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Tarakan basin
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/ 42
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
OF INDONESIAN BASINS
Principles, Methods and Application
VOLUME V
MMU VN CUB.) Il
NORTHEAST KALIMANTAN
OEIC ce La
Pao av MING aa ey
(Foreign Contractors Ventures Development Body)
Ce oa
STD ASo T NE NCel
EXSPAN TARAKAN FOREWORD
‘The crucial problem faced by Indonesia petroleum
upstream industry toward and after 2000's is the
emergence of existence crisis because of the shrink of
oil and gas reserve in traditional area. During this period
every oil company to be able to come out of the crisis
has to increase its exploration activities. According to
its objective there are two main solutions: intensification
of exploration in the traditional areas or extensification
activities in open areas through a new assessment. The
extensification in the eastern part of Indonesia basically
has many handicaps: while the main problem for
intensification is marginal reserve
Nowadays intensification activities can be carried out
by accommodating the ever expending exploration
technology; while the extensification in the easter part of Indonesia requires new assessment
because the target of its activities is beyond the petroleum system widely known.
One of the significant result of BPPKA - PSC Exploration Managers Meeting, Surabaya
21-23 June 1995, is the judgment to produce a book on “Petroleum Geology of Indonesian
Basins”, in which each of PSC is required participate. The book will be used as a guide
and reference toward increasing exploration activities in Indonesian in the future. This
volume of the Petroleum Geology of Indonesian Basins which discusses widely aspects of
petroleum system is a professional explorationist’s guide to the methodology to find anothet
attractive oil and gas accumulation.
Synthesizing the data in this volume was a long one difficult task shared by operators and
PERTAMINA BPPKA. We are grateful for the Team for their hard work in conceiving
this book. The high quality of this book is a product of their effort.
Finally, we hope it will find widespread use to suppor efficient exploration and development.
i re
S. Zuhdi Pane
President
Foreign Contractors Ventures Development Body FOREWORD
Indonesia with a potential production more than
1.6 million barrels of oil per day and producing around
7.9 billion cubic feet of gas daily. presently ranks as the
largest oil and gas producing country in Southeast Asia.
Today there are some 60 known basins in Indonesia, of
which only 14 have in production, Modern theories and
available technology have anabled to gain a greater
understanding of the region, particularly the geology of
the main hydrocarbon - bearing basinal areas of
Indonesia,
In the past three decades, the oil exploration activities
in Indonesia have continued to decline. During this
period, we achieved high performances between 1968
and 1970, 1980- 1984, and between 1990 - 1993. The maturity of exploration activities
in the western part of Indonesia on the one hand, and the complex geographical location
and geological system of the eastern part of Indonesia on the other hand has become
a dilemma in our attempts to promote exploration activities to increase production
realisticly and economicly
In attempt to preclude the dilemma, it is necessary to activate scientific activity by
evaluating the basins where the PSC work. Further advances in the basin evaluation
enabled the Indonesia petroleum upstream activity to increase its drilling success - ratio,
Itis hope that the development of the application of science and technology will continue
to improve the drilling success ratio in both exploration and development phases of oil
industry. Finally, grateful appreciation is extended to Exploration Department BPPKA
for their enthusiasm in organizing this publication. We thank the Team for their hard
work in preparing this volume.
ungarna Sukandar
ead of Exploration and Production
Foreign Contractors Ventures Development Body Preface
The science of petroleum geology continues to make technical advances and is
becoming more and more sophisticated. As explorationist, we have an excellent opportunity
to incorporate this vast amount of technology into the effort of locating new commercial
accumulations of hydrocarbons. The idea of the treatise originated from a concept put
forth by Mr. S. Zuhdi Pane. Driven by his continued encouragement and with input from
advisory board consisting of geologists and geophysicists from existing Indonesian
Production Sharing Contractors, Pertamina designed the set of publications to reflect
cutting edge technology and its appligation in petroleum exploration, It is a great honor
for us that Mr. S, Zuhdi Pane committed his time and experience as a professional geologist
to this project in addition to his busy schedule as Vice President of Foreign Ventures
Development Body
This treatise illustrates and discusses the wide ranging application of geological
studies and hydrocarbon play types in the Tarakan sedimentary basin. A new structure
pattern is presented in this volume, which can give some ideas about this basin. Modified
stratigraphic column due to additional new well data are combined with other geological
successions chart such as sea level curves and tectonic intensity chart. Paleogeographic
maps presented in this volume also give backgrounds about tertiary sedimentary prospects.
