g'x'GYof]
a'afnfO{ kG;fP 5f]fn] fhsfh xftdf lnP oL clxn] ePsf ;ff To;}n] yf]} ;'8fgaf] hfgsfL lnpm pQblIf0f ;'8fgLaLr nfdf]
ljsf; 5f]fn] ubf{ ePsf] xf] dflg;n] jR5 dgn] cf6of] d]xgt ;do;Dd rn]sf] u[xo'4n] tx;gx; kf]sf] If]qdf cfh zflGt 5fPkl5
uof] eg] gx'g] eGg] s] x]5 t eGg] pbfx0f xf] of] ToxfF olt w]} gof lgdf{0fsfo{ eOx]5 pQblIf0f ;'8fgsf] cfk;df wd{af] lnP
dfqfdf gofFgofF ljsf; lgdf{0fsfo{ eOx]sf 5g ls hlt sfdbf eP emu8f ePsf] xf] Tof] klg t];|f] kIfn] cfgf]] kmfObfsf] nflu emu8f
klg k'Ub}g ula d'n'ssf sfdbfx Toxf k'u]sf 5g xfd|f] b]zaf6 rDsfOlbPsf] klg x'g ;S5 pQ ;'8fgdf Onflds blIf0f ;'8fgdf
dlxgfdf xhff}xhf sfdbf uP klg k'u]sf] 5}g b'j} yLnfO{ kmfObf lqmlrogsf] a;f]af; 5 u[xo'4n] Toxfsf] ;+rgf dfq tx;gx;
g} ePsf] 5 pgLxnfO{ sfd rflxPsf] 5 xfd|fnfO{ bfd kf]sf] x}g ls Toxfsf afl;Gbfsf] afgL g} km]lPsf] 5 pj{ e"ld k|zt
cfgf]] b]zdf ot} uL b|'t ultdf ljsf; eO{ sfdsf] 5]nf]v]nf] kfgL eP klg Toxf v]tL x'b}g bof u] csf{n] lbPsf] vfgfn] hLjg
eP csf{sf] 7fpdf s;n] kf] wfpYof] ;fu l;g' vfPsf] a]; wfg]sf 5g lsgeg] u[xo'4sf] a]nf Hofg hf]ufpg efufefu ug{'kof]
cfgGbL dgn] eg]em} x'GYof] xf]nf t Totf] lbg slxn] cfpnf efufefudf s;n] v]tL ug{] Ps} 7fpdf ag kfP kf] v]tL klg ug{'
v}===lbjfjKght} ePsf] 5 g]kfnLnfO{ z0ffyL{ lzljdf csf{n] 5llbPsf bfgfkfgL vfb} lbg latfP ca
g]kfnLx Odfgbf, d]xgtL eP klg xf]nf pgLxnfO{ ;an] t logLxnfO{ csf{n] l;Q}df lagfd]xgt lbPsf] vfgf vfg] afgL g}
dg kfpg] vf8L d'n'sdf nfvf}nfv g]kfnL sfdbfx 5g kl;Sof] ca d]xgt ug{], b'Mv uL sdfO{ vfg] afgL xfO{ cN5L
bf]xfb]lv g}f]aLsf] p8fg cjlw kfr 3G6fsf] lyof] s'n ;dodf cf;]jfgL kl;Sof] v]tL ug{ hfGg] k'fgf k'tf dl;s] xf]nfg
e"uf]n k9bf clk|msf eg]sf] hunL dflg; ag] yfg xf] ;+;feGbf gof k'tfnfO{ v]tL eg]sf] s]xf] s;L ulG5 eGg] s]xL 1fg 5}g
cnu b'lgofFsf htf ku, e]ife"iff, dfG5]sf] df;'vfg], v, dfs'fn] xf]nf slxn] s]xL u]sf] eP kf] yfxf xf]; km]l cfkm"n] s]xL gug{] xf]
klg dfG5] vfg], vla?jf olt cUnf x'G5g ls hgfjx vdfly eg] csf{n] lbPsf] bfgn] slt lbg k'Ug] To;}n] Toxf ulaLsf] lgs}
ag]sf] hldghtf] efudf a5g ] eGg] k9]sL lyP clk|msf eg]sf] rfk 5 cln b'u{d 7fpdf t clxn] klg dfG5]sf] df;' vfG5g ]
stf] xf]nf eGg] h'g sf}t"xn d]f] dgdf lyof] Tof] cfh cfg} cfvfn] sLf km6ofu|fhtf] aRrf klg hlt hlGdof]; dtna 5}g nfU5
x]L k"f ug{] eP egL Hofb} v';L nflux]Yof] g}f]aL pqg] ;do ePsf] ca ToxfF hunL dflg;nfO{ htf] x]s s'fsf] tflnd lbg'kg{] h?L
klrflsfn] pb3f]if ulg ofnaf6 aflx x]] oxfF klg htftt} 5 o'4n] slt;Dd xflggf]S;fgL ubf{] x]5 t o'4sf] ;'?jft ug{]n] s]

50 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 51

kfP xf]nfg cfh pgLxs} b'MvL ;Gtfgn] cfg} k'vf{nfO{ slt ;fKbf lnPsL lyP, Tof] ;a} kvflnP abnfdf n3'tfef; eof] ht} ula
xf]nfg ;dfhdf cfkm" To; kljfsf] eGg klg nhfp5g xf]nf eGg] d'n'sdf uP klg cGt efudf geP klg fhwfgL t Jojlyt
clxn];Dddf t tL o'4stf{ dL klg ;s] xf]nfg pgLxs} ;Gtfgn] ;'Gb x'G5 xfd|f]htf] cJojlyt fhwfgL t st} 5}g xf]nf dgdf
klg slt b'Mv v]Kb} xf]nfg b]z jif}{+ jif{sf] nflu k5fl8 ws]lnof] ot} s'f v]nfpb} lvGgtf dx;'; uF]
cflv o'4n] s;nfO{ slt kmfObf eof] t ;+;fe ot} Psb'O{ d"v{ g}f]aL ;x ;d'b| ;txaf6 kfr xhf lkm6sf] prfOdf 5
;Gsfxf g]tfsf sf0f b]zjf;Ln] laTyfdf b'Mv v]Kg'k]sf] syf w]} 5g Toxfsf] df};d ;w} Psgf;] fd|f] x'bf] x]5 g vKg} g;lsg] udL{ g
ot} syf ;'g] klg g]tfxnfO{ a]n}df a'l4 knfpg'kg{] xf] t ckm;f]r s7flu|g] hf8f] l7Sssf] dfOnf] nfUg] vfnsf] lyof] rNb} u]sf]
lnK;fn] a'l4 e|i6 eO{ s';L{df k'Ubf;Dd ;a}sf] cfvfdf gfd|f];u hfnf] dGbdGb lr;f] xfjfn] ofqfsf] ysfg b" eO{ zLdf gof pmhf{ ylkb}
nflu;Sbf] x]5 cfkm"nfO{ ;+od ug{ ;Sb}gg Pskl5 csf{] bnbndf lyof] kljfsf ;fy Ps cnu dxfLksf] ;km cToGt cfgGbbfoL
kmb} hfG5g pgLxsf] d"v{tfsf] sf0f kmf]s6df lgbf{]if hgtfn] nfUof] ;kgf kf] xf] lshtf] nfUof] PskN6 hf]8n] cfvf lrDd uL
b'Mvdfly b'Mv v]k]sf 5g vf]n] xf]Og of] ljkgf g} xf] egL k|;Ggtfdf 8'a] dfOnf] If0fsf] cfgGb
xfd|f] xft] Aofu dfq lyof] To;}n] ;fdfgsf] nflu xfdLn] s'g'{ lnbflnb} af;yfg cfO;s]5 xfdL sG6L nh ;fd' lyof} g}f]aLsf]
k]g cWofudgaf6 aflx cfpg xfdL cfdf5f]f xtflb} lyof} h'g;'s} 7"nf]7"nf] clkm;, xf]6nxdf ;'Iff Jojyf Psbd s8f u]sf]
lsgeg] tLg dlxgfkl5 >Ldfg;u e]6 x'g nfu]sf] lyof] cfh ;'8fgdf kfOof] xfdL ag] nh 6ls{; b"tfjf;sf] 7Ls cufl8 eP klg xf]
ljleGg ljb]zL sDkgLx lgdf{0fsfo{df h'6]sf 5g To;dWo] Ps ls ;'Iff Jojyf s8f u]sf] aflx k|j]zdfu{df uf8{xn] r]s uL
la|l6; sDkgLn] km]l d]f] >LdfgnfO{ af]nfof] blIf0f ;'8fgdf zflGt k7fP Toxfaf6 xf]6nsf] d'Vo 9f]sfdf k|j]z ug{ ls t xfdL;u ;frf]
5 s'g} vtf 5}g ] t gof lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] 7fpdf kljf ag x'g'kof] ls t leq l;]K;gaf6 a6g lylrlbg'kof] clg dfq 9f]sf
ldNg] s'g} 7fp 5}g kljf nfg ldNb}g egL sDkgLn] va uof] v'Ng] x]5 xtktL lagfsfdsf dflg; leq kg gkfpmg eg] xf]nf
>Ldfg;u ;'8fg hfg] d]f] OR5f aLr}df 6'6of] >Ldfg tLg dlxgfdf g}f]aL klg cln u8a8 If]q g} xf] Sof]
sfdaf6 kfpg] s]xL lbgsf] 5'Ldf g}f]aL cfpb} x'g'x'GYof] b;}sf] 6Lsf xfdL cfdf5f]f clt yfs]sf lyof} sf]7fdf cfO{ gfg uL
nufpg'sf] ;fy} g}f]aL ;kmfLkfs{ 3'Dg] xfdLn] of]hgf agfof} To;}n] tfhf eO{ gftf vfg uof} gftf vfP >Ldfg clkm; hfg'eof] 5f]f
xfdLn] 6Lsfs} lbg sf7df8f}F 5f8of} nfdf] ;dokl5 >LdfgnfO{ e]6b} d ;kmsf] ysfg b" ug{ lgb|fb]jLsf] z0fdf k'Uof} lbp;f] p7]
lyof} xtflb} aflx cfof} >Ldfg cwL eO{ xfd|f] af6f] x]b{} x'g'x'GYof] nGr vfof} km]l ;'Tof} lbgesf] cffdn] aNn zLdf km"lt{ cfof]
xfdLnfO{ b]v] pxfsf] d'xf v';Ln] rlDsnf] eof] xfdL klg k|;Ggtfsf kfr ah] >Ldfg clkm;af6 cfpg'eof] ;do v] gkmfnL 6ofS;L lnO{
;fy pxf;fd' k'Uof} enfs';fL ub{} 6ofS;L lnO{ xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} xfdL ;x 3'Dg lglSnof} g}f]aL km}lnP x]sf] 7"nf] ;x x]5 hldg
Pokf]6{b]lv xf]6n;Ddsf] b"L Tot} cfwf 3G6fsf] lyof] xf]nf ;a]} dw];sf] htf] Psgf;sf] ;Dd klg xf]Og 7"N7"nf 8f8f klg xf]Og f]ln
eP xf] ls af6fdf Tolt eL8ef8 lyPg ;8s vfnL vfnL lyof] 6fOksf] hldg dfOnf] nfUof] wgLulasf] oxfF 7"nf] lje]b x]5htf]
5f]f d cfZro{ dfGb} bfofafof x]b{} lyof} cd]lsfsf] s'g} ;xeGbf 5 wgLxsf w]} 7fp cf]u6]sf 7"nf7"nf dxnhtf 3x, 3d}
sd lyPg sqfsqf uugr'DaL ejg, af6f] klg slt rf}8f slt kf}8g] kf]vL ePsf cToGt ;'Gb dg} nf]Eofpg] x]5g ToxL ;x
fd|f] clk|msfsf ;a} b]z cToGt ula 5g eGg] h'g dgdf Pp6f 5fk aLrdf Pp6f 7"nf] emf]k8L atL klg x]5 hxf kfgL, aQL, 9n s]xLsf]

52 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 53

klg ;'ljwf 5}g ] bogLo cjyf 5 ] hxfsf ulasf] klg cjyf 3'Dg lglSnof} 8fOen] ;aeGbf klxnf Toxfsf] uf]xL kmfd{df nu]
pxL xf] cufl8 7"nf] kf]vL lyof] ToxL kf]vLsf] ;fO8df Pp6f ;fgf] kf]vL
eG;f sd nfUg] eP xf]nf ;8sdf w]}h;f] gofgof fd|f rf}lt 3]] uf]xL fVg] 7fp agfOPsf] lyof] Toxf k|j]z ug{ l6s6
uf8Lx x'Olsx]sf af6f] klg lgs} fd|f] 5 la|l6;sf] kfnfdf ljsf; lng'kg]{ x]5 uf]xL kmfd{df cfP Pp6f cgf}7f] s'f yfxf eof] Tof]
sfo{sf] nflu eftLox s]Gofdf NofOPsf] xf] ] To; a]nfb]lv g}f]aLdf s] eg] uf]xLsf] cG8fdf qmf]df]hd x'b}g ] htf] dg nfUof] Tot} aRrf
eftLoxsf] afSn} a;f]af; x]sf] xf] ] ;+;fe la|l6;sf] fh ePsf] lgsfNg ;lsG5 ] ht} cG8fnfO{ cln tftf]sf]] dfqf a9L lbof] eg]
a]nf eftLoxnfO{ ljleGg b]zdf ljsf;sfo{sf] nflu nluGYof] ] ;g efn] uf]xL hGdG5 ] cG8fnfO{ tftf]sf]] dfqf sd lbof] eg] kf]yL uf]xL
!(^# df s]Gof la|l6; ;fd|fHoaf6 jtGq eof] jtGq ePkl5 klg hGdG5 ] uf]xLn] afn'jfdf vfN8f] vg] Toxf cG8f kf5{ clg afn'jfn]
s]Gofdf k|zt dfqfdf eftLo la|l6;x yfoL kdf ToxLF a;] 5f]K5 kf]yL uf]xL ;'Iffsf] nflu Tot} 3'ldxg] ub{5] 3fdsf] tftf]n]
Toxf cjlyt 7"nf7"nf wgLdWo]df eftLox g} k5{g g}f]aLdf afn'jf tft] dflysf] cG8fnfO{ tftf] k'U5 dflydflysf] cG8faf6 efn]
x]sf 7"nf7"nf 3 lahg]; hDd} pgLxs} xf] ] tn hxf Tolt tftf] k'Ub}g To; cG8faf6 kf]yL uf]xL lgsbf] x]5
clk|msg eg]kl5 7"nf] cf]7, lkmlhPsf] gfs, w]} cUnf], sfnf], Toxf ePsf uf]xLxnfO{ ;ft lbgdf Psrf]l6 vfgf vfg lbG5g lha|f]
df]6f], u'Gb'|shtf] skfn eGg] h'g d]f] dgdf u9]sf] lyof] Tof] ;a} gePsf]n] vfgf rkfpg g;Sg] eP vfgf kRg klg w]} ;do nfUbf]
kvflnof] u sfnf] 3'dlPsf] skfn eP klg gfs, d'v ldn]sf] x]5 uf]xL kfvfdf eGbf kfgLdf w]} zlStzfnL x'G5 ] kfgLdf p;nfO{
;nSs k]sf] zL, l7Sssf] prfO, ;Lwf;fbf eb|htf] nfUof] ToxfFsf l;sf kqmg ;lhnf] k5{ ] y'k|} 7"nf;fgf uf]xLx Kff]vLleqaflx
afl;Gbf s]6Lxn] s'g} p5[vnkg lNsg] kf];fs nufPsf lyPgg 3'ldx]sf lyP Toxfaf6 lglsP xfdL ToxLsf] 7"nf] kf]vLsf] 5]pdf
eb| lsl;dsf] n'uf nufPsf cfg}kgdf dfPsf htf 3'Db}3'Db} Pp6f x]sf] Do'lhodtkm{ nfUof} hxf sf7n] agfPsf ljleGg hgfjsf
7"nf] km'8 sf]6{df k'Uof} ;'k dfs{]6htf] n'ufsk8f lu6 ;kb]lv d"lt{ lyP ToxLsf] v'Nnf 7fpdf cl6r klg kfn]sf x]5g of] 7fp
ljleGg k|sfsf vfg]s'f ToxfF kfObf] x]5 rf}lt ljleGg b]zsf] 7"nf] kfs{ht} clt d0fLo lyof] oxf labfsf] lbg lkslgs dgfpg
vfg]s'fsf] af]8{ 6fluPsf] 7"nf] km'8 df6{ Toxf lyof] htf] vfgf klg cfpg]sf] 3'Orf] xG5 ]
Toxf pknAw lyof] Tolt 7"nf] km'8 df6{ cf]u6]sf] k"} Plofsf dflns uf]xL kmfd{af6 lglSnP xfdL lhfkm kfs{ k'Uof} lhfkmsf] prfO
tLg bfh'efO eftLo x'g ] slt wgL xf]nfg clwsf+z oxfsf wgL kfr ld6;Ddsf] x'bf] x]5 nfdf]nfdf] v'f, hLpdf 6f6f]6f6f]htf]
eftLo 5g ] eftLox cS; ;8sdf v'fn] lx8]sf] b]lvb}g a'f ePsf] ;'gf}nf] usf] x'G5 of] lhfkmsf] d'6' b'O{ lkm6 jfO 9fO
uf8Ldf ; uPsf] b]lvP To; ;lk ;]G6sf] rf}lt au}rf, v'Nnf lkm6;Ddsf] x'G5 ] Psrf]l6df aL; Uofn]g;Dd ut ;kmf u5{ ] cfo'
7"nf] 7fp hxfF y'k}| dflg;x cfkm"nfO{ dg kg{] vfgfsf] jfbsf] cfgGb aL;afO; jif{, vfgf xlof] 3f;kft, ;Lwf;fwf x'bf] x]5 of] hgfj
lnOx]y] oxfF klg 7fpsf] s'g} sGh'ofO u]htf] 5}g Tolt w]} dflg;sf] arfjsf] nflu p;sf] v'f g} xltof x]5 cfkm"nfO{ arfpg p;n] olt
rfk Toxf eP klg st} kmf]xf] lyPg kmflsnf] 7fp ;kmf jftfj0f clt l56f] nft xfG5 ] ls l;+x;Dd dg{ ;S5 ] tL v'Nnf 7fpdf 3'ldx]y]
dfOnf] nfUof] xfdLn] klg ToxL vfgf vfP xf]6n kmls{of} ltgLxnfO{ v'jfpg Ps lsl;dsf] bfgfhtf] vfg]s'f aflN6gdf
ef]lnkN6 ;a]} gftfkl5 g}f]aLsf] b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{] of]hgf fv]sf] lyof] hf] p;nfO{ Psbd dg kg{] x]5 ko{6sx xft
agfof} cS6f]a @# sf] laxfg rf8} ;a} sfd ;sL 6ofS;L lnO{ g}f]aL xftdf lnb} lhfkmnfO{ v'jfpb} lyP d}n] klg clnstf lnP lhfkmn]

54 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 55

6f9}af6 nfdf] lha|f] tfgL vfg cfof] xTs]nfdf flvlbP xTs]nfaf6 Toxfaf6 Pp6f 6'x'f hgfj fVg] 7"nf] kfs{df k'Uof} o;
l6kL vfof] ;fx|} v;|f] lha|f] x'bf] x]5 hLp g} l;lu eof] Ps tnf 7fpdf cfgf]] cfdfaf6 jf cfgf]] ayfgaf6 5'6] PSnf] ePsf
cUnf] rf}lt afb{nLhtf] agfPsf] 3 lyof] hxfaf6 dflg;n] xftdf hgfjxnfO{ flvbf] x]5 To; kfs{sf] Pp6f vdf rfsf] Pp6f
fvL vfg] s'f lbbf l7Ss pgLxsf] d'v Toxf k'U5 aRrfxn] klg 7"nf] u'F8 lyof] To;df ag] rf ;fgf] lyof] t cfZro{ of] rf ;o
dfO{dfO{ vfgf v'jfP To; 3sf] leqL efudf lhfkmaf] ljleGg jif{ afFR5 ] p;sf] u'F8leq cnucnu sf]7f x'G5 ] eujfgsf]
;"rgfd"ns kf]6x 6fluPsf lyP w]}h;f] oxfF s'n] s]6fs]6Lsf] ;[li6 clg nLnf oqf] 7"nf] ;+;fdf stfstf cfsfsf hgfj,
eL8 lyof] dfpb}, xNnf ub}{ lhfkmnfO{ 5'g] sf]l;; ub{} lyP rfr'?uL, sLfkm6ofu|f agfPsf 5g ;fy} ltgnfO{ cfg} tlsfn]
lhfkmkfs{af6 cln 6f9f Pp6f Do'lhoddf k'Uof} vf;df Tof] afFRg klg l;sfO lbPsf 5g otf s'f xfdLn] a'em] s] ;fWo
3 ;o jif{ k'fgf] Ps la|l6; dlxnfsf] lgjf;yfg x]5 ;o jif{cl3 Toxfaf6 g}f]aLsf] d'Vo ahftkm{ nfUof} 7"nf7"nf uug
Ps la|l6; dlxnf PSn} o; b'u{d yndf cfO{ 3 agfO{ a;f]af; uL r'DaL ejg, fd|ffd|f af6f ;a} nf]leb} x]b{} nh kmls{of} fltsf] vfgf
skmLv]tLsf] kLIf0f ;'? u]sL lx5g kl5 oxfsf] skmL ;+;fe vfg ToxL glhssf] xf]6ndf uof} Toxf yLyLsf ]6'fF lyP
k|Voft eof] cfo;|f]tsf] Pp6f k|d'v af6f] klg aGg uof] s]Gofsf] xfdLnfO{ cln lr;f]lr;f] nfUof] aflx uf8{]gdf ga;] 7"nf] xn ePsf]
d'Vo cfo;|f]t eg]sf] skmL, lrof, lrgL, ko{6g Joj;fo xf] To;cl3 ]6'fFdf kof} hxf Kofgf]df dw'f] w'g Ps jfbsn] ahfOx]y] dw'f]
skmLv]tLaf] oxfF s;}nfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg s]Gofsf] skmL eg]kl5 w'gsf] ld7f;, dw'f] aQLsf] k|sfz >Ldfg 5f]fsf] ;fy a8f] dfOnf]
cfh klg ;+;fe Tolts} k|Voft 5 tL dlxnfs} sf0fn] s]Gofdf cfgGbbfoL nflux]Yof] lgs}a] xfdLn] Tof] dw' jftfj0fsf] cfgGb
skmLv]tL ;'? eof] cfh pgsf] Tof] lgjf;yfg Do'lhoddf kl0ft lnof} ef]lnkN6 ;a]} ;kmfLsf] nflu dfgf x'g' lyof] To;}n] xf]6ntkm{
ePsf] 5 pgn] k|of]u u]sf x]s rLhx htfsf] Tot} ;hfP nfUof}
flvPsf 5g pgn] k|of]u u]sf] skmL e'6g], lkGg] d]l;gnufot Hff]u|fkmL Rofgndf dfOnf] dfgL x]]sf hgfjsf lqmofsnfk
efG5fdf k|of]u u]sf pks0fx ;a} ToxfF ;hfOPsf] 5 la|l6;xsf] k|ToIf b]Vg kfOg] eof] egL 5f]f] Hofb} pT;'s eO{ dfOx]]sf] lyof]
of] Pp6f ljz]iftf g} xf] hlxn], hxf, htf] 7fpdf a;] klg ;'ljwfhgs laxfg cf7 ah] ljn;g 8f]d]l6s Pokf]6{ k'Uof} oxfF PonfOgxsf]
agfP ag] afgL ;o jif{cl3 klg Totf] 7fpdf slt d]xgt uL cfcfg} ejg x]5g xfdL ;kmfL Poaf6 hfb} lyof} pgLxsf]
;'ljwf;DkGg agfO{ a;]sL lx5g pgn] To;a]nf b;afx|j6f lstfa uf8Ldf fvL Pokf]6{leq nu] leqL efudf k'Ug] a]nfdf k'ln;n] uf8L
klg n]v]sL lx5g pgsf] Toxf Pp6f ;fgf] k'tsfno klg lyof] f]Sof] ;fOg ahfpb} k'ln;sf] df]6;fOsn uf8L To;k5fl8 nfOg}
hxf pgn] n]v]sf k'tsx k|blz{t lyP Pp6f s'fn] dg lvGg eof] c uf8Lx cfP 8fOen] xfd|f] b]zsf] fi6klt cfPsf] egL atfof]
To;a]nfsf] ;dfh slt ;sL0f{ ;s'lrt ljrfsf] lyof] xf]nf To;kl5 xfdL cWofudgaf6 leq kof} oxf xfdLn] lgs}a] s'g{'kof]
cfOdfO{n] n]v]sf] lstfa eGof] eg] 5fKg klg dfGb}gy] ] cfOdfO{nfO{ To; Pokf]6{df ;fgf;fgf y'k|} Kn]gx p8b} ab} ub{} lyP ToxL
cjd"Nog ub{} To;}n] pgn] nf]Ug]dflg;sf] gfdaf6 lstfa 5fKg'k]Yof] Pokf]6{df cfdL{sf] xf]nf, tLgj6f x]lnsf]K6 p8g] tofL cjyfdf
] cfh of] klg rrf{ rn]sf] 5 ls ;]S;lko klg dlxnf lyP pgn] lyP fi6kltsf] r'gfj glhlsb} 5 ] k|rfk|;fsf] nflu fi6klt
nf]Ug]dflg;sf] gfdaf6 n]v]sf x'g eg] o;df sltsf] ;Totf 5 s'g} If]qsf] e|d0fdf hfg nfu]sf xf]nfghtf] nfUof] PsPs uL tL
vf]hstf{xnfO{ yfxf xf]nf tLg x]lnsf]K6 p8]

56 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 57

 ;kmfL Posf 6fkm cfP csf{] nfO6af6 cfOx]sf 5 ] Toxf cem} cf}nf] pGd"ng ePsf] 5}g To;}n] k|To]s laR5of}gfdf
ofq'xnfO{ s']sfn] l9nfO eof] ;L eGb} lyP tL ofq'x cfPkl5 em"nsf] Jojyf lyof] cf}nf]af6 aRgsf] nflu xfdLn] sf7df8f}af6
xfdLnfO{ Kn]gtkm{ nu] Kn]g 6'Ogc6 lyof] ofq'n] k"} Kn]g elof] lx8g'cl3b]lv cf}iflw vfb} cfPsf lyof} Toxf a;'Gh]n klg lbgsf]
g}f]aLb]lv ;kmfL nh;Ddsf] p8fg hDdf kF}tfnL; ldg]6sf] lyof] Pp6f cf}iflw vfFb} uof}{ Toxf Pnf] lkmjsf] klg vtf x'bf] x]5
Totf xfjf clt nfUbf] x]5 To;}n] Kn]g a]nfa]nfdf tndfly ub{} xfdLn] lx8g'cl3 6]s' cktfndf uO{ OGh]S;g nufP Pnf] sf8{ agfO{
em;u kfb{} lyof] s]Gof w]} 7"nf] 7fp cf]u6]sf] ljzfn b]z x]5 ;fy} nu]sf lyof}
g}f]aLaf6 p8]b]lv htf x]of] vfnL 7fp sxLsxL ;fgf 8f8f k"f kmf6} oxfF vf]nf lsgfdf l;f]6{ agfpg' Pp6f sf0f egf} jf cfsif{0f
kmf6 st} atL gePsf] phf8htf] nfUg] b]lvof] 7"nf gbLgfnf eg] hn u}8fsf] x'bf] x]5 oxfF ePsf ;a}h;f] l;f]6{ vf]nfsf] lsgfdf
Toxf Tolt b]lvPgg Toqf] k}FtfnL; ldg]6sf] p8fgdf kfgL geP agfOPsf 5g vf;df oxfF Tolt 7"nf7"nf gbLgfnf 5}gg ;fgf
xf] ls st} dflg;sf] 7"nf] atL klg b]lvPg vla?jf klg vf;} ;fgf vf]nf dfq 5g hnu}8f xfQLkl5sf] 7"nf] hgfj xf] ] xfQLsf]
5}g hunL hgfjxn] vfP phf8 agfPsf kf] x'g ls sxLsxL tf}n kfr 6g;Ddsf] x'G5 eg] of] hnu}8f tLg;f9] tLg 6g;Ddsf] x'bf]
rf}ltaf6 vg] uf]nf]uf]nf] cfsf agfOPsf] 7fp aLrdf ;fgf];fgf] x]5 o;sf] zLsf] 5fnf ;fx|} ;+j]bgzLn, gd 3fdsf] ls0f o;n]
b'O{rf 3htf] b]lvGYof] o; If]qsf] hldg rfgL geP fd|f] df6f] k6Ss ;xg g;Sg] x'bf] x]5 lbge kfgLdf 8'a] a]nfa]nfdf 6fpsf]
ePsf] pa{htf] nfUof] d'Vo s'f kfgLsf] sdL eP g} xf]nf dfgj aflx lgsfNb} nfdf] Zjf; km]5{g lbp;f] To; vf]nfdf ;fgf;fgf
atL gePsf] o; If]qdf kxf8L If]q geP xf]nf Kn]g lgs} tntn y'Dsfy'Dsfhtf dfq b]lvG5 ft kb{} uPkl5 kfgLaf6 lglsP
p8b} lyof] uGtJoyntkm{ k'Ug]k'Ug] a]nflt hgfjx b]lvg yfn] 3fF; vf]Hg lx85g logLxn] ftedf ;f7L lsnf];Dd 3f; vfG5g
ayfgsf ayfg hgfjx rlx]y] Kn]g Pp6f ;fgf] u|fpG8df uO{ ] rkfpg g;Sg] lgNg] dfq ePsfn] xlof] gd 3f;sf] vf]hLdf
f]lsof] oxfF Pokf]6{ egL s]xL rflxbf] x]g5 hldg Kn]g bf}l8g ftedf aL; lsnf]ld6;Dd lx85g ] ;'Svf v;|f] 3f; vfP dg{ klg
;Sg];Dd kfllbP k'Ug] x]5 u|fpG8sf] b'j} ;fO8df xfjfsf] lbzf ;S5g ] logLxsf] klg cfg}cfg} cnu lgod, cnu b'lgofF x'bf]
b]vfpg] sk8fsf] vf]nhtf] em'G8ofPsf] lyof] x]5 cnucnu ;d"xn] cfg}cfg} cnu If]q l;dfgf lgwf{0f
Kn]gaf6 cf]ln{gf;fy xfdLnfO{ 8]le8 lnle 6f]g l;f]6{ u]sf x'bf x]5g cfgf]] If]qtkm{ csf]{ ;d"xsf] hnu}8f cfpg vf]Hof]
d;fOdffsf dflg; jfutsf] nflu tof lyP xft k'5g lr;f] ?dfn eg] hf]8n] sfP ;ts{ ufpbf] x]5 xfdLn] x]bf{ ;a} pt} nfu] klg
lbP h'; klg ydfP l;f]6{ Pokf]6{sf] 7Ls cufl8 lyof] x]s pgLxsf] klg cfcfg} cnucnu lrgfL x'bf] x]5 To;}n] t csf{]
l;f]6{sf] cfg}cfg} Pokf]6{ x'bf] x]5 of] l;f]6{ vf]nfsf] lsgfdf ;d"xsf] cfpbf sfp5g ftdf vfgf vf]Hg hfbf cn] cfgf]] 7fp
lyof] hfbfhfb} cufl8 l;]K;g k|tLIffno lyof] o; k|tLIffnosf] cf]u6nfg egL cfnf]kfnf] uL vfg hfG5g logLxsf] vf;} zq' geP
rf}lt v'Nnf xfd|f] dw];sf] ht} vn] 5fPsf] cUnf] 7f8} cf]fnf] klg aRrfnfO{ slxn]sfxL ToxL vf]nfdf ab} cfPsf uf]xLn] cfqmd0f
k]sf] 5fgf t l8hfOg cln kms lyof] Tof] l;]K;gsf] bfoflt ug{ ;S5 hnu}8fsf] cfTd;'Iffy{ zq''af6 aRg eujfgn] lbPsf]
]6'fF, rp cln tn af lxKkf] x]g]{ 7fp lyof] afoflt nfOg} xltof xf] p;sf] bft p;sf] d'v bft olt 7"nf] x'G5ls uf]xLnfO{ klg
sf]7fx lyP tftf]lr;f] kfgL cfpg] sf]7fdf hf]l8Psf] afy?d;lxtsf] lrL lbg ;S5 To;}n] uf]xL klg logLx;u 8fp5 ftdf xf];
;'ljwfhgs sf]7f lyof] clk|msfdf vtgfs nfdv']sf] cem} laulauL jf lbgdf h'g;'s} a]nf tL 5f8f hgfj leq cfpg ;S5 egL xf]nf

58 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 59

l;f]6{nfO{ rf}ltaf6 lah'nLsf] tfafn] 3]]sf] 5 s]G6sf] 8n] ubf{ emf8Lemf8Lsf] zLtndf al;x]y] cln ;fFem kg{ yfn]kl5 kfgL lkpg
l;f]6{leq hgfj cfpg ;Sb}gg gq Toqf ljzfnljzfn hgfjnfO{ ;a}h;f] hgfjx kfgL eP 7fplt cfpbf x]5g jfON8 lj6 u'g'
Tolt ;fgf] 5]safn] s] f]Sg ;SYof] ToxL lah'nL tfafn] l;f]6{ of] e]udf b]lvg] hgfjdf ;aeGbf a9L oxL x'bf] x]5 logLx Ps
;'lIft ag]sf] 5 7fpaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf atL ;L xG5g ] atL ;bf{ Ps} kN6 b;f}
sf]7fdf k'uL Psl5g cffd uL nGr vfg uof} nGr vfg] xhf;Dd ;fy} lx85g lx8bf sldnfsf] tftLht} Pp6fPp6f uL
7fpdf y'k|} ko{6sx lyP ;a} k|sfsf vfgf Toxf pknAw lyP nfOg ldnfP lx85g logLxsf] rf lsnf]ld6;Ddsf] nfdf] nfOg
Totf] phf8 ;'Svf 7fpdf sqf] aGbf]at 5Ss nfUof] vfgfkl5 x'G5 ] Pp6f bf}l8of] eg] ;a} bf}l8G5g sfnf] e};Lhtf], ufO{htf]
s]xLa] sf]7fdf cfO{ cffd uof} tLg ah] uf8Ldf fvL hunL hgfj klg nfdf]nfdf] bfx|L u]sf] x'G5 of] dfly cfsfzaf6 7fp7fpdf
b]vfpg n}hfg] k|f]u|fd lyof] lglZrt ;dodf NofG8f]e uf8L tof To;sf] y'k|f] b]lvG5 To;}n] To; 7fpsf] gfd d;fOdff Xof] cyjf
lyof] plEeP hgfj x]g{ kmf]6f] lng ;lhnf] xf]; eg] xf]nf uf8Lsf] oxfsf] efiffdf o;sf] cy{ xf] sfnf] 6f6f] To; 7fpsf] Ps hfltsf]
5fgf v'Nnf flvPsf] xfdL;u To; uf8Ldf ljb]zL ko{6sx klg gfd klg d;fO xf] tLgrf 3G6f;Dd Tof] v'Nnf e"lddf df]6 bf}8fO
lyP hfthftsf hgfjx k|ToIf b]Vg kfpg] xfd|f] pT;fxsf ;fy x] Toxf ko{6sx lnPsf s}of} uf8Lx lxl8x]sf lyP 8fOex
uf8L cufl8 a9of] cfvfn] Eofpg} g;lsg] v'Nnf 7"nf] 7fp dfOnf] df]afOnaf6 Pscsf{l;t ;Dks{ fVb} lyP ljz]iftM ;a} uf8Lx l;+xsf]
dfGb} xfdL klg plEeP rf}lt x]b{} lyof} ;dy hldg Toqf hgfjn] vf]hLdf lyP Pp6f emf8Lhtf] 7fpdf y'k|} uf8Lx f]lsx]sf lyP
vfP l;WofPsf xf]nfg xlof]klof] 7"nf] hun Tolt b]lvPg hgfj xfd|f] uf8L klg ToxL glhs nuL f]Sof] kfn}l;t uf8L cln cufl8 uO{
x]g{ lx8]sf uf8Lxn] agfPsf] 8f]a8f]aaf6 uf8L cl3 a9b} lyof] f]lsG5 clg lkmtf{ x'G5 clg csf{] hfG5 otf] ulx] uf8Lsf]
lsgeg] gofF af6f] agfO{ lx8] st} uf8L kmg klg ;S5 7fp7fpdf Tot} cf7b; lkm6cufl8 b'O{ l;+lxgL Pp6f l;+x cffd ulx]y]
lxnfn] ubf{ uf8L efl;g klg ;SYof] Toqf] 7"nf] 7fpdf ;8s agfP ;a} hgf f]dfl~rt xF'b} Jou|tfsf ;fy pgLxsf] Tolt glhsaf6 kmf]6f]
klg s] ;fWo cem o;nfO{ k|fs[lts jkd} xg lbOPsf] kf] xf] ls cfgf]] Sofdfdf s}b ub{} lyP Toxfsf hgfjx dflg; df]6sf]
;aeGbf klxnf xfd|f] uf8L h]a|fsf] ayfg glhs k'Uof] of] Ps pklyltsf] cEot eO;s]sf dflg;sf] vf;vf; v';v';, uf8Lsf]
lsl;dsf] 3f]8fsf] k|hflt xf] df]6f3f6f, km'lt{nf km';{tdf ldnfO{ 3fO3fO3'O3'Osf] a]jftf ub{} zLtndf cffd ulx] xfd|f] uf8Lsf]
ldnfO{ agfPsf] htf] zLdf sfnf] ;]tf] wsf{ dflg;sf] xt]vf kfnf] cfof] dfpFb} 5f]fn] klg glhsaf6 kmf]6f] lnof] cfkm"nfO{ vtf
Pscsf{sf] gldn]ht} oL h]a|fsf] zLsf] wsf{ klg Pscsf{;u geP;Dd ht} lx+;|s hgfjn] klg cfqmd0f ub{}g eGg] ;'g]sL lyP
ldNb}g ] eujfgnfO{ klg slt hfFu rn]sf] 8fOen] eg]sf] o;nfO{ xf] x]5 gq Tolt glhs hfbf cfqmd0f ug{ ;SYof] hgfjsf] s]
clxn];Dd s;}n] klg tflnd uL a;df Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g ] ;fx|} ljZjf; egL stfstf 8 klg lyof] t pgLx s]xL gePhtf] uL
hunL x'bf] x]5 h]a|f;u;u} ljleGg k|hfltsf hfof]x lglkmqmL;u cffd ulx] ;fob 6Gg c3fPsf lyP xf]nfg
rlx]sf lyP lsgeg] h]a|f klg zfsfxfL hgfj xf] h]a|f;u To;kl5 xfdL xfQL ePlt uof} ;fgf] vf]N;fdf kfgL vfg
pgLxnfO{ s'g} vtf lyPg 6f]kL eGg] hftsf] hfof] lgs} 7"nf] cfPsf x]5g pgLxn] klg s'g} jftf guL kfgL, 3f; vfOx]
x'G5 ;fk|flt sfnf]sfnf] bfu, nfdfnfdf sfnf l; csf]{ hflt xf] xfQLx klg ;d"x;d"x agfP lx8bf x]5g pgLxsf] ;dfhdf
yd;g, u|fg l8h zLdf ;]tf] nfdf] wsf{ ePsf] hfof] d[usf ayfg cfdfsf] fh x'G5 ] ;fgf] aRrf cfdf;u;u} 6fl;P cfdfn] h]h]

