How to secure an Ubuntu 16.

04 LTS server -
Part 1 The Basics
Submitted by The Fan Club on

This guide is based on various community forum posts and webpages. Special thanks to all. All
comments and improvements are very welcome as this is purely a personal experimental project at
this point and must be considered a work in progress.
This guide is intended as a relatively easy step by step guide to:
Harden the security on an Ubuntu 16.04 LTS server by installing and configuring the following:
1. Install and configure Firewall - ufw
2. Secure shared memory - fstab
3. SSH - Key based login, disable root login and change port
4. Apache SSL - Disable SSL v3 support
5. Protect su by limiting access only to admin group
6. Harden network with sysctl settings
7. Disable Open DNS Recursion and Remove Version Info - Bind9 DNS
8. Prevent IP Spoofing
9. Harden PHP for security
10.Restrict Apache Information Leakage
11.Install and configure Apache application firewall - ModSecurity
12.Protect from DDOS (Denial of Service) attacks with ModEvasive
13.Scan logs and ban suspicious hosts - DenyHosts and Fail2Ban
14.Intrusion Detection - PSAD
15.Check for RootKits - RKHunter and CHKRootKit
16.Scan open Ports - Nmap
17.Analyse system LOG files - LogWatch
18.SELinux - Apparmor
19.Audit your system security - Tiger and Tripwire
Requirements:
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS or later server with a standard LAMP stack installed.

1. Firewall - UFW
A good place to start is to install a Firewall.
UFW - Uncomplicated Firewall is a basic firewall that works very well and easy to
configure with its Firewall configuration tool - gufw, or use Shorewall, fwbuilder, or
Firestarter.
Use Firestarter GUI to configure your firewall or refer to the Ubuntu Server Guide, UFW
manual pages or the Ubuntu UFW community documentation.
Install UFW and enable, open a terminal window and enter :
sudo apt-get install ufw

Allow SSH and Http services.

sudo ufw allow ssh
sudo ufw allow http

Enable the firewall.

sudo ufw enable

Check the status of the firewall.

sudo ufw status verbose

2. Secure shared memory.

Shared memory can be used in an attack against a running service. Modify /etc/fstab to
make it more secure.
Open a Terminal Window and enter the following :
sudo vi /etc/fstab

Add the following line and save. You will need to reboot for this setting to take effect :
Note : This only is works in Ubuntu 12.10 or later - For earlier Ubuntu versions
replace /run/shm with /dev/shm
Save and Reboot when done
tmpfs /run/shm tmpfs defaults,noexec,nosuid 0 0
3. SSH Hardening - key based login, disable root login and
change port.
The best way to secure SSH is to use public/private key based login. See
SSH/OpenSSH/Keys
If you have to use password authentication, the easiest way to secure SSH is to disable root
login and change the SSH port to something different than the standard port 22.
Before disabling the root login create a new SSH user and make sure the user belongs to the
admin group (see step 4. below regarding the admin group).
if you change the SSH port keep the port number below 1024 as these are priviledged ports
that can only be opened by root or processes running as root.
If you change the SSH port also open the new port you have chosen on the firewall and close
port 22.
Open a Terminal Window and enter :
sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Change or add the following and save.

Port <ENTER YOUR PORT>
Protocol 2
PermitRootLogin no
DebianBanner no

Restart SSH server, open a Terminal Window and enter :

sudo service ssh restart

4. Apache SSL Hardening - disable SSL v2/v3 support.

The SSL v2/v3 protocol has been proven to be insecure.
We will disable Apache support for the protocol and force the use of the newer protocols.
Open a Terminal Window and enter :
sudo vi /etc/apache2/mods-available/ssl.conf

Change this line from :

SSLProtocol all -SSLv3

To the following and save.

SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3

Restart the Apache server, open a Terminal Window and enter :

sudo service apache2 restart
5. Protect su by limiting access only to admin group.
To limit the use of su by admin users only we need to create an admin group, then add users
and limit the use of su to the admin group.
Add a admin group to the system and add your own admin username to the group by
replacing <YOUR ADMIN USERNAME> below with your admin username.
Open a terminal window and enter:
sudo groupadd admin
sudo usermod -a -G admin <YOUR ADMIN USERNAME>
sudo dpkg-statoverride --update --add root admin 4750 /bin/su

6. Harden network with sysctl settings.

The /etc/sysctl.conf file contain all the sysctl settings.
Prevent source routing of incoming packets and log malformed IP's enter the following in a
terminal window:
sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf

Edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and un-comment or add the following lines :
# IP Spoofing protection
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Ignore ICMP broadcast requests

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

# Disable source packet routing

net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Ignore send redirects

net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0

# Block SYN attacks

net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5

# Log Martians
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# Ignore ICMP redirects

net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

# Ignore Directed pings

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

To reload sysctl with the latest changes, enter:

sudo sysctl -p

7. Disable Open DNS Recursion and Remove Version Info -

BIND DNS Server.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo vi /etc/bind/named.conf.options

Add the following to the Options section :

recursion no;
version "Not Disclosed";

Restart BIND DNS server. Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo service bind9 restart

8. Prevent IP Spoofing.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo vi /etc/host.conf

Add or edit the following lines :

order bind,hosts
nospoof on

9. Harden PHP for security.

Edit the php.ini file :
sudo vi /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini

Add or edit the following lines an save :

disable_functions = exec,system,shell_exec,passthru
register_globals = Off
expose_php = Off
display_errors = Off
track_errors = Off
html_errors = Off
magic_quotes_gpc = Off
mail.add_x_header = Off
session.name = NEWSESSID

Restart Apache server. Open a Terminal and enter the following :

sudo service apache2 restart
10. Restrict Apache Information Leakage.
Edit the Apache2 configuration security file :
sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/security.conf

Add or edit the following lines and save :

ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off
TraceEnable Off
Header unset ETag
Header always unset X-Powered-By
FileETag None

Restart Apache server. Open a Terminal and enter the following :

sudo service apache2 restart

11. Web Application Firewall - ModSecurity.

See : How to install apache2 mod_security and mod_evasive on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS server

12. Protect from DDOS (Denial of Service) attacks -

ModEvasive
See : How to install apache2 mod_security and mod_evasive on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS server

13. Scan logs and ban suspicious hosts - DenyHosts and

Fail2Ban.
DenyHosts is a python program that automatically blocks SSH attacks by adding entries
to /etc/hosts.deny. DenyHosts will also inform Linux administrators about offending hosts,
attacked users and suspicious logins.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install denyhosts

After installation edit the configuration file /etc/denyhosts.conf and change the email, and
other settings as required.
To edit the admin email settings open a terminal window and enter:
sudo vi /etc/denyhosts.conf

Change the following values as required on your server :

ADMIN_EMAIL = root@localhost
SMTP_HOST = localhost
SMTP_PORT = 25
#SMTP_USERNAME=foo
#SMTP_PASSWORD=bar
SMTP_FROM = DenyHosts nobody@localhost
#SYSLOG_REPORT=YES

Fail2ban is more advanced than DenyHosts as it extends the log monitoring to other services
including SSH, Apache, Courier, FTP, and more.
Fail2ban scans log files and bans IPs that show the malicious signs -- too many password
failures, seeking for exploits, etc.
Generally Fail2Ban then used to update firewall rules to reject the IP addresses for a
specified amount of time, although any arbitrary other action could also be configured.
Out of the box Fail2Ban comes with filters for various services (apache, courier, ftp, ssh,
etc).
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install fail2ban

After installation edit the configuration file /etc/fail2ban/jail.local and create the filter rules
as required.
To edit the settings open a terminal window and enter:
sudo vi /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf

Activate all the services you would like fail2ban to monitor by changing enabled = false to
enabled = true
For example if you would like to enable the SSH monitoring and banning jail, find the line
below and change enabled from false to true. Thats it.
[sshd]

enabled = true
port = ssh
filter = sshd
logpath = /var/log/auth.log
maxretry = 3

If you have selected a non-standard SSH port in step 3 then you need to change the port
setting in fail2ban from ssh which by default is port 22, to your new port number, for
example if you have chosen 1234 then port = 1234
[sshd]

enabled = true
port = <ENTER YOUR SSH PORT NUMBER HERE>
filter = sshd
logpath = /var/log/auth.log
maxretry = 3

If you would like to receive emails from Fail2Ban if hosts are banned change the following
line to your email address.
destemail = root@localhost

and change the following line from :

action = %(action_)s

to:
action = %(action_mwl)s

You can also create rule filters for the various services that you would like fail2ban to
monitor that is not supplied by default.
sudo vi /etc/fail2ban/jail.local

Good instructions on how to configure fail2ban and create the various filters can be found
on HowtoForge - click here for an example
When done with the configuration of Fail2Ban restart the service with :
sudo service fail2ban restart

You can also check the status with.

sudo fail2ban-client status

14. Intrusion Detection - PSAD.

Cipherdyne PSAD is a collection of three lightweight system daemons that run on Linux
machines and analyze iptables log messages to detect port scans and other suspicious traffic.
To install the latest version from the source files follow these instruction : How to install
PSAD Intrusion Detection on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS server
OR install the older version from the Ubuntu software repositories, open a Terminal and
enter the following :
sudo apt-get install psad

Then for basic configuration see How to install PSAD Intrusion Detection on Ubuntu 12.04
LTS server and follow from step 2:

15. Check for rootkits - RKHunter and CHKRootKit.

Both RKHunter and CHKRootkit basically do the same thing - check your system for
rootkits. No harm in using both.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install rkhunter chkrootkit

To run chkrootkit open a terminal window and enter :

sudo chkrootkit

To update and run RKHunter. Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo rkhunter --update
sudo rkhunter --propupd
sudo rkhunter --check
16. Scan open ports - Nmap.
Nmap ("Network Mapper") is a free and open source utility for network discovery and
security auditing.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install nmap

Scan your system for open ports with :

nmap -v -sT localhost

SYN scanning with the following :

sudo nmap -v -sS localhost

17. Analyse system LOG files - LogWatch.

Logwatch is a customizable log analysis system. Logwatch parses through your system's
logs and creates a report analyzing areas that you specify. Logwatch is easy to use and will
work right out of the package on most systems.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install logwatch libdate-manip-perl

To view logwatch output use less :

sudo logwatch | less

To email a logwatch report for the past 7 days to an email address, enter the following
and replace [email protected] with the required email. :
sudo logwatch --mailto [email protected] --output mail --format html --range
'between -7 days and today'

18. SELinux - Apparmor.

National Security Agency (NSA) has taken Linux to the next level with the introduction of
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). SELinux takes the existing GNU/Linux operating
system and extends it with kernel and user-space modifications to make it bullet-proof.
More information can be found here. Ubuntu Server Guide - Apparmor
It is installed by default since Ubuntu 7.04.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install apparmor apparmor-profiles

Check to see if things are running :

sudo apparmor_status
19. Audit your system security - Tiger and Tripwire.
Tiger is a security tool that can be use both as a security audit and intrusion detection
system.
Tripwire is a host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) that checks file and folder
integrity.
Open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo apt-get install tiger tripwire

To setup Tripwire good installation guides can be found on Digital Ocean here and on
Unixmen here
To run tiger enter :
sudo tiger

All Tiger output can be found in the /var/log/tiger

To view the tiger security reports, open a Terminal and enter the following :
sudo less /var/log/tiger/security.report.*

Tags:
Ubuntu 16.04
U