This volume serves as a guide to the petroleum geology of the Tarakan sedimentary basins,
incorporating data from existing field. In addition, it provides explorationists in different
fields of geology, with an example of a structured approach for evaluating basins allowing
them to compare and contrast their approach to studying and evaluating the geology and
petroleum systems in their area of interest. For the explorationist, who is building and
selling prospects, nothing is more convincing than a close analogy.
I would like to point out the subject of petroleum geology, in the Tarakan Basin
Basin, is considerably more complex than this volume indicates. We understand that some
statements and perceptions herein will have to be modified as additional geological
information becomes available in the future.
I would like express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Herman Darman and Mr. Michael
R. Lentini of Shell Companies in Indonesia, Mr. Achmad Fauzi of PT. Etaksatria Petrasanga
and Mr. Nandang Heriyanto of Pertamina, who formulated the structure of this volume
and provided significant support throughout this project. They deserve most of the credit
for bringing this project to completion and I am grateful for their contributions.
: a
Cholidy H. Reminton
Exploration Manager
Foreign Contractors Ventures Development Body The Committee
Originator
Advisor
Chairman
Technical Committee
Secretary
‘Treasurer
Support
Editors
S. Zuhdi Pane, Pertamina
Sungarna Sukandar, Pertamina
Cholidy H. Reminton, Pertamina
Karsani Aulia, PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia
Ramli Djaafar, Pertamina
Husein Hatuwe, Pertamina
Emir Lubis, Pertamina
S. Sosromihardjo, Mobil Oil Indonesia
Firman A. Yaman, Atlantic Richfield Indonesia
Etty Nuay, Vico Indonesia
Amrullah Yazid, Pertamina
A. Nawawi. Pertamina
Anwar Suseno, Pertamina
A. Nawawi, Pertamina
Anwar Suseno, Pertamina
Nandang Heriyanto, Pertamina
Working Group on The Tarakan Basin :
Herman Darman, Shell Companies in Indonesia
Michael R Lentini, Shel] Companies in Indonesia
Achmad Fauzi, PT. Etaksatria Petrasanga
Nandang Heriyanto, Pertamina Tarakan Basin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Preface
Chapter I: Introduction
Location
Exploration and Production History
Reserves, Cumulative production and
distribution of oil and gas field
Chapter 2 : Regional Geology
- Regional Tectonic Setting
- Regional Tectonic History
Structural Styles
raphy
-Pre-Tertiary
ene
- Early Oligocene
- Late Oligocene - Miocene
Middle to late Miocene
- Late Miocene - Pliocene
- Quarten
Chapter 3: Petroleum System
Reservoirs
Trapping
Seals i
Source Rocks
Petroleum Generation and Migration
Chapter 4: Oil Play Concept
Chapter 5 : Conclusions
References
Page
iii
vii Chapter 1
Introduction
Location
‘The Tarakan Basin is located in the north-east
Kalimantan, lying both onshore and offshore
(Figure I & 1a). The northern basin boundary
is the Semporna high which lies just north of
the Indonesia and Malaysia border. To the
south, the Mangkalihat Ridge separates the
Tarakan Basin from the Kutai Basin; and to
the west it extends onshore for 60 to 100
kilometres where progressively older Tertiary
formations crop out towards the strongly folded
Pre-Tertiary rocks of the Kuching High.