60 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 61

uof] ToxL ub{} lyof] dnfO{ Tof] aRrfb]lv c;fWo dfOnf] nfUof] xf8 gePsf] s]jn df;'sf] y'k|f]htf] nfUof] sqf] chusf] hgfj
clk|msg xfQL xfdLsxfsf] eGbf cln kms b]lvof] ;fOhdf cln 7"nf], yf]} dfqfdf hnu}8f cem} kfgLdf 8'a] al;x]sf lyP cfgf]] ;d"xeGbf
bft klg w]} nfdfnfdf lyP 8fOen] eGof] To; xfQLsf] sfgsf] aflxsf c cfgf]] l;dfgfdf cfP eg] hf]8n] sfpb} cfgf]] pklylt
k5fl8sf] cfsf 7fSs} clk|msfsf] gS;fhtf] 5 ;a}n] uf} u] x]] ToxfF 5 eGg] hgfpb} lyP cfgf]] 7fp eg]kl5 slt df]x x]5 t
;flRrs} Tot} nfUof] Toxf Ps lsl;dsf] afFb aa'g lyof] sfnf] tL hgfjnfO{ ;'Iffy{ vl6Psfn] cfgf]] st{Jo k"0f{ OdfgbfLsf
7"nf] cfqmd0fsfL afb, o;n] cfOdfO{nfO{ clt x]Kbf] x]5 To;nfO{ ;fy kfngf ub{} lyP dflg;eGbf klg oL hgfj sfddf Odfgbf
wkfpg 6fpsf] 7"nf] ePsf] Ps lsl;dsf] nL lnO{ lx8bf x]5g oL lgi7fjfg cfgf]] lhDd]jfL k"0f{ axg ub{} 5ghtf] nfUof]
7"nf7"nf hgfj x]g{] bf}fgdf ToxfF ofn, xfOgf, cl6r, nfdfnfdf vfgf vfg leq 7"nf] xndf tof ulPsf] lyof] ;femkv
bfx|f u]sf] ab]n, hunL v;L k|zt dfqfdf b]Vof} oxfFsf] ;+s[lt emNsfpg] s'g} Totf] ;f+s[lts sfo{qmd x'bf] x]g5
;d"x;d"xsf] Pp6fPp6f ln8 x'bf] x]5 Pp6f cln ofDd xf]; klg s;L oqf] 7"nf] 7fpdf dfgj atLsf] sxL gfd lgzfgf;Dd
v ePsf] vf]N;fdf h]a|fx kfgL vfg hfg vf]Hb} x]5g pgLxsf] b]lvPg s;n] of] sfo{qmd rnfpg] ysfO klg nfu]sf] 5 km]l
ln8n] latf} Totf x]of] Toxf pgLxn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'lIft 7fg]gg ef]ln rf8} p7] tof klg x'g'5 To;}n] vfgf vfO{ Psl5g Tot} 3'd]
Sof] kfgL glkO{sg cufl8 a9] 3fd ctfpg] a]nf klg eO;Sof] cfgf]] sf]7ftkm{ nfUof} rf}ltsf] afdf s]G6 g5f]8g] xf] eg] t
;'s]sf] 3f;df kx]nf] 3fdsf] ls0f kbf{ 6f9f6f9f;Dd hldg ;a} Toqf 7"nf hgfjxn] km';sf em'k|f eTsfpg s] a] otf] cgsG6f
;'gf}nf] b]lvof] cWoff]df ljzfn v'Nnf 7fpdf af6f] lafpg klg 7fpdf dflg;n] sxfb]lv cfP sqf] d]xgt u]sf 5g dfGg} k5{
;S5 To;}n] uf8L l;f]6{lt lkmtf{ eof] 8fOen] ef]ln laxfg csf]{ oL ;a} lgdf{0f ubf{ slt ufx|f] eof] xf]nf hunL hgfjsf] slt 8
lbzflt hxfF u}8f a5 Toxf lnP hfg] ;ft ah] tof xg' eGof] eof] xf]nf vfgfb]lv x]s ;'ljwfsf ;fdfgx slt 6f9fb]lv NofPsf
pa8vfa8 af6f] olt w]}a];Ddsf] ;km xfdL yfs] r'r' eof} 5g sqf] cf6 oL ;a} ;fdfg Kn]gaf6 g} 9'jfgL u5{g xf]nf uf8Ldf
sf]7fdf cfO{ g'xfO{w'jfO{ tfhf eof} clg vfgf vfg] 7fplt nfUof} Nofpg klg ufx|} 5 xf]nf
vf]nflsgfdf cjlyt Toxf a;] vf]nflt x]g{ s';L{6]an fvL Pp6f ef]lnkN6 laxfg gftf u] uf8L s'L aof} ;af ;ftdf uf8L
7fp agfOPsf] lyof] dGbdGb lr;f] xfjf rlnx]sf], dflg;xsf] cfof] clg xfd|f] csf]{ lbzfltsf] ;km ;'? eof] of] lbzfdf hunL
rxnkxn, Psgf;n] Ps lsl;dsf] sLf SofSof sfOx]sf] e};Lx k|zt lyP e};Lx c;fWo alnof vtgfs x'G5g ]
jftfj0f cs{} lsl;dsf] dfOnf] nfUof] vf]nflt kmsf{P 7"nf]7"nf] ;d"xdf eP l;+x;u n8] l;+xnfO{ eufOlbG5g ] cln cufl8 k'Ubf
aQL aflnPsf] lyof] Tof] aQLsf] k|sfzdf k|6 b]lvof] hnu}8f, slt lhfkmxn] vsf] kftx vfOx]sf] b]lvof] Toxfsf vsf 6'Kkf
7"nf x'bf x]5g ;a} kfgLaf6 lglsP vfgfsf] vf]hLdf huntkm{ r]K6fr]K6fhtf b]lvP kSs} tL vsf dflydflysf kftx lhfkmn]
hfb} lyP otf l;f]6{af6 kfx'gfx wdfwd kmf]6f] lnb} lyP aQL vfP vsf 6'Kkf r]K6f] ePsf] xf]nf lhfkm zfsfxfL hgfj xf]
h]g]6af6 rnfPsf] cfg} ;KnfO x]5, flt P3f ah] lgefp5g olt 7"nf] x'G5 yf]}yf]} vfgfn] s] k'UYof] xf]nf cln cufl8 xfQLsf
fltsf] ;dosf] nflu ;a}sf] sf]7fdf 6r{nfO6 5 lsgfdf agfOPsf] ayfg rb{} lyP glhsaf6 uf8L hfbf klg s'g} x8a8fx6 lyPg
ToxL ag] 7fpdf uO{ aof} s]xLa] Toxf a;L k]okbfy{sf ;fy cln 3kfn'jfht} dflg;;u cEot eO;s]5g oL hgfj dflg;, uf8L
cln vfg] s'f vfb} hnu}8f lxl8x]sf] x]b}{ aof} of] hgfj zLdf b]v] tl;{g] nv]6g] s]xL ub{}gg cfg} ;'df lxl8xG5g

62 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 63

 cl6r Ps lsl;dsf] 7"nf] rf xf] efn] cl6r sfnf] usf] uf]nf]uf]nf] 3n] rf}ltaf6 3]lPsf], aLrdf uf]nfsf v'Nnf 7fp lyof]
x'G5 Pp6f efn] cl6r Toqf] 7"nf] v'Nnf hldgdf latf} n;s hxfF ufO{ afFlwG5g rf}ltaf6 3]]sf] sla !%@) j6f hlt xf]nfg
n;s ub{} lxl8x]Yof] of] c;fWo l56f] bf}l8g klg ;S5 ] o;n] uf]nf 3 3aflx sf8}sf8f ePsf] emf8L lyof] hgfjaf6 ;'lIft
v'fnfO{ xltofsf] kdf k|of]u u5{ ] u'g'sf tftL oxfF klg b]lvP xg xf]nf ToqfToqf eLdsfo hunL hgfjn] ;fFlRrs} xdnf ug{
hxfF uP klg logLxsf] tftL b]lvG5 oxf ;aeGbf a9L kfOg] hgfj vf]h] Tof] sf8fn] s] y]Ug ;SYof] hgfjaf6 aRg ufpn]xsf] ;fob
oxL xf] cfg} s'g} k|ljlw 5 xf]nfhtf] nfUof] cfjZostfn] pkfP lgSnG5
lgs} 6f9f Pp6f ;fgf] kxf8 lyof] To; kxf8sf] aLrdf klg
;fgf;fgf v, emf8L afSn} 3f; lyof] To; 7fpdf c uf8L klg hxf klg s'zn ln8sf] h?t kbf{] x]5 o; ufpdf klg
f]lsPsf lyP cln dfly dflg;x b]lvP Pp6f kfn]htf] dflg;n] Pp6f a"9f] ln8 lyof] p;sf] Pp6f t?gf] 5f]f hf] cu]|hL fd|f] af]N5
xfdLnfO{ ;fy nufO{ psfnf] nfUof] p;n] cfjfh gug{' egL ;s]t ub{} p;n] ufpaflx g} k};f lnof] clg jfut ub{} To; uf]nfsfleq k|j]z
lyof] cln dfly k'uL b]Vof} b'O6f u}8f rlx]sf lyP u}8fsf] tf}n tLg ufof] xfd|f] cl3 b'O{ nfOg s]6fs]6L cfg} lsl;dsf] e]ife"iff, uuxgf
6g;Ddsf] x'G5 ko{6sx Tot} rfkfFr xft 6f9faf6 u}8fsf] kmf]6f] nufPsf uLt ufpb}, gfRb} cl3 nfu] xfdL pgLxsf] kl5 nfUof}
lvRb} lyP u}8fnfO{ klg afgL kl;s]sf] x]5 p;n] klg dflg;sf] s]6fx Kfftnf, cUnf n'FuLhtf] Pp6f sk8f a]]sf lyP s]6Ln]
pklyltnfO{ s'g} dxj glbPht} cfgGbn] rlXof] xfdLn] klg klg Tot} lsl;dsf] sk8f a]]sf lyP pgLxsf] gfrufg cfg}
u}8fnfO{ k5fl8 kfL kmf]6f] lnof} xfdLsxfFsf u}8feGbf oxfsf u}8f cln df}lns lsl;dsf] lyof] lgs}a] gfrufg rNof] Tof] gfRg]dWo] Pp6fn]
kms 5g oxfsf u}8fsf b'O{ l;sf ;fy} 5fnf klg xfd|f] u}8fsf] eGbf l;+xsf] 6fpsfsf] 6f]kL nufPsf] lyof] of] axfb'Lsf] lrXg xf] h;n]
gd, kftnf] l;fxf klg gx'g] x]5 Sof] xfdLsxfsf Psl;Fu] u}8f l;+xnfO{ dfof] p;n] dfq Tof] 6f]kL nufpg kfp5 lax] ubf{ klg ot}
a9L l;fxf cfqmfds x'G5g ls htf] nfUof] of] t cln ;Lwf;fbf s'g} axfb'Lsf] sfd u] dfq ljjfx x'G5 ] o;L hunL hgfj;u
5htf] nfUof] To}klg hgfjsf] s] e egL Toxfaf6 xtfxtf tn n8b}eL8b} afr]sf 5g oxfFsf afl;Gbf gfrkl5 PsPs ub{} hldgaf6
emof} slt dfly;Dd plk|mg ;S5g eg] cfgf]] snf b]vfP ;flRrs} of]
w]} jif{;Dd la|l6;sf] fh eP xf]nf s]Gofjf;L ;a}h;f] cu|]hL klg cln cgf}7} lyof] plk|mg] snfsf] k|bz{gLkl5 pgLxn] cfgf]]
fd|f] af]N5g wd{ klg lqmlrog x]5 yf]} dfqfdf d'lnd klg 5g 3sf] leqL efu b]vfpg nu] df6}df6fsf] uf]nf] cfsfsf] 3 9f]sfdf
] 8fOen] ToxfF Pp6f d;fO{ hfltsf] ufp 5 eg] ToxfF pgLxsf] vfkf lyPg t leq kbf 3'dfpf] uNnLhtf] eO{ kg'kg]{ h;af6
Lltljfh, rfnrng b]vfpg n}hfg] s'f atfP To; If]qdf k|j]z hgfj xtktL ;lhn}l;t 3leq kg gkfcf]; eg] xf]nf leq lgk
ug{ z'Ns lnOG5 Tof] k|j]zz'Nsaf6 cfPsf] k};f aRrfxsf] lzIffdf cWoff] lyof] Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7f aLrdf cfuf] afnL vfgf ksfpg] Pp6f
k|of]u ulG5 ] ToxL 7fpdf Pp6f vd'lg e'Odf a;]sf aL;tL; r'nf] lyof] xfd|f] ufp3sf] cu]gfhtf] ToxL sf]7fdf Psfkl sf7
j6f aRrfxnfO{ d;fO{ s]6L k9fpb} lyOg b'O{tLg sIff;Dd Tof] klg fvL To;dfly 5fnf la5ofOPsf] ;fgf] vf6htf] lyof] Tof] afa'cfdf
d;fO{ efiffdf k9fp5g ] d;fO{xdf klg lzIffsf] dxjaf] r]tgf ;'Tg] 7fp x]5 Tof] 5fnf ufO{sf] xf] ] csf]{ ;fO8df klg Tot} ;fgf]
cfPhtf] 5 To;}n] aRrfxnfO{ k9fpg tTk ePsf 5g 7fp agfOPsf] lyof] Tof] aRrfx ;'Tgsf] nflu x]5 ToxfF cf]9g]
o; If]qdf dfgjatL cln afSn} x]5 ;fgf];fgf] df6fsf] n'uf s]xL klg b]lvPg ;fgf] clncln pHofnf] cfpg] KjfnKjfn

64 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 65

k]sf] htf] ofn lyof] ToxL ofn tn clncln ef8fx lyP rf}df cfOdfO{x xtsnfsf ;fdu|Lx a]Rg a;]sf lyP logLxn]
Tof] 3 b]vfpg] s]6fn] s'gfaf6 Pp6f nfdf] ;]tf] 9'u|f]htf] lgsfNof] uxgf eg]sf] xfd|f] g6lNsg] 8Nn] kf]t]sf] ljleGg l8hfOg agfO{ nufpFbf
Tof] kSs} xfQLsf] bfx|f x'g'k5{htf] nfUof] lsgeg] clk|msg xfQLsf x]5g gfRbfv]l s]6fs]6L b'j}n] kf]t] nufPsf lyP a]Rg fv]sf]
bfx|f lgs} nfdfnfdf x'G5g To; s]6fn] Pp6f cgf}7f] s'f ;'gfof] ot} kf]t]sf] sf7sf] ;fdfg lyof] clncln lsgd]nkl5 af6f]
Tof] s] eg] ufO{sf] 3f6Ldf 6Dd 8f]Ln] afFW5g ] clg 3f6Lsf] g;fdf nfUof} af6fdf l6gsf] 5fgf] xfn]sf] 3 w]} ufO{ ePsf] 7fpdf k'Uof}
Kjfn kf] To; 9'u|fdf ut yfK5g ] slt rflxG5 k'u]kl5 3f6Ldf Tof] l6gsf] 5fgfjfnfsf b; xhf;Dd ufO{ 5g ] p;n] hlt ljjfx
afFw]sf] 8f]L km'sfOlbg] clg ut cfkm}F aGb x'G5 ] xfd|f] uthfr ubf{ u] klg x'g] ] p;sf 5QL;j6L >LdtL 5f]f5f]L t slt xf] slt
afw]sf] km'sfPht} To;kl5 To; utdf ufO{sf] b"w ld;fP vfg] ] p;nfO{ g} fd|f];u yfxf 5}g xf]nf ufO{at' rfpg hgzlStsf] vfrf]
of] pgLxsf] ;aeGbf kf}li6s cfxf xf] ] hLp l;lu eP cfof] klg k"lt{ x'g] kmfOb} kmfObf Toxf pgLxsf] cfg} lsl;dsf] fh 5
b"w dfq eP To; 9'u|fdf rfkfFr lbg klg fV5g ] t ut s;}sf] xtIf]k lgodsfg'gn] afFw]sf] 5}g
l5} lau|g] eP rf8} vfbf x]5g hgfjdf pgLxsf] nflu clt Toxfaf6 l;f]6{ lkmtf{ eof} af6fdf k|zt hgfjx b]lvP
pkof]uL afRg] cfwf xf] ufO{ vfgsf] nflu o;sf] df;', lkpgsf] st}st} cfvfn] gEofpg] kmf6df xltofsf] gfddf Pp6f nL lnPsf
nflu b"w, la5of}gfsf] nflu 5fnf ;fy} dn agfpg uf]a o;L ufO{sf Toxfsf afl;Gbf PSn} lxl8x]sf b]lvP logLx Psbd n8fs" axfb'
k|To]s s'f v] gkmfnL k|of]udf Nofpb} hLjg lgjf{x u]sf] b]lvof] hflt x'g ] !)!@ jif{sf] aRrf klg PSn} efnfsf] edf hundf
cfkm"nfO{ s'g} xflggf]S;fgL gug]{ ;Lwf;fbf hgfj eP klg xf]nf ufO{at' rfpg lxl8x]sf x'G5g hgfjn] xdnf unf{ eGg] 8 klg
o;nfO{ f]h]sf ToxfFsf afl;Gbfxsf] wg;Dklt h] eg] klg ufO{ gePsf crDd nfUof] oxfF w]} 7"nf7"nf v geP xf] ls rfsf
x]5 hlt w]} ufO{ ptL wgL To;}n] jlkl uf]nf] cfsfsf] 3 agfO{ w]} k|hflt b]lvPgg k|zt lu4rLnx eg] pl8x]y]
;'Iffsf] nflu ufO{nfO{ aLrdf fVbf x]5g rf]L x'g ;S5 jf lx+;|s l;f]6{ k'uL g'xfO{w'jfO{ uL vfgf vfg uof} vfgf vfP km]l
hgfjn] cfqmd0f ug{ ;S5 eg] klg xf]nf xfd|f] u|'kdf b'O{ eftL hgfj x]g{ hfg] eP uf8L tof 5 egL va u] ToxfF ePsf hgfj
d"nsf s]Gofdf hGd]sf la|l6; gfuls lyP pgLxnfO{ s]Gofsf] efiff klg ;a} x]l;Sof} ysfO nfu]sfn] 3'Dg guP cffd ug{] ljrf
cfpbf] x]5 Toxfsf afl;Gbf;u ukm ub{} dfpb} lyP pgLxsf] uof} a]n'sLlt ToxL l;f]6{sf] jllk 3'Dof} aRrfxsf] nflu ;fgf]
;d"xdf ldl;P gfrsf] klg cfgGb lnPF kfs{df lk OToflb v]Ng] s'fx lyP 7"nf dflg;sf nflu kf}8g] kf]vL
bz{g 9'uf u8] cfuf] aN5 eGg] t ;'g]sL lyPF t sf7 ;fgf] au}rf;lxt cffd ug{] s';L{ Toxf lyof] otf] lgh{g 7fpdf oqf]
u8] klg cfuf] aN5 eGg] cgf}7f] s'f oxfF b]Vg kfOof] ;aeGbf klxn] aGbf]at < dfOnf] nfUof] a]n'sf ToxL 5]psf] af ePlt uof} of] af
tn e'Odf kmnfdsf] rSs' fv] To;dfly ;fgf] Kjfn ePsf] sf7 fv] b'O{tn] lyof] tn af dflysf] tnfdf l6eL 8]s fv]sf lyP rf}lt
clg Tof] Kjfndf nfdf] nL fvL hf]8n] 3'dfP lgs}a] 3'dfPkl5 To; ;f]kmf flvPsf] ToxfF a;L xfdLn] Pp6f ToxLFsf hgfj;DaGwL l;g]df
sf7af6 w'jfF lglsof] Pp6fn] ;'s]sf] 3f; lnof] w'jf lglsPsf] x]of} l;g]df ;lsPkl5 vfgf vfg] 7fptkm{ nfUof} clg Psl5g Tot}
;fgf] sf7sf] 6'qmf To; 3f;df fvL km'Sof] PSs}l5gdf Tof] 3f; 3'd] hnu}8fsf] ultljlw x]b{} aof} Toxf PsyL d'vdf sfnf] ;]tf]
XjfXjftL aNg yfNof] pgLx cfuf] o;L afNbf x]5g dfOnf] e'Tnf ePsf ;fgf vfnsf afFbx ftdf klg ko{6sxsf] sf]7flt,
nfUof] To;kl5 xfdL To; uf]nf] 3sf] 3]faf6 aflx cfof} aflx vfgf vfg] 7fpdf 3'ldx]y] ;fob vfgfsf] vf]hLdf cfPsf xf]nfg

66 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 67

 ef]lnkN6 laxfg s'g} xtflagf cffdn] gftf vfof} b; ah] s]Gofsf] hg;Vof rfnL; nfv 5 ] Toxfsf afl;Gbfn] af]Ng]
leqdf sf]7f 5f]8L k|tLIffnodf cfO{ aof} Pp6f cs{} dxfLk Ps} efiff xf] ;f}lxbL s]Gofsf] l5d]sL b]z x'g Oyf]lkof, o'ufG8f ;'8fg
kN6df olt w]} hgfj k|ToIf b]Vg kfOof] sxL ;kgf t x}ghtf] klg s]Gofsf] cfo a9fpg] csf{] Pp6f ;|f]t xf] aGbufx df]Daf;f s]Gofsf]
xfdLnfO{ nfUb} lyof] df}sfn] otf] 7fpsf] e|d0f ug{ kfOof] ;+;f x]g{ aGbufx ePsf] 7"nf] ;x x]5 xfd|f] b]zsf] nflu ljb]zaf6 cfpg]
a'g k5{ eGg] >Ldfgsf] pRr ljrfn] xfdL cfdf5f]fnfO{ oxf;Dd nfg] ;fdfg snsQf d'DaO{ aGbufxaf6 cfoftlgof{t ePht}
8f]ofPsf] xf] xfdL s[ts[To ePsf 5f} o; df]Daf;f aGbufxaf6 klg l5d]sL b]z ;'8fg o'ufG8fsf] ;fdfg
P3f ah]lt Pp6f ;fgf] Kn]g cfof] cfh Tof] l;f]6{af6 kms{g] 9'jfgL x'bf] x]5 afx|j6f;Dd 6fo ePsf 7"nf7"nf uf8Ln] ;fdfg
xfdL tLg hgf dfq lyof} To;f] t ToxfF lbgdf slQ nfO6 eOxG5 9'jfgL ub{} u]sf] b]lvof] s'g} a]nf o'ufG8fdf 7"nf7"nf JofkfL ;a}
kfOn6n] c b'O{ l;f]6{af6 ofq' lng' 5 b;b; ldg]6sf] p8fg xf] egL eftLox lyP ObL cldgsf] zf;gsfndf ljb]zLxnfO{ b]z lgsfnf
hfgsfL ufof] b'O{ l;f]6{af6 ofq' l6Kbf Kn]g elefp eof] Kn]g ug{ yflnof] oxL qmddf w]} eftLo JofkfLx s]Gofdf a;fOF ;]
Pp6f dfq OlGhg ePsfn] kfOn6 klg Pp6f dfq lyof] kfOn6;u}sf] z'qmafsf] flt 6flkms clt hfd x'g] of] Ps lbg l8sf]
vfnL l;6df klg ko{6s fvL Toxfaf6 p8of] p8fg sla krf; klg v'nf x'G5 ] s]6fs]6L flt ca];Dd ]6'fF l8sf]df dfOnf] uL
ldg]6sf] lyof] v'Nnf 7fp xfjf clt nfUg] ;fgf] Kn]g tntnaf6 3 kms{+bf w]} b'3{6gf klg x'G5 egL 8fOen] atfof] oxfF zlgaf
p8]sf] clt alQb} tndfly ub{} lyof] 7fpF7fpFdf ;'s]sf 3f;df 89]nf] cfOtaf 5'L x'G5 ;xsf] lemlnldnL dfOnf] x]L nh kmls{of} 5f]f
nfu]sf] lyof] htf x]of] ;'Svf v'Nnf hldg cfvfn] Eofpg g;Sg] xfd|f] b]z oltsf] ljsl;t slxn] xf]nf egL r'sr's ub{} lyof] Toqf]a]
;d'b| ;x ljzfn b]lvGYof] Tolt nfdf] p8fgdf sxL atL b]lvPg ;x 3'Dbf g sxLF kmf]xf] y'k|f] b]Vof} g s'g} 5f8f hgfjx ;8sdf
sxLsxL Psb'O{ em'k|f dfq b]lvP otf g}f]aL glhsglhs k'Ubf lx8]sf] b]lvof] sxLF Pp6f s's';Dd lyPg xfd|f] fhwfgLnfO{ bfFHof}
hgfjx klg b]lvg 5f8] ;a} pt}lt dfq nfu]5g Sof] g}f]aL nfh} nfUof]
glhsglhs k'Ubf eg] xlofnL b]lvg yfNof] 7"nf7"nf 7fp cf]u6] cS6f]a @& df xfdL cfdf5f]f ;ftlbg] s]Gofsf] cljd0fLo
agfOPsf 3, ldnfP Jojlyt tlsfn] agfOPsf atLx dfOnf] e|d0f ;sL 3 kms{+b} lyof} >Ldfgsf] klg 5'L ;lsO;s]sfn] To;sf]
b]lvof] clncln kfgL klg kb{} lyof] Kn]g g}f]aL Pokf]6{df cjt0f ef]lnkN6 sd{ynf] ;'8fg kms+{b} x'g'x'GYof] >Ldfg b'O{ dlxgf;Dd 6f9f
uof] Kn]gaf6 aflxlof} aflx lr;f] xfjf rNb} lyof] jftfj0f PSn} x'g] lkn] dg u?uf] lyof] lbgsf] Ps ah] xf]6naf6 Pokf]6{tkm{
d0fLo nfUof] krf; ldg]6sf] nfO6df clnstf rsn]6 kfgL dfgf eof} df};d fd|} lyof] af6f]df cln hfd lyof] 5f]f d g}f]aL
dfq lbP Pokf]6{af6 6ofS;L lnP sG6Lnh cfof} Psb'O{ 3G6f cfOk'Ubf cln cWoff] g} lyof] To;}n] ;8s5]p5fpsf] b[Zo fd|f];u
cffd u] km]l g}f]aL 3'Dg uof} 8fOen] Tof] If]qsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] b]lvPsf] lyPg cfh lbgdf b]Vof} slt fd|f 3, ;8s5]p5fpdf
;'kdfs{]6df nUof] ;lt eGg] Tof] ;'kdfs{]6leq l;g]]df xn klg 5 auda]nL km"n km'n]sf Sof dgdf]xs 7fp nfUof] xf]6naf6 Pokf]6{;Dd
eGYof] Ps tnfdfly Toxf klg ljleGg lsl;dsf vfgfsf klsfsf] Tot} k}FtfnL; ldg]6 hlt nfUof] xf]nf ofq'afx]s cnfO{ l6s6
af]8{ 6fluPsf] lyof] z'4 zfsfxfLb]lv lnP ;a} k|sfsf vfgf Toxf sfpG6df hfg lbbf] x]g5 To;}n] >Ldfg aflx g} ag'eof] 5f]f
lyP 8fOen] OlG8og vfgf vfg] dg uof] xfdL ;a}n] OlG8og vfgf d dfq leq kof} ;fdfg r]ls eO;Sof] clg leqaf6 g} ;fPsf
vfof} gog lnO{ xft xNnfP labf eof} Totfaf6 xfdL leq kof} >Ldfg

68 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 69

xf]6ntkm{ kmls{g'eof] Toxf leq xfdLnfO{ emG8} b'O{ 3G6f s'g{' lyof] egL ;f]w] p;n] eGof] 3 kf]vf xf] 3df a'afcfdf, efOalxgL,
5f]f d Toxfsf sd'St k;nx 3'Dg yfNof} ljleGg xtsnfsf >LdtL , 5f]f5f]L ;a} 5g d}n] km]l k|Zg u] ;fpbLdf g]kfnL
;fdfg;lxt s]Gofsf] k|Voft skmL, lrof Toxf lyP s]Gofsf] lrgf] k|zt 5g Sof] cjyf stf] 5 < p;n] eGof] fd|f] 5 Toxf
cfkmGtxnfO{ lbg'k5{ egL clncln skmL, lrof lsGof} otfptf ljb]zL jb]zL egL e]befj 5}g s;}nfO{ klg cGofo x'g lbb}gg
3'Dbf3'Db} af]l8{ ;do klg eO;s]5 klxnf htf] eP klg xfn b'j} b]zsf] ;sfn] lgod s8f ullbgfn]
lglZrt ;dodf hxfh p8of] ofq'n] hxfh emG8} elefp Dofgkfjjfnfxn] Tolt 7Ug kfPsf 5}gg v';L nfUof] csf{sf]
lyof] kfr 3G6fsf] p8fgkl5 bf]xf Pokf]6{df hxfhn] cjt0f uof] 7fpdf b'Mv u]cg';f fd|f] x]5 s'}s'fdf p;n] xfn;fn} sf7df8f}df
oxfF xfdLnfO{ 5 3G6feGbf klg a9L s'g'{ lyof] ftsf] b; ah]sf] xTof ePsf] afnsxsf] af]df rrf{ uof] ToxfF l6eLdf g]kfnL ;a}
lyof] Tolt 7"nf] k|tLIffnodf sxLF Pp6f d]r vfnL lyPg slt dflg; Rofgn cfpF5g ] 6f9f ePkl5 b]zsf] dfof rf;f]n] lkf]Nbf] x]5
lx8bf x]5g stfPosf] c;LeGbf a9L b]zdf p8fg ;]jf ;~rflnt lbbL k|To]s g]kfnL sfd ;sL sf]7fdf cfpgf;fy g]kfnaf] yfxf kfpg
5 c] clg lsg eL8 gxf]; 3'Db} hfbf ofq'sf] nflu Toxf slt ;'ljwf jf cfgf]] 7fpsf] emNsf] d]6g g]kfn Rofgn nufOxfN5g Gof;|f] d]6g
agfPsf x]5g eGg] b]lvof] Pp6f 7"nf] sf]7fdf nfdf]nfdf] ;'Tg ldNg] klg xf]nf kllrt 7fpsf] lrq ;uLtn] cfkm" ToxL ePsf] efg eO{
d]rdf dflg;x ;'ltx]sf lyP ;u}sf] Pp6f 7"nf] sf]7fdf e'Odf dg axlnG5 sfd ug{] xf};nf hfU5 yfxf 5 lbbL g]kfnsf cln
la5of}gf nufPsf] k|fy{gf sf]7f x]5 o; sf]7fdf klg h'Qf aflx s'gfsfKrfsf dflg;nfO{ eGbf oxfsf g]kfnLnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;dfrf l56f]
vf]nL dflg;x e'Od} ;'ltx]sf stfPoaf6 ofqf ug{] ofq' h;nfO{ yfxf x'G5 p;n] Tof] xTofsf] k|;u hf]8b} eGof] tL xToffxnfO{
cln nfdf] ;do;Dd s'g'{ 5 eg] vfgfsf] s'kg lbbf] x]5 ToxL dfly klg tL aRrfnfO{ df]ht} uL dfg{'kYof]{ s]xL lbg h]ndf fVof]
7"nf] vfg] 7fp lyof] Tof] s'kg b]vfPkl5 l;Q}df vfgf lbbf] x]5 5f8Llbof] o;n] ubf{ xToffxsf] dgf]an a9]sf] xf] of] l;nl;nf
To; 7fpdf eL8deL8 lyof] xfdLn] klg ToxL vfgf vfof} ag] sxL lgGt rlnxg] eof] ;flRrs} ckfw Go"gLs0f ug]{ xf] eg] b]zdf
7fp 5 ls egL 3'Db} uO{ Pp6f vfnL 7fpdf uO{ aof} 5f]f ToxL s8f sfg'g t x'g} k5{ p;n] ;fpbLdf ePsf] Pp6f 36gfsf] pbfx0f
d]rdf a;L em'k'em'k' pg yfNof] d ofq'x hfb} u]sf] x]b{} a;]F hlt lbb} eGof] ToxfF sfo{t Ps eftL ;fpbLaLr egfegn] emu8fsf]
ft l5lKFkb} lyof] Tolt Toxf k|tLIfft ofq'xsf] ;Vof 36b} lyof] k lnbf ;fpbLn] eftLsf] cfvfdf d'Ssfn] xfGof] To; eftLsf]
x]s kfr ldg]6 h;f]df Kn]g p8b} lyof] d nf6fn] kfkf x]]em} Tof] ;a Pp6f cfFvf km'6of] cfvf km'6fPsf] lj?4df eftLn] ;fpbL cbfntdf
ldtf x]lx]yF] d'2f bfo uof] ax; rNbfrNbf ;fpbLn] ubf{ eftLsf] cfvf km'6]sf]
Pp6f s]6f glhs cfP lbbL tkfO+{ g]kfnL xf] egL ;f]Wb} k|dfl0ft eof] To;kl5 eftLsf] >LdtLnfO{ ;f]w] k};f lnP ldnfkq
lyof] d}n] xf] eg]kl5 d's'fpb} pm 5]psf] d]rdf cfO{ aof] p;n] ug]{ ls o;nfO{ klg Tot} ;hfo lbg] < tL eftLsf] >LdtLn] dnfO{
eGof] oxfF rf}lt 3'dL x]] Pp6} g]kfnL b]lvPg tkfO+{nfO{ b]v] ukm k};f rflxb}g To;sf] klg cfvf km'6fpg'k5{ eGbf cfvf km'6flnlbP ]
ug{ cfPsf] ljb]zdf cfgf]] efiffsf] ;+jfbn] dfq klg slt k|;Ggtf otf] s8f sfg'g eP kf] ckfw ug{ 8fp5g xfdLsxf t s'g} s8f
lbbf] x]5 eGg] nfUof] d}n] k|Zgsf] l;nl;nf cl3 a9fpb} ;f]w]F efO sfg'g 5}g h;n] h] u] klg ePs} 5 g s;}sf] 8 g e To;}n]
tkfO+{ sxfaf6 cfpg'ePsf] < ;fpbLaf6 eGg] hafkm lbof] p;n] oxf klg ;dfh efl8Psf] xf] ckfwLsf] dgf]an a9]sf] xf] eGof] p;n]
cfPsf] tLg jif{df 3 kms+{b} 5' 3 sxf xf] 3df sf]sf] 5g eg]sf ;a} s'f ;odf ;o cfgf dnfO{ 7Ls nfu]

70 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 71

 tL efOn] lgs}a] b]zsf] lau|bf] kllyltaf] lrlGtt x'b} s'f Kn]g;Dd nu] Kn]gsf] eofdf hfd lyof] cln ;do nufP l;6;Dd
u] p;n] eGof] cfgf]] b]zdf sfd ;lhnf];u kfOg] sfdcg';fsf] k'luof] xft] Aofu fVg] 7fp;Dd lyPg sf7df8f} cfpg] ;a}h;f] ofq'
bfd klg kfOg] eP kljfb]lv olt 6f9f sf] cfpYof] s]xL geP ko{6s lyP eg] yf]} dfq g]kfnL lyP ko{6sxn] af]s]sf emf]nfn] dfly
t olt 6f9f cfO{ csf{sf] nftaft ;xg'k]sf] 5 vNnf] dg lnO{ Soflag ;a} elefp lyof] s]xL gnfuL v'f fVg] 7fpdf ;fdfg fvL
;f]r] slt b'Mv uL kljf wfg]sf 5g oL o'jfxn] c;lhnf];u aof} stfaf6 cfpg]hfg] Kn]g w]}h;f] ot} elefp
w]}a] Ps} 7fpdf al;of] ca t Tof] xn nueu vfnLhtf] x'G5 ] p8fg ekbf{] ;dodf x'g] eP klg xf]nf o; PonfOgdf
eof] abfabf k6of klg nfUof] v'f tGsfpg'kof] egL otfptf Tolt elefp x'g] sfG5f] PonfOgsf] otf] rxnkxn 5 s7} xfd|f]
3'Dg yfn] cl3 s'kgaf6 vfgf vfPsf] 7fplt k'u] Toxf Pp6f a"9f] PonfOg ylRrPsf] ylRrPs} 5 slxn] ;'wf xf]nf eGg] cfzf
g]kfnL efO 6]a'n k'5b} s';L{ To;dfly 3f]K6ofpb} lyof] ;fob cfhsf] klg IfL0f x'b} uPsf] 5 lau|f 3sf] eTSof rfn htf x]of] Kjfn} Kjfn
pgsf] 8o'6L ;lsPsf] xf]nf tL efO uf]f, ;kmf, ;'U3 fd|f] n'uf eg]em} s'g} If]q t xf]nf Jojlyt tlsf ldn]sf] < lbSs nfUg]
nufPsf lyP ltgn] lbbL stfaf6 cfpg'ePsf] egL k|Zg u] pgL;u df};d fd|f] lyof] laxfg eP klg xfjf v"a rn]sf] htf] 5
klg Psl5g ukmufkm eof] pgL sfe|] lhNnfsf x]5g pgn] eg] Kn]g lgs} xlNnb} lyof] clncln afbn klg lyof] sf7df8f} cjt0f
d}n] g]kfndf sfd s] dfq ulg ]6'fF vf]nF,] hflu vfP ;a} sfddf ug{] a]nflt Kn]g afbnleq xfof] e]8f8f cfOk'Ubf w]}h;f] afbn
3f6f b'Mv dfq a]xf]] cflht eP otf cfP oxf cfgGb 5 vfg nfu]sf] kfOG5 s]xLa]df sf7df8f} EofnL 5ofu b]lvof] cfvfdf
ag lk|m dlxgfsf] rfnL; xhf rf]vf] aR5 Pp6f 5f]f, Pp6f 5f]L g}f]aL stfsf] Jojlyt ;xsf] emns u9]sf] sf7df8f}sf] Tof]
5 b'j}nfO{ af]l8{df fvL k9fPsf] 5' sf7df8f}df rf cfgf hUuf cJojlyt ;x hxf kfof] ToxL em'k|fhtf 3 ;fF3'f] af6f] b]vL xfdL
klg lsg] ca 3 agfp5' ToxfF uPsf] kfr jif{ eof] ] b'O{ jif{df b'j} lbSs eof} Jojlyt ldn]sf] ;xsf] emns slxn] b]Vg kfOg] xf]nf
l6s6;lxt 5'L kfOG5 ] pgnfO{ x]bf{ nfUof] ;fx|} v';L ;Gt'i6 egL slNkof} Kn]gaf6 cf]ln{P u|fpG8df lgs}a] s''g'{kof] ToxfF a;sf]
5g cQf]kQf] lyPg lgs}a]df Pp6f a; cfof] w}}h;f] ofq' sf]rfsf]r
Pp6f pgnfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf] s'f ;'gfP dlxnf sfdbfsf] uL To;df uP afsL ToxLF s'L aof} Psl5gdf csf{] a; cfof]
nflu ;'lIft eg] k6Ss} xf]Og of] 7fp g]kfnL r]nLxsf] b'b{zf b]v] Oldu|];gdf Tot} eL8 lyof] ToxfFaf6 kf; eP ;fdfg lng] 7fpdf
dg ;fx|} ljrlnt x'G5 csf{sf] 7fp cfkm"n] ug{ ;Sg] klg s]xL xf]Og cfOk''Uof} dn]l;ofaf6 cfPsf sfdbfxn] NofPsf ;fdfg olt w]}
;Defljt b'3{6gf cfgf]] ;Nnfxn] clnstf eP klg sd ug{ ;lsG5 lyP To;dfly stfaf6 cfPsf ofq'xsf] ;fdfg 7fp ;fgf] dfG5]
ls egL slt s]6LxnfO{ d}n] oxLaf6 ;DemfP lkmtf{ k7fP p;n] ;fdfgn] vrfvr elPsf] lyof] cfgf]] ;fdfg kfpg]x d'lsnn]
efj's x'b} nfdf] ;'s]f xfNb} eGof] b'Mvn] ;'v vf]Hof] ;'vn] sfn aflx lgsb} lyP aNnaNn xfd|f] ;fdfg klg kfOof] aflx cfof}
dnfO{ klg gdfOnf] nfUof] ;f]r] afFRgs} nflu dflg;n] sxfsxf aflx 6ofS;Ljfnfx ofq'nfO{ tfgftfg ub{} lyP xfdLnfO{ afg]Zj;Dd
uO{ slt b'Mv u]sf 5g p;sf] cg'ejn] atfPsf ;a} s'f ;To x'g hfg ;f9] tLg ;o eGb} lyP aNn csf{] 6ofS;Ln] b'O{ ;odf 3;Dd
p;n] Ps sk lrof v'jfof] p8fg ;do x'g nfUof] sf7df8f}df e]6f}nf NofOlbof] s]Gof ofqfsf] dfOnf] 5fk dgdf lnb} u[x k|j]z uof}
egL Toxfaf6 6fl9P
cfdf5f]f sd'St k;nlt 3'Db} lyof} sf7df8f} hfg egL
pb3f]if uof] af]l8{ kf; b]vfO{ leq uof} ToxfFaf6 a;df fvL
72 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 73


;do v] gkmfnL xfdL ;x 3'Dg lglSnof} xf]6nb]lv Plkmn 6fj w]} b; xhf 6g kmnfdn] ag]sf] 5 hldgaf6 kmnfdsf] cUnf] uf]nfsf
6f9f lyPg 3'Db}3'Db} k'luof] 6fjd'lg dflg;sf] 7"nf] eL8 6f9}af6 agfO{ u]6sf] cfsf lbOPsf] 5 of] u]6 6fj k"} kmnfd} kmnfdn] ag]sf]
b]lvof] xf] o;nfO{ lvofaf6 arfpg k|To]s ;ft jif{df k]G6 ulG5 ] h;sf]
Ps ;o aL; jif{cl3 cyf{t !**& df Plkmn eGg] OlGhlgosf] nflu krf;b]lv ;f7L 6g;Dd k]G6 rflxG5 ] u]6sf] b'j} ;fO8df
sNkgf, ;kgf, sfo{bIftfn] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] of] 6fj vf;df pgn] l6s6 sfpG6 lyof] o; a]nf Ps ;fO8sf] sfpG6 dfq v'Nnf eP
of] 6fj afl;{nf]gfdf agfpg rfx]sf lyP !*** df x'g nfu]sf] ljZj xf]nf l6s6sf] nflu nfdf] nfOg lyof] xfdL klg nfOgdf nfUof} l6s6
d]nfsf] nflu Plkmnn] of] 6fj agfpg rfx]sf lyP t afl;{nf]gfsf lnP eL8;u;u} xfdL klg Pp6f ln6df kof} o; 6fjdf hDdf
;sfn] of] 6fj agfpg dxFuf] kg{] To;dfly cgf}7f] agf]6 ;xnfO{ kfrj6f ln6 b'O{ ]6'fF 5g ] 6fjsf] rf s'gfaf6 rfj6f ln6
g;'xfpg] egL agfpg jLs[lt lbPgg afl;{nf]gfsf ;sfn] jLs[lt klxnf] tNnf #!! lkm6df uO{ f]lsG5 rf} s'gfdf 7"nf7"nf l;9L klg
glbPkl5 k]l;sf] nflu cfgf]] k|tfj k|m]Gr ;sf;fd' k]; u] k|m]Gr hl8Psf 5g slt ko{6s t ToxL l;9Laf6 tndfly ub{} lyP w]}
;sfaf6 pgn] s]jn aL; jif{sf] nflu jLs[lt kfP aL; jif{kl5 dflg; c6g] ln6af6 klxnf] tnfdf k'Uof} ln6af6 lglSnP b[Zo
pgn] To; 6fjnfO{ Toxfaf6 x6fpg'kg{] sa'ngfdf;lxt cjnf]sg ug{ rf}lt agfOPsf] afNsf]gLlt nfUof} hxf dflg;sf]
tLg ;o sfdbfn] b'O{ jif{;Dd nuftf sfd uL of] 6fj olt eL8 lyof] ls Toxf h8fg ulPsf] b"lagaf6 ;xsf] b[Zo x]g{
lgdf{0f u] !*** df k]l;df nfUg nfu]sf] cGtf{li6o d]nfsf] nfOg nfUg'kg{] 5]pdf uO{ kmf]6f] lng klg s'g'{kof] To; afNsf]gLaf6
k|j]z fsf nflu of] yfngL ePsf] lyof] t d]nfsf] nflu tof ug{ x]bf{ k]l; ;x crDd} fd|f] b]lvbf] x]5 To;} ;+;fsf] clt ;'Gb
EofPgg !**& df agfpg yflnPsf] of] 6fj !**( df dfq lgdf{0f ;xdf ulgPsf] xf]Og x]5htf] nfUof] ;xsf] ;'Gbtf glalu|of];
;DkGg eof] Plkmnsf] sNkgf lgdf{0fsfo{sf] To; a]nfsf dflg;n] egL w]} cUnfcUnf 3 agfpg alh{t ulPsf] 5 ] clwstd ;ft
lgs} xf;f] uL af}n67Lsf] ;+1f;Dd lbP k]kjfnfn] pgsf] v"a lvNnL cf7 tnf;Ddsf 3 b]lvP slt of]hgfa4 tlsfn] a;flnPsf] ;x
u] t klg pgsf] xf};nf sfo{z}nLdf lzlyntf cfPg p2]Zo k"f 7fp7fpdf 7"nf7"nf k'fgf baf, rr{, 3G6f3 aLrdf axb} u]sf]
ul5f]8] 7"nf] gbL To;df ag]sf cfsif{s k'n, gbLdf ;fgf7"nf gf}sflaxf,
vf;df cfh of] 6fj b";~rf ]l8of]sf] nflu clt cfjZos ;kgfsf] xf] ls k'tnLsf] b'lgofhtf] dgdf]xs b[Zo lyP rf}lt
ag]sf] 5 ;x aLraf6 axb} u]sf] ;]Og gbLn] ;xsf] ;'GbtfnfO{ w]} klxn] Ps ldqn] eg]y] wdf{Tdf hlt csf]{ h'gLdf ot} clt
cem a9fPsf] 5 s~rg kfgL axb} u]sf] 7"nf] gbLsf] 7fpF7fpFdf ;'ljwf ;DkGg klZrdf b]zdf hGdG5g afsL sd{ u kmnsf] cfzf
k'fgf snfTds k'nn] zf]ef a9fOx]Yof] leGg ;dosf] leGgleGg gfv eGg] hlt ot} cljsl;t b]zdf hGdG5g ] dnfO{ oxf cfP tL
jfb lng laxfgb]lv flt;Dd ko{6sx l6ddf a;L ;xsf] klqmdf ldqsf jf0fL afDaf ofb cfOx] nfU5 oxfsf hgtfnfO{ s'g} s'fsf]
ub{} hnljxf ulx]sf b]lvGy] ToxL gbLsf] glhs ag]sf] 5 of] b'Mv 5}g ;a} ;'ljwfn] ;DkGg 5g vfgnfpgsf] t s] s'f eof]
k]l;sf] uf}j Plkmn 6fj cfxf cfxf eGb} xfdL Toxfsf b[Zo Sofdf cfvfsf gfgLleq s}b
;aeGbf dflyNnf] efudf x]sf] &( lkm6 cUnf] PlG6gf;lxt ub{} uof} klxnf] tnfsf] aLrsf] efudf x]sf] ]6'fFdf lgs} rxnkxn
o;sf] prfO !)^# lkm6 5 of egf} sla Psf;L tn] 3afasf] lyof] dflg;sf] eL8nfO{ l5rf]Nb} b[Zo cjnf]sgsf] cfgGb lnb} cufl8
5 of] 6fj To; a]nfsf] ;+;fs} ;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj xf] of] of] 6fj a9of} oxfaf6 bf];|f] tnfdf k'Ug aLrdf Pp6f 7"nf] ln6 hl8Psf]

76 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 77

lyof] bf];|f] tnfdf hfg Toxf klg Tolts} eL8 lyof] bf];|f] tnfdf xfdL v'flt x]g{ yfNof} Tolt g} a]nf ;kmfOsf ;fy p;n] >Ldfgsf]
k'Ug l;9L klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 o; 6fjsf] ;aeGbf tnsf] efu vNtLaf6 jfn]6 lemls;s]5 >LdfgnfO{ yfxf g} ePg ] s'f ubf{ub{}
hlt 7"nf] 5 dflydfly hfbf ;fF3'lFb} uPsf] 5 bf];|f] tnfsf] klg p;sf] xftdf jfn]6 b]Vbf xfdL 5Ss kof} p;n] ;DemfPsf] htf] uL
rf}lt 3'Dg afNsf]gL agfOPsf] 5 b'j} tnfsf] afNsf]gLdf cUnf k5fl8sf] vNtLdf jfn]6 gfVg" egL lkmtf{ uL af6f] nfUof] cfZro{
cUnf af nufOPsf] lyof] s'g} b'3{6gf gxf]; eg] xf]nf bf];|f] tnfdf p;n] jfn]6 lsg lkmtf{ uof] xfdL cndNndf kof}F
klg ]6'fF lyof] To;eGbf dfly t];|f] tnfdf PlG6gf fv]sf] 7fpdf oxfFsf] km'6kfy olt 7"nf] x'bf] x]5 ls udL{ a]nfdf w]}h;f]
ko{6ssf] nflu lgif]lwt ulPsf] x]5 t];|f] tnfdf hfg s]jn eof ]6'fFn] km'6kfy klg k|of]u u]sf] b]lvof] klxn] g} o; s'fsf] ljrf
k|of]u ulG5 ln6sf] Jojyf 5}g k'ofP olt 7"nf] km'6kfy agfPsf xf]nfg ]6'fFaflx km'6kfydf
o;L b; xhf 6g kmnfdn] ag]sf] !)^# lkm6 cUnf] 6fjn] vfg]sf] eL8 lyof] oxfF 3df ksfP sf]xL vfb}gghtf] nfUof]
Ps ;o jif{cl3b]lv ;+;fe k]l;sf] cnu klxrfg agfpFb} uf}j sltdfG5] sqf] rxnkxn dfOnf] nfUof] xfdLn] klg ToxLFs} ]6'fFdf
a9fPsf] 5 gof s'fsf] yfngL ug{] hf]sf]xL hlxn] klg cfnf]lrt vfgf vfO{ latf} xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} ofqfsf] ysfg;lxt k]l;sf]
aGb5g Plkmnn] klg of] 6fj agfpFbf w]} cfnf]rgf vKg k]sf] 3'd3fdn] lgs} yfs]sf lyof} ulxf] lgb|f k]5
lyof] k|z+;seGbf cfnf]rs w]} sdfP t cfh ToxL cfnf]lrt 6fj ef]lnkN6 laxfg dg k|km'Nn zL tf]tfhf ePsf] xfdLn]
k]l;sf] uf}jsf] k|tLs ag]sf] 5 k]l;nfO{ lrgfpg] 7f]; lrXg aGb} dx;'; uof}F cfof]hssf] ufpdf hfg] ;do lbp;f] b'O{ ah] lglZrt
k]l; eGgf;fy hf]sf]xLsf] cfvfdf Plkmn 6fjsf] 5lj cfOxfN5 o; ulPsf] lyof] To;}n] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u uL xfdL km]l ;x 3'Dg
6fjsf] lgdf{0fkl5 ljsl;t b]zxdf cUnfcUnf 6fj agfpg] Pp6f lglSnof} km]l PskN6 Plkmn 6fj k'Uof} ;x klqmdf ufpg] 8an
nx g} rNof] Pp6f ;fgsf] ljifoht} eof] 8]s a; Toxfaf6 klg lng ;lsbf] x]5 v'Nnf, ;kmf cfsfz, slnnf]
cfh} >Ldfgsf] ldl6sf cfof]hs;u e]6g] ;do ldnfPsfn] 3fd clt d0fLo lyof] Tof] laxfgLsf] df};d k|To]s 8an 8]s a;df
Plkmn 6fjaf6 ;Lw} xfdL pxfFsf] clkm;df uof} clkm; eg]sf] Totf] kf] dflg;x 6gf6g a;L ;x klqmdfsf] cfgGb lnOx]y] xfdL klg
x'g'k5{ clg kf] sfd ug]{ hfu rN5 xf]nfhtf] nfUof] slt fd|f] 8an 8]ssf] dflyNnf] v'Nnf 7fpdf uO{ aof} cUnf] v'Nnf a; eP
vf;df o; kflnsf] ldl6 k]l; ;xaflx ufpdf x'g] ePsf] xf]nf htftt} 5n{u b]lvg] l;6sf] ;fO8df sfgdf nufO{ ;'Gg] Po
5 To; ufpdf cfof]hssf] 3 klg 5 xfdLnfO{ pgs} 3df ag] kmf]g h8fg ulPsf] lyof] h;af6 cu|]hLk|m]Gr efiffdf oxfFsf d'Vo
aGbf]at ldnfPsf x]5g ufp;Dd pgs} uf8Ldf hfg] lg0f{o eof] d'Vo ynxsf] j0f{g ulx]Yof] oxfsf] 7fp g} w]} kmflsnf] xf] jf
ft kg{ yfln;s]sf] lyof] xfdL 3'Db}3'Db} k]l; u]6;Dd k'Uof} of] oxfsf k"j{ zf;sxsf] b"blz{tf of egf} kmflsnf] 5ftL ;8s slt
klg k]l; lrgfpg] uf}jsf] k|tLs xf] ftdf To; u]6nfO{ rf}ltaf6 rf}8f, sqfsqf baf, sqfsqf v'Nnf 7fp xhff} dflg; hDdf eP
k|sfz lbO{ pHofnf] agfOPsf] lyof] 6f9}af6 k|6 b]lvGYof] ;'Gb klg Tolts} xfpnfghtf] ;of};of} jif{cl3 sqf] ljsf; ePsf] 7fp
;xsf] b[Zo cjnf]sgsf] cfgGb lnb} xfdL tLg hgf lgs}a] k}bn x]5 of] slt ztfAbL laTof] xf]nf cem klg plQs} ;+lIft ;'lIft
lxl8Xof} xfdLht} k}bnofqLxsf] Toxf 3'Orf] lyof] b]lvG5 oxfsf] ljz]iftf Pp6f of] klg x]5 ;xnfO{ k'fgf] emns
lx8bflx8b} crfgs Ps hgfn] xfdLnfO{ s]xL ;f]w]htf] nfUof] lbg rlDsnf] nufO{ gofF b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5}g Toqf]a] a;df
tLg} hgf f]lsof} cfgf]] efiffdf v} s]s] eGb} v'flt b]vfof] 3'd] x]bf{ b]lvof] ;xnfO{ k'fg} emns lbOPsf] 5 cfw'lgsLs0f

78 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 79

ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5}g pgLxnfO{ cfgf]] k'fg} z}nLdf cfTduf}j 5 hf]xf] ub{}df l7Ss
of] kDkf uf}j lkF9LlkF9Ldf ;b{} cfPsf] 5 stf] snfTds ;x oxfsf w]}h;f] kmf6 vfnLvfnL b]lvP dg kms{] km]l cfg}
hxfF uP klg pt} fd|f] To;} xf]Og x]5 ko{6sx y'lk|g] o; 7fpdf 7fp;u t'ngf ug{ k'U5 otf] ;lhnf] 7fp ;'ljwfo'St cf}hf kfP
oxfsf w]}h;f] ;+rgf baf g]kf]lnogsf] kfnfdf ag]sf x]5g xfd|f ls;fg slt dfpb} v]tL uy{] xf]nf kxf8sf] Tof] t]nL k]sf]
jR5, ;kmf, lnK;fd'St x[bo ePsf fi6k|]dL ln8 ;fy} b]z ljsf;sf] 7fpdf xft}n] vg] klg slt b'Mv uL v]tL u]sf 5g t}klg Ps k]6
nflu s8f zf;g t x'g}kg{] x]5 h'g g]kf]lnogn] u] b]vfP kfNg d'lsn 5
kljf;lxt otf] ;'Gb 7fp ;'Gb laxfgL a;af6 rf}lt Toqf] tLg 3G6fsf] ofqfdf af6f] lalu|Psf] Ps 6'qmf kmf]xf] st}
lgofNbf ;'vsf] cg'e"lt eOx]Yof] cfgf]] b]zsf] ljifd kllyltnfO{ b]lvPg ;kmf ev lkr u]htf] af6f] ;fgf;fgf ufpaf6 kf; x'bf
yf]} ;dosf] nflu yftL fvL e'Ng] sf]l;; ub{} of] laxfgL olQs} hxfF x]of] pt} fd|f];u ldnfP agfPsf] af6f] 3x 3sf] ofn,
lxxf]; slxNo} cGTo gxf];htf] nfUof] t ;do s;sf] a;df 5 af6f] htftt} ;'Gb km"nx 9sds km'n]sf km"nsf Psbd ;f}lvg
of] t cfgf]] tfdf lgGt rlnxG5 x]5g oxfsf afl;Gbf Toqf] nfdf] af6f]df cJojlyt gldn]sf]
Toxfaf6 ;xlt k}bn lx8b} uof} oxfsf] k|To]s 7fp PsPs htf] sxL b]lvPg slt d]xgt u]sf x]5g
uL 3'Dg] xf] eg] Ps dlxgfn] klg k'Ub}g xf]nf ;+;fs} Ps clt dxFuf]] otf ufpsf ;o jif{ k'fgf 3nfO{ gofF dflgFbf] x]5 sDtLdf
;x klg xf] of] dxFuLn] ubf{ oxLFsf afl;GbfnfO{ klg k]l; ;xdf b'O{;otLg;o jif{ k'fgf 3 5g otf r'g9'uf w]} kfOg] eP xf]nf
ag ufx|f] eO;Sof] ] To;}n] cfhef]ln w]} ;xjf;L ;xeGbf aflxL w]}h;f] r'g9'ufsf 3 lyP oxfsf clwstd 3x b'O{tn] nf]k
If]qdf ag yfn]sf 5g ] oftfoftsf] hlt klg ;'ljwf 5b} 5 Sof] 5fgf ePsf lrl6Ss k]sf 5g k]l;b]lv o; 7fpdf cfpbf;Dd
hlt cf]xf]bf]xf] u] klg ef] hxf a;] klg s] ef] 7"nf kxf8 eg] st} b]lvPgg ;fgf;fgf 8f8f cem egf} y'Dsfy'Dsf
ldl6sf cfof]hs xfdLnfO{ lng cfpg] a]nf eO;s]sfn] htf htf x]of] dfOnf] b]lvg] kfgL kbf{ klg xfdLsxfhtf] d';nwf]
xf]6ndf s'L aof} lglZrt ;dodf pgL xfdLnfO{ lng cfOk'u] pgsf] kL df6f] XjfQ aufpg] vfnsf] kb{}g xf]nf To;}n] oxfsf] hldg f]ln
uf8Ldf xfdL pgs} kmfd{ xfp;tkm{ nfUof} pgsf] kmfd{ xfp; k]l;b]lv vfnsf] 5 h;df d]l;g nufO{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] k5{
@#) lsnf]ld6 blIf0fklZrddf of6' 8' nf]jf eGg] 7fpdf x]5 hlt k'fgf] 3 plt rf}8f uff] cf]vsf] l;u} vsf] blng
k|mfG;sf] clwstd efu ;dtn e"ld sqfsqf 7"nf kmf6 ot} hf] clxn];Dd htfsf] Tot} 5 sf]7f klg sDtLdf cf7 lkm6 hlt
7fpsf] nflu ag]sf xf]nfg s[lifsf cfw'lgs cf}hf h;n] ubf{ v]tL cUnf] xf]nf w]}h;f] 3x pt}pt} lsl;dsf b]lvG5g w]} hf8f]
ug{ klg ;lhnf] pTkfbg klg w]} x'g] oqf] cfvfn] gEofpg] ljzfn x'g] eP xf]nf k|To]s 3df kmfo Kn];sf] fd|f] Jojyf 5 e'Odf
e"lddf dfgj xftn] dfq sfd u] s] ;fWo ;f]r] oqf] e"lddf pAhgL t]lnof O6f 5flkPsf] clxn];Dd klg pt} fd|f] b]lvG5
klg slt x'bf] xf], vfgfsf] s] b'Mv xfdLsxfF 6fps}df vnfhtf cUnfcUnf t;f{pg] vfnsf
ufF;af;sf] lglZrGttf eP dfq dflg; gofFgofF ;f]r vf]hsf] 8f8f b]lvx]sf] cfvfn] oxfsf oL ldn]sf 8f8f b]Vbf dfOnf] dfg] otf]
af6f]lt cu|; x'G5 lbdfuL sfd ug{ plS;G5g ug{ klg ;S5g hldgdf af6f] agfpg klg lgs} ;lhnf] k5{ xf]nf xfdLsxfhtf] 8f8f
;w} xftd'v hf]g{ wf}wf} eP lbdfu To;}To;} z"Goz"Go vfnL eO{ kmf]g{ klg gkg{] ;fn;fn} k}f]n] n}hfnf eGg] 8 klg gx'g] gbL klg
7"nf7"nf ;f]r g} sxf cfp5g clwstd ;do hLljsf]kfh{gsf] xfdLsxfhtf] ;';fP u8u8fpb} bfofFafof sf6b} aflnPsf] b]lvPg

80 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 81

zfGt ;f}Do eP au]sf] 5]p5fpnfO{ s'g} wSsf glbO{ lsg xf]nf xft] d]l;g Toxf lyof] tof ePsf] jfOg l;;Ldf fvL To;nfO{ xfjf
xfdLsxf dflg;b]lv k|s[lt;Ddn] pu| ljgfzsfL k lnb} uPsf gl5g{] uL aGb ug{] d]l;g klg Toxf lyof] tL ;a} cfh;Dd htfsf
clxn] k]l;sf w]}h;f] wgLxsf] ufpdf 3 x'bf] x]5 5'L Tot} 5g vf;df o; e]udf cu' w]} kmNbf] x]5 cu'nfO{ nfdf]
dgfpg ufp cfp5g hxfF agsf] nflu x]s ;'ljwf ldnfPsf x'G5g ;do;Dd s;L ;'lIft fVg] egL vf]hL x'bfx'b} jfOgsf] ljsf; ePsf]
7"nf7"nf vfnL 7fp cf]u6] agfOPsf] 3afL, au}rf zfGt, ;kmf xf]nfhtf] nfUof] oxfsf] k|To]s kN6sf] vfgfdf jfOg x'g} kg{] rng
dgdf]xs jftfj0faLr lyof] tL cfof]hssf] 3 s'g} a]nf xfdLsxfht} x]5 jfOg w]} vfP xf]nf oxfsf k'?ifx ut r'lxPnfhtf] lStd
ufpaf6 o'jfx knfog eP ufp vfnLvfnLht} ePsf] lyof] ] t j0f{sf x]5g
clxn] latf}latf} o'jfx ufp kms+{b} 5g ] ;xsf] sfd eP logsf] afLdf ofp, ;]tf] gfkftL, cf?, cu' n6Dd kmn]sf
klg ufpd} a;L u] x'G5 ] ;sfn] otf] ;'ljwf ldnfOlbPsf 5g lyP oxfF t s]6fs]6L klg b]lvb}gg o; 3sf] afLau}rf ;a} v'Nnf
] xKtfdf Psb'O{rf]l6 ;x uO{ sfd a'emfP klg x'g] slt sfd t 5 Totf] alnof] vfn] 5]saf klg 5}g logLx w]}h;f] k]l;
OG6g]6af6 klg ug{ ldNg] Totf] ;lhnf] kflPsf] 5 ] ufp eg] klg ;xd} a5g dlxgfb'O{ dlxgfdf cfp5g To;aLr oxf 3 x]g]{
;a} ;'ljwf;DkGg 5b} 5 Sof] ;xsf] sf]nfxn clt Jottfaf6 klg sf]xL x'b}gg kmnkm"n h;n] vfP klg s] yfxf t cx oxfF s;}n]
6f9f ;n hLjg latfpg rfxg]sf] nflu Ps ;'j0f{ cj; klg xf] of] klg csf{sf] 3lt 6'n'Ss x]b{}gg ofp, gfkftL To;}To;} e'Odf
of]hgf oxfsf] ;sfn] hgtfsf] nflu slt ;f]r]sf] 5 5lPsf lyP
dgdf otf s'f v]nfpb} dfOnf] jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnbf xfdL ag] eg]sf] pgLxsf] kfx'gf3 b'O{tn] lyof] To; 3sf]
lnb} cfof]hssf] 3 cfO;s]5 7"nf] kmflsnf] 7fp hxfF cnucnu e'O tnfdf Pp6f 7"nf] sf]7f, h;df Pp6f xf]6nsf] a]8?ddf ePht}
rfj6f 3 lyP tL ;a} tLg ;o jif{ k'fgf x'g ] b'O6f 3leq ;a} rflxg] x]s ;fdfgsf ;fy} hf]l8Psf] afy?d lyof] sf]7fdf flvPsf]
dd{t u] ag of]Uo agfPsf 5g Kffx'gf3 egL 5'fPsf] 3df ;fgf] lk|mhdf kfgL, sf]N8 l8s, jfOg, agsf] nflu Ps hf] ;f]kmf,
;fdfg fvL xfdL afLau}rf csf{] 3 x]g{ lglSnof} b'O6f 3 cem Pp6f 68L 6]an, bfhdf 6Gg lstfa oL ;a} yf]s ldnfP flvPsf]
dd{t ug{ afsL g} 5 dd{t ug{ afsL Pp6f 3df v]tL afLdf sfd lyof] Do'lhs l;6dsf] klg fd|f] Jojyf lyof], Toxf flvPsf] l;8Ldf
ug{ rflxg] 7"nf;fgf cf}hfx 5g k|To]s cf}hfx slt fd|f];u a'4dGq hk]sf] l;8L klg lyof] aGbf]atL x]bf{ s'g} xf]6neGbf sd
;hfP fv]sf csf]{ v08df sf7sf] sfd ug{] ldqL;u s] Tolt lyPg To;eGbf dfly b'O{ cnu a]8 nufPsf] afy?d;lxtsf] sf]7f
cf}hf xf]nf hlt oxf 5 stf] tlsf;u ldnfP fv]sf xfdL tL lyof] 5f]f csf{] pgLxsf] cl;6]G6 To; sf]7fdf a;] cfof]hs
;a} ;fdfg x]L 5Ss kof} logLxnfO{ slt ;fdfg rflxPsf] htf] ag] d'Vo 3 klg b'O{tn] 7"nf] lyof] tn lnle, 8fOlg, lsr]g,
klg nfUof] x'g t logLx ;fgfltgf sfd ;a} cfkmF} u5{g To;}n] klg afy?d, dfly tnfdf afy?d;lxtsf] b'O{ a]8?d lyP o; ldl6sf]
oL ;a}sf] cfjZostf kbf{] xf] nflu lj6hNofG8af6 cfPsf csf{ Ps ;bo oxL 3sf] dflysf]
dd{t ug{ afsL csf{] 3 k'fg} cjyfdf lyof] xfd|f] d'Vo vfgf Pp6f a]8?ddf a;] lnledf flvPsf] lkofgf] b]v] 5f]f v';L
eft eg]ht} k|m]Grxsf] w]} klxn]b]lv d'Vo vfgf kfpf]6L x]5 eof] cfof]hssf cl;6]G6 d]f] 5f]f a]nfa]nf lkofgf] ahfpFy]
o; 3df kfpf]6L agfpg] Pp6f 7"nf] eL lyof] ToxL ;u}df jfOg dnfO{ ;fx|} dg k5{ lkofgf]sf] ;uLt o; 3;u} hf]l8Psf] Pp6f
agfpg] 7"nf] sf7sf] ef8f], h;df cu' fvL To;nfO{ k]Ng] kmnfdsf] sf]7fnfO{ cfof]hsn] clkm; agfPsf x]5g ToxfF ePsf bfhdf 6Gg

82 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 83

lstfa, 7"nf] 6]an, rf}lt d]r, sDKo'6, lk|G6 ;fy} lrofskmL vfg] aflx a;] vfg] dfOnf] 7fp klg lyof] lr;f]lr;f] nfUof] xfdL leq}
aGbf]at;Dd ToxfF lyof] ;a} hgf ToxL a;L ldl6af] 5nkmn uy{] aof} ljleGg lsl;dsf] vfgf;u} rLh jfOgsf] jfb lnof} v"a gfd
ToxL clkm; sf]7f;u} hf]l8Psf] csf{] 3df n'uf w'g] d]l;g, lq nufpg] rn]sf] rNtLsf] ]6'fF x]5
6]an 3df lah'nLsf] s'g} klg sfd k] agfpg] cg]s lsl;dsf ef]lnkN6 laxfg p7] ofn vf]nL x]] To; ufpsf] laxfgL clt
cf}hf Toxf lyP ;u}sf] sf]7fdf kfgL ttfpg] Pp6f 7"nf] Ajfon d0fLo lyof] v'Nnf, ;kmf, s~rg cfsfz, slnnf] 3fd, Koff] nfUg]
klg 3fdsf] fk, rfxsf] lrla d d]f] afNosfnsf] kxf8sf] Tof] ;'Gb
3cufl8 7"nf] rf}, rf}sf] aLrdf Pp6f k'fgf] lsl;dsf] Ogf laxfgLdf k'u]5' jR5 lgd{n cfsfz ePsf] lbgdf kxf8sf] dflyaf6
lyof] 3 hlQs} k'fgf] xf] ] of] Ogf s'g} rNtLdf gcfP klg b]lvg] laxfgL ;fFlRrs} cljd0fLo x'G5 afNosfn d]f] kxf8df
clxn];Dd To;df kfgL 5 ] Tof] k'fgf] lsl;dsf] Ogf b]Vbf k'fgf] lat]sfn] xf]nf cln v'Nnf, jR5 kxf8, ufpn] jftfj0f b]Vof] ls
l;g]df x]]htf] nfUof] b'O{tLg ;o jif{cl3sf klxgdf cfOdfO{x afNosfndf k'luxfN5' afNosfndf a;]sf] dgsf] 5fk slxNo} d]l6bf]
To; Ogfsf] jlkl sf]xL kfgL lemSb} u]sf, sf]xL n'uf w'b} u]sf, x]g5 d0fn] dfq klg dg slt k|km'lNnt x'G5 sf]7fdf ag} dg
sf]xL aRrfnfO{ g'xfpb} u]sf oL emns l;g]df x]]ht} cfvf ;fd' gfRg nfu]g ;'Gb laxfgLsf] cfgGb lng 3'Db}3'Db} logsf] hldgsf] dfly;Dd
yfn] cfkm"nfO{ ToxL o'udf k'ofpbf dfOnf] jftfj0fsf] cg'e"lt uF] k'u] cln cUnf] 7fp, 6f9f6f9f;Dd b]lvg] ;xsf] sf]nfxnd'St ufp
xfdLn] sf7df8f}af6 cfof]hs csf{ ;fyLsf] nflu pkxf zfGt ;'Gb nfUof] cfof]hssL >LdtL slt km'lt{nL km6fkm6 gftf
g]kfnL un}rf NofPsf lyof} un}rf pgLxnfO{ ;fx|} dg k]5 Hofb} tof kfl;ls5g
v';L eP >LdtLsf] nflu klg ;fgf]ltgf] pkxf kf]t]r'f nu]sL lyP w]}h;f] oxf cu'v]tL uL jfOg agfpbf x]5g Tof] jfOgnfO{
vfgf ksfpbf pgL d eP ksfpYof} c;fWo ldng;f, kmfl;nL nfdf] ;do;Dd e08f0f ug{ k|To]ssf] cfcfgf]] cnucnu u'kmf
jefjsL v"a ukm ug{'kg{] dfOnL otfptf s'f ubf{ub{} pgn] k|mfG;sf x'bf] x]5 r'g9'ufsf] kxf8nfO{ vf]k] u'kmfsf] k lbOPsf] Toxfsf]
dflg; cem} klg slt ;s'lrt ljrfdf clNemPsf 5g eGg] s'f u'kmfsf] prfO emG8} cf7b; lkm6sf] xf]nf Tot} nDafOrf}8fO cfgf]]
atfOg oxfFsf cfOdfO{x cfh klg zf]lift x]5g htf] >Ldfg h?tcg';f k|j]zfdf 7"nf] 9f]sf h8fg uL tfnf nufOPsf]
gePsf] Psn dlxnf eGg] yfxf eof] eg] x]Kg], dg kL ug{ vf]Hg] lyof] jfOg sfvfgfjfnfn] ToxfFsf afl;Gbfsf cu' xfdLsxf wfg
oxf;Dd ls Psn eP s'g} ;dff]xdf klg af]nfOb}g ] Psn;u ;fy nufpg]n] clwofFdf lnPht} lnG5g fd|f] jfOg agfO;s]kl5 slt
ug{ dlxnfx g} 8fp5g ] sxLF cfgf]] >Ldfg To;;u km5 ls k|ltzt jfOgsf] af]tn cu'wgLnfO{ lbg] eGg] klxn] g} sa'ngfdf
eg] o;L ;dfhaf6 g} 6f9f x'g'k5{ slt kL8fbfoL aG5 xf]nf u]sf] x'bf] x]5 cu'wgL Tof] jfOg cfgf]] k|of]hgsf] nflu fV5g
otf] alxisf hxfsf eP klg cfOdfO{sf] syfJoyf Pp6} gdfOnf] jfOgnfO{ ;s];Dd lr;f] 7fpdf e08f0f ug{'kg]{ eP klg pgLxnfO{
nfUof] u'kmf agfpg' h?L kbf{] x]5 s;}s;}n] u'kmfleq aQLsf] nfOg klg
vf;df o; 7fpdf Tolt udL{ x'b}ghtf] nfUof] v'Nnf 7fp hf]8]sf d]r6]an fvL ToxL a;L lkpg] ubf{ x]5g To; u'kmfleq
xfjf klg a]sg rNg] xfdL a;]sf] 7fpaf6 b;kGw| ldg]6 otfptfdf k|fs[lts jftfg's"lnt alglbG5 cfof]hsn] xfdLnfO{ pgsf] u'kmf
;fgf];fgf] ahf lyof] vfg] ;fdfg ;a} ToxLaf6 Nofpy] Toxf k'u]sf] b]vfpg nu] u'kmf cfkm" ag] 3eGbf cln 6f9f nf]k ldn]sf] xf]rf]
ftdf cln 6f9f 3gf hunaLr sf7}sf7sf] b'O{tn] ]6'fFdf nu] xf]rf] vfnsf] 8f8fdf lyof] To; 7fpdf Tot} nfOg} u'kmf lyP pgsf]

84 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 85

u'kmfdf aQL gePsfn] 6r{ nu]sf lyP aL; hgf hlt dhfn] c6g] ;do latfpg xf] jf wd{df a9L cfyf eP xf] rr{df j[4j[4f g}
pgsf] u'kmf lyof] jfOg af]tn fVg] ofsdf fd|f];u jfOg ldnfP w]} lyP h'g;'s} wd{df klg ljz]if cfyf fVg] To;nfO{ lgGttf
flvPsf] lyof] Toxfaf6 pgn] emf]nfel jfOg af]tn 3 NofP lbg] j[4j[4f g} x'bf x]5g rr{leq flvPsf] nfdf] a]Grdf uO{ ;a}
kmflsnf] 7fpdf lrl6Ss k]sf 3 slt dfOnf] b]lvGYof] hgf a;] aLrdf lx8g] af6f] fv] b'O{ ;fO8df eStx a;]sf lyP
o; 7fpsf] ljz]iftf oxfsf] gukflnsfsf] clkm; klg u'kmfleq 5 cufl8 cln cUnf] 7fpdf dfOs nufOPsf] lyof] cufl8 b'O{ afnsx
] Tot} ]6'fF klg u'kmfdf agfPsf 5g ] of] e]u w]} klxn] lgs} To;k5fl8 To; rr{sf u'? kfbL cfP cufl8sf] d~rdf uO{ a;] Ps
;DkGg x]5 7fp7fpdf 7"nf7"nf 7fp cf]u6]sf k'fgf bafx hgfn] dfOsaf6 ehg ufpg yfn] csf{n] lkofgf] ahfP pgnfO{ ;a}
b]lvG5g bafwgLnfO{ cfh tL baf 3f8f] ePsf 5g ] dd{t;Def eStxn] ufP ;fy lbb} lyP To;kl5 csf{ Ps hgfn] eujfgaf]
ug{ klg d'lsn To; bafn] sdfpg]eGbf vr{ a9L xfdL a;]sf] j0f{g ub{} k|jrg lbP ot} ;fgf]ltgf] sfo{qmd s]xL a] rNof]
7fpglhsaf6 6]g cf]xf]bf]xf] u]sf] b]lvGYof] oxfsf afl;Gbfn] tLg To;kl5 rr{sf] 7"nf] 3G6 aHof] ;u;u} lkofgf]df dw' w'g klg
;o jif{cl3b]lv 6]gsf] ;'ljwf ef]u ug{ kfPsf x'g ] otf ufO{at' w]} sfo{qmdsf] cGTolt Pp6f ef8f lnO{ ;xof]u egL k};f dfUg cfpbf
kfNbf x]5g xfdL a;]sf] cln k w]} ufO{ kfn]sf] lyof] d}n] oxLaf6 x]5g kmls{g] a]nfdf 9f]sfcufl8 kfbL plEePsf lyP pgL ;a}
;Lw} tfhf b"w lnP x'b}g egL ;f]w] t oxf ;Lw} b"w lsGg ldNb}g eStxnfO{ PsPs ub{} cfzLjf{b lbb} lyP ;u}sf Ps hgfn] v} s]
] lsgeg] Toxfsf] ;sfL lgod} x]5 ls 8]Ldf k|zf]wg guL ;Lw} xf] k|;fb klg af8b} lyP cfof]hssL >LdtLn] g]kfnaf6 cfPsf] egL
b"w a]Rg gkfOg] oxfF klg ljleGg k|sfsf rLh cTolws dfqfdf lrgfkrL{ ufOg dnfO{ klg cfzLjf{b t lbP t k|;fbrflx lbPgg
vfG5g ;fob c wd{jfnfnfO{ lbOb}g ls cfgf]]cfgf]] lgod, o;df gfd|f]
of] 7fp ;d'b|af6 w]} 6f9f ePsfn] ;d'b|sf] wLt dfg{ xf]nf oxf dfGg] s'f klg ePg
agfj6L ;d'b|lsgf agfPsf 5g 7"nf] vf8n agfO{ To;df kfgL eL >Ldfg sfddf Jot x'g'ePsf] a]nf 5f]f, d cfof]hssL
lsgfdf afn'jf fvL ;d'b|lsgfhtf] agfPsf] 5 gf}sf ljxf ug{ >LdtL;Fu jk 3'Dg uof} vf; ldl6sf] nflu ljleGg 7fpaf6
klg ldNg] Tolt 7"nf] tfn sf]xL tfndf kf}8L v]n] lsgfsf] afn'jfdf ;xefuLx hDdf eO;s]sf lyP tL ;a} Toxf ePsf] Pp6f ;fgf]
;'ltx]sf kf}8L v]n] lsgfdf ;'Tbf afn'jf l;lWFbb} hfg] To;df ahfsf] xf]6ndf a;]sf lyP ldl6 klg ToxL xf]6ndf x'b} lyof]
afn'jf ylkxg'kg{] ePsf]n] tfneGbf cln k kxf8 hq} cUnf] afn'jfsf] ldl6n] ubf{ >Ldfg a]km';{bL x'g'eof] To;}n] 5f]f d dfq oftf]
8u' lyof] laleGg ]6'fFsf ;fy} agsf] nflu ;fgf;fgf 3 klg b ;]gf]l;of] 3'Dg hfg] eof} Tof] Plofsf] clt k|Voft baf x]5 of]
lyP a"9fa"9L 5'L dgfpg Toxf cfO{ ag] u5{g ;'ljwf ;DkGg 7fpdf cfgf]] cg's"n ;dodf hfgcfpg ug{ t cfg} uf8L rflxof] To;}n]
dfOnf] ulx]sf dflg;xsf] ToxfF 7"nf] eL8 lyof] Pp6f uf8L ef8fdf lnof} o; 7fpaf6 Tof] baf;Dd k'Ug b'O{ 3G6f
cfof]hssL >LdtL cfOtaf rr{ hfg] ul5{g Ps lbg d hlt nfUbf] x]5 otfsf] 7fp klg Tot} fd|f] hxf uP klg Tot}
klg pgL;u rr{ uP gfd, k cnu eP klg eujfg Ps x'g eGg] ldn]sf] b]lvG5 otf v08 j[li6 ePhtf] st}st} kfgL klx]Yof] eg]
d]f] dfGotf 5 To;}n] h'g;'s} wd{df klg dnfO{ cfyf hfU5 >4fn] st} ;kmf cfsfz af6fdf sxLFsxLF kfgL k] klg oftf] b ;]gf]l;of]
lz g'lxG5 ;a} wd{sf] cflv d"n;f tj klg t Pp6} xf] s]jn baf k'Ug] a]nfdf cfsfz ;kmf b]lvof] of] bafsf] ljz]iftf Pp6f of]
jfyL{xn] ckJofVof uL cnu b]vfpg vf]h]sf dfq x'g klg xf] ls baf r] gbLsf] aLrdf ag]sf] 5 ;f]x|f} ztfAbLdf ag]sf]