Eastward the basin extends to unknown limits
‘out across the continental shelf of the Sulawesi
Sea into the deep Makassar Trough. This basin
occupies an area of approximately 40,000 km’,
Exploration and Production
History
Exploration for petroleum began in the Tarakan
Basin, when oil was first found on Tarakan
Island in 1899. Thereafter exploration has
continued to the present.
In 1967 Pertamina awarded the first PSC
contract in offshore Tarakan to Japex (Figure
2). Twelve exploration wells were drilled; four
by Japex (Bunyu-A1l, A2, BI and C1), five by
farm-in partner Total (Kanah-1, Ahus-1,
Serban I and 2 and Menulun-1) and three wells
by Amoseas as a farm-in partner (Mayne-1,
Giru-1 and Segitiga-1; Figure 7)
Pertamina and Redco signed a TAC in 1971,
covering the Tarakan Island. Tesoro farmed
into Redco’s interests in 1971. Thereafter,
between 1973 and 1976 the Mengatal, South
Pamusian and Selatan fields were discovered
‘Tesoro’s interest was relinquished in 1982 by
which time they applied for a PSC covering
the Tarakan island. The last field to be
discovered on the island was Mamburungan
(1986) after farm-ins by Shell and others.
The Tapa gas field on Bunyu Island (Figure 7)
‘was discovered by Pertamina in 1975, This led
to the construction of amethanol plantto utilize
the gas discovered on Bunyu Island. Bunyu
‘Nibung and Barat Field were discovered in
1974 and 1979 respectively and are essentially
satellite fields of Bunyu Field.
Arco acquired the onshore Sembakung PSC
in 1974 (Figure 2) and drilled some 20 wells
and had three significant discoveries:
‘Sembakung and Bangkudulis oil fields and gas
at Sesayap. A portion of the Sembakung PSC
is presently held by Pertamina-Teikoku who
have drilled four wells in the area
In 1985 the old Japex area was awarded as a
new offshore PSC (Bunyu PSC) to a consortium,
with Sceptre as operator (Esso 45%, Hadson
28.75% and Santa Fe 6.25%) covering
basically the area of the Tarakan basin,
excluding the Bunyu and Tarakan island
PSC’s.
After several partnership changes and the
drilling of 5 wells of which 4 wells contained
subcommercial quantities of hydrocarbons, the
PSC was relinquished in 1993. So far, there is
only one well has been drilled in down deep
position, the Sceptre Vanda-1, drilled in
348 meters of water depth in the central part
of the offshore.
Petrocorp's Maratua and Karang Besar PSC
were awarded in 1990 covering the on and N
-TARAKAN N
BASIN
.
B -etemoan’s
le ae
FIGURE 1 - Tectonic Framework of the Tarakan Basin and Its Sub-Basin Distribution
(Modified after BEICIP, 1985). offshore Berau and Muara Sub-basin south of
Sceptre’s Bunyu PSC. The offshore part of this
area is remote from clastic input from the
Tarakan deltas and is essentially a carbonate
province. These two blocks were awarded to
Maersk in 1995, On the other hand, Shell's
Sebawang PSC was awarded in 1995 covering
‘Tarakan Sub-basin
Reserves, cumulative production
and distribution of oil and
gas field
Exploration in the Tarakan Basin has resulted
in the discovery of 14 oil and gas fields.
Cumulative production from these fields is
approximately 320 MMBO in a basin
of 7,000 km?, with EUR from the proven fields
estimated at 500 MMBO. Total gas produced
to date from 13 wells are 81 BCFG. Nearly
86% of the oil production to date has come
from two fields: the Pamusian Field on Tarakan
Island (195+ MMBO produced); and, Bunyu
Field on Bunyu Island (84 MMBO produced;
Figure 3 and 4). Most of the remaining
production comes from a series of very small
fields located in individual fault blocks on
Tarakan and Bunyu Islands. Oomkens (1979)
reports that most of the structures on the Islands
are only partially filled. Most likely cause for
the undefilling of structures are inadequate top
and cross fault seals. All the production and
most of the drilling to date have been limited
to an area defined by the fold axes of the Bunyu,
‘Tarakan, and Ahus arches (Figure 5)
SOUTH CHINA SEA
FIGURE 1a- Tarakan Basin Index Map 74
1961-'
1982-96
Sembakung
Field
Bangkudulis
Field
Sear
FIGURE 2 - Exploration History of the Tarakan Basin, 1961 - 1996. mao.