86 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 87

o; bafn] 7"nf] 7fp cf]u6]sf] 5 ljz]if cnu ljz]iftf af]s]sf] o; ofnsf] kbf{;Dd sfnf], kndf sfnf] tGgf, e'Odf klg sfnf] sfk]{6
bafdf ;w} olQs} eL8 x'G5 ] uf8L kfls{df Tot} eL8 8fOe la5ofOPsf] lyof] ljwjf x'g' eg]sf] lhGbuL cWoff] eof] egL sfn}
w]}rf]l6 cfO;s]sf] xf]nf leq cfpg dfg]g aflx g} aof] k|j]zfdf sfnf] k|of]u u]sf] xf] ]
l6s6 sfpG6 lyof] l6s6 lnP Toxfaf6 cl3 a9of} k|j]zfb]lv To; a]nfsf ;fgf;fgf fHosf fhfxn] xfdLsxfht} b'O{
of] vf; baf lgs} g} 6f9f lyof] 7"nf] hunht} cUnfcUnf v b]zsf] ;DaGw ;'wfg{ ljf]wL b]zsf fhfnfO{ 5f]L lbg] rng x]5
ePsf] 7fpaf6 kf; ePkl5 7"nf]7"nf] au}rf cfof] aLrdf 7"nf] af6f] fhfn] t lbP t larf tL 5f]LxnfO{ zq' b]zdf g efiff ldNg] g
b'j} ;fO8df ;'Gb au}rf 7"nf] k'nhtf]af6 uPkl5 bafsf] d"n xg;xg, g cfgf] sf]xL 5g Totf] 7fpdf ldn] ag slt ufx|f]
9f]sfdf k'Uof} of] k"} baf gbLdfly ag]sf] 5 dflg;sf] x"n;u} kYof]{ xf]nf To;dfly bafleq rNg] if8oGqsf] ;fdgf ub{} slt
xfdL klg bafleq kof} gbLdfly ag]sf] 7"nf]7"nf] cfr{df of] baf zf]liftkLl8t eP xf]nfg
cl8Psf] 5 gbL lgs} 7"nf] 5 rf ;o jif{cl3 ag]sf] of] baf cfh To; bafsf] rf}lt gf}sf ljxf ug{] 7fp klg lyof] crfgs
klg plQs} fd|f] alnof] 5 rf ;o jif{cl3 gbLdfly baf agfpbf zq'n] cfqmd0f u] kfgLsf] af6f] k|of]u uL efUg ;lhnf] x'G5 egL
stf] ;fdu|L k|of]u u] xf]nfg hf] cfh;Dd klg lalu|Psf] 5}g slt kfgLdfly baf agfPsf x'g ls jf To; a]nf cgf}7f] k|of]u kf] u]sf
7"nf cUnf sf]7fx k|To]s sf]7f ttfpg 7"nf7"nf kmfo Kn];x x'g gbLsf] b'j} efu k|6 b]lvg] Pp6f nfdf] xn lyof] Toxf fhfsf]
agfOPsf x]5g clxn] klg To; bafnfO{ TolQs} ;hfP flvPsf] a}7s ag] uYof{] ] gbLsf] kfl 7"nf] hun 5 gbL lsgfsgf
5 ToxfF ePsf ;a} ;fdfg ToxL a]nfsf x'g ] To; a]nf of] b]z slt af6f] hxf 3f]8r9Lxn] utL ulx]sf x'Gy] ] olt k'fgf] baf cfh
ljsl;t x]5 eGg] s'f ToxfF ;hfOPsf ;fdfgn] k|6ofp5 sqf klg Tolts} ;';lHht ;'lIft 5 bafsf ;a} efu PsPs uL
7"nf7"nf snfTds lrqx fhffgL aRrfx ;'Tg] cnu sf]7f x]] xfdL aflx cfof} aflx bfof ;fO8df ePsf] auF}rf;u} Pp6f nfdf]
h;df fhffgL abfv]lsf] ht} ;hfj6 lyof] cfsif{s, snfTds xn 5 hxf aflxL kfx'gf cfpbf ef]h lbOGYof] ] To; 7fpnfO{ cfh
kn, bfh, d]r, 6]an ;'Gb ;hfj6sf ;fdfgxn] ;hfOsf] lgSs} ]6'fFdf kl0ft u]sf 5g To; ]6'fFsf] aflxL efudf klg s';L{6]an
f]rs cfslif{t ug{] vfnsf] lyof] ko{6sx To; a]nfsf] ;Eotf fvL ]6'fFn] k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 lx8bflx8bf yfs] ko{6sx Toxf
;+s[lt a8f] cle?lrsf ;fy PsPs ub}{ lgofNb} lyP 3'Db}3'Db} a;L ;'tfpb} vfgf vfOx]y] xfdL klg ToxL uO{ aof} xNsf vfgf
tNnf] tnfsf] wff eP 7fpdf k'Uof} To; a]nf klg 6'6L hl8Psf] wff vfof} To; bafsf leqLaflxL b[Zox 5f]fn] Sofdfdf s}b ub{}
kfOkaf6 kfgL cfpg] dfOnf] nfUof] ;u} efG5f sf]7f lyof] hxf lyof] To;kl5 xfdL kms{g] qmddf lyof} Ps hgf hfkfgL s]6L PSn}
vfgf agfpg kmnfdsf] 7"nf] r'nf] lkQnsf tfdfsf ksfpg] ef8f, cfPsL lx5g Sof] 7fp7fpdf 6ofG8 fvL cfgf]] kmf]6f] cfkmF} lvRb}
vfgnfO{ rfOlgh df6fsf Kn]6 df;' sf6g] 7fp, df;' sf6bf nufpg] lyOg cgluGtL ko{6sxsf] cfpg]hfg] qmd hfL lyof] lglZrt
Pk|f]g, sf6g] xltof ;dosf] nflu uf8L ef8fdf lnPsfn] xfdL a]n}df kmls{of}
efG;f, 8fOlg, kfx'gf sf]7f ;a} pt} uL ;hfOPsf] plQs} >Ldfgsf] vf; ldl6 tLg lbg;Dd rNof] clGtd lbgdf
fd|f lyP Toqf cUnfcUnf sf]7fsf] jfkf x'g] l;uf k]lG6x cfof]hssf Ps ;fyLn] pgsf] jfOg fVg] u'kmfdf ;fgf] kf6L{sf]
ToxfF ;hfOPsf] lyof] ;aeGbf dflyNnf] sf]7f fgL ljwjf ePkl5 cfof]hgf u] ldl6df cfPsf ;a} hgf Toxf cfdlGqt lyP pgsf]
;'Tg] sf]7f x]5 hxfF l;ln leQf ;a}lt sfnf] kf]ltPsf] lyof] To; u'kmfleq aQL, wff, kmfo Kn];, agnfO{ nfdf]nfdf] a]Gr OToflbsf]

88 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 89

fd|f] Jojyf lyof] of] lgs} k'fgf] 7"nf] u'kmf x]5 of] olt 7"nf] lyof] t xf]Og x]5 oxf klg rf]L x'bf] x]5 Ps kN6 o; bafdf
lyof] ls o;sf] leqL efudf ;fgf;fgf sf]7fx lyP hxf y'k|} sf]xL 5}gg eGg] rfn kfP rf]n] 6s NofP k"} ;fdfg nf]8 u] nUof]
jfOgsf af]tnx e08f0f ulPsf] lyof] oxfF cu' k]Ng] d]l;g ] v}vn] 3]lPsf] cln PsfGt 7fp s;}n] b]Vbf klg b]v]gg xf]nf
klg lyof] klxnfklxnf o;} d]l;gdf k]n] jfOg agfOGYof] ] pgn] 3wgLn] g} ;fdfg nu]sf kf] x'g ls eGg] klg ;f]r] xf]nfg h] xf];
cfdlGqt ;a}nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf jfOg rfVg lbP ;a} hgf jfOg lgs} gf]S;fg eP5
vfg]s'fsf] jfb lnb} ukmdf dt lyP Pp6f cnu lsl;dsf] jftfj0f 3sf] ]vb]v ofxf;Defsf] nflu klg slxn]sfxL nfdf]
dfOnf] nfUof] ;dosf] nflu To; 7fpFdf 5'L dgfpg cfpg]nfO{ of] 3 ef8fdf lbg]
xfdL To; ufpdf c b'O{ lbg ab} lyof} ldl6 ;lsP klg ubf{ x]5g cfkm"xnfO{ agsf] nflu k5fl8lt Pp6f ;fgf] 3 lyof]
cfk;L 5nkmn afFsL g} lyof] csf{] Ps lbg cfof]hssf k'fgf ;fyLn] ToxL 7fpdf Pp6f ljld k'n klg lyof] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] x]s s'fsf]
flqsf] vfgf vfg af]nfP pgsf] lgjf; lgs} 6f9f x]5 cfof]hssf] ;''ljwf ToxfF ldnfPsf lyP
3b]lv tL ;fyLsf] 3;Ddsf] b"L emG8} 8]9b'O{ 3G6fsf] lyof] ;fgf] To; flqef]hdf c kfx'gf klg af]nfOPsf lyP ;a} kfx'gfsf]
;fgf] ;'Gb ahf atL x'b} Pp6f ;fgf] kxf8L atLdf k'Uof} Pp6f pgLxn] eJo jfut u] cfkm}Fn] tof kf]sf ljleGg klsf ;e{
8f8fsf] eGHofdf eTs]sf] k'fgf] baf lyof] Tof] baf n8fOFdf u] jflbi6 vfgfsf] cfgGb lnb} Toxf ljleGg ljifodf dfOnf] ax;
eTs]sf] ] eTs]sf] bafnfO{ s'g} dd{t guL htf] lyof] Tot} ;'lIft rNb} lyof] Tof] lgs} dfOnf] ;fem lyof] of] flqef]h hLjge Pp6f
flvPsf] 5 cfh Tof] 7fp ko{6sLo If]q ag]sf] 5 dL7f] ;Demgfsf] kdf dgdf lxxg]5
tL ;fyLsf] Toxf 3 x}g baf x]5 vf;df logLx k]l; tL lbbLalxgLsL cfdf l;og d"nsL lyOg ] lbbLrflx Aofn]
;xs} afl;Gbf x'g ] logsf a'af Ps ljlzi6 JolSt lyP ] bf];|f] 8fG;sf l6r lx5g hjfgLdf pgn] ljleGg b]zdf cfgf]] snf
ljZjo'4df ;x;xdf cfqmd0f x'g yfn]kl5 logsf a'afn] ;xdf eP k|bz{g uL lgs} k|z+;f a6'n]sL lyOg ] Aofn] 8fG;sf] kf6{g;u
aRrfxn] vfg klg gkfpnfg egL 6f9f ufpdf cfO{ a;f]af; ldnfPsf pgsf] k|]dljjfx ePsf] lyof] ] >Ldfgsf] d[To'kl5 clxn] pgL PSn}
x]5g hxf cfkmF} v]tL u] eP klg s]xL vfg t kfOPnf, Hofg t hLjg latfpFb} l5g pgsf] cfgf]] ;Gtfg klg 5}g pgnfO{ hLjg;u
hf]luPnf s] yfxf o'4 slt;Dd tlGsg] xf] vfgfsf] slt xfxfsf s'g} u'gf;f] 5}g ;+;f clt dfOnf] 5 o;sf] ek' cfgGb lng'k5{
x'g] xf] eGg] ;f]rn] cln ;'g;fg 7fp f]h]sf x]5g clxn] t of] 7fp eGg] pgsf] dfGotf 5 x'g klg xf] ;+;f ;w} pt} xG5 s]jn cfgf]]
otf] PsfGthtf] 5 eg] To; a]nf emg stf] ;'g;fg lyof] xf]nf dgn] b'Mv;'v s] cg'ej ub{} 5 ;+;f Tot} nfUg] dfq xf] cem cfkm"n]
>Ldfg gePsf a"9La"9L b'O{ lbbLalxgL dfq 5g Pp6Lsf] t 5f]f5f]L o; ;+;fnfO{ s'g kn] lng] cfgf]] ;f]r stf] 5 To;df klg e
klg 5}gg alxgLrflxsf] Ps 5f]f, Ps 5f]L 5g cfhef]ln ;a} k5{ alxgLrflx l;og Snfl;sn ufgf ufpbL lx5g b'j} lbbL
hgf k]l;d} a5g ] slxn]sfxL 5'L dgfpg oxf cfpbf x]5g alxgLdf ;uLtsf] u'0f cfdfaf6 cfPsf] x'g'k5{htf] nfUof]
cln 8f8fdf ag]sf] o; bafn] 7"nf] 7fp cf]u6]sf] 5 Toqf] baf flqef]hsf] ;a} sf];{ ;lsPkl5 ;a} hgf pgsf] a}7s sf]7fdf
sDkfpG8 ofxf;Def ug{ klg slt ufx|f] x'G5 xf]nf wghg slt cfof} hxf lkofgf] ;hfP flvPsf] lyof] ;a} hgfsf] cg'f]wdf
rflxG5 xf]nf alxgLn] lkofgf] ahfP l;og uLt ufOg dnfO{ crDd nfUof] oqf]
cfhsf] kllylt x]bf{ t oxfF fdfHo kf] 5 lshtf] nfu]sf] pd]df klg j slt tfGg ;s]sf], jdf slt ld7f;, slt fd|f]

90 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 91

ufpbL lx5g h'g;'s} 7fpsf] lsggxf]; ;uLtsf] Pp6} dfq efiff lkfld8htf] 5 of] lkfld8 aL; jif{cl3 ag]sf] xf] ] of] lkfld8
x'G5 eg]sf] xf] x]5htf] nfUof] To; uLtsf] cy{ ga'em] klg ;uLtn] g} Do'lhod cjnf]sg ug{ cfpg] bz{ssf] nflu k|j]zf x]5 To;
;a}nfO{ n kfof] ;a} dGqd'Uw eO{ xfP cfhsf] ;fem clt dfOnf] faf6 l5]kl5 ljB'tLo eofaf6 tn k'Uof} hxfF 7"nf] xn 5 To;
cljd0fLo aGof] eL ufu|L 5rlNFsb}g eg]ht} slt zfnLg, ;n xnaf6 rflt rfj6f xfuf 5'lPsf] 5 s'g xfufsf] ;fO8df s]
lzi6 Jojxf tL lbbLalxgLsf] ;fx|} k|efljt kfg{] JolStTj lyof] s] 5 egL ToxL cufl8sf] 7"nf] af]8{df n]lvPsf] 5 xfdLn] ;aeGbf
ft lgs} l5lKk;s]sfn] wGojfb clejfbgsf] cfbfgk|bfg klxnf ;+;fe cltLo ;'Gb lrq egL gfd sdfPsf] df]gfln;fsf]
uL labf x'g] tvdf nfUof} To; sf]7fdf cfuGt's k'ltsf flvPsf] d"n lrq x]g{] ljrf uof} ljZjk|l;4 df]gfln;fsf] vf; tla stf]
lyof] ;a}n] cfgf]]cfgf]] efj JoSt ub{} s]xL g s]xL n]v] d}n] klg xf]nf eGg] t h;nfO{ klg sf}t"xn x'G5 o; Do'lhodsf rf xfufdWo]
rf nfOg g]kfnLdf wGojfb;lxt cljd0fLo ;femaf] sljtf n]v] of] xfuf olt 7"nf] x]5 ls lbge 3'd] klg gEofpg] htf] htftt}
>Ldfgn] To;sf] cy{ ;DemfOlbg'eof] b'j} Hofb} v';L eP k'fgfk'fgf d"lt{, k]lG6x ;hfOPsf 5g
To; ufpsf] a;fO ;sL k]l; kms{g] lbg klg cfof] o; kN6 leQf l;ln s'g} 7fp afsL 5}g hxf lrq gsf]lPsf] xf];
xfdL 6]gaf6 k]l; kms{+b} lyof} cfof]hssf a"9fa"9L c s]xL lbg To; a]nfsf] k|mfG;sf] ;+s[lt, dflg;sf] klxg, rfnrng emNsfpb}
ufpd} ag] eP laxfgsf] gftf vfO{ pgLx xfdLnfO{ 6];g;Dd slt fd|f];u lrqx sf]lPsf 5g dfly l;lndf klg k"} 7"nf7"nf
k'ofpg cfP cltly;Tsfsf] nflu ;xif{ wGojfb eGb} g]kfn cfpg lrqx sf]lPsf 5g leQfdf eGbf l;lndf lrq sf]g{ slt ufx|f] eof]
lgDtf lbP lglZrt ;dodf 6]g cfOk'Uof] clejfbg ub{} labf eof} xf]nf s;L agfP xf]nfg sqf] d]xgt Tof] bafsf] sf]7fsf] prfO
6]gn] cfgf] ult lnFb} lyof] oqf] lbg;Dd a;f]af; u]sf] kllrthtf] rf}8fO olt 7"nf] lyof] ls x]g{ cfpg] dflg;x To;}To;} xfPhtf]
nfUg] d0fLo ufpsf] dL7f] 5fk dgdf u9]sf] Tof] ghaf6 6f9f6f9f nfUof] lx8bflx8bf yfs] eg] ysfO dfg{ 7fp7fpdf d]r flvPsf]
x'b} lyof] stfstf df]x a;]htf] dfof nfuL dg gdL7f] eof] k|fs[lts lyof] rf}ltsf lrqsf] cjnf]sg ub{}ub{} vf; 7fpdf cfOk'luof]
dfgj lgld{t ld>0f ;'Gb jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnb} ufpaf6 k]l; hxf dflg;xsf] lgs} eL8 lyof] ko{6sx k[i7e"lddf ljZjk|l;4
;xtkm{sf] ofqf ub{} lyof} df]gfln;fsf] lrq fVb} kmf]6f] lvRg t5f8d5f8 ub{} lyP a'n]6 k|'km
Eff]lnkN6 laxfg} xfdL k]l;af6 O6nLsf] fhwfgL f]d tkm{ l;;fsf] k|m]d fvL o; lrqnfO{ ;'lIft kflPsf] 5 glhs uO{ o;
6]gaf6 dfgf x'b} lyof} To;}n] 6];g glhssf] xf]6ndf sf]7f a's lrqnfO{ 5'g klg alh{t ulPsf] 5 x'g t oxfsf ;a} lrqx 5'g
ulPsf] lyof] cfGtls afXo b]zdf hfg] 6]gsf] 6];g g} cnu xf] dgfxL 5 df]gfln;fsf] cufl8 uO{ kmf]6f] lng lgs}a] s'g{'kof] cflv
ls xfdL pq]sf] 6];gaf6 f]d hfg] 6];g lgs} 6f9f lyof] 6ofS;Ldf kmf]6f] lnO5f8of} of] lrq Tolt 7"nf] klg xf]Og x]5 of] lrq x]lxbf
lgs} ;do nfUof] xf]6ndf k'uL s]xLa]sf] lj>fdkl5 k]l; ;x 3'Dg s'l6n d'sfgsf] ;fy} ot} cg]s lsl;dsf efjx o; lrqdf b]lvG5
lglsof} eGy] lgs}a] To; lrqnfO{ Ps6s nfP lgxflx] dGb a'l4 d]f]
;+;fe k|Voft k]l;sf] ;aeGbf k'fgf] 7"nf] Do'lhod n'e| d}n] Toxf Totf] cfZro{hgs s'f b]Vg} ;lsg o;sf] k|ltlnlk kmf]6f]
lt nfUof} hxfF xhff}xhf jif{ k'fgf k]lG6, d"lt{x ;hfOPsf klxn] g} b]Vb} cfPsfn] xf]nf vf;} cfZro{hgs klg nfu]g of]eGbf
lyP 7"nf] 7fp cf]u6]sf] of] Do'lhod vf;df k'fgf] baf x]5 oxf ePsf c k"} leQf l;lnel agfPsf lrqx cgf}7f nfu]
rf}lt 7"nf] baf aLrdf 7"nf] rf]s hxfF aLrdf Pp6f l;;}l;;fsf] ;dosf] kfaGbL Pp6} 7fpdf w]} ;do latfpg xfdL;Fu k|zt ;do

92 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 93

lyPg To;}n] km6fkm6 x]b{} cl3 a9of} ko{6sx Kffn}kfnf] Pp6f lj>fd ug{] ljrf uL glhssf] ]6'fFtkm{ nfUof} vfgf vfO{ aflx
ofndf a;L aflx x]b{} lyP xfdLn] klg To; 7fpdf a;L x]of} lgSnbf xfdLnfO{ kfgLn] e]6of] kfgL 7"n} klx]Yof] a;f{tn] ubf{
Toxfaf6 Pp6f ;'Gb au}rfsf] b[Zo k|6 b]lvbf] x]5 ;fob of] xf]nf 6ofS;Lsf] nflu s]xLa] s'g{'kof] Toxfaf6 ;Lw} xf]6n cfof}
au}rf p;a]nf b]lvsf] xf]nf ;a}lt x]b{}x]b{} 7"nf] l;9Laf6 tnlt laxfg xtf x'G5 egL xf]6nsf] lan ltg{] OToflb cf}krflstf ;a} cfh}
cf]ln{of} To; 7fpdf clk|msg k]lG6 tyf d"lt{x ;hfOPsf lyP ldnfP sf]7fdf cfof} afsL Kofls klg cfh} k"f uof}
;fFem kg{ nfu]sfn] xfdL afsL x]g{] sfo{qmd 5f]6fP aflx lglSnof}
aflx cWoff]sf] ;fd|fHo a9b} lyof] latf} aQLsf] pHofnf]df
jftfj0f rlDsg yfNof] k|j]zfsf] l;;fsf] lkfld8 ;'Gbtf 5b{}
hudufOx]Yof] of] lkfld8nfO{ o; 7fpsf] k|tLssf] kdf lnOG5
bafcufl8 ljzfn v'Nnf 7fp, zfGt, zLtn, dgf]x jftfj0f, To;
jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnb} k|]dLk|]ldsf x'g ls ko{6s 7fp7fpdf a;L
ukmdf dUg b]lvGy]
lx8bflx8bf yflsP5 ToxfFsf k"j{ zf;sxsf] b"blz{tf,
d]xgt, cf6sf] k|z+;f ub{} s]xLa] jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnFb} ToxLF a;L
ysfO dfof} 5f]f] otfptf 3'Db} kmf]6f] lvRb} lyof] Toxfaf6 3'Db}3'Db}
;xaLr axb} u]sf] gbL ePlt k'Uof} ;"o{sf] k|sfz km}lnPem} aQLsf]
pHofnf]df dflg;x xftdf xft fvL latf} 6xNb} lyP oxfsf
gbLx ;kmf olt 7"nf x]5g ls km]Ldf a;L ko{6sx lbge
gbLsf] ;} ubf{ x]5g km]Lsf] ;km lbgsf] ftsf] laNs'n} cnu
lsl;dsf] f]df~rsfL x'bf] x]5 ]6'fF;lxtsf] km]Ldf ko{6ssf]
3'Orf] lyof] v'Nnf cfsfzd'lg 8]sdf flvPsf d]rdf a;L ;kmsf]
cfgGb lnb} jflbi6 vfgf vfg]lkpg] sfo{qmd rlnx]Yof] cgluGtL
km]Lx ko{6ssf] ;'ljwf dfOnf]df vl6Psf lyP ToxL Pp6f 7"nf]
sf7] k'n lyof] h'g s]jn k}bnofqLsf] nflu x]5 ToxLsf afl;Gbf
xf]nfg aRrf;lxt cfPsf k'nsf] e'Odf sk8f la5ofP a;]sf lyP
lkslgs dgfPht} ;fydf vfg]lkpg] ;fdfg klg NofPsf ToxLF
a;L jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnb} vfb}lkpb} ukmdf dUg b]lvGy] xfdL
klg pgLxsf] dfOnf]nfO{ x[boud ub{} cl3 a9of} csf{] ;fO8sf]
ahflt latf} 3'Db}, k;nnfO{ aflxaf6} cjnf]sg ub{} cufl8 a9of}
ef]lnkN6 laxfg} f]dsf] nflu k|yfg ug{' lyof] To;}n] rf8} vfgf vfO{

94 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 95



To;sf] 7Ls cufl8 lgs} cUnf] kxf8 lyof] ;+;fs} clt nfdf] cfNk; nfUof] ofq'xn] a]xf]g{'kg{] x}fgLaf] kSs} klg Toxfsf k'ln;nfO{ yfxf
kxf8 eg]sf] ToxL xf]nfhtf] nfUof] 3G6f};Dd kxf8}kxf8 ]n bf}l8Xof] xf]nf f]syfdsf] nflu lsg s]xL pkfo ub{}gg s] pgLxn] klg
latflatf ]n tntn emb{} lyof] cUnfcUnf kxf8x 6f9f xf vfO;s] t csf{sf] 7fp pgLxn] h]htf] eG5g ug{} kof]
x'b} lyP klxn]sf] ht} ;dtn hldgx b]lvg yfn] otfsf] v]tL km]l xfdLnfO{ 6];gb]lv xf]6n slt 6f9f 5 eGg] yfxf klg t 5}g
klg lgs} fd|f] b]lvGYof] ca xfdL d]nfgf] ;xdf k'Uof} hxf xfdLn] pgLxsf] s'fdf ljZjf; ug{'afx]s pkfo g} s] lyof] xf]6ntkm{ hfbf
]n abNg' lyof] of] 6];g klg lgs} 7"nf] lyof] d]nfgf] w]} k'fgf] 6];g glhssf] kfs{5]p ;8sdf a;L Pp6L s]6L ?b} kmf]g ulx]sL
cf}Bf]lus ;x x]5 rf}lt xf]rfxf]rf kxf8 emG8} sf7df8f}htf] lyO{ kSs} Tof] ko{6s x'g'k5{ ;fydf s'g} ;fdfg lyPg ljb]zLx
nfUof] 6];gdf flvPsf] lqmgdf f]d hfg s'g gDasf] Kn]6kmfd{af6 PSn}PSn} 3'Dg lx85g x'g ;S5 Tof] PSn} lyO{ xf]nf s;}n] ;fdfg
]n r9g'k5{ x]L Tot} nfUof} rf]llbP ls To;}n] ToxfF a;L f]PsL xf] lshtf] nfUof] PSn} ca
lglZrt ;dodf d]nfgf]af6 f]dsf] nflu ]n dfgf eof] b'O{ To;n] s] u5]{ xf]nf dfof klg nfUof]
b]zsf] ;DaGw clt ;'dw' x]5 xf]nf s'g a]nf k|mfG;af6 O6nL k|j]z xf]6n k'Ubf emdSs ft kl;s]sf] lyof] ;xsf] leqLleqL
uof} yfxf g} ePg s;}n] r]shfr ug{ klg cfPsf] xf]Og Pp6} ;8s ;f3'f] eP klg slt ;kmf xfdL a;]sf] xf]6n kfln{ofd]G6 xfp;sf]
b]zdf ofqf ulx]sf 5f} lshtf] nfUg] ofq'xn] s'g} x}fgL a]xf]g{' 7Ls cufl8 lyof] of] xf]6n k'fgf] bafhtf] eP klg fd|f] lyof]
gkg{] ;lhnf] x]5 sf]7fdf cfP tfhf eP 3'Dg lglSnof} xfdL a;]sf] xf]6n glhs
b'j} b]zsf] hldgsf] agf]6 pt}pt} eP klg dgdg} t'ngf Pp6f ;aeGbf k'fgf] rr{ lyof] cufl8kl nfdf]nfdf] nf ePsf]
u] cfsfz hldgsf] kms nfUof] otf cln ulaLn] 3]]htf] 5 df}lns f]dg cfls{6]Sr ePsf] rr{ lyof] rr{cufl8 7"nf] v'Nnf
b'O{ xhf jif{cl3 ljsf;sf] r'r'fdf k'u]sf] ;+;fnfO{ ;Eotfsf] efu lyof] To; v'Nnf 7fpjlkl ljleGg ]6'fF lyP otf w]}h;f]
kf7 k9fPsf] b]z xf] of] afa'afh]n] k|zt wg;DklQ sdfP flvlbP ]6'fF aflx a;] vfg] rng x]5 To;}n] aflx a;] vfg]sf] klg
5f]fgfltn] ;'tL;''tL vfP cN5L ag]htf] ePsf] xf] ls oxfFsf Tolts} eL8 lyof] ToxL v'nf 7fpdf Ps yL afhf ahfpg] u|'k lyof]
hgtfnfO{ afa'afh]n] agfOlbPsf ;+rgf b]vfpb} vfg] cN5L afgL ljleGg afhfsf] dL7f] w'g ahfpb} cfkm}Fdf dUg lyP OR5f nfUg]n] k};f
a;]sf] xf] ls d]f] afh]n] l3p vfPy] xft ;' ;' eg]ht} h]xf]; xfn'g eg] xf]nf cufl8 ef8f flvlbPsf lyP ;uLtsf] cfgGb lnb}
clxn]sf] jftfj0f x]bf{ Tot} nfUof] jfb] lha|f] cN5L lt3|f] eg]em} aflx a;L vfgf vfg]sf] klg Tolts} eL8 b]lvof] xfdLn] klg lgs}a]
o; 7fpdf cfh 7uL Joj;fo clt km6fPsf] 5 ] o; 7fpdf ljz]if dfOnf] jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnb} ToxL vfgf vfof} ;xleq ;fgf] af6f]
;ts{tf ckgfpg'k5{ eGg] s'f w]}sf] d'vaf6 ;'lgPsf] lyof] xfdLn] eP xf]nf uf8L klg ;fgf;fgf rnfpbf x]5g, k;nxdf ;fdfg
klg ;s];Dd cfgf]] y}nLsf] d'v aGb ug{] k|of; u]sf 5f} x]f} slt;Dd cf];fk;f ug{'kof] eg] klg kmf]xf] p7fpg] uf8L klg Tot} ;fgf
;kmn eOG5 ;fgf lyP lbgdf tLgrfrf]l6 kmf]xf] p7fpg cfpbf] x]5 clg kf]
f]dsf] 6];gdf plqbf ;fem kg{ vf]Hb} lyof] n8fOsf] d}bfgdf ;xdf Toqf] dflg;sf] rfk x'bf klg sxL Ps 6'qmf kmf]xf] b]lvFb}g
plqPem} xfdL Psbd ;ts{ eof} ;fdfg lnO{ 6];gaflx 6ofS;L s'L ;w} ;kmf b]lvG5 Knfl6ssf] y}nfdf kf]sfkf]sf kf] fv]sf] x'G5
aof} rt' cg'xf k]sf 6ofS;Ljfnf dgkL ef8f eGb} lyP xf]6nsf] p7fpg]nfO{ klg ;lhnf] xfdLsxfFhtf] e'ofxf s's' eP Tof] y}nfsf]
gfd b]vfP ;f]Wbf dfG5]lkR5] ef8f kms eg] dnfO{ Pp6f s'f crDd kmf]xf] klg 5k6 kfllbGYof] xf]nf oxfF 5f8f hgfj eg]sf] sxL

98 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 99

b]lvPg cfgf]] ;xsf] ;fg oyfjt fVg x knsf] d]xgt hfL 5 d]f] dgsf] ts{gf xf] t}klg olt 6f9f, olt k'fgf] elgPsf] ;+rgfdf
cfgf]] ;xk|lt cfTduf}j fVb} cfgf]] emG8fsf] cfsf dfq b]Vg kfpFbf klg v';Ln] dg f]dfl~rt
xf]6ndf xfd|f] sf]7f kfln{ofd]G6 xfp;tkm{ lyof] cufl8kl 7"nf] eof] stfstf cfTduf}j klg a9of] kfk"j{ sfnb]lv cnu klxrfg
vfnL v'Nnf 7fp ePsf] kfln{ofd]G6 xfp;cufl8 ;'Iff uf8{ rf}aL;} agfpb} ;fg a9fPsf] o; uf}jufyfnfO{ sf]xLsf]xL e8'jfxn] dfg
3G6f ;ts{ eO{ 8o'6Ldf b]lvGy] ef]lnkN6 laxfg} ofn vf]nL x]], b]v] vf]h]sf] b]Vbf ;dt g]kfnLsf] dg slt b'Mv]sf] 5 otf s'f tL e'Ok'mf
Eofs'd lSng uf8Ln] ;8s 3f]6L3f]6L ;kmf ub{} lyof] Tot} uf8Ln] jfyL{xn] slxn] dx;'; ug{ ;S5g xf]nf ;a}n] ofb fVg'kg{] Pp6f
;xleqsf ;8s s'gfsfKrf lbgxF' ;kmf ubf]{ x]5 To;}n] t ;x s'f csf{sf] vf]6 b]vfpFb} efif0f ug{ hlt ;lhnf] 5 agfpg sfd
Tolt ;kmf b]lvG5 ;8sdf Ps s0f w"nf] b]lvb}g Toxf a;'Gh]n h'Qf u] b]vfpg Tolt g} ufx|f] 5
k''5g' klg k]g ToxL 7fpaf6 8an 8]s a; lnP xfdL ;x 3'Dg hfb} lyof}
laxfgsf] gftf ToxL xf]6nsf] ;aeGbf dflysf] tnfdf vfg] ToxL ;8s5]pdf k|zt ko{6sx a;sf] kvf{Odf lyP cnucnu
Jojyf lyof] ln6af6 xfdL klg ;aeGbf dflysf] tnfdf k'Uof} hxfF sDkgLsf leGb}leGb} a;x lyP xfd|f] a; klg cfOk'Uof] k]l;sf]
ToxL xf]6ndf a;]sf kfx'gfx Vffgf vfOx]y] aflx sf};Ldf a;L vfP ht} a;sf] dflyNnf] efusf] v'Nnf 7fpdf uO{ aof} oxf klg l;6sf]
klg x'g] xfdLn] vfgf lnO{ sf};Ldf cfO{ aof} hxfaf6 f]d ;xsf] ;fO8df hl8Psf] Pokmf]gdfkm{t oxfsf] af]df hfgsfL lbb} lyP
dflydflysf] b[Zo b]lvGYof] k'fgf] ;xsf] emns 7fp7fpdf k'fgf vf;df f]d ;x ;aeGbf k'fgf] cfw'lgs ;x x]5 o;
baf rr{x b]lvGy] k'fgf] ;xsf] d0fLo b[Zosf] cfgGb lnb} ;xsf] kRrL; ;o jif{ k'fgf] Oltxf; 5 k]l; ;x f]d ;xsf]
vfgf vfof} 7"nf] sfr'nL eg] klg x'G5 k]l; ;x o; ;xaf6 clt k|efljt eO{
To;kl5 xfdL ;x 3'Dg lglSnof} lx8b}lx8b} xfdL glhs}sf] agfOPsf] xf]htf] nfUof] f]ds} csf{] k eP tfklg k]l; ;x lgSs}
d"n ;8s5]pdf x]sf] 7"nf] baf5]p k'Uof} lx8b} hfbf b]lvof] oxfFsf lkmlhPsf] ;a} s'f cfsfdf 7"nf] kldflh{t k nfUof] f]dg Oltxf;,
w]}h;f] 3 9'ufsf lyP 7"nf7"nf 9'ufnfO{ Pp6} ;fOhdf sf6] f]dg ;Eotf, f]dg fhgLlt ;fy} o'4 eg]kl5 cfh klg Tolts}
agfOPsf tL 3x slt cfsif{s lyP 9'ufsf] eP xf]nf cfh;Dd vf]hk"0f{ ;g;gL hufpg] vfnsf] 5 xlnp8df f]dg Oltxf;sf
olt alnof] dha't x'g t a]nfa]nfsf] dd{t;Defn] klg cfh;Dd syfaf] slt l;g]df alg;s] tL w]}h;f] ToxL uO{ ;'l6 u5{g xf]nf
dha't cjyfdf x]sf] xf]nf 7"nf]7"nf] l;9Ldfly ag]sf] ;]tf] 7"nf] tL l;g]dfdf b]vfOPsf s'g}s'g} 7fp k|ToIf Toxf b]lvP h'g ca hL0f{
baf To; Plofsf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb|laGb' lyof] bafsf] ;aeGbf cjyfsf 5g hL0f{ ag]sf k'fgf ;+rgf olt w]} 5g ls tL ;a}sf]
dflyNnf] efudf lkQnsf] 7"nf]7"nf] sKr flvPsf] lyof] 6f9}af6 d]lG6g]G; u] ;fWo klg gxf]nfhtf] nfUof]
b]lvg] To; bafn] To; 7fpsf] zf]ef a9fOx]Yof] To;sf] 7Lscufl8 clxn]sf eGbf plxn]sf dflg; a9L d]xgtL, nugzLn, b"bzL{,
Pp6f k'fgf], cln ;fgf] rr{ lyof] xfdLn] uf} uL x]of} cfZro{df s'fdf eGbf sfddf ljZjf; fVg], eljiosf] nflu s]xL uf} eGg] vfnsf
kof} Tof] s] eg] To; rr{sf] 6fpsf]dfly wft'sf] emG8f ufl8Psf] lyPhtf] nfUof] kRrL; ;o jif{cl3sf dflg;sf] sqf] b"blz{tf, stf]
lyof] lgofn] x]bf{ Tof] 7ofSs} g]kfnsf] emG8fhtf] lyof] of] sla fd|f] cfls{6]Sr h'g kl5 uP ;+;fe km}lnof] cfh klg ;+;fe
sla kRrL; ;o jif{ hlt cl3 ag]sf] xf]nf sxL To; a]nf ;a} f]dg cfls{6]Srsf] k|z+;ssf] sdL 5}g hxfFhxf 7"nf7"nf baf
eujfgsf] dlGbdf Ps} gf;] emG8f kf] flvGYof] lshtf] nfUof] dfq of] cfpy] a; f]lsGYof] ToxfF cf]ln{P x]g{ dg nfUg] ToxLF cf]ln{Gy] kl5

100 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 101

km]l ToxL sDkgLsf] csf{] a;af6 kms{g ldNg] Jojyf klg lyof] Tof] uP xf]nf ;+;fn] gofgof jfbsf] dhf lng kfPsf]
hdfgfdf ;x k"f l8hfOg uL a;fn]sf xf]nfg To;}n] d'Vod'Vo vfgf vfO;s] Toxfsf] ahf Ps kmGsf] nufof} cem} klg
af6f] slt rf}8f ;Lwf b'j} ;fO8sf 3x Psgf;] htf x]of] Jojlyt Tolts} rxnkxn lyof] fte olQs} rxnkxn x'G5 ft olQs}
b]lvG5 lgodcg';f ag]sf xf]nfg oL ;+rgfx laT5htf] nfUof] To;kl5 latf} xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} lbgesf] lx8fOn]
xfd|f]htf] a]lylt fhwfgL t sxL 5}g xf]nf pkm slxn] ;'lw|g] lgs} yflsP5 ulxf] lgb|f kof] ef]lnkN6 p7bf zL xn'uf]
xf]nf xfd|f] b]zsf] kllylt cTof; nfU5 xfd|f b]zsf zf;sxn] klg km"lt{ cfPhtf] eof] km]l ;xsf] klqmdf ug{ lglSnof} PsPs
ljb]z e|d0f t kSs} u]sf 5g If0fesf] nflu dgdf xLg efjgf uL x]g{] xf] eg] t dlxgfe oxf a;] klg k'Ub}g xf]nf aflxL tjn]
klg cfpbf] xf] ca b]zdf kms{] s]xL ug{'k5{ eGg] klg nfUbf] xf] ;;tL ;a}lt x]of} oxfsf] ;aeGbf dxjk"0f{ 7fp Eofl6sg l;6L
t ha cfgf]] 7fpdf cfOk'u] ;a} kf]nL vfP pxL htfsf] Tot} x]g{] ljrf uof}F of] x]g{ ;fwf0f lsl;dn] nfOg nfUg] xf] eg] 3G6f}F
l;g]df x]]htf] x]] lal;{P gofF 7fp x]] cfPkl5 s]xL uf} eGg] ag'k5{ csf{] k};f cln a9L ltL x]g{ hfg] 5f]6f] tlsf klg x]5
efjgfn] lsg pgLxsf] dgdf hf uf8b}g ot}ot} dgsf] b'Mv];f] Tof] Plofdf k|j]z ugf{;fy Totf bnfnxn] 3]g{ yfn] clwstd
dgdf v]nfpb} a;af6 ;xsf] dgf]d b[Zo cjnf]sg ub{} uof} Toxf ko{6sxn] oxL af6f] f]Hbf x]5g bnfnxsf] k5fl8 x"nsf x"n
ko{6s af]s]sf otf y'k|} uf8Lx cf]xbf]x ub{} lyP h'g;'s} a; klg uOx]y] xfdL klg Pp6f bnfnsf] kl5 nfUof} lgs} lx8]kl5 Pp6f
Tolts} elefp lyP cfh 3fd lgs} rsf{] nfu]sf] lyof] v'fn] lx8] ]6'fFdf pgLxsf] l6s6 sfpG6 x]5 Toxf k};f lt]kl5 gDa
3'Dg dg} nfu]g cfhsf] 3'dlkm ;xsf] klqmdf xfdLn] a;af6 g} n]v]sf] 6ofu lbof] p;sf] u|'ksf] egL b]vfpg ;a}n] Tof] l6s cfgf]]
uof} cfvfn] ;;tL x]b{} dfg;k6ndf dL7f] 5fk nufpb} uof} kmf]6f] 5ftLdf 6f;] To;kl5 ;a}sf] xftxftdf Pp6fPp6f ;fgf] ]l8of]htf]
klg lnb} uof} hxfaf6 xfdLn] a; r9]sf lyof} ToxL 7fpdf cf]ln{of} ydfP h;af6 ufO8n] ToxfFsf] af]df cjut ufpb} lyP Pp6f 7"n}
Toxfaf6 lx8b}lx8b} xf]6n k'Uof} xf]6n k'u] k|m]; eO{ f]dsf] ftsf] u|'k ePkl5 ufO8n] xfdLnfO{ k5fl8sf] 5f]6f] af6f]af6 leq nUof]
dfOnf] x]g{ lglSnof} of] Eofl6sg l;6L ;+;fesf Sofyf]lns lqmlZrogxsf] vf;
dGbdGb rNb} u]sf] zLtn xfjf, lemlnldnL ;x, d0fLo ynf] xf] s'g} a]nf oxLFleqsf kf]kxn] b]z rnfPsf lyP kf]kxs}
jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnb} lgs}a] ;xsf] leqL efu 3'Dof} leqL ;fgf] x's'd rNYof] of] wd{u'?xsf] af;yfg eg] klg o;leq fhgLlt
;fgf] ;8s5]pdf x]sf ]6'fFsf] aflx ;8s5]p flvPsf] s';L{6]an klg TolQs} rNYof] Sofyf]lns lqmlrogx ;a} oxLFaf6 ;~rflnt
;a} elefp lyP hxfF uP klg Tolts} dfG5]dfG5] oL ;a} oxL x'G5g
b]zsf dfq t kSs} xf]Ogg xf]nf ko{6s g} x'g'k5{ ;w} ko{6ssf] To; a]nf oxfF d"lt{x v"a agfpFbf x]5g htftt} P]ltxfl;s
olQs} d]nf nfU5htf] 5 lgs}a]sf] lx8fOn] yflsP5 ftsf] vfgf d"lt{ k]lG6x ;hfOPsf] lyof] 7fp7fpFdf 7"nf7"nf lgj{q d"lt{
vfg Pp6f ]6'fFtkm{ nfUof} Toxfsf] ljz]ifljz]if vfgfsf] jfb lnof} k]lG6 lyP cfh klg ;+;fesf lqmlrogxsf u'? kf]k oxL
kms 7fpsf] slt kms jfb x'g] ;+;fesf vfgf agfpg] sRrf Eofl6sg l;6Laf6 lgjf{lrt x'G5g
kbfy{ emG8}emG8} Pp6} xf] t 7fpcg';f, vfgf agfpg] kms ljlw, tLgrf 3G6fn] x]l;lsg] 7fp t xf]Og t}klg ;;tL x]]
d;nfcg';f jfbdf slt leGgtf cfpbf] x]5 To;}cg'k vfgfsf] xfdL aflx cfof} xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} s]xLa]sf] cffdkl5 km]l ;xsf]
gfd jfb klg kms k5{ vfgfsf ;f}lvgxn] gofgof vf]h ub{} klqmdfsf] nflu lglSnof} 3'Db}3'Db} Pp6f 7fpdf k'Uof} hxfF Pp6f

102 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 103

eftLo d"nsf dflg; ;8sdf plEeP ljleGg lsl;dsf] Xof6x r]ls Oldu|];g OToflbsf] ;a} k|lqmof ;sL xfdL leq cfof} Toxf
a]Rb} lyP cTolws udL{sf sf0f ko{6sx ToxfF Xof6 lsGb} lyP y'k|f] sd'St k;nx lyP s]xLa] Tot} 3'Db} ;do latfof} stf
xfdL klg Psl5g Tot} cndlnof} tL eftLo xfdLnfO{{ b]v] v';L Posf] bf]xf p8fgsf] pb3f]if eof] dfg;k6ndf o'f]ksf] kf}fl0fs
eP sxfaf6 cfPsf] egL k|Zg ub{} lyP kb]zdf l5d]sL d"nsf] ;xxsf] dL7f] ememNsf] ;d]6b} Kn]gtkm{ nfUof}F Ps lsl;dsf] ;Gtf]if
dflg; b]Vbflg cfg} 7fpsf] htf] nfUof] ls p;sf] k|Zgsf] hafkm lglZrGttfsf ;fy
lbb} xfdLn] klg pgnfO{ sxfaf6 cfPsf] oxf cfPsf] slt eof] egL
k|Zg uof} p;n] eGof] 3 eftsf] rG9Lu9 xf] oxf cfPsf] aL;
jif{ eof] ot} lahg]; uL a;]sf] 5' eGof] p;nfO{ x]] ;f]r] p;sf
;fyLefO, 6f]nl5d]s f]d ;xdf lahg]; u5{ egL p;nfO{ x]] slt
nf]lebf xf]nfg aL; jif{b]lv f]d ;xdf a;L lahg]; u]sf] slt k};f
sdfof] xf]nf egL slNkG5g xf]nf pm klg slt km'tL{ ubf{] xf]nf t
aftljstf of] 6f]kL a]r] slt sdfpbf] xf]nf csf{sf] 7fp To;dfly
otf] dxFuf] 7fp u'hff ug{ klg ufx|f] k5{ xf]nf dflg;n] afFRgs} nflu
sxfFsxfF uO{ slt ;3if{ u]sf 5ghtf] nfUof]
k'fgfk'fgf 3 ;fu'f] ;8s lgs}a] k}bn lx8b} dfOXof}
oxfsf] lrgf] egL ;fgf;fgf ;fdfg klg lsGof} lgs}a]sf] lx8fOn]
yflsP 5 ef]s klg nfUof] vfgfkl5 PskN6 km]l ahfsf] Ps kmGsf]
dfL xf]6ntkm{ nfUof} w]} klxnfb]lv of] kf}fl0fs ;'Gb f]d ;xsf]
e|d0f ug{] d]f] x 5f]6f] eP klg cljd0fLo aGof] e|d0f ;dfKt uL
ef]ln xfdL jb]z kms+{b} lyof} ef]lnkN6 laxfg clt d0fLo lyof] jR5
cfsfz dGbdGb rNb} u]sf] lr;f] xfjf clt ;'vb nfUof] xf]6nsf]
cf}krflstf k"f uL Pokf]6{tkm{ nfUof} Pokf]6{leq k|j]z u]kl5
;fdfg PS;] ug{] 7fpdf olt eL8 ls v'f fVg] 7fp lyPg Tolt
7"nf] xndf 3'dfO{3'dfO{ nfOg nufOPsf] lyof] df5f ahf eg]htf]
nfUof] ;f]r] cxf] slt ko{6s cfpbf x]5g 5Ss} nfUof]
r]ls sfpG6df k'Uof} oxfsf 6fkm clt lsrlsr] x]5g
xftdf lnPsf] Nofk6knfO{ klg nu]hdf uGg yfn] clxn];Dd sxL klg
otf] lgod ePsf] yfxf 5}g o;nfO{ XofG8 SofLdf lnOG5 egL slt
;Demfpg vf]Hbf klg dfGb} dfg]gg x'g ;S5 pgLxsf] cfg} lgod
xf]nf oqf] lbgsf] e|d0fdWo] of] Pp6f cln tLtf] cg'ej eof] l6s6

104 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 105



lbNnL k'uL ToxfF Ps ft aof} Plogf ckmufgL PonfOg sfa'nsf] sd{rfL lyP
nflu lbNnLaf6 xKtfdf b'O{ lbg dfq rNbf] x]5 zlgaf ;f]daf lbNnL ofq'x Tot} #%$) hgf hlt lyP l;6 g+= Snf; lyPg
plqgf;fy xfdL ;Lw} czf]sf xf]6n uof} hxf Plogf PonfOgsf] h;nfO{ hxf dg nfU5 a;] x'g] xfdL cln k5fl8 uO{ aof}{ kfOn6
clkm; 5 x]skN6 ldl8ofn], ckmuflgtfg egL b]vfpbf ?U0f, c sd{rfLxn] cGtf{li6o PonfOgsf] ht} n'uf nufPsf
kfiff0f o'uLg, sf?l0fs cjyfsf htf] hgtf 7fp b]vfPsfn] klg Poxf]6];xn] emG8}emG8} uNkm Posf] ht} n'uf nufPsf lyP
xf]nf d]f] dfg;k6ndf cs}{ lsl;dsf] 5fk k]sf] h;n] ubf{ dnfO{ kfOG6 Tot} lsl;dsf] 6Dd k]sf] 6k 6f]kLdf sfkm fv]sf] t d'v
pgLxsf] k|To]s s'fdf pT;'stf nfuL pgLxsf x]s s'f a'g hDd} v'Nnf lyof] uf]f ;nSs k]sf fd|L lyP lgofn] x]bf{ pbf;
x]g{ dg nfu]sf] czf]sf xf]6]ndf x]sf] pgLxsf] clkm; ;fwf0f 7Ls} stfstf lrQ ga'em]htf] nfUg] pgLxnfO{ Tolt d'v v'Nnf kfL
vfnsf] lyof] sfa'n hfg] vf;} dflg; x'bf x]g5g To;}n] l6s6 lx8g klg slt ;3if{ ug'{kof] xf]nf pgLxnfO{ ;dfhdf slt x]o
kfpg sl7g ePg Toxfsf 6fkm hDd} ckmufgLhtf lyP b[li6n] x]lG5 xf]nf cfOdfO{nfO{ rd dfqfdf bafa zf]if0f uL
ckmufgL eg]kl5 ofDNofu k]sf] n'uf, bfx||L kfn]sf], 7"nf] s'g} u0fgfsf] kdf g} gNofPsf] 7fpdf oltsf] jtGqtf klg lgs}
km]6f u'y]sf], cnUu} lrlgg] vfnsf x'G5g t logLxn] kfOG6sldh g} xf] egL 7fGg'k5{ Poxf]6];xnfO{ ljz]iftM ofq'xsf] ;]jfdf
nufPsf, bfx||Lh'uf vf}] ;kmf fd|f b]lvPsf ljz]iftM ckmufgLx Tolt nufObf] x]g5 k'?ifxn] g} ;]jf k'ofpb} cfPsf lyP l56k'6
fd|f x'G5g Toxf Ps hgf dlxnf sd{rfL klg lyOg h;n] 6Dd dfq pgLxnfO{ nufOGYof] pgLx dfgf} Ps lsl;dn] zf]ef a9fpg
hLpdf ldn]sf] kfOG6 ;6{ nufPsL, 6fpsf] 5f]k]sL klg lyOgg cln flvPht} ofq'x Kn]gdf a;]sf] emG8} Ps 3G6f hlt eO;Sof]
cln kljt{g cfpb} x]5 p8fg lsg l9nf eof] egL otfptf x]] ofq'sf ;fdfg aNn cfOk'Ub}
cu6 !$ laxfg 5 ah]sf] lkf]l6{ ;do lyof] xfdL lglZrt lyP ;a} ;fdfg, ;fdfg fVg] Soflagdf gfvL k5fl8 l;6df fVg
;dodf lbNnL Pokf]6{ k'Uf]Yof} Toxf sfa'n hfg] kmfkm' dflg;x yfn] xfdL cln k5fl8 lyof} xfdLnfO{ cufl8 uP ag eg] Toxf
b]vf k] w]}h;f] eftL ckmufgLx lyP cfOdfO{ b'O{ ljb]zL, b'O{ klg ;fdfg fv]
ckmufgL d hDdfhDdL kfr hgf lyof} n'ufsf] xsdf dnfO{ klxnf g} To;kl5 hxfh p8of] hxfhdf vfg] s'f fd|} lyof] lbNnLaf6
lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] 3f6L;Dd 5f]lkg] nfdf] afx'nf ePsf] v's'nf] nfdf] sfa'n p8fg ;do hDdf Ps 3G6f tL; ldg]6sf] lyof] dnfO{ Pp6f
n'uf nufpg 6fpsf] 5f]Kg] ljb]zLsf] nflu a'sf{ clgjfo{ x]g5 cs}{ ;+;fdf k'Ug nfu]ht} pT;'stf dg clt f]dfl~rt eOx]Yof]
Kn]g cl3Nnf] ftdf g} cfP lbNnLdf a;]sf] x]5 a;df fv] df};d klg fd|f] s'g}s'g} a]nf hxfh afbnleq k;L xfPhtf] eP
xfdLnfO{ Toxf;Dd k'ofof] ckmufgLxn] af]Sg ;Sg] hlt ;fdfgx klg ;du|df p8fg dfOnf] lyof] hxfh cjt0f ug{ Tot} cfwf
xftdf p7fPsf lyP dnfO{, w]} klxnf a}ssaf6 cfpbf g]kfnsf] 3G6fcl3b]lv xf]nf htf x]of] ;'Svf rfg}rfg ePsf] kxf8L e"ld
lem6Lu'G6f sfo{qmdsf] a]nf ofq'xn] 6]an kvf klg xftdf p7fP b]lvg yfNof] xlof]klof] eg]sf] st} 5}g o;f] x]bf{ dflg; a;f]af;
NofPsf] b[Zo ofb cfof] hxfh af]O &@& lyof] dnfO{ Pp6f s'fsf] ug{ g} gldNg]htf] b]lvg] ljzfn rfgL d?e"ld Totf] 7fpdf klg
cToGt pT;'stf nflux]Yof] Tof] s] eg], Kn]gdf Poxf]6];x xf]nfg dflg;x kfk"j{ sfnb]lv ab} cfPsf x'g otf] lgh{ghtf] b]lvg]
ls gxf]nfg eP stf] vfnsf] n'uf nufPsf xf]nfg, d'v hDd} 9fs]sf 7fpnfO{ emg nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] o'4n] k"} d?e"lddf kl0ft ullbPsf]
5g ls OToflb To; hxfhdf b'O{ Poxf]6]; b]lvP afsL k'?if 5 hxfh latf} tntn emb}{ lyof] ;fgf;fgf y'Dsfhtf gfuf

108 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 109

kxf8x b]lvb} uP h;df Pp6f gd'gfsf] kdf dfq klg xlof] ;fdfg cfpg Tot} l9nf, xfdLnfO{ ToxfF lgs}a] s'g{'kof]
emfkft;Dd b]lvPg k"} ;'Svf rf}lt w"nf] p8] emg pf7nfUbf] dnfO{ xfd|f] 7fpsf dflg; slt l9nf sfd u5{g s'g} hf];hfu
b]lvof] kxf8, hldg 3sf] ;a} Pp6} lyof] v}f] Pokf]6{sf] gePsf htf] nfUYof] t oxf t emg rf}k6 x]5 aNntNn ;fdfg
rf}lt aGb'swfL ;'IffsdL{xn] kxf lbOx]sf dfly hxfhaf6 cfOk'Uof] xfdLnfO{ clkm;sf] tkm{af6 Ps ljb]zL dlxnf sd{rfL
g} b]lvGYof] nfdf] nL tn uf]nfsf ePsf] cf}hf h;n] hldgd'lg PGh]nf lng cfPsL lyOg xfO xnf] uL lrgfhfgL uL xfdL Toxfaf6
la5ofOPsf ad kQf nufp5 Tof] cf}hf lnO{ Pokf]6{sf] hldgdf af6f] nfUof} PGh]nfn] xfdLnfO{ Toxfaf6 ;Lw} ;'Iff;DaGwL s'fx
ad vf]Hb} u]sf] b]lvof] hxf ad 5}g egL kSsfkSsL x'G5 Toxf l;sfpg] ;Demfpg] clkm;df nlug ljb]zL sDkgLdf sfd ug{]xnfO{
9'ufdf ;]tf] nufO{ ;'lIft 7fp dflgG5 Pokf]6{sf] 7fp7fpdf ;'Iff;DaGwL s'fsf] hfgsfL ufpg] Pp6f cnu clkm; x]5 of] hxf
9'ufdf ;]tf] nufPsf] b]Vof} Pokf]6{sf] wfjgdfu{ hxfh f]Sg] xfdLnfO{ stf] 7fpdf hfg'x'G5, stf] 7fpdf hfg' x'Gg eGg] s'fsf]
7fp;Dd aNntNn add'St kfL dd{t eOx]Yof] afsL k"} Pokf]6{ cjut ufOof] ht} M rNtL gePsf] 7fp, km'6kfysf] tn vf]N;f,
add'St x'g ;s]sf] 5}g x]5 o;nfO{ add'St kfg{ cem b'O{ jif{ nfU5 c8ofOx]sf] k'fgf] uf8Lsf] 5]p5fp, k'fgf] 3 OToflb w]} 7fpdf hfg
] pu|jfbLxn] slt ad la5ofPsf x]5g t gx'g] ;xsf] s'gs'g If]q a9L vtgfs 5 eGg] s'fx a'emfP of]
hxfh cjt0f uL f]lsPsf] lgs}a]df dflg;xn] 3r]8b} klg ;DemfOof] ls xfdLnfO{ olb u]6 xfp;af6 sxL hfg' 5 eg] k"j{
Pp6f eof NofP Kn]gsf] 9f]sfdf nufP 9f]sf v'Nof] PsPs ub}{ ;"rgf lbP dfq hfg'k5{ ]
ofq'x emb}{ uP ljb]zL dlxnfx s] ub{}5g egL o;f] x]] pgLxn] cftssfLsf] x'lnof klg atfPht} nfdfnfdf bfx|L ePsf,
6fpsf] ;nn] a]]sf lyP n'uf t klxn] g} cfg} lsl;dsf] 6Dd v's'nf] udnu n'uf nufPsf To; n'ufleq xltof n'sfPsf x'G5g
nufPsf lyP ToxLsf b'O{ dlxnf xf]nfg pgLxn] klxn]b]lv g} d'v ] sfnf] rdf nufPsf cln cflQPsf htf 7"nf7"nf ljb]zL uf8Ldf
5f]k]sf lyP d}n] klg ;nn] 6fpsf] 5f]k] htf] b]z pt} e]if eg]sf] cfp5g ] uf8Ldf abf l;;f 6Dd nufP 9f]sf klg ns ug'{k5{
oxL x]5htf] nfUof] Ps t udL{, n'uf klg st}af6 xfjf gl5g]{ lsgeg] oxf ckx0fsf] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 OToflb w]} s'fsf]
6Dd To;dfly 6fpsfdf klg a]g'{kg]{ pkm udL{n] ps';d's'; eof] hfgsfL ufP Pp6f emf]nf klg lbP h;df Pp6f jfsL6jfsL
otfptf x]] Pokf]6{sf w]}h;f] ejgx hL0f{ xfntsf ad nfu] lyof] lgb]{zg lbOof] ls To; emf]nfdf Pshf] n'uf cfgf] h?L
xf]nf l5ofl5of eO{ elTsPsf lyP hf] k'gM lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] lyPg dxjk"0f{ ;fdfg flvxg] cfktsfnLg cjyfdf jfsL6jfsLaf6
hxfhb]lv 6ld{gn ejg;Dd lx8] cfof} 6ld{gn ejg ;fwf0f va kfpgf;fy t'?Gt emf]nf l6k] ;Lw} Pokf]6{ k'Ug] egL xfdLnfO{
lsl;dsf] lyof] Toxf Pp6f dlxnf k|xL b]v] h;n] xlof] kfOG6, ;fjwfg ;ts{ xg ;'emfj lbP dnfO{ k"} 0fe"lddf k'u]ht} hLp
;6{ 6fpsfdf sfkm afw]sL lyOg h]xf]; Totf] l9jfbL 7fpdf 9Ss km'Nof] xfdL b'j}n] Pscsf{sf] dgsf] efj a'g vf]Hb} x]fx]
klg lxDdltnL dlxnf k|xL cfZro{ ldl>t v';L nfUof] cWofudgsf] uof} lrl;Psf] dg b'j}n] lkmSsf d'sfgsf ;fy s]xL af]n]gf}F dg
nfOgdf lyof} kmfkm' ljb]zLx afsL ;a} ToxLsf htf lyP ;a}n] dg} 9f9; a9fpb}
cfg} ofdNofu vfnsf n'uf nufPsf cfOdfO{ b]v] xf] ls xfdLnfO{ o; jftfj0fdf cEot eO;s]sL PGh]nf xfdLnfO{ ulxlP
cufl8 af]nfP Oldu|];gsf] cf}krflstf k"f uL xfdL ;fdfg lng] lgofNb} lyOg ;fob pgnfO{ klg klxnf] kN6 ot} cg'ej ePsf] lyof]
7fpdf k'Uof} xf]nf s]xLa]sf] a;fOkl5 PGh]nfn] xfdLnfO{ Toxfaf6 kfs{ Kofn];

110 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 111

u]6 xfp;sf] nflu dfgf ufOg hxf xfd|f] nflu klxn] g} sf]7f a's ;'Tg} ;lsPg
ulPsf] lyof] Pokf]6{b]lv u]6 xfp;;Dd cfpbf af6fdf kg]{ 3x nfdf] ;do;Dd ag] eP xf]nf ef]lnkN6 tn u|fpG8 nf]df
df6fn] ag]sf v}f] a}funfUbf] b]lvP ;fgf];fgf] kxf8df klg Tot} efG;f;lxtsf] sf]7f ldnfOlbP of] cln kmflsnf] lyof] Pp6f a]8
vfn] 3x 7fp7fpdf ;8ssf] df]8df]8df ;'IffsdL{x aGb's ?d;u}sf] sf]7fdf Pp6f l6eL n'uf fVg ;fgf] bfh, Ps hf] ;f]kmf
t];f{P a;]sf lyP x'g t xfd|f] nflu of] s'g} gf}nf] s'f] lyPg ;]6 To;leq efG5f h;df Uof; r'nf], lk|mh, dfOqmf], ef8fs'8f 8fOlg
xfdL o; s'fsf] cEot eO;s]sf 5f} To;}n] vf;} s]xL 6]an klg lyof] hf]l8Psf] afy ?d klg lgZro klg ef8f klxn]sf]
gnfu] klg gof 7fp eP xf] ls cln c;lhnf] nfUof] s'g}s'g} 7fpdf eGbf a9L lyof] h]xf]; of] cln ;lhnf] cffdbfoL nfUof]
ev lgdf{0f x'b} u]sf ejgx kSsL fd|f lyP u]6 xfp; Toxf k'u]sf] ef]lnkN6b]lv g} >Ldfgsf] clkm; ;'? eof]
cfOk'Uof} u]6 xfp; rf}lt sf]7f aLrdf rf}, au}rf ePsf] fd|f], xf]6nb]lv clkm;;Dd Nofpg] k'ofpg] clkm;sf] uf8L lyof] ToxL
x]5 l;]K;gdf Pp6L evsL fd|L s]6L lyOg h;n] kfOG6, ;6{ lbp;f] PGh]nfn] dnfO{ ahf 3'dfpg nlug r]N;L eGg] Pp6f ;fgf]
6fpsfdf sfkm afw]sL xfdLnfO{ klro ufpb} PGh]nfn] xf]6nsf] ;'k dfs]{6 5 hxf ;a} vfg] ;fdfgx kfOG5 r]N;Ldf ljb]zL
;a} cf}krflstf k"f uL sf]7f;Dd k'ofOg s'g} s'fsf] cfjZostf Toxfsf pRr ju{x dfq cfpg] ubf{ x]5g u]6 xfp;sf] efG5fdf
eP kmf]g ug{' egL kmf]ggDa lbP labf eOg ;fx|} ;xof]uL jefjsL r'nf], ef8fb]lv lk|mh ;a} ePsfn] a]n'sfsf] Ps 5fs cfkm}F ksfP vfg'
lx5g gof 7fp sf]xL t lrGg] dfG5] 5ghtf] nfuL fxt dx;'; knf{ ;do klg laTg] cfgf] jfbsf] klg x'g] ljrf uL rfdn, bfn,
u] d;nf OToflb ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfgx lsg]F
uPsf] tLg jif{otf oxf lgs} kljt{g cfPsf] x]5 vfg gkfO{ Toxfsf] wffsf] kfgL lkpg of]Uo geP ;a}n] ldgn jf6
ef]sef]s} dg'{k] klg dlxnfn] aflx uP sfd ug{ gx'g] s]xL uL lkpbf x]5g Tof] klg ;a} aflxaf6 g} cfoft ulPsf] ahfdf
sfd u]sf] yfxf kfP aLr rf}af6fdf ;a} ;fd' sf]f{ nufO{ ;hfo lbGy] dfUg]x k|zt dfqfdf 3'ldx]sf, ljz]iftM aRrf cfOdfO{ cfOdfO{xn]
l9jfbL tflnjfgsf] zf;g ;dflKtkl5 dlxnfx lxDdt u] aflx a'sf{ -6fpsf]b]lv v'f;Dd 9fSg] vf]nhtf] _ nufPsf, cfvfsf] 7fpdf
lglsPsf 5g To; u]6 xfp;df sf]7f ;kmf ug]{, n'uf w'g], cfOg hfnL xfn]sf] xfdLn] o;f] x]bf{ pgLxsf cfvf klg b]Vg ;Sb}gf}
ug]{ OToflb ;fgfltgf sfdsf nflu dlxnfxnfO{ nufObf] x]5 tsfL, kmnkm"n ;a}h;f] ;fdfg kfObf] x]5 PGh]nf sfa'ndf a;]sf]
Toxf sfd ubf{ s;}n] klg a'sf{ nufpb}gg 6fpsf];Dd 5f]K5g b'O{ jif{ eO;s]sfn] pgL Toxfsf ;a}h;f] k;n]x;u kllrt lyOg
Toxf cfpg] dlxnfx b'Anfkftnf d'xfdf s'g} ; rds geP klg PGh]nfn] zL hDd} 9fSg] n'uf nufP klg 6fpsf] 5f]k]sL lyOgg
uf]f fd|f Toxfsf afl;Gbf ;a} uf]f fd|f x'bf x]5g Toxf cfpg] pgn] xfdL ljb]zLnfO{ h?L 5}g g9fs] klg x'G5 elgg n'uf 6Dd
;a} dlxnfx lgIf 5g laxfg ;a} cf}7fsf] 5fk nufO{ xflhL 5f]Kg] nufP klg 6fpsf] 5f]Kg gkbf{ d}n] xNsf cg'ej u] OR5flagf
u5{g vfgfdf ljz]iftM eft, fHdfsf] tsfL df]6f] Ps lsl;dsf] ssfkn] u]sf] sfd slt si6s x'bf] x]5 eGg] efg eof]
f]6L vfbf x]5g Totf] ;'Svf 7fpdf pAhgL t s]xL x'b}g ;a} sfa'n ;d'b|L ;txaf6 kfFr xhf lkm6 prfOdf 5 k"}
rLh aflxaf6 g} cfoft u5{g xf]nf u]6 xfp;df vfgf ;a} k|sfsf] ckmuflgtfgsf] hg;Vof k'ugk'u 9fO sf]8 5 clxn] klg l5d]sL
pknAw lyof] Tof] ft xfdL Pp6f ;fwf0f sf]7fdf aof} dflysf] b]z kflstfg Ofgdf nfvf}F+ ckmufgLx z0ffyL{ hLjg latfOx]5g
sf]7f lbge 3fdn] tft] xf] ls c;fWo} udL{ lyof] udL{n] ubf{ fte sfa'ndf dfq kGw| nfv hg;Vof 5 ;'Iffsf] lx;fan] xf] jf uf8L

112 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 113

;tf] eP xf] xfdLsxfhtf] ;8sdf nntL dflg; lx8]sf] b]lvb}g uPsf] 5 ljb]zL efiffsf] kdf w]} klxn]b]lv k|m]Gr efiff ljz]if rn]sf]
uf8Ldf abf ;w} l;;f 6Dd nufO{ ns u] ag'k5{ sxL f]lsPsf] x]5
a]nf ckx0f u5{g ls eGg] 8n] klg xf]nf sfa'ndf dfq uf8L b'O{ s]anaf6 l6eLdf ;a} Rofgn cfp5g clkm; zlgafb]lv ;'?
nfv 5g ] s d'St eP xf]nf w]}h;f] hfkfgL gof uf8L 5g af6f] x'G5 laxLaf cfwf 5'L, z'qmaf k"} 5'L x'G5 ;]K6]Da, cS6f]alt
klg rf}8f fd|f] ;8sdf xfd|f]htf] dflg;, hgfj ;f]aL eP lx8]sf] jiff{ ;'? x'G5 ] hf8f]df ;fx|} hf8f], udL{df ;fx|} udL{ hf8f] ofddf lxp
b]lvPg To;}n] uf8L rnfpg]nfO{ klg ;lhnf] t cs}{ qf;n] xf]nf oxfF klg k5{ ]
uf8L lk8df xfS5g g]kfnsf] ;doeGbf Ps 3G6f kGw| ldg]6 l9nf] ;}+FtL; jif{cl3 d]f >Ldfg kflstfgsf] k];fj ;xdf k9g
5 clxn]sf] a]nf Toxfsf] ;'Svf a]nf x]5 a]nfa]nfdf xfjf nflu w"nf] abf sfa'n 3'Dg hfg'ePsf] lyof] ] To; a]nf sfa'n zfGt, ;kmf ;x
p8] glhssf] 8f8f klg b]lvg 5f85 v, emfkft s]xL gePsf] lgs} fd|f], dflg;x klg c;fWo} ldng;f, ;xof]uL, v'Nnf x[bosf,
gfuf] eP klg xf]nf Totf]lawL w"nf] p8g] kfr;ft jif{cl3;Dd pgLxpk k"0f{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf lyP ] k7fgLx, uf]f,
klg sfa'nsf] 5]p5fpdf vx lyP ] lagff]s6f]s ;a}n] bfpf, pHofnf fd|f, dlxnfx klg k"} klZrdL d'n'ssfhtf fd|ffd|f,
sf7 agfpg v sf6b} uP n8fOsf] a]nf ;'Iffsf] nflu klg v klxg klg Tot} ljb]zL lyof] ] t cfh Tf]O; jif{sf] o'4n] ubf{ b]z
sfl6of] ] clxn] cfP hldg ;a} vfnL 5g ckmuflgtfgsf] pQL k"} k5fl8 ws]lnPsf] 5 skGyLxn] Toxfsf afl;GbfnfO{ k|frLg
e]udf cln xlofnL v]tLkftL fd|f] x'G5 ] ljz]iftM To; e]usf] d'Vo sfnlt k'ofpg s'g} s; afsL fv]gg pgLxsf] e]ife"iff, rfnrng
pTkfbg tsfL, kmnkm"n xf] ] c e]udf pTkfbg x'g] eg]sf] clkmd, b]Vbf cfh cfP klxn] Totf lyP ] eGg] s'f s;n] kTofpg]
cu' v';f{gL xf] sfa'nsf] k|To]sh;f] 3df 5fgfhtf] agfP ljsf;sf ;+rgf ;a} Wjt ePsf 5g hldgdf cGg
cu'sf] nxf psfn]sf x'G5g oxfaf6 lgof{t x'g]df un}rf klg xf] pAhg'sf] abnf, ad plAhPsf] 5 o'=Pg= sf] ;j]{If0fcg';f oxfsf]
afof]Uof; t]n klg k|zt dfqfdf 5 ] hldgdf c;Vo adx la5ofPsf] 5 tL ;a} lgliqmo kfL add'St
t To;sf] pTvgg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g vla?jf geP xf] ls b]z agfpg cem slt jif{ slt k};f nfUg] xf] To;sf] nflu o'=Pg=
rfr'?uL klg b]lvb}gg 7"nf rfnfO{ af; ag 7"n} v rflxof] n] k|zt k};f vr]{sf] 5 cem} ad la5ofPsf] yfxf gkfO{ lakmf]6gdf
h'g ToxfF lyPg eu]fnfO{ af; ag 7"nf] vsf] cfjZos gkg{] kL s}of} dflg;x dg]{, ckfu aGg] qmd hfL 5 ljb|f]xLxnfO{ ad
eP xf]nf 3jlkl lrla ub{} p8b} u]sf] b]lvG5 ahfdf 5f8f la5ofpg slt ;do k};f nfUof] xf]nf ca Tof] lgliqmo kfg{ slt
at', e'ofxf s's' Pp6f klg b]lvb}gg oxf 3df klg s's' kfNg] ;do k};f nfUg] xf], olb tL ;a} k};f ;do, b]z ljsf;sf] nflu
rng 5}ghtf] nfUof] ftsf] lgtAwtfdf klg slxNo} s''s' e's]sf] vr]{sf eP cfh b]z slt pGgltsf] lzvdf k'UYof] xf]nf < hgtf slt
;'lgPg oxf ;aeGbf vtf laR5Lsf] x'bf] x]5 oxfsf] cf};t cfo'b ;'vL ;f}efUozfnL x'Gy] xf]nf < ef]sef]s} dfu] vfg t kb}{gYyf] <
$( k|ltzt 5 oxf af]lng] efiff xf] kf]t' bfL sf]xLsf]xL pb"{ b'lgof;fd' bofsf kfq agL cflv To; o'4n] s;nfO{ s] kmfObf eof]
cu|]hL klg af]N5g kflstfgsf] w]} ;Dks{df cfPsfx of egf} t<
n8fOsf] a]nf kflstfgdf z0f lnPsfx pb{" af]Ng ;S5g pRr Pp6f ;'em xfd|f g]tf;fd' fVg dg nflux]5 cfh xfdL klg
lzIff cfh{gsf] qmddf lab]l;Psfx cu|]hL af]Ng ;Sg]5g cfhef]ln ckmufgL hgtfxn] nfdf] ;dob]lv ef]u]sf ToxL b'Mv cK7offaf6
ljb]zLxsf] cfjthfjt w]} a9]kl5 cu|]hL efiffsf] rNtL klg a9b} u'lh|x]sf 5f} olb ;fFlRrs} b]zsf] enf] rfxg], dfof ug]{ g]tf xf] eg],

114 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 115

t]f]d]f]sf] efjgf TofuL ;a}sf] jfy{ Pp6} x'g'kof] ;fj{ef}d pGgt t krf; 8n tna 5 eg] c sd{rfLsf] tna slt xf]nf To;dfly
g]kfn To;sf] nflu cfk;df ht} ljf]wfef; eP klg xft ldnfpg dxFuL rd dfqfdf 5 ] hflu vfg]n] t df}sf k];Dd 3'; vfP Hofg
;Sg'k5{ s;}sf] d'9 lh2L ;f]rn] lgbf]{if b]zjf;Ln] laTyfdf b'Mv v]Kg hf]ufpnf hflu gx'g]n] sxfaf6 sdfO ug]{ pkfo ug{' v]tL uL vfpF
gkf]; l;, fu, nf]e nfnr TofuL Ps h'6 eO{ b]zsf] ljsf;sf] eg] klg ToxfF v]tLof]Uo hldg 5}g hldg eP klg vf]nfgfnfdf kfgL
nflu sDd s;f} c;Dej eGg] s]xL 5}g olt s'f ;bf ofb fvf} ls 5}g htf x]of] ;'Svf aGh hldg cTof; nfUg]
cn] w"dwfd dfof u]sf] cfkmGtn] ufnL u]sf] of egf} csf] nfv o; u]6 xfp;df ljb]zLx k|zt dfqfdf 5g 5'Lsf] lbg
cfdfsf] sfv cfkmGtsf] ufnLdf klg dfof enf] x'g] s'f 5'k]sf] klg sxL hfg' 5}g u]6 xfp;leq g} aYof} k6of nfUg] uL Ps
x'G5 hgf lkmlnlkgf] sfd ;sL v';L x'b} 3 kms+{b} lyof] nfdf] ;do;Dd
ca km]l nfuf} sfa'nlt ToxfF a;L ;s';n 3 kms{g kfpbf ljho k|fKt u]em} nfu]sf] xf] ls
ljut tLg jif{otf, hgtfn] clncln eP klg fxt dx;'; p;nfO{ b]v] csf]{ ljb]zL pbf; d'b|fdf aflr; eGb} lyP lsgeg]
u]sf 5g tLg jif{cl3;Dd ht} k9]n]v]sf dlxnf 8fS6, OlGhlgo p;nfO{ ToxfF w]} ;do latfpg' lyof] yfxf 5}g To; a]nf s]s] x'g]
eP klg, n8fOdf >Ldfgsf] d[To' eO{ 3df sdfpg] c sf]xL geP klg, xf] To;}n] klg pbf; ePsf] xf]nf t hlt vtf egL ;'g]sf] lyP
ef]sef]s} dg{ k] klg dlxnfxn] aflx lglsP sfd ug{ kfpb}gy] clxn];Dd t vf;} Totf] u8a8 s]xL ePsf] 5}g x]f} kl5kl5 s]s]
dlxnfx rd dfqfdf b'MvL zf]lift lyP dlxnf dfq lsg k'?ifnfO{ x'G5
klg Tot} s8f lgod nufO{, aGb]hdf fvL kfiff0fo'uLg cjyfdf ljz]iftM k7fgLx n8fs" hflt x'g ] Ps hgf ljb]zLn] xf;f]
k'ofPsf lyP ub}{ eg] oxfsf k'?ifxn] a'sf{ nufPsf cfOdfO{sf] g d'v b]Vg
t cfhef]ln dlxnfx lxDdt ub}{ aflx lglsP sfd ub}{5g kfp5g wd{sf] sf0fn] g S;L lkpg kfp5g clg n8fO gn8] s]
clncln eP klg xftd'v hf]g{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 xf]nf aGwg bafa ug < s]xL t ug'{kof] oxfsf k'?ifxsf] nflu ljjfx ug{ ufx|f]
eGg] s'f kz'kG5LnfO{ t dg kb}{g eg], r]tgzLn dflg;sf] t s'} 5f]8g ;lhnf] x]5 lsgeg] b'nxLnfO{ klxn] g} k};f lbPg eg] ljjfx
ePg h;nfO{ klg jtGq eO{ afRg dg nfU5 of] dflg;sf] jefj x'b}g To;sf] nflu sd 7"n} rflxG5 h'g h'6fpg lgs} sl7g
g};lu{s clwsf klg xf] cfh Toxfsf dflg;x klxn]sf eGbf 5 pgLxsf] wd{cg';f ;ftj6L;Dd ljjfx ug{ 5'6 5 ] To;}n],
laNfs'n} leGghtf ePsf 5g ] pgLx klxn]sf htf ljZjfl;nf, wgLxsf t >LdtL klg sltslt pgLxsf] ghdf >LdtL eg]sf
xl;nf, l;nf, ;xof]uL v'Nnf x[bosf 5}gg ] cljZjf; zsfsf] lghL{j ef]Uo jt' dfq h;sf] g s'g} efjgf 5 g b'Vg] dg 9'ufsf
3]fdf k]sf 5g of] jefjsf] kljt{g nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] o'4sf] d"lt{ ;x lgLx tL dlxnfx cfgf] b'Mv g sxL JoSt ug{ ;S5g g
kl0ffd xf] otf] jefjsf] aGg pgLxnfO{ s} nfUof] afRgs} pgLxsf] b'Mvsf] sxL ;'gjfO x'G5 PSsfO;f} ztfAbLdf klg dlxnfx
nflu klg pgLxn] cfkm"nfO{ abNg'kof] zg}M zg}M g]kfnLdf klg Tof] olt zf]liftkLl8t 5g eGbf kTofpg ufx|f] k5{ t of] ;To xf]
kljt{g cfpb} 5 zflGtsf cu|b"t a'4sf] b]z egL klxrfg agfPsf laxfg ;ft ah]lt >Ldfg d;u} gftf u5f{}+ u]6 xfp;sf]
g]kfnL cfh pu|jfbLdf blb} 5g b'O{rf nfnrL g]tfs} sf0fn] klg ]6'fFdf laxfg gftf vfg]sf] eL8 x'G5 gftf x]s k|sfsf pknAw
of] kljt{g cfPsf] xf] 5g oxf sf]xL cffdn] vfOx]sf x'G5g t sf]xL xtfxtf vfP
x]s If]qdf e|i6frf a9g' ulaLsf] lg;fgL xf] Toxfsf] dGqLsf] hfG5g clkm;sf] uf8L u]6 xfp;d} lng cfp5 clkm;df ;u} sfd