29 res
Pamuson = Mion Barels
“seas E ‘Gumclive OF
Prosictin 11991
{69 I GD TORO NON TORO 80 aro tae0 oO 00
DISCOVERY YEAR for fale >1 NMBbIe
FIGURE 3 = Tarakan Basin Production. Cummulative production to 1991 was
320 MMBO (million barres! of oil), with three of the largest fields
discovered bedween 1901 and 1924. No major reserves have been
added since the 1970's (modified from Wight et al, 1993)
Juata
Sembakuns 16.8 Total Others
23.2 MMBO MMBO 4/8 MBO!
” 5% 1%
Bunyu i
82.6 MMBO
26%
Pamusian
81% 192.8 MMBO
FIGURE 4 ~ Cummulative Oil Production by Field, Pamusian with 192 MMBO
cummulative production, is the largest field in the basin, Bunyu
produced 82.6 MMBO or 26%, followed by Sembakung with 23,2
MMBO (modified fromWight et al., 1993) Chapter 2
Regional Geology
Tectonic
Regional Tectonic Setting
The Tarakan Basin is generally a passive
deltaic margin with a minor wrench tectonic
overprint. Oligocene and Miocene sediments
onlapping the older Eocene eventually thinning
onto an Eocene Rift sequence. Magnetic
anomalies imply sea-floor spreading with
associated NW trending transform faults. The
‘Tarakan basin is divided into four sub-l
(Figure | & 5):
1. Muara Sub-basin, the southernmost
depocentre developed exclusively offshore
2. Berau Sub-basin mostly onshore and
located southward.
Tarakan Sub-basin, mostly offshore but
including Bunyu and Tarakan Islands,
4, Tidung Sub-basit
mainly onshore.
the most northerly and
The NW-SE trending Muara Sub-basin is
bounded to the SW by a coast parallel wrench.
fault zone along the north shore of the
Mangkalihat Peninsula. Towards the NE the
Muara Sub-basin is bounded by another wrench
fault zone and associated with basement high
upon which the Maratua reefal islands have
developed (Figure 5). Seismic data suggests
5000 metres of rift and passive margin
sediments in the Muara Sub-basin,
predominantly Oligocene to Recent carbonates
resting on older volcanics. Little structuration
is present in the post rift portion of the section.
Source rocks within the Eocene rift section are
likely, however, are poorly documented
Reservoirs in the Muara Sub-basin are
dominantly carbonates,
‘The Berau Sub-basin is bounded to the north
and south by Pre-Tertiary outcrops. The
Suikerbrood Ridge forms the southern margin,
contains igneous rocks. Eastwards the basin
extends into the Tarakan Sub-basin (Figure 5).
The division between the Tarakan and Berau
Sub-basins is based upon the pinch-out of the
Tarakan Formation, Several NNW-SSE
trending compressional features are present
within the Berau Sub-basin. This structuration
is related to left lateral movement along wrench
zones accommodating the ongoing spreading
of the Makassar Strait.
The thick clastic fill in the Tarakan Sub-basin
is an amalgamation of numerous Plio-
Pleistocene clastic depocentres located below
Bunyu and Tarakan Islands and prograding
further offshore. The Pliocene thins regionally
to the west and south, ontapping Miocene hig!
and eventually pinching out. The Tidung Sub-
basin is separated from the Tarakan Sub-basin
by the Sebuku Platform, as defined by the
northern pinchout of the Tarakan Formation
Tidung Sub-basin contains a prominent
positive feature and several NW trending
tightly folded anticlines. Thrusting also occurs
along the coastal strip.