116 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 117

ug]{ Ps hgf a'Nu]log klg ToxL u]6 xfp;df a5g ;u} gftf kfObf] x]g5 ljb]zLsf] nflu egL x]s vfg] s'f, nufpg] s'fb]lv
uL >Ldfg pm;u} ;f9] ;ft ah];Dddf clkm;sf] nflu lgSng'x'G5 lnP lao, jfOg, lXjsL s] lyPg tL ;a} ;fdfg ljb]zaf6 ljz]if
kms{+bf a]n'sfsf] ;f9] kfr aH5 d u]6 xfp;sf] sf]7fdf PSn} s}n] hxfhn] Nofpbf] x]5 vfg] s'fx s'g} ljb]zL ;lk ;]G6sf] eGbf
3 kmls{g] egL lbg uGtL ub}{ a5' PSn} u]6 xfp;sf] 9f]sfaflx sd lyPg h] vf]h] klg kfOg] ljb]zLx sfa'nahfaf6 lsg] s]xL
klg glgsg" eGg] cfb]z 5 PSn} hfg' klg sxf hfg' g sf]xL klg vfb}gg jfYosf] nflu tLo gnfu] xf]nf PGh]nf d}n]
lrGof hfGof g efiff a'5g p;f] t oxf g]kfnL y'k|} 5g ] t rflxg] ;fdfgx lsg] Nofof} PSn} sf]7fdf abfabf yfs]sLn]
clxn];Dd s;};u e]6 ePsf] 5}g Toxf;Dd hfg kfpbf lg dnfO{ cToGt v';L nfUof] s]xL guL abf
>Ldfg clkm; hfg'ePkl5 rf}df cfO{ a5' rf}lt sf]7f klg yflsbf] x]5 sfd u] dfq yflsg] eGg] xf]Og x]5 h]xf];
ePsfn] xf]nf cfsfz klg ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq b]lvG5 cgGt;Dd lxhf]sf] lbg dfOnf];u laTof]
km}lnPsf] lIflth ;d]l6P ;f3'lP Pp6f ;fgf] afpnfdf c6fPht} xfdL ag] u]6 xfp;df Pp6f evsL ;'Gb hfkfgL s]6L
Kn]g cf]xf]bf]xf] ug{] af6f] oxL x]5 Sof] ;w} oxL u]6 xfp; l5g pgL PSn} otf] vtf 7fpdf sfd ug{ cfPsL laxfg a|]s
dflyaf6 p85 dfOnf] dfGb} d To; hxfhdf a;L slxn] cfgf] 3 kmf6 vfg] a]nfdf slxn]sfxL e]6 x'G5 xl;nL ;a}nfO{ u'8dlg{ eGb}
kms"F{nf egL nf]efpb} cfvfaf6 cf]em]n geP;Dd hxfhnfO{ x]L a5' cfpl5g cfgf]] sfddf ;fx|} uDeL l5ghtf] nfU5 vfg] a]nf klg
cf7;f9] cf7 ah];Dddf t u]6 xfp; k"} vfnLht} eO;S5 Toxf st} gx]L 8foLhtf] kN6fP s]xL kl9x]sL x'lG5g o;f] cfvf h'Wof]
a;]sf kfx'gfx ;a} sfddf hfG5g lbge sf]7fdf ag] t d Ps eg] d's'fpl5g sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf pgnfO{ aflxkm] klg hfg'kbf{]
hgf dfq xf]nf xf] s]6f dfG5]x t oxf cfpg ;xeGbf aflxL If]qdf hfg 8fpg]
lxhf] PGh]nfn] Pp6f gof 7fpdf nlug ahfeGbf cln 6f9f otf] 7fpdf Ps evsL PSnL s]6L sqf] lxDdt d ltgnfO{ x]L
af6f] klg fd|f] otf clncln xlof]klof] b]lvof] clncln v 5Ss k5'{ ;do latfpg] af6f] d Toxf e]6 x'g] x]ssf] ultljlw
v]tdf v} s] xf] nufPsf] xlof] dfOnf] nfUof] Toxfsf] df6f] klg fd|f] k9g] sf]l;; ub{} a5' c d]f] sfd} s] 5 cu6 @( laxfgb]lv
v]tL nufPdf gx'g] klg x}g xf]nf t d'Vo s'f Toxf kfgLsf] sdL g} s]xL u8a8 5htf] nfluXof] k'ln;sf] uf8L, bdsn, PDa'n]G;
x]5 o; 7fpsf] glhs 7"nf7"nf vf]nfgfnf 5}gghtf] 5 7"nf] ;a}sf] ldl;Psf] cfjfh ;'lgx]y] >Ldfg clkm; hfg'ePkl5 rf}df
EofnL rf}lt ;fgf;fgf 8f8f tL ;a} ;'Svf phf8 olb tL ;a} 8f8f cfO{ a;] sfkLsnd NofO{ s]xL n]v" ls egL k|oTg u] t dgleq
vla?jfn] elP xlof] b]lvP rfr'?uLx klg lrla ub}{ af; stfstf qf; c;lhnf] dx;'; uL n]Vg dg} nfu]g sfkLsnd
ag cfpy] xf]nf jftfj0f slt ;'Gb d0fLo nfUYof] xf]nf To;} fvL TolQs} 3f]lP al;x] >Ldfgsf] clkm;af6 xfdL b'j}nfO{
sfa'ndf sfd ug{ a;]sf ljb]zLxsf] nflu egL Toxf cnu Pp6fPp6f df]afOn kmf]g lbOPsf] lyof] clkm; hfbf af6f]df s]xL
Pp6f ;lk ;]G6 x]5 hxf ;'Iff Jojyf Psbd s8f lyof] aflx u8a8L lyof] ls egL >LdfgnfO{ kmf]g u] Totf] vf;} s]xL lyPg
9f]sfdf s'g sDkgLaf6 cfPsf] egL n]vfP kf;kf]6{ b]vfP dfq leq eGg'eof] pxfsf] clkm; s8f ;'IffaLr dGqfnoleq 5 ] To;}n]
k|j]z ug{ lbbf] x]5 uf8L klg ad hfr ug]{ oGqn] hfr] dfq k|j]z clkm;leq t vtf x'b}g xf]nf t cfpbfhfbf af6f]df vtf x'g
ug{ lbof] PGh]nfn] dnfO{ klg cfg} sDkgLsf] egL gfd n]vfP ;S5 Hofgsf] dfof x'g]n] t xtkt hf]lvd p7fpb}gg t Hofgsf]
leq nlug d Tof] ;lk ;]G6df k'u] crlDdt eP Toxf s] dfq dfof gePsf ljWj+;sfLn] hxf h] klg ug{ ;S5g

118 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 119

 u]6 xfp;df sfd ug{ cfpg] cfOdfO{xdWo] Ps hgf cln pd] k'l5lxg eSsflgPsf] dgnfO{ ;dfNg] sf]l;; ub{} d]f] klg dg
k'u]sL klg lyOg pgL w]} jif{b]lv kflstfgdf z0ffyL{ eO{ a;]sLn] elP cfof] ;f]r] lagfs;' oL lgxTyfn] hLjgd0fsf] ;hfo ef]u]
pb"{ af]Ng hfGbL lx5g rf}df n'uf ;'sfpg cfOg clejfbg ub}{ cfgf] 3af TofuL csf{sf] bofdf afRg s nfUof] csf{n] xflnlbPsf]
;Grf]la;Grf] ;f]Wg yflng d}n] klg ;do s6fpg'sf] ;fy} pgLxsf] rff] vfb} h]h] eG5g ToxL ub{} ag'kof] nfvf}F dflg;n] ;hfosf]
af]df hfGga'g pgnfO{ pgsf] 3]n' k|Zgx fv] 5f]f5f]L slt r'f], s'f] a'b} ga'emL klg ;hfo ef]u]
hgf 5g < >Ldfg s] sfd u5{g < pgL Psl5g pbf;pbf; z"Godf d}n] cfg} dgnfO{ k|Zg u]F h'g zf;sxsf] d'9 unt
xfOg lgs}a]sf] pgsf] df}gtfn] jftfj0f af]lemnf] aGof] d pgnfO{ lg0f{on] ubf{ sf]8f} dflg;n] b'Mv ef]u] s] tL zf;sxnfO{ cfTdUnflg
Psf]xf]f] lgofnL x]y] an u] pgL cfkm"nfO{ ;dfNg] sf]l;; ub{} eO{ kZrfQfk x'b}g xf]nf < cfgf] dgn] cfkm"nfO{ g} lwSsfb{}g xf]nf <
lyOg ;fPsf gogx k'l5g efj's d'b|fdf ctLtdf k'Ub} cfkm"n] pgLxsf] Pp6f unt lg0f{on] Toqf dflg;sf] efUo pynk'yn eof]
ef]u]sf b'MvJoyf lgzsf]r kf]Vb} uOg ;DkGg kljfsL 5f]L b]z pFwf]ultlt a9b} uof] dnfO{ oL ;a} 36gf sxL cfg} b]zsf]
;'vsf ;fy hLjg laTb} lyof] lax] Ps JofkfL;u eof] >Ldfgsf] elaiosf] 5la t x}ghtf] cTof; nfuL dg lvGg eof] cfh lbge
cfg} Joj;foaf6 fd|} cfDbfgL lyof] tLg 5f]f;lxtsf] ;'vL kljf v} lsg xf] lvGg lbSs nfUof] 38L x]] >Ldfg cfpg] a]nf eof] egL
s'g} s'fsf] sdL lyPg ;"o{ eujfgnfO{ u|x0fn] 5f]k]ht} hLjgdf vfhf agfP ;flas ;dodf >Ldfg cfpg'eof]
otf] b'Mvsf] lbg klg cfpnf eGg] pgLxn] ;kgfdf klg ;f]r]sf pxf u]6 xfp;df cfOgk'u];Dd dg ql;t eOxG5 af6f]df
lyPgg sfa'ndf hftLo buf e8lsof] Pscsf{df dfsf6, n'6kf6 s]xL 36gf 365 ls eGg] lrGtfn] ;tfOxG5 vfhf lbbf >LdfgnfO{
;'? eof] Hofgs} vtf x'g yfn]kl5 cfgf]] hfoh]yf, wg;DklQ ;a} lgofn] x]] cfh lsg xf] ylst dlng cg'xf b]v] ulxf] lrGtfdf
TofuL Hofg hf]ufpg tLg 5f]f;lxt pgLxn] kflstfgsf] z0ffyL{ 8'Ab} s]xL gaf]nL s'k's'k' vfOxg'ePsf] lyof] lrlGtt x'b} ;Grf] ePg
lzljdf z0f lnP HofgeGbf 7"nf] ;DklQ x}g Sof] eGg] ;f]r fVb} ls egL ;f]w] x}g s]xL ePsf] 5}g t 7fp7fpdf ePsf] pu|jfbLsf]
;f]r Totf] fv] klg hLjg nyflnu eof] k9b} u]sf 5f]fxsf] Hofbltn] dg vNnf] x'G5 eGg'eof] s] cfh sxLF gfd|f] 36gf 36of]
k9fO aGb >Ldfgn] slt bM'v uL hf]8]sf] cfgf] Joj;fo klg aGb ls Sofxf] cflQFb} d}n] ;f]w] xf] cfh Pp6f s'ndf cfqmd0f u] ]
eof] n'6]fxn] ;a} n'l6;s] xf]nfg egL a]nfa]nf lklnGy] slt vNnf] dg lnO{ vfFb} lyof} xfdL b'j}n] vfhf vfO;s]sf dfq s] lyof}
lbg csf{n] v6fPsf] dfgf vfP ag] cfgf]] b]zdf s] eO;Sof] Pp6f 7"nf] wdfsf eof] lhGbuLdf d}n] olt 7"nf] cfjfh slxNo} ;'g]sL
xf]nf cfgf]] b]zdf slxn] kms{g' Joj;fo ;dfn] k"j{ cjyfdf lyOg If0fe t s] ePsf] egL 7Dofpg g} ;lsPg a]xf]; ePht}
cfpg' eGg] ;f]r};f]rdf lbg laTYof] b]zk|ltsf] dfof, lrGtf OToflbn] lbdfu ;"Go h8jt eof] xftv'f, d'6' ;ff zL y sflkx]Yof]
pgnfO{ leqleq lzlynulnt agfpb} nUof] lrGtfn] lrtfdf k'ofp5 u]6 xfp;sf ofnsf l;;fx emNofDd km'6] k|no g} eP5 lshtf]
eg]ht} s'g} f]u klg lyof] ls < >Ldfgsf] ToxL lzljdf lrGtf ubf{ eof] >LdfgnfO{ x]]F tl;{Psf] htf] nfUof] d]f] t emg xfn a]xfn
ub{} b]xj;fg eof] tL dlxnfdfly t 7"nf] ah|kft g} eof] csf{sf] lyof] d'6' hf]8hf]8n] 9's9's ub{} zL yy sfkL cfvfaf6 a
7fp PSnL cfOdfO{ tLg 5f]f;lxt cfkm"nfO{ s;L ;dflng xf]nf cf;' g} em] 5 If0fed} ;f]r] stf] a]nf oxfF cfOP5
To;kl5 pgn] slt b'Mv ef]uL tL 5f]fxnfO{ x'sf{Og eGg] b'MvfGt dfof kfgL ;w} tntn axG5 eGg] s'f ;frf] x]5 d]f]
syf ;'gfOg lgs}a] a]lx;fa axb} u]sf cfF;' 6fpsf] 5f]k]sf] ;nn] dfg;k6ndf t'?Gt 5f]fx cfP af xfd|f] d'v klg b]Vg gkfpg]

120 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 121

ePhtf] nflu 8fsf] 5f8L ?g dg nfUof] v}nfa}nf dlRrx]sf] dgdf ;s'znsf] ;dfrf ;'gL 9'Ss x'g xtflP xfdL klg cfgf ;a}nfO{
s]jn 5f]fxs} 5lj cfOXof] 7"n} ;u|fd k]5htf] 5 u]6 kmf]g uL ;'lIft x]sf] ;dfrf lbg rfxGYof} t kmf]g k6Ss} nfu]g
xfp;sf kfx'gfx aflx lglsP af]n]sf] cfjfh ;'gL dg bx|f] agfO{ v} lsg xf] g]kfnOlG8ofsf] nfOg g} lyPg xf eP cflv cd]lsf
xfdL aflx cfof} u]6 xfp;glhs 7"nf] d'nf] w'jfw"nf] pl8x]Yof] kmf]g uL Toxfaf6 sf7df8f} va ug{ nufof} va kfP ;a} hgf
h;n] ubf{ cfsfz glhssf 8f8f g} b]lvg 5f8] u]6 xfp;af6 9'Ss eP xf]nfg s]xL lbgsf] nflu ;~rf Jojyf nyflnu eof]
rfkfr Ans dfq 6f9f x]5 hxf of] wdfsf ePsf] lyof] Ps}l5gdf Tof] ft fd|f];u lgb|f klg nfu]g sf]7fdf w'n}w"nf] dg klg a]r}g
u]6 xfp;sf] ;ff sf]7fleq klg w'n}w"nf] eof] ;a} hgf ql;t dnfO{ t ef]lnkN6 g} kmls{g dg lyof]
cGof]nhtf b]lvGy] d t emg s'} ePg OGt' g lrGt' ;kgf xf] ls t >LdfgnfO{ eGg] cf6 cfPg lh2L u] hf] oxf cfPsL
lakgf ;f]Rg] zlSt g} xfPhtf] ePsL lyPF s]xL ;dokl5 ;dfrfdf lyP h] u] xf]; b'O{ dlxgf t s6fpg' g} lyof] ;]K6]Da * ( oxfsf]
b]lvof] o'=Pg= kmf];{ a;]sf] 7fpdf ad xfg]sf] x]5 h'g hnfnfafb ;lxb lbj; xf] ;]K6]Da ( sf] ftdf ljb|f]lxxn] sfa'nleq} tLgj6f
f]8df kb{5 slt hgwg Iflt eof] olsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g k|j]z s]6 xdnf u] aRrf;lxt tLg hgfsf] d[To' eof] ;]K6]Da !) df
lgif]w ulPsf] 5 rf}aL; 3G6fleq 7"nf] wdfsf x'b}5 ;s];Dd aflx sxLF glgsg" eGg]
;]So'l6Ln] laxfgb]lv g} ;a}nfO{ ;ts{ ufPsf] lyof] ] $* ;"rgf ;'Iff;DaGwL lgsfoaf6 k|fKt eof] ;]K6]Da !! df lrs]g
3G6fleq sxL 7"n} wdfsf x'b} 5 t sxf eGg] olsg ePg Ps hgf l66 oxfsf] ljz]if 7fp dflgg], h'g Psbd rNtLsf] 7fp xf] To;
ckmufgL;Fu o;af] ;f]Wof}F p;n] cln cfqmf]lzt x'b} eGof] of] ;a 7fpdf Pp6f Pg=hL=cf]= sf] clkm; x]5 To;}nfO{ lg;fgf agfO{
k'ln;sf] nfkafxLsf] glthf xf] lsgeg] Tof] Plof Psbd ;'lIft uf8Ldf 7"nf] dfqfdf lakmf]6s kbfy{ fvL k8sfpg tofL cjyfdf
7fp xf] ] Toxf af6fdf uf8L f]Sg dgfxL 5 t Tof] lakmf]6g ;'IffsdL{xn] km]nf kf] 7"nf] gf]S;fg x'gaf6 ar] To;} lbg csf]{
f]lsx]sf] uf8Ldf flvPsf] adnfO{ 6f9faf6 ldf]6 sG6f]naf6 Pp6f clkm; h;n] hldgd'lg la5ofOPsf] af?bL ;'?uxnfO{ lgliqmo
k8sfOPsf] lyof] Tof] ad b'O{ ;o s]=hL= sf] lyof] ] To; ckmufgLn] kf5{ To; clkm;df xdnf u] Toxfsf k|To]s 3df as agfOPsf]
eGof] oxf k'ln;nfO{ k};f lbP h] klg x'G5 x'g ;S5 k'ln;n] k};f x'bf] x]5 k'fgfk'fgf 3df klg nfdf] ;dosf] Gdf xdnfsf] a]nf
vfP uf8L Toxf fVg lbPsf] xf] To; lakmf]6gdf tLg g]kfnL hf] n'Sg agfOPsf] ;'lIft 7fp xfdL a;]sf] u]6 xfp;sf] k'fgf] v08df
Toxf sfo{t lyP, cd]lsg;lxt af6f]df lx8g] kGw| hgfsf] d[To' eof] klg Tot} as lyof] To; clkm;sf 6fkmx ;a} ToxL asdf
kvf{n3 k"} Wjt eof] n's]5g cfqmd0fsfLxn] 3 k"} cfuf] nufO{, Toxf ePsf ;fdfg
ToxL lbgsf] laxfg Pp6f s'ndf klg ad k8sfP5g n'6L efu] kl5 tL 6fkmxnfO{ fd|} cjyfdf p4f ulof] sf]xL
To;}n] laxfgb]lv g} bdsn PDa'n]G;sf] cfjfh cfPsf] lyof] To; klg xtfxt ePgg ;]K6]Da !) sf] ftdf klg s]6 xdnf u]
lakmf]6gdf lgbf]{if b; afnaflnsfsf] Hofg uof] sf0f s] eg] s fi6kltsf] r'gfj glhs cfOx]5 Tof] r'gfj layf]Ng oL ;a} eOx]sf]
kGyLxnfO{ wd{cg';fsf] k9fO ePg eGg] zsf eof] ] cfhsf] lbg xf]
;fx|} gfd|f] lbg eof] sfa'ndf ;'Iff Jojyf cem s8f ulof] of] ;]K6]Da !@ df 7"nf] dfqfdf kflstfgLxnfO{ ckmufg
lakmf]6gsf] eofjx b'Mvb ;dfrf ;~rfdfWodaf6 t'?Gt ;+;fe ;sfn] kflstfg ;sfnfO{ lhDdf nufof] h;n] ckmuflgtfgdf
km}lnof] Toxf ePsf cfkmGtsf] nflu ;a}sf] dg a]r}g eof] kmf]gdfkm{t a;L tflnafgxnfO{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'ofOx]sf lyP g]kfn eftsf]

122 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 123

ht} kflstfg ckmuflgtfgsf] v'Nnf l;dfgf, wd{;+s[lt Pp6} kllylt;u h'Wb} afRg'k]sf] 5 t ha sfa'ndf cfO{ oxfsf] k|s[lt;u
cg'dltkqsf] klg cfjZostf gkg]{ clg t cftssfLxnfO{ otf xfd|f] k|s[ltnfO{ bfh]F clg nfUof] cxf] xfdL t slt efUodfgL k|s[ltn]
ptf ug{ s'g} d'lsn ePg ptf ckfw uof] otf cfof] otf ckfw xfdLnfO{ s'g} sGh';L g} guL eG8f} kf]lvlbPsf] x]5 dfn kfP
uof] ptf efUof] ckfwLxnfO{ v"a ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 ;]K6]Da !# rfn gkfPsf] afbsf] xftdf gljn eGg]htf] kf] ePsf] x]5
sf] lbgdf lrs]g l66df 7"nf] wdfsf x'b} 5 eGg] ;]So'l6Ln] k"j{ ;"rgf xfd|f] 7fpdf s] 5}g < lxdfn, kxf8, tfO{ htf x]of] ;'Gbtfn] elPsf]
lbof] x'g t of] xfdL a;]sf] 7fpaf6 6f9f 5 t >Ldfgsf] clkm;af6 xlofnL e"ld ;+;fs} Ps hn;|f]tsf] wgL d'n's, ;+;fs} b'n{e
glhs k5{ ] km]l cfpg]hfg] af6f] klg ToxL d lbge ql;t x'b} kz'kG5L, h8La'6L cem o; e"ldsf] ue{df ot} cgdf]n rLhx s]s]
a;] a]n}df ks]{5g Sof] b'3{6gf x'gaf6 aRof] u]6 xfp;df laxfg 5g xf]nf v} o;sf] pTvgg vf]hL ePsf] < g]kfndf dfgf} c
gftf vfbf y'k|} ljb]zLx klg x'Gy] ;a} hgf lgMzAb cfgf] ;f]rdf s]xL ePg eg] v]tL uL cGg pAhfO{ vfg lbg] k|s[lt t 5 t oxf
8'Ab} dgdf cg]s s'f v]nfpb} uDeL d'b|fdf gftf vfb} lyP htf x]of] ;'Svf st} klg xlof] 5}g st} klg kfgL 5}g kfgL eP
ot}df Ps hgf ljb]zL w]} pd] ePsf htf klg lyPgg kf] xlof]klof] pAhfp xf]nf eGg] cf; otf] ljsfn ljzfn
pgn] vfgf vfb} pbf; d'b|fdf Ps lbg c aflrof] eg] gftf vfb} rfgL d?e"lddf dflg; s;L aflrx]5g < cfZro{ km]l s]sf nflu
u]sf ;a}n] vNnf] d'sfgsf ;fy pgnfO{ x]] d]f] dg leq}b]lv lzlyn n8b}5g
a]r}g eof] d}n] cfgf] sdhf]L >LdfgnfO{ b]vfpg rflxg t d]f] cfgf] dgnfO{ zflGt lbg cfkm"eGbf tNnf] txsfnfO{ x]g{'k5{
d'6'sf] w8sg tLj| eOxGYof] sf]7fdf cfP 3af6 clnstf lstfax of] klQm Ps xfd|f ljfg sxlnPsf e"tk"j{ dGqLHo"sf] xf] s]xL
NofPsL lyP k9g sf]l;; u] cfvfn] ;;tL x]] klg lbdfudf s]xL jif{cl3sf] s'f xf], Pp6f kf6L{df xfd|f ;dfhsf a'l4hLjLx, b]zsf]
klg x]g z"Gohtf] eO{ cw}o{ eof] lstfa Tolts} fvL rf}df cfO{ ulaL b]zn] ljsf;sf] ult lng g;s]sf] af] lrlGtt x'Fb} ca ulaL
a;] Toxf klg PSn} af}nfxhtf] s] ag' km]l leq uP a]r}gLdf lbg x6fpg b]z ljsf;sf] nflu s]s] of]hgf eOx]5 egL a8f] uDeL
laTof] oxf ;dfrfkq 5b} 5}g eGbf klg x'G5 hDdf Pp6f 5 ] Tof] pT;'stfsf ;fy k|Zg fVb} lyP tL ljfg dGqL h;sf] xftdf
klg cfwf cu|]hL cfwf ckmufgL Tof] klg u]6 xfp;df cfpb}g b]zsf] afu8f] 5 pgn] xNsfl;t xfdLn] cfkm"eGbf ljsl;t b]znfO{
oxfsf ;a} 3sf 5fgf a'Rr]a'Rr] vfnsf x'bf x]5g u]6 x]g]{ x}g cfkm"eGbf sd ljsl;t b]znfO{ x]] lrQ a'emfpg'k5{ egL
xfp;sf] xfdL a;]sf] sf]7fsf] 7Lscufl8 Pp6f ;fgf] 8f8f lyof] h;sf] klG;lbP dnfO{ crDd nflu lgoflnx] ;f]r] dGqLhtf] pRr kbdf
dflydfly;Dd ;fgf;fgf 3 lyP dnfO{ flt ;'t]sf] a]nfdf klg sxL cf;Lgn] otf] xNsfl;t lng] xf] eg], gofgof of]hgf ljsf; s;n]
To; 8f8faf6 s]6 sf]7fd} cfOk'U5 ls < eGg] 8 nfluxGYof] ug]{ < To;f] eP s]sf] nflu t dGqL kb < s]jn dfd bfdsf] nflu dfq <
oxf ;a}h;f]n] ahfaf6 f]6L g} lsGbf x]5g gfght} oxf cfP dnfO{ tL klQmx afDaf ofb cfof] cfkm"n] t stf] ;'Gb
7"nf]7"nf] w]} lbg;Dd klg glau|g] vfg ldNg] f]6L k;n aflx n'uf ;DkGg e"lddf hGd lnPsL x]5' egL v';L nfu]sf] lyof]
e'mG8ofOPsf] ht} ljleGg l8hfogsf f]6Lx k;naflx em'G8ofPsf] t ckm;f]r cfh ;+;fsf] s'gfs'gfaf6 g]kfnsf] d0fLo
x'G5 u]6 xfp;sf] ]6'fFdf ;w}h;f] oxL f]6L flvPsf] x'G5 k|fs[lts b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ slt ;do k};f vr{ uL cfPsf
g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts agf]6 ulaL b]Vbf nfUYof], k|s[ltn] klg ko{6sxnfO{ xfd|f] cfk;L G aGbn] ubf{, sf]7fdf g} a;L qf;df
xfdLnfO{ g} 7u]5g ;lhnf]l;t cfo a9fpg] s'g} ;|f]t g} 5}g ljs6 ;do latfpFb} kmls{g'k]sf] 5 otf] gsffTds ;dfrf ;+;f;fd'

124 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 125

;Dk|]if0f eP k};f ;do vr{ uL sf] g} cfp5 ;a}n] a]n}df ;f]Rg'kg{] u]6 xfp;df sfd ug]{ dlxnfxnfO{ r'gfjaf] ;f]Wbf pgLxnfO{
s'f xf] r'gfj eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] g} yfxf 5}g dnfO{ Pp6f s'fn] cToGt
cd]lsL fi6kltn] lag nfb]gnfO{ kqmg ;Sg]nfO{ egL 7"nf] v';L nfUof] Tof] s] xf] eg] otf] ljsfn ;dof skGyLxsf]
dfqfdf wgflz k'sfjk fv]sf lyP ToxL k'sfsf] nf]edf bafaaLr klg Pp6L dlxnf fi6klt pDd]bjfLsf] nflu v8f ePsL
s]xL cd]lsgx oxf ckmuflgtfgdf cfO{ lagfcg'dlt lghL s}b 5g tL dlxnfn] w]} fd|ffd|f ;fdflhs sfo{ ljz]if dlxnfsf] pTyfgsf]
vfgf agfO{ ljleGg lgbf]{if JolQmxnfO{ ckx0f uL rd oftgf lbb} nflu cfjfh p7fPsL lx5g cS6f]a & df oxf Pp6f ;fgf] e"sDk
lag nfb]gsf] 7]ufgf kQf nufpg s}bL agfOfv]sf lyP w]} kl5 uof] s]xL gf]S;fgL ePg oxf kfgLsf] ;fx|} ;dof x]5 ;a}h;f]n]
oL ;a s'fsf] kbf{kmf; eof] oxfsf] ;sfn] tL cd]lsgxnfO{ 6o'j]nsf] kfgLn] g} sfd rnfpbf x]5g 8f8fsf] dflydfly;Dd 3
kqm] s}bL agfO{ d'2f rnfP ;]K6]Da !# df Toxfsf] cbfntn] tL 5 Toxf ;a} kfgL tnaf6 af]s] nu] g} sfd rnfp5g lhGbuL
cleo'StxnfO{ b; jif{sf] s}b;hfo ;'gfof] cfgf] 3leq km'6, ;fx|} si6s 5 rf dlxgf oxf clt g} hf8f] x'G5 ha lxp kg{
dgf]dflnGo, Pscsf{df cljZjf; OToflbn] sdhf] eP aflxL tjxn] yfN5 ta lah'nLsf] nfOg klg ;a} aGb x'G5 ] clxn] t oxf lah'nL
s;L lgw{Ss csf{sf] 3leq k;L dgkL uL kmfObf p7fpg vf]Hbf lgoldt kn] cfpb}g lbge k|foM aGbht} x'G5 lsgeg] lbgdf
x]5g eGg] HjnGt pbfx0f xf] of] slt aflxL tjxn] dgUu] clkm;xnfO{ dfq lah'nL lbG5g c 7fpdf ftdf dfq lah'nL lbG5g,
kmfObf p7fO{ klg ;s] efO km'6] ujf n'6] eg]sf] oxL xf]nf Tof] klg 7]ufg 5}g otf] hf8f] a]nfdf aQL klg gx'bf slt ufx|f] x'G5
xfdL Toxf k'u]sf] ;dolt To; u]6 xfp;df Tolt dlxnf xf]nf ;a}n] bfpfn] sfd rnfp5g To; 7fpdf vla?jfsf] t
kfx'gfx b]lvb}gy] t cfhef]ln ljb]zL dlxnfx k|zt cfPsf s'g} gfd lg;fgf 5}g ;a} aflxaf6 g} cfp5 ] Tof] klg Psbd
5g hlthlt oxf fi6kltsf] r'gfj glhs cfpb} 5 ToltTolt dxFuf] aQLsf] nflu dLt]n k|of]u u5{g ] fhwfgLsf] cjyf otf]
oxfsf] jftfj0f tgfju|t aGb} 5 r'gfj layf]Ng ljf]wLxn] lbgdf eP c 7fpsf] cjyf stf] xf]nf < ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5
s]xL g s]xL clk|o 36gf ufOx]sf x'G5g x'g]vfg]x k|To]sn] cfgf]cfgf] 3df h]g]]6 fvL ;a} lsl;dsf]
;]K6]Da !& b]lv oxf fltflt so'{ nflux]5 o'=Pg= ;'ljwf ldnfPsf x'G5g hxf klg hlxn] klg dg]{ b'Mv kfpg] t ToxL
sf] htf] uf8Ldf ljkmf]6s kbfy{ fvL lxl8x]5g Totf] uf8Lb]lv ulalgd'vf hgtf g x'g
;fjwfg x'g" eGg] cfh ;]K6]Da !* df ;]So'l6Ln] hgfp lbof] cS6f]a & sf] ftdf b'O{ s]6n] cd]lsg hd{g fhb"tfjf;,
cfTdf3ftL adx fvL lxl8x]sf w]} uf8Lx ;'IffsdL{xn] klqm;s] fi6klt lgjf; o'=Pg= kmf];{nfO{ lg;fgf agfO{ cfqmd0f u]
cS6f]a ( df oxf fi6kltsf] r'gfj layf]Ng ljf]wLx hLpHofgn] t sf]xL klg xtfxt ePg cS6f]a * df w]} ljkmf]6s
nfu]sf 5g o'=Pg= n] oxf zflGt axfnL r'gfj ;'rf? kn] ;DkGg kbfy{;lxt w]} cftssfLx kqmfp k] * s} ftdf 7"nf] cfwLa]L
ufpg w]} d2t ulx]5 klxn]sf] eGbf klg clxn] ;'Iff cem s8f cfof] rf}lt w'n}w"nf], ;'Tbf klg w"nfn] ;f; km]g{ g} ufx|f] eof]
ulPsf] 5 csf]{ lhNnfdf btf{ ePsf uf8LxnfO{ sfa'nleq k|j]z cS6f]a ( ftesf] x'Ln] laxfg p7bf glhssf] 8f8f klg w"nf]n] ubf{
lgif]w ulPsf] 5 ahfdf o'=Pg= sf] 6ofs cfsfzaf6 ftlbg b]lvPsf] x}g cfh fi6kltsf] r'gfjsf] lbg clkm; 5'L xfdLnfO{
x]lnsf]K6n] lgufgL fVb} cfOx]5 ;DejtM ckmufgLxsf] nflu of] aflx sxLF ghfg" eGg] lgb]{zg lyof] s8f ;'IffaLr laxfgb]lv g}
klxnf] r'gfj xf]nf r'gfj ;'? ePsf] 5 lbgedf s'g} clk|o 36gf 365 ls egL ;a}

126 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 127

lrlGtt 5g ckmuflgtfgsf] Oltxf;df dlxnf pDd]bjf dlxnfn] u] >Lnsg ;sfn] t To; d"lt{nfO{ pvfn] cfgf] b]zdf nU5'
ef]6 v;fNg] clwsf k|of]u u]sf] kSs} of] klxnf] cj; xf]nf oxf ;Dd eGof] s;}sf] cg'f]wn] klg sfd u]g k'vf{n] sqf] ;do
*& k|ltzt dlxnfx lgIf 5g kl>d vr{ uL agfPsf ;+rgf cflv Wjt kfl5f8]
cS6f]a !), lxhf] ePsf] r'gfj zflGtk"0f{ ;DkGg eof] s'g} of] P]ltxfl;s ;+rgf Wjt ePsf] b]Vbf ;fx|} b'Mv nfUof]
clk|o 36gf 36]g kGw| fi6kltsf] pDd]bjfxn] r'gfjdf wfwnL ;f]r] Oltxf; s;}n] tf]8kmf]8 d]6fpg vf]Hb}df d]l6G5 h;n]
eof] b'O{ dlxgfleq km]l r'gfj x'g'k5{ egL ljf]w h'n'; lgsfn] d]6fpg vf]H5 pxL ;+;f;fd' a]as'km d"v{ 7xlG5
r'gfjsf] a]nfdf nufOg] d;L gSsnL eof] eGg] cff]k nufP r'gfjel cS6f]a !# df xfdL 3 kms{+b} 5f} eGg] kSsfkSsL s'fn]
cd]lsgxnfO{ n'Sg' egL ;ts{ ufOPsf] lyof] klxnf] rf]l6 kfPsf] dg clt k|km'Nn xNsf ePsf] 5 cS6f]a !@ cfh laxfg}b]lv 3fd
clwsf r'gfjdf dlxnfxn] ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lnP nfu] xf]nf lbg pHofnf] dfOnf] b]lvof] r'gfjsf] s]xL lbgcl3b]lv
sla k}tL; jif{cl3 ha fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;g lyof], To; a]nf r'gfj gl;lWbP;Dd u]6 xfp; nueu vfnLvfnLht} ePsf] lyof]
s]6Lxn] clgjfo{ kn] s'n hfg} kYof]{ !& jif{cl3 ljjfx ug{ r'gfj zflGtk"0f{ ;DkGg ePotf u]6 xfp;df kfx'gfx wdfwd cfpb}
kfOb}g lyof] k'?ifxn] Pp6feGbf a9L ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] s8f lgod 5g cfh w]} Pl;og dlxnfx b]lvP To;df Pp6f u|'k OlG8ogsf]
nufPsf lyP t ha fhfnfO{ x6fO{ s Onflds wdf{nDaL cfP, lyof]
ta dlxnfxnfO{ rd dfqfdf bafa zf]if0f uL tL ;ff lgodx cS6f]a !# sf] p8fg ljz]if sf0fjz 2 ePsf] ;dfrfn]
vf]h uL, 7Ls pN6f] lgod agfP clxn] Toxf s]6Lxsf] !& jif{cl3 k|;Gg dg b'MvL lvGg eof] k|yfgsf] nflu ;ff ;fdfg Kofs uL
g} ljjfx x'G5 k'?ifxnfO{ ljjfxsf] s'g} aGb]h 5}g hlt ljjfx u] tof ePsf] a]nf p8fg 2 ePsf] ;dfrfn] s;nfO{ gdfOnf] nfUb}g
klg x'G5 uPsf] tLg jif{otf aNn s]6Lx s'n hfg yfn]sf 5g xf]nf lbge u]6 xfp;sf] sf]7fdf pbf; dgn] cf]xf]bf]x uL xF]
ulaxsf] t km]l pxL b'b{zf xf] hfu0f klg 5}g cem k};f klg 5}g cS6f]a !$ sf] laxfgsf] p8fg lglZrt ePsf] ;dfrfn] v';L
5f]Lsf] nflu vr{ ug{ nfUof] ;fy} sxL km]l p8fg 2 x'G5 ls eGg] 8 eOXof] >Ldfg;u}
ca oxf lgs} hf8f] ;'? eO;Sof], cfsfz klg w'Dd 5 afbn xf] sfd ug]{ Ps hgf a'Nu]log !# cS6f]adf 3 kms{+b} lyP pgL
jf w"nf] r'gfjdf k|of]u ePsf Aofn]6aS; wdfwd hDdf ulb}5g PSnf] ePsfn] slxn]sfxL xfd|f] sf]7fdf o;} ukm ug{ cfpy] ;u}
Aofn]6aS; Nofpg] qmddf em8k eO{ b'O{ tflnafg;lxt ;'IffsdL{sf] klg vfhf vfGYof} Ps lbg d}n] jfO{jfO{ rfprfpsf] Pp6f Kofs]6 pgnfO{
d[To' ePsf] 5 cS6f]a !) sf] fte x]lnsf]K6af6 klg Aofn]6aS; lbP pgn] Tof] >LdtLnfO{ lrgf] nfG5' eGof] lrgf] nfg] eP egL rfp
cf];f] ToxL ftdf x]lnsf]K6nfO{ cftsssfLxn] cfqmd0f u] rfpsf] c Kofs]6 lbPpgnfO{ b]Vbf nfUof] >LdtLnfO{ slt dfof
cS6f]a !! sf] ftdf, >Ldfgsf] clkm;af6 Toxfsf] ;aeGbf ubf{ x]5g dflg; hxfsf] eP klg s'f ub}{ Nofpbf ;a}sf] efjgf,
7"nf] xf]6ndf labfO flqef]h lyof] Tof] xf]6n lgs} k'fgf] x]5 ;dof pt} nfUg] cfTdLotf a9g] pm eGb} lyof] o'f]lkog b]z eg]
leQfdf jfldofg a'4sf] d"lt{ s'lbPsf] lyof] tflnafgsf] ;dodf tL klg sDo'lg6xn] ubf{ xfd|f] b]z ula k5fl8 k]sf] 5 afNosfn
d"lt{x tf]8kmf]8 uL s'k agfOlbPsf x]5g ;+;fs} clt k'fgf] slt b'Mvdf laTof] eGg] s'f atfP sDo'lg6 zf;g sfnsf] cGTokl5
7"nf] rfgdf s'lbPsf] a'4 d"lt{ tflnafgxn] tf]8kmf]8 uL Wjt cfh fxtsf] ;f; km]g{ kfPsf 5f} latflatf cfly{s pGglt klg
kfLlbP of] d"lt{ gtf]8 egL ;+;fesf af}4dfuL{xn] slt cg'f]w eOx]5 ljjfx ePkl5 pgn] cfgf]] cnu ckf6{d]G6 lsGgsf] nflu