In the north it is bounded by the Semporna
fault zone exhibiting sinistral transform
movement. LEGEND
“.
\\
ice
ZONE OF
stalg Dineinisu
paso RING
meres Bl ounewn ccreraceous
(nes Lo] STENTS Es
Corebree ter nse OUND
FIGURE $-
Simplified Geologic Map of the Tarakan Basin (modified after Pertamina -
Beicip, 1992; Netherwood & Wight, 1993; Hidayat et al., 1992; Situmorang.
& Buchan, 1992) Regional Tectonic History
The Tarakan Basin initiated
simultaneously with the formation of the
Sulawesi Sea by rifting of north and west
Sulawesi from Fast Kalimantan (Hamilton,
1979). Extension and subsidence began during,
the Middle to Late Eocene and had stopped by
the end of the Early Miocene (Burollet and
Salle, 1981; Situmorang, 1982, 1983; Figure
10). This extensional tectonic phase opened the
Tarakan Basin eastward, indicated by the
existence of en-echelon block faulting which
has a slope downward to the east. The opening
of the Sulawesi Sea has been interpreted as
being related to the same tectonic episode
responsible for the opening of the South China
Sea (Rangin, 1991).
was
The Tarakan Basin was more tectonically stable
from the Middle Miocene up to Pliocene with
deltaic sedimentation from the west through
several drainage systems. During this phase
the combination of basin subsidence and
gravity induced listric faulting created
accommodation space for an increased volume
of deltaic sediments,
The latest tectonic phase is a reactivation of
transform movement along the wrench faults
crossing the Makassar Strait beginning in the
uppermost Pliocene and continuing to present
day. Transpression during this period resulted
in the formation of major dip oriented arches.
Vitrinite reflectance, porosity and seismic data
suggest 1000-1500 m of structural inversion
has occurred during arch formation.
The Sulawesi Sea is underlain by an old Pacifie
Oceanic Crust (Figure 6), trapped by the
westward bending of the Sulawesi Island due
to the spearheading westward thrust along the
Sorong Transform Fault system (Katili, 1977)
On the western margin of Sulawesi Sea,
normal faults and canyons formed the
Kalimantan continental slope (Hamilton
1979). An accretionary prism complex
occurred in the Northwest of Kalimantan,
produced by the subduction of South China Sea
oceanic plate during late Mesozoic to Middle
Eocene onto which the Baram Delta was
deposited (Maher, 1993). A very complex
tectonic system occurs in the Sulawesi sea
bordering Kalimantan and Northernmost
Where the Sulawesi Sea floor spreading axis
subducts relatively eastward beneath the
westward moving northern arm of Sulawesi
(Fig, 6). This subduction under the northem
arm of Sulawesi is most likely the cause of the
reactivation of the transform faults crossing the
Makassar Strait and ultimately the formation
of arches in the Tarakan Basin
Structural Styles
Depocentres
The Tarakan Sub-basin boundaries with the
neighbouring Tidung, Berau and Muara Sub-
basins (Achmad and Samuel, 1984) can’be
more rigorously defined in terms of
stratigraphy and structure. The sub-basin is
composed mainly of a collection of contiguous
Plio-Pleistocene depocentres undérlain by
Miocene depocentres which have not been
uplifted to outcrop, as the onshore sub-basins
case(Wight et. al., 1993). The Miocene
depocentre is located in the vicinity of Nunukan
and Sebatik Islands and onshore Simenggaris
to the Northwest of the Tarakan Sub-basin
boundary, with the distal portion continuing
below the Tarakan Sub-basin (Figure 5)
Portions of the Pliocene depocentres are
inverted, as for example below Tarakan and
Bunyu Islands, while the Pleistocene
depocentres, the Kantil and Mandul troughs, nwouid ving, vas vas
sanwans 3 vvonTIOn™ ev
es vas
=e —— WNIHD HLAOS: 10
continued to subside. The easternmost
depocentre, east of the Mayne fault, contains
active growth faulting and expansion of both
Pliocene and Pleistocene ages (Wight et. al.,
1993),
Faults
Three sinistral wrench faults are found in the
Tarakan Basin (Figure 5). Semporna fault is
the most northem wrench fault. It separates
the volcanics of the Semporna Peninsula from
the Neogene sediments on Sebatik Island.
Further onshore it becomes a boundary between
Cretaceous sediments in the north and Neogene
sediments in the south. Field evidence,
however, is very limited due to remote access.
Maratua Fault occurs as a complex
transpressional zone. It forms the boundary
between the Tarakan and Muara Sub-basins.
The third major wrench fault forms the
southern boundary of Muara Sub-basin, along
the north shore of the Mangkalihat Peninsula.
It appears as the extension of the Palu-Koro
fault in Sulawesi
Growth faults are the most common structure
in the Tarakan Sub-basin (Figure 8). They are
north-northwest and north east oriented with
a trend change shown by the prominent swing
in coastline orientation at the Sesayap River
mouth, from north-northwest in the south of
Tarakan Island to northeast in the north of
Bunyu Island (Wight et. al., 1993). The set of
north oriented faults are most continues,
longest and have the largest displacements in
the east, at the Mayne fault system, which
extends more than 150 km. from the Bulungan
delta to north of the Mayne-1 well (Figure 8)
This represents the extensional edge of the
Holocene basin. A regional seismic dip line
down the Kantil Trough shows the typical
expression of the extensional zone and
north-south Mayne fault system in relation to
the folded area to the west, where the fold axes
are generally north-northwest to northwest
oriented
Anticlines
Five arches dominate the western area
structure, informally named from north to
south, the Sebatik, Ahus, Bunyu, Tarakan and
Latih arches (Figure 5 & 7). They are broad
SE plunging flexures formed by NE-SW
transpression and are oriented roughly NNW-
SSE, surveying to the NW further northwards.
The age of compression appears younging
northwards and is coeval with, but coupled
from, the major extensional system to the east
of the Mayne fault. The intensity of folding
also increases northwards where the broad
arches give way to tight folds in the onshore
Simenggaris area (Figure 5 & 7) The existing
oil and gas fields are found as combination of.
structure and stratigraphic traps at the axis of
the Tarakan and Bunyu arches.
Latih and minor anticlines develop in the
southern part of the Tarakan Basin. They are
NW-SE oriented. The minor anticlines are
inverted structures, cored by Eocene to Late
Miocene bathyal shales and tight turbidite
limestones (Wight et. al., 1993). All three
anticlines have been drilled resulted with oil
shows in Sajau-1 well and gas flows from thin
turbidite sandstones in Birang-1 well.
Stratigraphy
The stratigraphic sequence of interest in the
Northeast Kalimantan basinal areas were
deposited above Pre-Tertiary basement (Figure 10), FIGURE 7 - Wells and seismic sections location map, 12
AHUS ARCH
o >
Kanahcl, Tetatat, fo eka
4 arate
19
= 3.0)
4d
5.0
FIGURES
Composite Line A. specially processed, composite seismic Line along
the axis of the Ahus arch show’: a, a western trough with an a angular
unconformity Pliocene and the Pleistoence, b. the shallow, uplifte
Miocene shelf edge (carbonates), c. easterly thickening Pliocene, d.
Pliocene growth - faulting east of OB-A2, a footwall anticline on the
Mayne fault (Mayne-1),f Thick Pleistocene growth east of the Mayne
fault (from Wight etal, 1993),
Arch, ‘Arch: ‘Arch = Mayne-1
FIGURE 9- Composite Line B. A composite seismic, quasi-strike Line shows
the large isoelinal folds of Tarakan, Bunyu and Ahus. The Kantil rough,
between the Tarakan and Bunyu Arches, is the major Pleistocene
depocentre (from Wight etal, 1993)
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Each cycle beginning with the oldest
(Palaeocene to Late Focene) sedimentary rocks
exposed in the Berau Sub-basin, was terminated
by volcanism, uplift and unconformity.