128 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 129

k};f hDdf u]5g jiff{}+ s']5g cflv bnfnn] k};f vfOlbP 5 km]l dflg; ;fd' lgd{dtfk"j{s ;hfo lbOGYof] h;n] ubf{ Tof] lbOPsf] ;hfo
csf]{ 3 lsGg k};f hDdf u]sf] 5' eGb} lyP kljfb]lv 6f9f slt b]Vg] ;'Gg] dflg;x 8qf;n] pgLxsf] lj?4df af]Ng hfGg cf6
b'Mv uL sdfPsf] k};f vfOlbbf slt l; p7of] xf]nf >LdtLnfO{ v"a ug{ ;Sb}gy] ht} cTofrf klg ;x] ag afWo eP
ofb ulxG5g 3 hfbf ca b'aO{af6 >LdtLsf] nflu of] pkxf nU5' To;kl5 xfdL Pp6f otf] atLdf k'Uof} hxf evev
eGb} dVv k] 3 kms{g] v';Ln] p;sf] d'xf pHoflnPsf] lyof] ;+;f o'4 ;dfKt eO{ k"} atL phf8phf8 ePhtf] b]lvg] 7"nf7"nf
;fgf] 5 s'g} g s'g} lbg km]l e]6 xf]nf egL labf eP cS6f]a !# sf] 3x adn] Wjt ePsf afsL x]sf eTs]sf 3sf leQfx klg
lbg lalStdf laTof] !# sf] ftdf fd|f];u lgb|f klg nfu]g dfOnf] uf]nLn] l5ofl5of ePsf tL ;a} b[Zo l;g]dfsf] kbf{df kf; x'b}
laxfgsf] k|tLIffdf === uPht} xfd|f] ghaf6 kf; x'b} lyP s'g} ;u|fdynsf] rnlrq
cS6f]a !$ sf] laxfg k|km'Nn dg lnO{ kfr ah] p7L tof x]]ht} nfUof] ;f]Rg k'u] of] o'4sf] ;dodf cf]xf] Toxf stf] qf;bLk"0f{
eof} ;ft ah] Ps hgf Zofd eGg] clkm;sf] 6fkm xfdLnfO{ lng jftfj0f lyof] xf]nf stf] sf]nfxn, ?jfaf;L, 8qf; kL8fbfoL sfx6
cfof] u]6 xfp;sf 6fkm;+u labfafL eO{ h]naf6 d'St x'g nfu]ht} slt sf?l0fs jftfj0f lyof] xf]nf sltsf] d[To' eof] xf]nf, slt
v';L dgn] Pokf]6{lt dfgf eof} df};d ;kmf dfOnf] lyof] cln ckfu eP xf]nfg sltn] cfkmGt u'dfO{ larNnLdf k] xf]nfg To;sf]
cln lr;f] laxfgsf] slnnf] 3fddf htf x]of] pt} d0fLo nflux]Yof] s'g} lx;fa 5}g Tof] a]nfdf cfkm"nfO{ k'ofpbf dg clt vNnf] eof]
v';Lv';L dgn] Pokf]6{ k'Uof} t ckm;f]r p8fg ;do ( sf] abnf Toxfsf afl;Gbfpk dgdf cyfx s?0ff hfUof] elTsP tx;gx;
!@ ah] eP5 xtflPsf] dg PskN6 km]l pbf; eof] olt nfdf] ePsf 3x hxf dflg; ag g} gldNnfhtf] b]lvG5 t klg Toxf
;docl3 ofq'xnfO{ 6ldgn ejgleq kg klg lbbf x]g5g aflx dflg;x ag afWo 5g lsgeg] pgLxnfO{ To;afx]s s'g} ljsNk
v'Nnf ;8sd} ag'kg]{ olt nfdf] ;do;Dd ;8sdf s] uL ag] eGg] g} 5}g k'gM lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ 5}g
k|Zg p7of] dnfO{ sfa'n cfP rf}lt fd|f];u 3'Dg gkfO{ kms{g kof] To;kl5 Pp6f otf] atLdf k'Uof} hxf lbgdf sDtLdf ;o
eGg] ljdft nflux]Yof] d]f] dgsf] s'f a'em]ht} uL Zofdn] sfa'n hgfsf] d[To' x'GYof] ] Tof] klg cfGtls snxsf] sf0f Toxf w]}
;xsf] e|d0f ug]{ k|tfj fVof] gf]S;fg t u[xo'4n] g} ufPsf] x]5 hflthfltsf] cfk;L j}dgon]
sfa'n 5f]8g'cl3 cflvL ;dodf eP klg 3'Dg b]Vg kfpg] G lgDTofof] cfk;df n8] g} To; 7fpdf lbgsf] ;o hgf hltsf]
van] ;fx|} v';L nfUof] Zofdn] p;sf] cfg} uf8Ldf xfdLnfO{ sfa'nsf] d[To' x'GYof] ] Pp6f 6f]nsf] dflg; csf]{ 6f]ndf hfg g;Sg] jftfj0f
ljleGg 7fpx 3'dfof] sfa'n km}lnP x]sf] 7"nf] atL x]5 ?;L lyof] ] 3af6 aflx lgsg klg qf; pgLxsf] cfGtls snx,
zf;gsf] a]nf Toxf lgs} fd|ffd|f sfdx ePsf x]5g ;x k"} sdhf]Lsf] sf0f Toxf ljb]zLxsf] rnv]n lgs} a9g yfNof] s
of]hgfa4 kn] a;fn]sf af6fx ;Lwf rf}8f fd|f atLsf] agf]6 tflnafgLxsf] sAhfdf kL pgLx kfiff0f o'ult k'Ug afWo eP
x]bf{ xfdLsxfeGbf stf xf] stf fd|f] Jojlyt b]lvg] pgn] Toxfsf] xldb sfhfOsf] k|ToIf zf;gcl3 xltof v'Nnf lyof] ahfdf
;aeGbf a9L dflg; c6g] v'Nnf 7fp ePsf] dlhbdf nu] dhfgsf] k;nk;ndf tsfL a]Rg fv]ht} ljleGg ad, uf]nf, af?b, s]6,
cflvL lbg Obdf oxf ;a} dflg; hDdf eO{ Pscsf{nfO{ z'esfdgf aGb's, k]tf]nx ;hfP a]Rg fv]sf] x'GYof] ] h;nfO{ h] dg nfU5
lbG5g ] To; dlhbsf] 7Lscufl8 Pp6f 7"nf] 6]l8Pd 5 hxf lsg] nu] x'g] lagff]s6f]s s]6fs]6L x'g jf 7"nf ;a};u xltof x'g]
tflnafgsf] zf;gsfndf pgLxn] nufPsf lgodlj?4 lx8g]nfO{ nfvf} ;a} xltofn] ;lh;hfp eP lx8g] clnstf dfq clk|o s'f s]xL

130 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 131

eof] ls xltof lgsfn] xflgxfNg] o;n] ubf{ cfk;df g} b'dgL a9b} jlh{t ePsfn] 5f]f5f]L w]} lyP pgLxsf] ;s];Dd cfg} ;Gtfgdf
uof] slxNo} ;dfKt gx'g] G rlnXof] xldb sfhfO{ cfPkl5 lax]afL x'G5 pgn] of] s'f ljsfb}{ eg] Pp6} utsf] gftfdf lax]
of] v'Nnf kdf x'g] xltofsf] a]rlavgdf f]s nufP nfO;]G;lagf ubf{ ;Gtfgdf s'g} g s'g} Pp6f ckfu hlGdG5 pgsf] Pp6f ;Gtfg
xltof fVg k|ltaGw nufP h;n] ubf{ clxn] cfk;L G emG8} Tot} lyof] pgn] s u] xfdLnfO{ gftf v'jfP Tolt a]nf;Dddf
emG8} ;dfKtht} ePsf] 5 Pp6f 6f]naf6 csf{] 6f]n jtGq kn] Pokf]6{ k'Ug] a]nf eO;s]sf] lyof] Toxfaf6 xfdL ;Lw} Pokf]6{ dfgf
cfjthfjt ug{ kfp5g pgLx Hofb} v';L 5g aGwgd'St eO{ eof} ZofdnfO{ wGojfb lbb} clejfbg uL Pokf]6{leq k|j]z uof}
latflatf jtGqtfsf] jfb rfVg kfPsf 5g jtGqtf eg]sf] ;fdfg r]ls, ;'IffhfFr OToflb ;s] leq cfOaof} t Kn]gsf] sxL
s;nfO{ kf] dg kb}{g cQf]kQf] lyPg lbge Toxf ePsf ofq'xsf] ultljlw lgofNb} a;]
To;kl5 xfdL Pp6f 7"nf] Plof cf]u6]sf] 7"nf] baf ePsf] s d'lnd wdf{jnDaLx ToxL sk8f la5ofP a]nfa]nfdf k|fy{gf
7fpsf] glhs k'Uof} h'g 6f9}af6 k|6 b]lvGYof] To;sf] glhs s'g} ub}{ lyP ;a}h;f]sf] lgwfdf 6Lsf nufPht} gLnf] bfu lyof] Tof]
atL lyPg To; bafdf klxnf s'g} dGqfno lyof] ] o'4sf] ;dodf bfu k|fy{gf ubf{, hldgdf 9f]Ubf 7f]lSsP ePsf] gLnf] bfu x]5 Toxf
Toxf rf}ltaf6 3]f xfn] Toxf sfo{t s;}n] klg pDsg] df}sf kfPgg b'O{rf hgf g]kfnLx klg e]lP hf] ;'Iff lgsfodf sfd ubf{
] cflv ;a}nfO{ ToxLleq g} l;WofOlbP ] cfhef]ln Tof] baf k"f x]5g lbgesf] kvf{On] k6of klg nflu;Sof] ljleGg 7fpaf6
vfnL 5 Toxf sf]xL klg abf x]g5g e"t aunfhtf] Kn]g cfpg]hfg] qmd hfL lyof] Sofgl;n eof] eGg] x'g ls eGg]
Toxfaf6 xfdL Pp6f 3gf atLdf k'Uof} of] 7fpdf lgs} 8 klg TolQs} lyof] wGg 3fd ctfpg] a]nflt lbNnL hfgsf] nflu
rxnkxn lyof] otf cln xlofnL klg lyof] v]tafLdf tsfL egL af]nfof] 7"nf] fxtsf] ;f; lnb} Kn]glt nfUof} laxfgb]lvsf]
nufPsf dfOnf] nfUof] sfa'n 7"nf] EofnL x]5 aLraLrdf xfd|f] kvf{O ;dfKt eof] kx]nf] 3fd;u} sfa'naf6 labf eof} hLjge
;fgf;fgf kxf8 ePsfn] ;fgf]htf] nfUg] tL ;fgf;fgf kxf8df gd]l6g] cld6 5fk dgdf lnb}
dfly;Dd 3x lyP 3'Db}3'Db} fhfsf] baf glhs k'luof] otf
cln vx b]lvof] 7"nf] sDkfpG8 v}vaLr k'fgf] baf lyof]
wGg Tof] baf ;s'zn x]5 Wjt x'gaf6 hf]luP5 v';L nfUof]
lgjf{l;t hLjg latfOx]sf fhfnfO{ xldb sfhfO{n] ;Qf ;dfNg w]}
cg'f]w u] dgfpg w]} sf]l;; u] t fhfn] km]l sfo{ef ;dfNg
dfg]gg a? cfgf]] b]z kmls{P sfhfOnfO{ ;Nnfx;'emfp lbb}
uP clwsfljxLg eO{ fhf cfh cfg} b]zdf ab} cfPsf 5g
Zofdn] xfdLnfO{ sfa'nsf] k"f Ps rSs nufP cfgf] 3df
nu] pgsf] 3 klg kxf8df lyof] pgsf] 7"nf] kljf x]5 o'4sf]
a]nf ;a} hgf kflstfgdf z0ffyL{ eP a;]sf lyP pgL dfq sfa'n
kflstfg cf]xbf]x uy]{ ] k"} tflnafgL e]ife"iffdf lx8y] ] t cfh
pgL k"} cfw'lgs klxgdf lyP pgLxsf] wd{df kljf lgof]hg

132 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 133



e"agf]6 otfsf] e"agf]6 pt} nfUof] 7"nf7"nf kmf6 h;df clt lyof] Toxf ;a} sfd x]g{] Pp6f km'lt{nL fd|L s]6L lyO{ l;]K;g, efG5f
fd|f]l;t v]tL ulPsf], clg 8f8f lxdfn km]l 7"nf7"nf kmf6 oxfsf] ;a}lt PSn}n] Eofpb} lyO{ oxf ;a} sfd cfkmF}n] ug{] afgL x'G5
lxdfnsf] prfO b; xhf lkm6;Ddsf] 5 ] x]s kmf6af6 lxdfn d] !$ sf] laxfg, cl3Nnf] lbg g} clkm;sf] 6fkmn] kSsf
b]lvG5 xf]nf hDdf krkGg ldg]6sf] p8fg lyof] Kn]gn] la;s]ssf] ullbPsf] 6ofS;L ;dod} cfof] laxfgsf] dfOnf] jftfj0fdf lxhf]sf]
dfgf; cGtf{li6o Pokf]6{df cjt0f uof] of] Pokf]6{ klg fd|f] ToxL af6f]af6 Pokf]6{ hfFb} lyof} 8fOen] xfdL hfg] PonfOgsf]
x]5 ;fdfg lnO{ aflx cfpbf 6ofS;Lsf] nflu tfgftfg ug{]sf] eL8 9f]sf of] xf] egL b]vfOlbof] h;leq sfpG6 lyof] Tof] cem} v'n]sf]
lyof] clkm;af6 xfdLnfO{ lng cfpg] dflg;nfO{ >Ldfgn] klxn] g} xfd|f] lyPg xfdL ToxL s'L aof} cf]; hfg] ofq' klg lgs} lyP ;kmf lbg,
kmf]6f] k7fpg'ePsfn] p;n] xfdLnfO{ lrGg ufx|f] k]g Toxfaf6 xfdL laxfgsf] slnnf] 3fd, o; a]nfsf] xjfO{ ofqfsf] dfOnf] g} a]Un} x'G5
la;s]stkm{ nfUof} lbg 9Ng nflu;s]sf] lyof] oxfsf] klg af6f] b]v] cf]; ;x la;s]saf6 blIf0ftkm{ kbf{] x]5 lslutfgsf] k"j{df rfOgf,
nf]e nfUof] rf}8f, ;Lwf slt fd|f] af6f] b'j}ltsf 7"nf7"nf kmf6df blIf0fdf tfhlstfg, klZrddf pHj]lstfg, pQdf sfhstfg
uhan] v]tL u]sf] b]lvof] htftt} xlofnL, 6f9f ;Lwf cufl8 lxdfn, kb{5 km]l pxL 7"nf7"nf dfOnf kmf6 aLraLrdf lxdfnkxf8 x'b}
dfOnf] dfgL rf}lt x]b{} lyPF ;fgf;fgf ufpaf6 xfdL uOx]Yof} cf]; cfOk'Uof] la;s]sb]lv cf];;Ddsf] p8fg hDdf Ps 3G6fsf]
ufp eg] klg 3x fd|f lyP lbge r] c3fPsf ufO{at' cfgf]] lyof] cf]; ;x tLg xhf jif{ k'fgf] xf] ev dfq o;n] tLg xhf
af;yfgtkm{ hfb} lyP uf]7fnfx 3f]8fdf r9L kl5kl5 cfOx] y] jif{sf] jif{uf7 dgfof] ] otfsf] e"agf]6 klg la;s]ssf] ht} 5
xfdL uOx]sf] of] af6f] fhdfu{ xf] ] fhdfu{ eP klg xfdLsxfht} of] Pokf]6{ cGtf{li6o xf] ] sf7df8f}sf] ht} 8f]d]l6s PonfO{
oxf klg hgfjx ;8slt cfpb} cffdn] lxl8x]y] To; clkm;sf] cln k f]s]ht} oxf klg Kn]g cln k f]s] ofq' lng a; tof
6fkmn] eGb} lyP of] fhdfu{ ;Lwf rfOgf;Dd hfG5 of] klg l;Ns lyof] Kn]gaf6 plqP rf}lt x]bf{ 7ofSs} sf7df8f}ht} nfUof]
f]8 xf] a;af6 nuL Pp6f vfnL 7fpdf ofq' 5fl8lbP Ps}l5gdf ;fdfg klg
l;Ns f]8 eGgfn] hdfgfdf rfOgfb]lv o'f]k;Dd Jofkf ug{ cfOk'Uof] xfdLnfO{ lng Toxf k|f]h]S6sf l6dln8 cfkm}F cfpg'ePsf]
lx8g] JofkfLsf] Jofkfls ;8s xf] rfOgfaf6 ;'? eO{ of] e]u x'b} x]5 lrgfkrL{ xfOxnf] uL Toxfaf6 af6f] nfUof}
t's{ldlgtfgaf6 o'f]ksf] ljleGg b]zdf k'UYof] ] Tolt k'fgf] Oltxf; ;xsfn g} nfu]htf] oxf v]tL clt fd|f] x'bf] x]5 oxf klg
af]s]sf] 7fp x]]5 of] df]6uf8L s]xLsf] klg cfljisf gePsf] a]nf af6f] pt} fd|f], pt} xlof dfOnf kmf6 af6f]sf b'j}lt v, leq
3f]8faf6 g} t Jofkf rNYof] xf]nf To; a]nfsf] Jofkf wfg]sf] 3f]8f leqsf af6f] klg slt rf}8f ;kmf olt 7"nf] 7fpF 5 ls hldgsf] nflu
otf cTolws kflnbf] x]5 sGh';L ug{'knf{htf] nfu]g Pokf]6{b]lv ahf cln 6f9f g} x]5
ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;a]} xfdLnfO{ >Ldfgsf] sd{ynf] cf]; ;x xfdL agsf] nflu oxf klg u]6 xfp;d} ldnfPsf x]5g ;gfOh
hfg' lyof] To;}n] ;xsf] leqL efu;Dd guP aflx g} Pp6f u]6 eGg] u]6 xfp; ;fgf] lrl6Ss k]sf] 3]n' jftfj0fsf] x]5 Ps
xfp;df ag] aGbf]at clkm;n] u]sf] x]5 ;8saf6 cln leq Pp6f kljf PSn}n] rnfPsf x]5g ;a} ;'ljwfo'St 5 of] u]6 xfp;
7"nf] u]6cufl8 uf8L f]lsof] sna]n ahfPkl5 9f]sfdf agfOPsf] Pp6f clxn]sf] df};d 7Ls sf7df8f}sf] ht} 5 hf8f] a]nf tLg dlxgf lxpn]
;fgf] ofnhtf]af6 x]] dfq 9f]sf v'Nof] x'g ;S5 oxf klg s]xL 9fS5 ] kfgLaQLsf] nflu lrGtf ug{'knf{htf] nfu]g oxf aQL
u8a8 5 xf]nf f]on u]6 xfp; ;fgf] r6Ss k]sf] 3]n' jftfj0fsf] Psbd ;tf] 5 ] o; 7fpdf htftt} lxdfn eP xf] ls kfgLsf] sdL

136 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 137

5}g aQL w]} pTkfbg uL Pl;ofsf] w]} b]zdf laqmL u5{{g ] cfkm"nfO{ ;+;fb]lv 6f9f k5fl8 k]sf] efg eOx]5 clxn] fhwfgL
xfdL u]6 xfp;sf] e'Otnfsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf aof} hf]l8Psf] la;s]sdf cu|]hL k9fpg] s'n eP klg o; 7fpFdf 5}ghtf] nfUof]
afy?d;lxt P;L, l6eL ;a} Jojyf fd|f] ePsf] sf]7f x]5 ;u}df o; u]6 xfp;sf h]7f 5f]f la;s]ssf] cu|]hL s'ndf k9]sfn] sfd
Pp6f xn x]5 h;df a]nfa]nf ;]ldgf rlnx]sf] x'G5 b'O{tn] o; rnfp cu|]hL af]Ng hfGbf x]5g p;sf] a'af, hf] oxfsf] 7"n} clkm;
3df kbfkb} Pp6f lnle ?d 5 of l;]K;g eg] klg x'G5 ;u}df x'g ] s]xL eGg'kof] eg] 5f]fnfO{ cl3 ;f5{g c s;}nfO{ klg s]xL
lsr]g, 8fOlg u]6sf] nflu csf{] Pp6f sf]7f x]5 dflytnf ;a} af]Ng cfpb}g d pgLx;u s;}n] l;sfpg gkg{] ;fs]lts efiffdf
u]6 ag] sf]7f x]5g cf]; xfdL zlgaf cfOk'u]sf lyof} zlgaf nf6fnf6Ln] ht} O;ff ub{} sfd rnfOx]5' rNbf] klg x]5 b'j}
klg clkm; nfU5 egL >Ldfg l6dln8 clkm; hfg'eof] clkm; yLsf] dgel k|Zg Pscsf{sf] af]df hfGg]a'g] pT;'stf eP klg
u]6 xfp; glhs} 5 ] b'O{ lbgsf] ysfO dfg{ d sf]7flt nfu] s]an d's'fP g} pT;'stf d]6fOx]5f}
lbgdf ToxL u]6 xfp;df xNsf vfgf vfP ;u}sf] xndf Pp6f uf]i7L vfgf vfbf klxnf] lbg cltly;Tsf u]sf xf]nfg ufO{sf] df;'
rlnx]Yof] y'k|} cfOdfO{x leqaflx ub{} lyP lbge v"a rxnkxn ksfP 5g ;a} sfd u]6 xfp;sL dflnlSgn] g} ul5{g dnfO{ zsf
Xof] PSnf] dx;'; ePg nfUof] s]sf] xf] egL k|Zg u] pgn] ;s]tn] ufO{sf] egL atfOg
lslutfgsf] Plof !(*=% xhf Sjfo lsnf]ld6 prfO d}n] klg ;s]tn] ufO{ x}g, s'v'f v;Ldfq egL a'emfP, a'em]5g
;d'b| ;txaf6 %)) b]lv &!#$ ld6;Ddsf] 5 hg;Vof hDdf To;kl5 s'v'f v;L dfq agfP cfkm"n] vfg] s'f ;a}n] vfG5g egL
krf; nfv, fhwfgL la;s]sdf kfr nfv, cf]; ;xdf tLg nfv, 7fg] xf]nfg otf ux' w]} eP xf] ls oxfsf] klg d'Vo vfgf kfpf]6L
oxfsf] d'b|f xf] ;f]d, efiff lslu;, ;do xfdLsxfeGbf hDdf kGw| ldg]6 g} x]5 x]s kN6 ljleGg k|sfsf kfpf]6L g} cl3 ;f5{g df;' clt
cufl8 cf];af6 hnfnfafb ;x sla Ps 3G6fsf] b"Ldf kbf]{ x]5 vfg] xlof]klof] eg]sf] ;nfb ljleGg k|sfsf] agfp5g
of] 7fpdf cln a9L g} u8a8 eOxg] eP xf] ls so{' nfluxG5 ] d] !% cfOtafsf] lbg l6dln8 uf8L lnP cfP s]xL lsGg'k]
vf; l;Nsf]8 cf]; ;xaf6 t's{ldlgtfg x'b} o'f]ksf] ljleGg ahf oxL glhs 5 egL b]vfOlbP vf;df d'Vo ;8ssf k;nx
b]zdf k'u]sf] x]5 oxf k'u]sf] tLg lbgleq ljb]zLn] k'ln; clkm;df cfOtaf aGb x'bf x]5g of] ahf xfd|f] tsfL ahf eg]ht} oxf
uO{ gfd btf{ ug{'kb{5 gfd btf{ u]afkt v} slt xf] k};f lnP vfg] ;fdfg kfpg] k;nx lyP kmnkm"n, tsfL, df;' c vfB
l6dln8 xfd|f] ;fy} lyP pg}n] ;a} s'f a'emfP Toxf pgsf kllrt ;fdfg ;lxt xfdLn] kmnkm"n lsGof} slt egL ;f]Wbf Sofns'n]6df
xflsd x]5g sfd km6fkm6 eof] o; k|f]h]S6sf l6dln8 oxLFsf b]vfP efiff ga'lemP klg lx;farflx a'lembf] x]5 To;kl5 ahf Ps
yfoL afl;Gbf x'g ljzfn l;of x'bf logL ;sfL 7"n} clkm; lyP fpG8 nufP o; 7fpdf 7fpsf] sdL geP xf] ls w]} cUnfcUnf
] cu|]hL af]Ng hfg] klg logL s'f ga'em] a]nfa]nf cK7off]df 3x 5}gg ;kmf, ;fgf;fgf lrl6Ss k]sf 3 htftt} v}v
k5{g ] klxn] oxf ;sfL efiff l;og ePsfn] ;a}nfO{ l;og dfOnf] nfUof] To;kl5 Toxfsf] Pp6f wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s yn
efiff af]Ng hfGg s nfUof] jtGq ePotf cfg} lslu; efiff ;'n]dfg kj{ttkm{ nu] ;x aLr htf]df 5 of] rfgL 8f8f ;'Svf
rngrNtLdf Nofpg vf]Hb} 5g t}klg ;sfL efiff cem} l;og g} gfuf] 8f8fsf] leqL efudf Do'lhod 5 ] kSs} Tof] 8f8fnfO{ vf]k]
5 ] aflxL b]z;u evev ;Dks{df cfpg yfn]sf, cGtf{li6o agfPsf xf]nfg aflxaf6 uf]nf] cfsfsf] 7"nf] 9f]sfhtf] b]lvG5
efiff cu|]hL af]Ngn]Vg ghfGgfn] lognfO{ ;fx|} cK7off] k]sf] 5 vf;df of] 8f8fnfO{ wfld{s kdf lnbf x]5g of] 8f8fsf] kNnf] 5]pdf

138 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 139

kx]nf] emG8f ufl8Psf] Pp6f ;fgf] dlGbhtf] lyof] ;'Svf rfgL 8f8f n'6kf6 klg Tolts}, cfOdfO{ s]6fs]6Lsf] larNnL sqf] lrRofx6,
rsf{] 3fd, dlGb;Dd k'Ug lgs} lx8g'kof] lx8b} hfbf 7fp7fpdf sf]nfxn, cfsfz w'jfn] sfn}, otf] a]nf sf] cfgf]] sf] kfO{, s;nfO{
u|'ku|'k dflg;x a;L k|fy{gf ub{} lyP To; kxf8df a;L k|fy{gf u] ljZjf; ug{], s;nfO{ gug{], a];Def aGof] xf]nf kllylt To; 36gfsf]
htf];'s} f]u klg lgsf] x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; x]5 Pp6f 7"nf] 9'uf s]xL lbg;Dd t 7"nf] rqmjftkl5sf] ;Ggf6fhtf] aGof] xf]nf ;x
h;df ;']nL v]Nof] eg] 9f8 b'Mv]sf] lgsf] x'G5 eg] d}n] klg ;']nL ;'g;fg htftt} 5lPsf nf;, lrn, sf}jf cfsfzdf d8flb} u]sf
v]n] To; yndf w]}h;f] cfOdfO{ s]6fs]6Lx lyP of] dlGb cfkmGtsf] nf;nfO{ cufn] dgUu] ?g klg gkfPsf b'MvLkLl8t Tof]
cln cUnf] 7fpdf 5 oxf cln kmflsnf] 7fp lyof] oxf klg y'k|} nf; cfgf]] xf] egL bfaL ug]{ cf6;Dd ug{ g;sL 3leq} n'lsx]sf
dflg;x a;L k|fy{gf ulx]y] of] cln cUnf] 7fp eP xf]nf cf]; ;x kljf slt bb{gfs kL8fbfoL aGof] xf]nf Tof] If0f ;Dembf dfq
k"} b]lvGYof] cfxf slt dfOnf] lxdfn, xlof kxf8, kmf6 ;a} Ps} klg 8n] zLdf sf8f pld|of] slxn]sfxL dflg; olt cGwf] aG5 ls
7fpdf cf]; ;x lkmlhPsf] lgs} 7"nf] ;x x]5 Toqf] 7"nf] 7fpdf s] fd|f] s] gfd|f] 5'6ofpg g} ;Sb}g kl5 cfP k5'tfpg'k] klg
hg;Vof hDdf tLg nfv Tot} To; a]nf pu| eO{ cfuf] ;Nsfpg]x cfh k5'tf] ub{} xf]nfg
h'g;'s} b]znfO{ klg l5d]sLsf] w]} k|efj k]sf] x'G5 oxf lsg hf]l;P eGb} nHhf dx;'; u5{g xf]nf cfh k5'tfP s] sfd
rfOlgh pHj]sLxsf] a9L a;f]af; 5 ] Tot} la;s]sdf ug{ gx'g] sfd ul;s] Hofg uPsfxnfO{ lapFtfpg ;lsg] x}g
;fOa]lofltaf6 cfPsf l;ogx w]} 5g ] Ps ljb]zLn] eg] y] Psb'O{ hgfsf] sf0fn] oqf dfG5]n] b'Mv kfP Hofg hf]ufpg sxf
] hgtf hxfsf klg c;n x'G5g b]z g]tfs} sf0fn] xf] lau|g], efu] xf]nfg jftfj0f zfGt geP;Dd sxf uO{ n's] xf]nfg vfg' g
hgtfsf sf0fn] xf]Og of] s'f lans'n ;To xf]htf] nfUof] ;'Tg' 8, qf; sqf] larNnL
cffdn] ljleGg hflt ldn] a;]sf o; 7fpdf uPsf] jif{ s]xL g]tfsf] tL Wjt 3x cfh ljleGg bft[fi6x ldnL k'gM lgdf{0f
jfy{sf sf0f b]zdf czflGt dlRrof] hflthfltaLr 7"nf] ;u|fd ullbg] tvdf 5g ] Toqf 3sf dflg;x clxn] sxf a5g
rnL u[xo'4 g} eP5 xhfeGbf a9L 3 hnfP ] Tolt w]} 3 hNbf xf]nf a]nfa]nf b]znfO{ klg 7"n} bzf nfUbf] x]5htf] nfUof]
dflg; slt xtfxt eP xf]nfg csf] axsfpdf cfP sqf] pu| k of] 7fp s]jn s[lif kz' kfngdf g} cfwflt 5htf] 5
lnP5 t o; 7fpn] clxn]sf] zfGt jftfj0f b]Vbf Totf] klg ePsf] laxfglaxfg kfsfkfsf cfOdfO{x 33df b"w a]Rg lx8]sf x'G5g
lyof] xf]nf htf] nfu] klg tL hn]sf 3x ;fIfL 5g o; u]6 xfp;df klg ;w} Ps cfOdfO{ b"w lnP cfp5] ufpltsf]
;'n]dfg kj{tkl5 l6dln8n] xfdLnfO{ ToxL Wjt ePsf] atLlt htf] laxfg} s'v'fx kfn}l;t af5g dfOnf] nfU5 7"nf7"nf
nu] cf]xf] k"} v08x ag]sf] x]5 Tof] atL Pp6f 7"nf] Plof t pBf]u, snsfvfgf oxf 5ghtf] nfu]g ;'n]dfg 8f8faf6 rf}lt
;vfk} ePsf] x]5 o; 7fpdf To; a]nf stf] 8nfUbf] jftfj0f x]bf{ Totf] s]xL b]lvPg otf] kmflsnf] 7fpdf clxn];Dd ]nsf]
aGof] xf]nf k"f atL bgbg alnx]sf], dflg;x Hofg hf]ufpg ?b} ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5}g w]} 6f9f6f9f;Dd ofqf ug{ gkg]{ eP xf] ls <
sfpb} efufefu u] xf]nfg kljfsf sf]xL 3leq} k] xf]nfg sf]xL Pp6} 7fpdf aof] ToxLF pdfof] vfof] ub{} a;]sf x]5g ls Sof xf]
XjfXjf aNb} u]sf] zL lnP bf}l8P xf]nfg lafdL, a"9fa"9L efUg oxfb]lv fhwfgL hf]8g] ;8s l;Nsf]8 hL0f{ cjyfsf], evev
sf]l;; ubf{ub{} ToxL n8L, tl;{P g} d'6'sf] w8sg aGb eof] xf]nf 3 P=8L=aL= n] dd{t;Def ullbPsf] 5 ]
kfNt' hgfj 3;Fu;Fu} Tolts} 89] xf]nfg df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fpb} o; u]6 xfp;;u}sf] 3df ;]e b lrN8]gsf] clkm; 5

140 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 141

latf}latf} oxf ljb]zLxsf] cfjthfjt a9b} 5 oxf cfPsf] tLg g]kfn eGbf gdt] u] d 5Ss k] s;L ltgn] xfdL gdt] u5fF{}
lbg;Dd o; u]6 xfp;df uf]i7L rlnXof] s'g} lbg cfOdfO{ dfq eGg] yfxf kfO{ ;f]wf} s]xL a'lbg dgsf] k|Zg dgd} Xof] x'g ;S5
x'Gy] Ps lbg ckfu s]6fs]6Lsf] lyof] tL uf]i7Lsf k|lzIfs ljb]zL oxf k9g cfPsf xfd|f s'g} bfh'efOn] l;sfPsf xf]nfg eGg] ;f]Rb} lrQ
g} lyPhtf] nfUof] lsgeg] pgLx cu|]hL af]Nb} lyP s'f a'b} a'emfP
ga'em] klg lbge cfOdfO{ aRrf af]n]sf] cfjfhn] dfq klg Gof;|f] oxfsf afl;Gbf ;a} d'lnd eP klg Tolt s vfnsf 5ghtf]
nfu]g nfUb}g cln s kfsf cfOdfO{xn] nfdf] hfdfhtf] n'uf 6fpsf]df
>LdfgnfO{ lng uf8L laxfg kf}g] gf} ah] cfp5 gftf oxL sfkm afw]sf x'G5g afsL c ;a}n] k"} o'f]lkog 6fOksf] n'uf
u]6 xfp;df vfP hfg'x'G5 kms{+bf a]n'sfsf] ;ft, ;f9] ;ft aH5 nufp5g lbge oxL ePsf cfOdfO{n] Ps kN6 klg gdfh k9b}
lbge u]6 xfp;df, o; u]6 xfp;sL dflnSgL Pp6L sfd ug{ k|fy{gf u]sf] b]lVbg c 7fpsf] htf] a]nfa]nf dlhbaf6 cfpg]
cfpg] s]6L x'G5f} Psb'O{ ah]lt aRrfx klg cfp5g aRrfsf] cfjfh klg ;'lgFb}g z'qmaf Ps lbgrflx ;'lgof]
xNnfvNnfn] TolQs} rxnkxn a95 TolQs} dfOnf] nfU5 oxf h'g;'s} ;dfhnfO{ klg cfcfg} Lltljfhn] afw]sf] x'G5
l6eLdf vfln pgLxs} efiffsf Rofgn dfq cfp5g ljleGg b]zsf To;leq afRg] ;fdflhs k|f0fLn] hlt g} ufx|f] eP klg Tof] Lltljfh
l;g]df cfg} efiffdf 8a u] b]vfOG5 oxf sfd ug{] s]6L clt tf]8g ;Sb}gg ;lSbg eGbfeGb} klg lgGttf lbOx]sf x'G5g
dfOnL 5] s'} ga'em] klg ljleGg PlS6 u] x;fOxG5] otfsf d] @) df >Ldfgsf] clkm;sf] Ps xflsdsf] bfO lat]5g oxfsf]
dflg; s8f cg'zf;gdf a;] xf]nf sfdsf kSsf u]6 xfp;sf rngcg';f 6fkm ;a} zf]s dgfpg uP ] clkm; nueu ;'g;fghtf]
dflnsdflnSgL rf]s a8fg{]b]lv ef8f dfHg] ;a} sfd cfkm}F u5{g v"a eof] ] oxf clGtd ;+sfkl5 ug{'kg{] Jojxf 3sf dflg;sf] nflu
;kmf;'U3 ag'kg{] oxf k;ncufl8sf] km'6kfy ;8s;Dd k;njfnfn] clt efL kg{] vfnsf] x'bf] x]5 hlt g} ula hlt g} ufx|f] eP klg
cfgf]] sf]7f ;kmf u] h;L ;kmf u5{g af6fdf Ps 6'qmf kmf]xf] ug{}kg{] ljfh xf] ]
b]lvb}g otf u]6 xfp;lt kmf]xf] p7fpg cfpb}ghtf] 5 x]s clGtd ;+sfsf] s]xL lbgkl5 xhff} dflg; af]nfP 7"nf]
lbg u]6 xfp;sf dflns flt 3 hfbf kmf]xf] Knfl6ssf] y}nf]df ef]h ug{'k5{ ] Tof] klg 3f]8fsf] df;' v'jfP Pp6f 3f]8fsf] Ps xhf
fvL n}hfG5g lglZrt 7fpdf nuL ofSg] xf]nf 8n;Dd k5{ ] Ps xhfnfO{ v'jfpg df;' klg slt rflxbf] xf]nf
clxn] oxf gf} ah];Dd pHofn} x'G5 g hf8f] g udL{, l7Sssf] Tof];u vfg] s'f klg TolQs} wgLsf] t s'} ePg ulan] klg
df};d, v'Nnf ;kmf jftfj0f, a]n'sf aflx cfugdf cfO{ a5' vdf cfkm"cg';f C0f sf9] eP klg of] ef]h ug{}k5{ ] rfx] hLjge C0f
af; ag cfPsf rfxsf] lrla, ; rNb} u]sf] lr;f] xfjf clt r'Stf ub{} ag lsg gkf]; cfcfgf]] rng xf]
d0fLo nfU5 kmf]xf] gePsf] jR5 jftfj0f eP xf] ls nfdv'] ;8sdf e'ofxf s's' lx8]sf] b]lvof], 3df klg kfNbf x]5g
Pp6f klg 5}g oxf h;sf] cfugdf klg Pp6f 7"nf] vf6 fVg] oxf vfg gkfO{ dfUg] ;'Tg] 7fp gkfO{ ;8sdf ;'Tg]5ghtf] nfu]g
rng x]5 To;df un}rf la5ofof] clg ;femdf kljf ;a} To;}df s[lifsf] nflu clt pQd 7fp vfgfsf] s] sdL < htftt} xlofnL
a;L vfgf vfG5g kfx'gf cfP klg To;}df a;L ukm u5{g xfdL klg kz'kfng hlt u] klg dflg; afFRgsf] nflu geOgx'g] x]s s'f oxf
;femdf ToxLF a;L zLtn xfjf vfG5f} Ps lbg o; sDkfpG8leqsf] k'u]sf] 5 dflg; c;Gtf]ifL hft vfg, ag 9'Ss ePkl5 gofgof
rf} ;kmf ug{ b'O{ cfOdfO{ cfP dnfO{ OlG8of egL ;f]wL d}n] x}g rfxgf a9g yfN5 To;dfly aGwg eP hlt g} vfg ag ;'ljwf eP

142 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 143

klg ps';d's'; eO{ pGd'lSt rfxG5 lxdfnlt ag] oL hflt of] df};ddf oxf cfO{ uf]nf] 3 agfO{ abf
of] ;x Tolt k'fgf] eg] klg oxf Totf k'fgf ;+rgf s]xL x]5g p7fP htf nfg klg ldNg] s;}n] dl;gf sf7sf] k|m]d agfO{
b]lvPg s'g} a]nf k"} Wjt kfL gof atL a;flnPsf] x]5htf] nfUof] To;dfly Knfl6s xfNbf x]5g s;}n] kmnfdsf] k|m]ddf Knfl6s
k'fgf rLhx cufl8 eP of] d]f] k'vf{n] agfPsf] o;df d]f] xs nfU5 xfN5g To;nfO{ o'tf elgG5 To; 7fpdf k|zt 3f]8fx rlx]y]
egL bfaL ug{ vf]Hnfg ot}ot} k'fgf ofbn] ljb|f]x lgDTofpg ;Snf ;fgf;fgf aRrf klg TolQs} cfh cfOtaf cf];af6 dfOnf] ug{
eg] klg xf] ls < k'fgf s'g} ;+rgf gfvL gfdlg;fg d]6fOlbPsf cfPsf xf]nfg 7fp7fpdf uf8L f]s] 5]pdf a;L vfOx]y] xfdL
kSs} s]xL sf0f t xf]nf To; 7fpsf] eGHofdf cfOk'Uof} hxfaf6 ;Lwf cufl8 kfld kxf8
d] @@ cfOtaf oxfsf] Ps k|Voft lrlrs eGg] 7fpdf uof} b]lvOx]Yof] of] kxf8sf] z[vnf o; 7fp x'b} ckmuflgtfg
of] cln 6f9f lyof] o; u]6 xfp;sf 5f]fnfO{ klxn]b]lv g} cfOtafsf] kflstfg;Dd k'u]sf] 5 ] kfld kxf8sf] afoflt rfOgfb]lv cfPsf]
nflu uf8L vf]lhlbg', 3'Dg hfg] eg]sf lyof} pgn] cfg} uf8L tof t]g l;g ]Gh 5 o; 7fpeGbf cufl8 ca 8nfUbf] kxf8L af6f]
kf]sf x]5g afa'rflxsf] 5'L pgn] klg 3'Dg hfg] ljrf u]5g k5{htf] nfUof] 7Ls cufl8sf tL kxf8L ]Ghx lxpn] 9flsPsf]
pgsf >Ldfg>LdtL, ;fgf] 5f]f xfdL b'O{ hgf 3'Dg lglSnof} uf8L dfOnf] nfUof] of] 7fp 6'l6 k6htf] x]5 v gePsf] of] xlof]
pgn] cfkm}F xfs] 7"nf] 5f]f klg ;fy} ePsf] eP s]xL ;f]Wga'g 8f8fdfly l;f]6{htf] lyof] s]6fs]6L Toxf dfly hfg]cfpg] ub{} lyP
kfOGYof] b'j}nfO{ b'O{rf zAb cu|]hL cfp5, To;}df lrQ a'emfof} of] To; 8f8fsf] aLrlt b'O{tn] kSsL o'tf lyof] aflx rf}df flvPsf]
cf]; ;xb]lv krf; lsnf]ld6 k"j{lt kbf]{ x]5 of] l;Nsf]8 ;Lw} 7"nf] vf6df dflg;x cffdn] 9lNsP vfg] s'f vfOx]y] xfdL To;
rfOgf hfG5 ] rfOgfaf6 ;fdfg lnO{ cfPsf 7"nf7"nf 6sx kf; b'O{tn] o'tfsf] dflysf] tnfdf uof} aLrdf uf]nf] 6]an, rf}lt 6'n,
x'b} lyP of] af6f] klg fd|f] x]5 rfOgfb]lv ;Lw} cfpg] fhdfu{, h;dfly e]8fsf] 5fnf flvPsf] lyof] To; 7fpsf] Pp6f ljz]if vfgf
rf}8f ;Lwf, s'g}s'g} a]nf t ;o lsnf]ld6;Ddsf] lk8df uf8L bf}8b} x]5 Tof] NofP cln 7"nf]7"nf] a6'sf] htf]df b"w Ps lsl;dsf]
lyof] otf v]tLeGbf klg kz'kfng w]} ulbf] x]5 v gePsf gd df]6f] f]6L Tof] s] xf] egL ;f]w] Tof] 3f]8Lsf] b"w xf] dL7f] x'G5 vf
xf]rfxf]rf xlof ;'Gb 8f8f htf x]of] e]8f, ufO{, 3f]8f, v;L k|zt eGb} lyP leq}b]lv l;lu eof] ;Sb} ;lsg f]6L dfq vfP cgfb
dfqfdf rlx]y] ;8ssf] b'j}lt ;fgf;fgf ufp, xlof xf]rfxf]rf u]sf] htf] x'G5 egL >Ldfgn] t lkOlbg'eof] jfb stf] x'bf] x]5
8f8f clt d0fLo lyof] jftfj0f fhdfu{ eg] klg xfdLsxfht} egL ;f]w] stf]stf] jfb} gePsf] vNnf] nfUof] ] o;nfO{ s'd';
a]nfa]nf ufO{sf 3f]8fsf ayfgn] af6f] cj?4 kfb{} lyof] uf8Lsf] eG5g ]
lk8 cln a9L g} lyof] Ps 7fp uwf, uf8Lsf] l7Ss cufl8 cfOlbof] of] s'd'; agfpg 5;ft lbg nfUbf] x]5 ;'sfP agfOPsf]
uf8L f]Sg vf]Hbfvf]Hb} klg To; uwfnfO{ 5f]OxfNof] a]sg k5flof] e]8fsf] 5fnfsf] y}nLdf 3f]8Lsf] b"w xfnL d'v aGb uL fV5g ]
dnfO{ t x]g{ klg 8 nfUof] larf] p7] efu]5 To;sf] 7Ssn] a]nfa]nf To; y}nLnfO{ nLn] 76fp5g ] bxL aGg vf]h]sf] b"wnfO{
uf8Lsf] ;fO8nfO6 g} eflrof] af6f]el To;nfO{ slt b'Vof] xf]nf eGg] km6fPsf] xf]nf 5;ft lbgdf cldnf] dxLhtf] aGbf] x]5 s'd'; o;
;f]lrx] oxf ufpFlt uwf uf8L klg rnfpbf x]5g 7fpsf] ljz]iftf s'd'; f]6L x]5 of] vfg dflg;x 6f9f6f9faf6
lrlrs eGg] 7fp k'Ug'cl3 tL ;'Gb xf]rfxf]rf 8f8fdf oxf cfp5g ] 7fp7fpdf oL uf]nf] 3sf] aflx a;L cfOdfO{x Tof]
uf]nfuf]nf 3x b]lvg yfn] 3 t s] eGg' cf]t nfUg] 5fgf eGg'kof] df]6f] f]6L ksfOx]y] c Toxf x]g{] ljz]if s]xL x]g5 To;kl5 xfdL

144 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 145

ToxL dfOnf] af6f] x'b} cf]; kmls{of} ToxL af6f] hfbf nfdf] nfu]Yof] ufps} s'ndf k95g, afh] aHo};u dfP a;]sf 5g oxf ;sfL
cfpbf t rf8} cfOk'u]htf] eof] ;a}nfO{ ef]s klg lgs} nfu]sf] lyof] s'ndf k9fP lk|m k|fOe]6df k9fpg'k] clt dxFuf]] 5 ] ljjfxkl5
ToxL ahfsf] Pp6f ]6'fFdf uof} ]6'fF fd|f] lyof] s'f k6Ss} cnu a5g To;}n] klg ;a}sf] cfgf]] 3 x'bf] x]g5 8]fdf a5g
ga'g], pgLx ;fy} eP ;lhnf] t eof] t afgL gk]sf] vfgf vNnf] Ps a]8?d ckf6{d]G6sf] kfr5 xhf 8n;Dd k5{ ] tna olt yf]}
nfUof] otf 6jfSs6'Ss lkf]cldnf] s]xL vfb}gg ls, jfb} nfu]g x'G5 ] ls 3 lsGg] k};f hf]uf8 ug{ lgs} d'lsn k5{ ] 8]fdf ag]
aLr ahfaf6 cfUk'f gbL alxx]Yof] clxn] ;'Svf a]nf eP xf] ls klg lgs} x'bf x]5g
gbL Tolt 7"nf] lyPg ahf Ps fpG8 nufP u]6 xfp; kmls{of} tL la;s]ssL s]6Ln] eg]sL clxn] lslutfgdf hfOnf] 6'lhd
cfhsf] lbg dfOnf];u laTof] Ps bd a9L x]5 la;s]sb]lv rfkfr 3G6fsf] 8fOedf uPkl5
cGtf{li6o lgodcg';f x]s k|f]h]S6df ;f]l;on ;]km uf8{ Ol;s'n n]s k'luG5 cln pRrf yfg, jR5, ;'Gb jftfj0f o;
;fdflhs ;'Iff x]g{] ljz]if1 x'g} k5{ ] To;}cg'k o; k|f]h]S6sf 7fpdf ;'ljwf ;DkGg l;f]6{x 5g gf}sflaxf ug{ ;'Gb 7"nf] tfn,
dlxnf ljz]if1 d] @% df cd]lsfaf6 cfpg'eof] cd]lsfsf] xfa{8{ Toxf xKtf lbgs}htf] 5'L dgfpg ;xjf;L hfG5g ] Toxf lbgdf
o'lgel;{6Ldf k9]sf] k9fpg] u]sf] x'g'x'bf] x]5 oxL u]6 xfp;df kfr rf]l6;Dd 3f]8Lsf] b'xF'bfb'x'b}sf] tfQftf] b"w vfg lbG5g ;fy} dxL
ag'eof] pxfsf] Pp6f ;xof]uL dlxnf la;s]saf6 ;fy} cfPsL 5g df]6f] f]6L aRrfsf] nflu t 3f]8Lsf] b"w clt kmfObfhgs tfultnf]
b'O{ dlxnf oxLsf nf]sn 5g ] la;s]saf6 cfPsL tL dlxnfn] xf] ] a]nfa]nf pgLx klg aRrfx lnP Toxf hfG5g ] pg}n]
h]gt]g cu|]hL af]n] sfd rnfPsL 5g otfsfnfO{ t 7ofDd} cfpb}g eg]sL o; 7fpsf sf]logx s's'sf] df;' vfG5g of] klg ;frf]
] la;s]saf6 cfPsL dlxnfnfO{ pgsf >Ldfgn] lbgdf b; rf]l6 xf] ls bd f]u nfu]sfn] s's'sf] df;'sf] ;'k vfof] eg] bd f]u 7ofSs}
kmf]g uL l56f] 3 cfOh eG5g ] ca tL k|f]km];nfO{ km;fb k]sf] lgsf] x'G5 ] cfcfgf] 7fpFsf] cfgf]cfg} rng
5 pgLxsf] sfd ufpufp uO{ ufpn]xsf] ;dof a'g] xf] ] cd]lsfaf6 cfPsL ljz]if1 la;s]saf6 cfPsL dlxnf xfdL
s]xL af]Ng ghfg] pgLxsf] ;dof s;L a'g] < To;}n] pgL To; vfgf ;u} vfG5f} nfdf] ;do kflstfg, ckmuflgtfg, rfOgf, OlG8of
la;s]saf6 cfPsL s]6LnfO{ 5f8g dfgL x]sL 5}gg Tot} Pl;ofsf c b]zxdf latfPsL tL cd]lsg, otfsf] pgsf]
pgLaf6 clncln oxfsf] hfgsfL kfP oxf klg cg'ej syf ;'gfPhtf] ;'gfpl5g cfOdfO{sf] nflu Totf] s
xfdLsxfht} ufpdf dfuL ljjfx ;xdf cfkm}F vf]H5g ] ljjfxdf csf{sf] 7fp PSn} g s'f a'g' g rfnrng, s;L latfOg xf]nf Toqf]
xfdLsxfht} 5f]LnfO{ rflxg] ;fdfg bfOhf] lbG5g ] clg bfOhf]sf] nfdf] ;do ;fRrL logLxsf] cf6 lxDdtnfO{ t dfGg} k5{ htf]
abnfdf 3klsfn] dfOtL kIfnfO{ ;Sbf] k};f, 3f]8f, e]8f lbg'k5{ ] 7fpdf uO{ h] klg ug{ ;Sg] 5Ss kL d pgsf] s'f ;'lgxG5'
d}n] xfdLsxf t dfOtLn] dfq lbg] xf] 3klsfn] lbg' kb{}g eGbf 5Ss cfh cfOtaf tL b'O{ dlxnf d 3'Dg lglSnof} ahf aLrsf]
klg of] t cGofo ePg dfOtLkR5]n] dfq lsg lbg] eGb} lyOg cf]; ;'k dfs{]6df ;a} lsl;dsf vfg] s'f] kfObf] x]5 To;kl5 xf]rf
oxf a"9fa"9L a'afcfdfsf] fd|f] ljrf k'ofpbf x]5g w]} 5f]f eP dfOnf kxf85]pdf x]sf] csf{] ;'k dfs{]6df uof} v}v ePsf] Tof]
a'afcfdf sfG5f] 5f]f;u a5g ] tL s]6Lsf >Ldfg Pp6f dfq 5f]f xf]rf] kxf8sf] aLraLrdf fd|ffd|f 3x lyP Toxf klg s'g}s'g}
ePsf]n] pgLx;u} a5g a'afcfdf ;xdf ag rfxb}gg, ufpd} 3 uPsf] jif{ hnfPsf x]5g of] ;'k dfs{]6 ev v'n]sf] xf] ls
a5g pgLxnfO{ ;fyL b'O{ 5f]f5f]L lbPsf 5f} eGb} lyOg 5f]f5f]L 7"nf] eP klg ;fdfg elefp lyPg Pl;ofs} k|l;4 Ps csf{] ;'k

146 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 147

dfs{]6 uPsf] jif{ hnfP Wjt kfllbP ] o;f] rf}lt x]bf{ uPsf] jif{ ;do latfpg hlt ufx|f] nfu] klg ;do cfgf] tfdf al9x]s}
oxf 7"n} gf]S;fg ePsf] x]5 cfpbf] xKtf Tof] qf;bL a]nfsf] jflif{sL x'G5 d}n] klg ufx|f] eof] eGg] ;f]Rbf;f]Rb} Ps dlxgf lalt;s]5 h'g
dgfpb} 5g ] s]xL u8a8 x'g ;S5 eGg] cfzsf 5 & df cf];af6 dfgf x'b} lyof} h'g ^ sf] ft ca];Dd >Ldfgsf]
Ps lbg a]n'sf ot} glhs} lx8b} 3'Dg lglSnof} k"j{tkm{ glhs} sfd rNb} lyof] flt g} ;fdfg Kofs uof} flt g} u]6 xfp;sf]
lxdfn, xf]rf kxf8, jR5 jftfj0f, ;8ssf] b'j} lsgf v, ; lx;falstfa klg k"f uof} d0fLo o; yfgsf] dL7f] ofb, oxfsf
rNb} u]sf] lr;f] xfjf clt d0fLo nfUof] ;8sd} aRRffxsf] Pp6f afl;Gbfsf zfnLg Jojxfsf] 5fk dgdf lnO{ hfb} lyof} 3 kms{g]
;fgf] kfs{ lyof] aRrfx dfpb} v]lnx]Yof] ToxL ;8skfl Pp6f v';Ln] xf] ls ftdf em;em; lgb|f eu eOXof] ToxL ft xfjfx'L
Sofl;gf] klg lyof] ko{6snfO{ yk cfslif{t ufpg xf]nf cf];df klg rNb} lyof]
Sofl;gf] c klg 5g ] eG;f gnfUg] eP xf] ls oxf uf8L Psbd laxfg rf8} p7] tof eof} ftdf x'L rn] klg cfhsf]
;tf] 5 ] t]n klg ;tf] clg uf8L hlt bf}8fP klg eof] laxfgL ;kmf ;fx|} dfOnf] lyof] gf} kF}tfln;sf] p8fg ;do, l6dln8
htftt} lxdfn kfgLsf] s] b'Mv lah'nL k|zt pTkfbg u]sf xfdLnfO{ lng cf7 ah] uf8L lnP cfpg'eof] u]6 xfp;sf ;a};u
x]5g of] 7fpF clt hf8f] 7fpF x]5 rf dlxgf dfq x]5 oxfF labfjfL eof} Ps dlxgf;Ddsf] ;fy, u?uf] efj's dgn] labf
tftf] x'g] tLg dlxgf t lxpn] 9fS5 ] 3 tftf] agfpg, 3leq eof} km]l cfpg'kof] eg] oxL u]6 xfp;df ag] jfrf klg uof}
nufOPsf kfOkdf tftf] kfgL lx8fP 3 ttfOG5 ] xfdL a;]sf] u]6 rf}ltsf] d0fLo jftfj0fsf] cfgGb lnb} Pokf]6{ k'Uof}
xfp;sf] e'Otnf hldgaf6 lgs} p7fPsf] 5 3sf] ;a} e'Odf tn cln rf8} k'u]5f}F 6ldgn ejgleq kg lbPgg leq 7fp
kfOk la5ofPsf] 5 ] dflyaf6 sf7 hf8f]df To; kfOkaf6 3el ;fgf] eP xf] ls s]xLa]sf] k|tLIffkl5 leq k|j]z kfOof] l6s6 r]ls
tftf] kfgL 3'ldx5 ] To;n] k"} 3 tftf] x'G5 ] Uof; aflxL OToflb cf}krflstf ;a} k"f uL aflx d]rx flvPsf] 7fpdf a;L
b]zaf6 cfoft ug{'kg{] ePsfn] dxFuf] 5 ] oxf lah'nL ;tf] ePsf]n] Kn]g;Dd nfg] a;sf] k|tLIffdf lyof} xfdL;u} o; k|f]h]S6sf l6dln8
lah'nLd} ttfOG5 ] ;fy} csf{ Ps ljb]zL 6fkm klg la;s]s hfb} lyP ukm}ukmdf tL
clxn] oxfaf6 df;' tsfL aflx lgof{t x'G5 ljz]iftM ljb]zLn] ljleGg b]z 3'Dbfsf] cg'ej ;'gfpb} lyP Ps kN6 lkmlnlkG;sf]
3f]8fsf] df;' aflx lgof{t x'g yfn]kl5 dxFuf] eof] ] a9L d"No kfP s'g} k|fGtaf6 8f]d]l6s Po 6Gg ofq' lnO{ dlgnfsf] nflu p8of]
ls;fgx Psbd v';L 5g ] o; 7fpdf 3f]8f ax'pkof]uL hgfj p8fgsf] dWolt Ps ofq' l;6af6 p7of] xltof b]vfpb} ;a};u k};f,
x]5 b"w, df;' ;fy} oftfoftsf] nflu klg pkof]u x'g] hgfj To;}n] uxgf a6'Ng yfNof] xltofsf] 8n] ;a} ofq'n] cfkm";u ePsf ;fdfg
otf 3f]8f w]} kflnG5 lbP dlgnf k'Ug] a]nf p;n] Kn]gsf] 9f]sf vf]n] ;fdfgsf] kf]sf] af]s]
oxf cfkmGtnfO{ e]6]kl5 clejfbg ug{] tlsf otfsf] ptfsf] xfdkmfNof] lagfKoff;'6 xfdkmfNbf Hofg} u'dfof] dflg;nfO{ wgsf]
ub{} tLg rf]l6 ufnfdf dfof u5{g tL cd]lsg nuftf tLg dlxgf oxf k|nf]eg slt xb;Ddsf] x'bf] x]5 Hofgsf] kjf{x g} gx'g] ;'Gbf crDd
ag'kg{] ePsfn] ckf6{d]G6df ;b{} l5g >Ldfgsf] sfdn] af]Ng];Dd nfUof] ot} ukm ubf{ub{} ;do eO;s]5 Kn]g;Dd hfg] a;df a;L
km';{b x'b}g ;do lat]sf] kQf] g} ePg xf]nf d}n]rflx sf]7fdf a;L xfdL Kn]gtkm{ nfUof}
k6of nfUg] uL ;do latfP ca t 3 kmls{g] lbg klg glhs Kn]g w]} 7"nf] lyPg cf]; cfpbfhtf] cfhsf] df};d fd|f]
cfO;Sof] kmf]gsf] nflu xfdLsxfeGbf cln cK7off] 5 ePg a]nfa]nf afbn' 3'D6f]n] a]] dfOnf] laxfgLsf] b[Zo b]lvOx]sf]

148 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 149

lyPg Kn]gaf6 s'g} a]nf lxdfn s'g} a]nf d'8'nf xlof kxf8 b]lvGy] ;fgf Knfl6ssf aflN6g af]s]sf lyP s] xf]nfhtf] nfu]sf] lyof]
t emDd v ePsf] hunhtf] sxL b]lvPg dnfO{ crDd nfUof] sf];]nL r]L kf] NofPsf x]5g
oqf] ljzfn e"lddf lsg sxL vx gePsf] dfgjatL gePkl5 t d"n 9f]sfsf] ;Lwfcufl8 7"nf] 3, 3sf] 7"nf] d"n 9f]sfdf l6d
hun cfkm}F a9g'kg{] sxL oxfsf] k|s[lt cfkm}F v pd|g] vfnsf] 5}g ln8sL >LdtL d's'fpb} jfutfy{ plEePsL lyOg lrgfkrL{ xfO
ls cyjf lxpn] vfP la?jf x'ls{g gkfPsf] xf] ls jf dflg;n] ;vfk x]nf]kl5 pgsf] 3leq k|j]z uof} kbfkb} cufl8 7"nf] a}7s sf]7f,
kf]sf x'g htftt} xlof d'8'nf 8f8f, sxLsxL atL ePsf] 7fpdf o;sf] prfO emG8} c7faL; lkm6 5 xf]nf slt cUnf] cufl8 Pp6f
clncln v b]lvGy] 7"nf] kmfPKn];, csf{] ;fO8df Pp6f 7"nf] 8fOlg 6]an snfTds
6f9f6f9f;Dd b[li6 3'dfP cf]xf] slt ljzfn 5 of] wtL, ofqf kmlg{r ;hfj6sf ;fdfgn] Tof] sf]7f lgs} cfsif{s nflux]Yof] ;u}
ug{] xf] eg] hLjge klg ;lsb}g xf]nf t j}1flgs k|ljlwn] ubf{ slt Pp6f 7"nf] efG5f, cfw'lgs ;fdfgn] ;lh;hfp, k|To]s lbgsf] nflu
;fgf] agfOlbPsf] 5 o;nfO{ s]xL ;doleq g} cffdn] sxfaf6 sxf Pp6f 8fOlg 6]an, Toxfaf6 ;Lwf b]lvg] l6eL;u} aflx d"n 9f]sfdf
k'luG5 s'g} a]nf s;}sf] lbdfusf] pkh lgGt lbdfuL d]xgtsf] fv]sf] Sofdfsf] lqmg, h;df cfgf] 9f]sfcufl8 sf] plEePsf] 5
kmnsf] jfb cfh ;ff ;+;fn] ef]Ug kfOx]5g dnfO{ nfU5 eujfg b]lvg] clg leqaf6 g} ns vf]lng] x]5 ;fO8 6]andf ;L= 8L=
klg cfgf] ;[li6b]lv cfkm}F bu kbf{ xf]nfg Kn]o slt aGbf]atL dfOnf] nfUof]
sla Ps 3G6fsf] p8fg rsn]6d} 6f] Kn]gn] la;s]ssf] ;u}df Pp6f l6eL sf]7f, To;leq Pp6f l;nfOa'gfO ug{] ;fgf]
dfgf; Pokf]6{df cjt0f uof] la;s]s ## ;o lkm6 prfOdf 5 sf]7f, a}7s sf]7fdf hf]l8Psf] Pp6f afy?d dflysf] tnfdf eofsf]
] lslutfg l;ofaf6 pGd'lSt kfPotf cd]lsf;u nxl;P5htf] cufl8 7"nf] xn, clg rf}lt sf]7f afy?d hf]l8Psf] Pp6f 7"nf] df6
5 lsgeg] dfgf; Pokf]6{sf] Pp6f ;fO8df cd]lsg Pokmf];{sf a]8?d, c b'O{ a]8?d, Pp6f 68L?d, Pp6f afy?d lyof] o; 3sf]
Kn]gx k|zt dfqfdf lyP of] 7fp cd]lsg Poa]; x]5htf] a];d]G6df Pp6f sf]7f h;df PS;;fOh ug{] ;fdfg, ;fydf ;f]gfafy
nfUof] tL Kn]gx sf]xL p8b} sf]xL cjt0f ub{} lyP l6dln8 ug{] sf]7f, To;}df hf]l8Psf] Pp6f ;fgf] kf]vL h;df ;f]gfafy lnPkl5
xfdL Pp6f 6ofS;L lnP pgsf] 3tkm{ nfUof} ;xsf] aLr htf]df lr;f] kfgLdf 8'Ag] ] ;u} g'xfpg] 7fp Pp6f afy?d lyof]
7"nf] cfjf;Lo If]q x]5 rf}8f ;Lwf af6f] b'j} ;fO8df ag]sf fd|ffd|f olt 7"nf] 3, kljf hDdf b'O{ hgf d}n] ;f]w] klg pgn]
3afL au}rf rf}lt kvf{nn] 3]lPsf] 7"nf7"nf u]6, wgLwgL ag] elgg b'O{ 5f]f 5g 5f]fxsf] ljjfx uf}nf gfltgfltgfsf ;fy
Plof x]5htf] nfUof] 6ofS;L Pp6f 7"nf] u]6sf] cufl8 f]lsof] dfOnf];u hLjg latfpnf eGg] ;kgf ;kgf g} Xof] Pp6f 5f]f
u]6df Pp6f Sofdf dfOs lkm6 u]sf] x]5 l6dln8sL >LdtLn] a]nfot uof] pt} dfof] kmls{g] gfd} 5}g csf{] 5f]f ljjfxkl5 cnu
leqaf6 g} ns vf]lnlbOg Sof] ;fO8sf] ;fgf] 9f]sf v'Nof] aflxaf6 ag uof] clg t o; 3df xfdL b'O{ hgf dfq Xof} slxn]sfxL
g} l5g{] ;fO8df Pp6f Uof]h lyof] ;u}sf] 7"nf] d"n 9f]sfaf6 k|j]z 5f]fa'xfL cfp5g, 3 dfOnf] x'G5 c a]nf km]l pxL z"Gotf
uof} Psfkl ;fO8df au}rf, hxf n6Dd r]L ofp kmlnx]Yof] olt 7"nf] 3df hDdf b'O{ hgf To;df klg >Ldfg cf]; ;xdf >LdtL
o; 7fpdf r]L k|zt dfqfdf kmNg] ePsf]n] k|To]ssf] 3df r]Lsf] PSn} s;L al5g xf]nf, ;f]r] g} cTof;nfUof] s'g} lbg cfgf
af]6 x'bf] x]5 cem cf];sf] r]L w]} 7"nf] jflbnf] x'G5 ] cf];af6 ;Gtfg kmls{Pnfg, 3 dfOnf] xf]nf eGg] cf; ub{} z"Go 3 ;kmf uof]
cfpbf ToxLsf afl;Gbf xf]nfg w]}h;f]n] ;]tf] sk8fn] 5f]k]sf ;fgf ;'d;'dfof] aof] dnfO{ nfUof] of] ;dof s]jn xfd|f] 7fpsf] dfq xf]Og

150 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 151

x]5 3df a"9fa"9L dfq x'g], of] t ;?jff]uhtf] ;a}lt km}ln;s]sf] fd|ffd|f c ;sfL ejgx cln k lyof] kfln{ofd]G6 xfp; of]
x]5 cfgf] dg a'emfpg] Pp6f ultnf] tlsfhtf] klg nfUof] Plof lgs} 7"nf] 3'Dg cfpg]xsf] Toxf 7"nf] eL8 lyof] ;a} hgf Tof]
l6dln8sL >LdtL c;fWo} kmfl;nL, km'lt{nL, dfOnL klg Tot} 7fpsf] b[Zo cfpg] uL kmf]6f] lnOx]Yof] xfdLn] klg kmf]6f] lnof}
lx5g klxnf]rf]l6 e]6]htf] gnfUg] k'fgf] lrghfghtf] xfdL slt ToxL nfOgsf] cln k fi6kltsf] cfjf; 7"nf] ;]tf] ejg lyof]
rfF8} 3'nldn eof} h'g 7fpsf eP klg cflv efjgf ;dof Pp6} cufl8kl 7"nf] kmf]xf]f lglSnx]Yof] pgLx eGb} lyP o; ejgdf b'O{
xf] cu|]hL clncln af]Ng hfGg] To;}n] klg ;lhnf] eof] vfgf rf]l6 cfuf] nflu;Sof] @))% df fi6kltsf] ljf]w ub{} hgtfn] cfuf]
ksfpg pgnfO{ c;fWo ;f}v nfU5 ] l6dln8n] >LdtLnfO{ klxnf nufP ] fi6klt Hofg hf]ufP efu] @)!) df km]l fi6kltsf]
g} xfdL ufO{ kf]s{ vfb}gf} eg]sf x]5g To;}n] v;L, s'v'f xlof] ljf]w ub{} cfuf] nufP o; a]nf klg fi6klt Hofg hf]ufP efu]y]
tsfL agfPsL lx5g lgs} dL7f] lyof] nfdf] ;dokl5 jfbn] ] x]bf{ ;Lwf;fbf b]lvP klg oxfsf hgtf cln vtgfs x]5ghtf]
vfgf vfOof] v"a af]Ng kg{], xfg'kg{] dfOnL pgn] 76of}nL kffdf nfUof] o; ejgsf] aflxaf6 kmf]6f] lnof} o; d]gnfOg k5fl8kl
nf]Ug]sf] k]6af6 kg'k5{ clg hlt sf]f{ xfg] klg x'G5 eGb} dnfO{ dxfGofoflwjStfsf] clkm; x]5 uPsf] ;fn ljf]wLxn] cfuf]
cfFvf lemDsfOg nufOlbPsf] k"} 89]sf] 5 clxn];Dd dd{t ePsf] x]g5 l;ogsf]
vfgfkl5 >Ldfg l6dln8 sfdsf] af]df 5nkmn ug{ kfnfdf ag]sf] xf]nf la;s]sdf Aofn] 8fG; lyo6 w]} x]5g
nfUg'eof] xfdL b'O{ ahf 3'Dg lglSnof}F pgsf] 3af6 clnslt To;kl5 l6dln8n] cln 6f9f xf]rf] 8f8fdf nu] of] 7fpdf
lx8]kl5 6ofS;L 6ofG8 cfof] ahf cln k 5 ] To;}n] 6ofS;Ldf l;f]6{ klg lyof] Tof] 8f8faf6 la;s]s ;x 5n{u b]lvbf] x]5 o;
uof} Pp6f 7"nf] l8kf6{d]G6n 6f]df kof} rfkfrtn] o; 6f]df 7fpdf 3'Dg cfpg] lgs} x'bf x]5g ;xsf] ;'Gb b[Zo x]g{sf] nflu
ljleGg ljb]zL ;fdfg lyP ;aeGbf dfly oxf ag]sf xtsnfsf cln lefnf]htf] 7fpdf ;fgf] em'k|f]htf]df s';L{, 6]a'n lyof] Pp6fdf
;fdfgsf k;n lyP lrgf]sf] kdf ;fgf;fgf ;fdfg lsg] lgs} xfdL aof} Tot} cdf klg dflg; lyP l6dln8 >LdtLn] 3f]8fsf]
fd|f] ahf x]5 ;kmf dfG5]sf] eL8 klg TolQs} dfOnf] nfUof] b"w dufP, xfdLn] skmL cf];df, oxf w]} h;f]n] ldgn jf6sf] af]tn
To;kl5 Toxfsf] Pp6f nf]sn ahf uof} o; 7fpdf tsfL, kmnkm"n af]s]sf x'G5g h;df ;]tf] kbfy{ b]lvG5 Tof] stf] k]okbfy{ xf]nfhtf]
tfhf ;tf] kfOG5 ] xfd|f] sfnLdf6L tsfL ahfdfht} x]s ;f]r]y] oxf cfP aNn yfxf kfP 3f]8fsf] b"w kf] x]5 sf]s km]G6f
lsl;dsf tsfL, kmnkm"n lyP xfdLsxfht} km'6kfy] k;nx klg vfPht} vfOxG5g
TolQs} lyP otf ks]6dfsf] 8 x'G5 dnfO{ ;fjwfg x'g' x} eGb} 6f9f6f9f;Dd b]lvg] 7"nf] EofnL xf] of] dg} nf]Eofpg] htf
lyOg pgn] 3nfO{ rflxg] tsfL, kmnkm"n lslgg tt} xlofnL ;'Gb 3x udL{ a]nf, ToxfF rNb} u]sf] zLtn xfjfsf]
s]xL ;dokl5 l6dln8 >Ldfg uf8L lnP ToxL ahfdf cfgGb lnof} o; 8f8fsf] glhs 7"nf] 7fpdf w]} ckf6{d]G6 algx]Yof]
cfpg'eof] pxfn] xfdLnfO{ oxfsf] d'Vod'Vo 7fp 3'dfpg nUg'eof] To;sf] cln k 7"nf] lrDgLhtf] b]lvof] To; lrDgL ePsf] 7fpdf
;aeGbf klxnf oxfsf] d'Vo 7fp cnf 6' SjfPdf nfg'eof] la;s]ssf] hf8f] a]nfdf kfgL ttfP tL ckf6{d]G6sf] 3 ttfpg kfgL ;KnfO
d'6' of egf} x]g{} kg{] d'Vo 7fp xf] of] 7"nf], rf}8f, ;kmf 7fp, rf}lt u5{g ] lxp kg{], hf8f]df cTolws hf8f], ;a}h;f] 3df kfOkaf6
ljleGg ;sfL sfof{no cufl8 cUnf] nfdf lyof] jtGqtfsf] tftf]kfgL lx8fP tftf] agfpg] aGbf]atL u]sf x'G5g Toxfaf6 ;Lw}
k|ltd"lt{ To;sf] k5fl8 lyof] ;sfL P]ltxfl;s Do'lhod, bfofFafofF 3 cfof}

152 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 153

 ftdf pgsf] au}rfdf a;L zLtntfsf] cfgGb lnb} vfgf vfof}
w]}a];Dd Toxf a;L ulkmof} dfOnf]df laTof] Tof] ;fem pgsf] 3df
sfd ug{ aflxaf6 xKtfdf b'O{ lbg cfpFl5g ] c a]nf ;a} sfd cfkm}F
ul5{g pgL efG5fdf x'bf d pgnfO{ ;ufpg k'Uy] dfOnf] s'f ub{}
;do lat]sf] kQ} ePg ef]lnkN6 vfgf vfO;s]kl5 pgn] 7"nf] 5f]f
a;]sf] 7fp b]vfpg n}hfG5' eg] 5f]f a;]sf] 7fp ;xaf6 cln 6f9f
x]5 lgs}a]sf] 8fOlekl5 5f]fsf] 3 cfOk'Uof] oxf pgLxsf]
7"nf] v]tL x]5 ufpsf] eg] klg P;L, uf8Lb]lv ;a} ;'ljwf k'u]sf] ;fgf]
lrl6Ss k]sf] 3 lyof] pgsf] rf]sdf hldgaf6 lglsPsf] wff e|d0fsf s]xL tl:a/x?
lyof] of] k'fgf] 3 agfpbf sla tL; jif{cl3 of] kfgL lgsfn]sf] ]
clxn];Dd TolQs} cfOx]5 lagfs'g} kfgL tfGg] d]l;g nufO{ dnfO{
crDd nfUof] s;L olt jif{;Dd olQs} kfgL cfOx]sf] xf]nf pgLx
clxn];Dd ToxL kfgL k|of]udf NofOx]5g
To; 3df b'O{ aRrf;lxt 5f]fa'xfL a5g ] csf{] ;fgf]
3df sfd ug{] abf x]5g h;n] v]tLsf] sfd x]5{g ] s]xLa]
ToxL a;L vfhf vfof} a'xfL fd|L lyOg 3k5fl8 tsfL v]tL sDaf]l8of
ulPsf] lyof] aRrfx Affh]aHo};u dfOx]Yof] oxfFsf] ufp klg ;g\ @))*
x]g{] cj; kfOof] dfOnf] nfUof] Toxfaf6 ;Lw} 3 cfof} ef]lnkN6
xfdL kmls{+b} lyof} ftdf ukmufkm ub{} vfgf vfof} l6dln8n] ef]lnsf]
nflu 6ofS;LnfO{ ;do atfP laxfg a]|skmf6 vfP Pokf]6{ hfg]
tvdf lyof} 6ofS;L klg cfof] pgLxnfO{ g]kfn cfpg] lgDtf
lbof} vfltbfLsf] nflu wGojfb eGb} labf eof} cfhsf] o'udf ;+;f
;fgf] eO;Sof] s'g} lbg cjZo e]6 xf]nf egL u?uf] dg lnO{ 6f9f
eof}

~~

154 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 155

 /fhb/af/, Gxf]dk]g >Ldfg\sf ;fy, cs' jf6

c\s' jf6sf] k|j]zf/af6 lji0f'sf] ljzfn d'lt{tkm{ jfof]g, cs' yf]d

156 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 157

 rf] Ps d]df]l/on, lsln lkmN8 (Choeung Ek Memorial)

a'4 :t'kf, p8

p8 kxf8af6 ljkf;gf w'/f a'l4:6 s]Gb|sf] b[Zo rf] Ps d]df]l/on, lsln lkmN8

158 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 159

 l:j6\h/NofG8
;g\ @))(

160 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 161

 >Ldfg\sf ;fy, h]]g]ef dG6' (Montreux) df h]g]ef n]ssf] lsgf/df
-k5fl8 kxf8L ;8ssf] ns_

h]]g]ef ;x/ dG6'

162 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 163

 dG6' ;]6'8] (Chateau-dOEx)

kxfl8 /]n ofqf kxf8L /]nofqf

164 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 165

 s]Gof
;g\ @))&

166 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 167

 d;fOdf/f (Masai Mara, Kenya) d;fO jl:t, d;fOdf/f

d;fOx?sf] gfr, d;fOdf/f aRrf hnu} 8f, d;fOdf/f

168 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 169

 8]le8 lneL:6f]g nh -;fydf 5f]/f_, d;fOdf/f h]a|f, d;fOdf/f

lh/fkm, d;fOdf/f clk|msL u} F8fsf] cufl8 5f]/f ;of{t b]phf

170 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 171

 k|mfG;
;g\ @))(

172 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 173

 n'e Do'lhPd, k]l/;, The Louvre Museum opened in 1793 AD. df]gfln;fsf] lrq cufl8 >Ldfg\sf] ;fy}, n'e Do'lhPd, k]l/;
(Louvre Palace was Originally a Fortressin the late 12th Century) Pain!ng of Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci , 1503-19 AD.
Louvre Museum, Paris, France 2009

n'e lk/fld8, k]l/; n'e Do'lhPdleqsf] k]lG6

174 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 175

 n'e Do'lhPdleq 5f]/f ;of{t, k]l/; cf]k]/f uf/lgo/, k]l/;, Opera Garnier (1875 AD), Paris

cfOlkmn 6fj/ cufl8 >Ldfg\ / 5f]/fsf ;fy, k]l/; Eiel Tower, Paris Hotel de France, La Chartre sur le Loir, France

176 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 177

 k|mfG;]nL ldqx?sf ;fy /fqL ef]hdf, cu:6@))( ;]gf];] b/af/ (Chenonceau Castle)

Chenonceau Castle (1513AD), France u|fld0f k|mfG;df v]tLsf] Ps b[Zo

178 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 179

 /f]d
;g\ @))(

180 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 181

 5f]/fsf ;fy (The Pantheon, 27-25 AD) Eofl6sg ;x/
(The Bascilica of Saint Peter Consecrated in 1626 AD)

The Mausoleum of Hadrian - 130 AD, Castel

SantAngelo 10th century onwards /f]d ;x/sf] Ps b[Zo

182 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 183

 sf]nf]l;od (The Colosseum - 80 AD) >Ldfg\sf ;fy (The Monument to Vi!orio Emanuele II - 1870 AD)

The Circus Maximus (2nd to 5th Century AD) Eofl6sg Do'lhPdleq

184 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 185

 ckm\uflg:tfg
;g\ @))$

186 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 187

 bf/pncdfg (Dar-ul-Aman) sfa'n sfa'n ;x/sf] Ps b[Zo

sfa'n ;x/sf] Ps jl:t Kffs{ u]:6 xfp;, sfa'n

188 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 189

 ;'n]dfg kxf8af6 cf]; ;x/sf] b[Zo -;fydf >Ldfg\_

lslu{:tfg
;g\ @)!!

;'n]dfg kxf8, cf];

190 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 191

 ls/luh ;fyLsf ;fydf, lr/lrs lr/lrs

ls/luh n]8L, lr/lrs ls/luh ;fyLsf ;fy, la;s]s

192 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt ;'zLnf b]phf 193

 ls/luh ;fyLsf ;fy, k|]l;8]G6 xfp; cufl8, la;s]s

la;s]s Do'lhPd cufl8

194 s]xL kfOnf s]xL cg'e"lt