The overall post-rift stratigraphic sequence
consists of generally shallowing-upwards
environment, starting with Eocene clastics to
Oligocene carbonates and becoming
progressively more clastic again during
Miocene to Pleistocene. Minor
incursions punetuated the section in the present
day nearshore and onshore.
marine
Pre-Tertiary
The Pre-Tertiary basement, Danau Formation,
consists of intensely metamorphosed flysch
sediments and is possibly Pre-Cretaceous in age
(Figure 10). This unit composed of micaceous
sandstones alternating with dark grey slates
and silty marls with numerous red and green
chert beds near the top (Nordeck, 1974).
Information about this formation is scarce
because of its inaccessibility and lacking
commercial mineral or hydrocarbon potential
The closest and best described sections of this
formation are found along the upper Kayan
River.
The Pre-Tertiary Bengara Formation is found
in Tidung Sub-basin, This formation consists
of Upper Cretaceous shale, sandstone, and
tuffaceous materials. This unit is highly
metamorphosed, having slickensides and
abundant of quartz veining,
Eocene
The Pre-Tertiary basement is unconformably
overlain by the earliest Tertiary Eocene
sediment (Figure 10). The Sembakung
Formation is the oldest post basement
sedimentary unit encountered and is Focene
in age. Itunconformably overlies basement and
consists of clastic and volcanic material
deposited in a rift setting, In the Tidung Sub-
basin, Hidayat et. al., (1992) observed
foraminiferal limestone facies with sandstone
and shale intercalation, indicate of a marine
environment (Figure Ila). The Seilor
Limestone was primarily deposited in the
Muara Sub-basin, having been penetrated by
Karang Besar-I and Tabalar-1 wells (Figure
11a), The Pulau Fanny-1 well is the northern
most penetration of the Seilor Formation.
Micropalaeontology analysis of several outerop
samples in the north (Sekatak River) show
marine environment of deposition (Brown et.
al., 1991). Clastie sediments were transported
from Sekatak and Suikerbrood High to the
northeast down to the basin during Late
Eocene. The upper part of the Eocene interval
is less tectonised than the lower part
Early Oligocene
Basal coarse sandstones with poor reservoir
properties of Sujau Formation give way
vertically to marine shales and finally to a
regional micritic and dolomitic carbonates of
the Seilor Formation, These carbonates pass
vertically and laterally into basinal shales and
marls of Mangkabua Formation. Late
Oligocene unconformity eroded some of upper
part of Lower Oligocene sequence. The
Oligocene interval as well as Late Eocene is
commonly tectonised, though not as severely
as the Early Eocene package (BEICIP, 1985).
The carbonate shelf sediments of Seilor
Formation are distributed in southern and
western part of Tarakan Basin (Figure 11b). 15
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The Seilor limestone consist primarily of
micritic limestone and grades upward and
basinward into thick massive marls of the
Mangkabua Formation (Achmad & Samuel,
1984). The Mangkabua basinal deposits occur
locally in the east, and are penetrated by
Bunyut-1 well (Figure 11b), where it is
comprised of intercalations of shale, siltstone
and minor marl with calcareous siltstone,
packstone and boundstone. Further south the
Mangkabua is time equivalent to the Sembulu
Formation along the northern margin of Kutai
Basin, named Sembulu Formation (Figure
1b). Lepidocyclina limestone lenses occur as
part of Seilor Formation. It is a fossiliferous
limestone, wackestone to packstone containing
algae, foraminifera, and massive hard coral.
Crystalline reef limestone with low porosity
occur in places (Rustam, 1977). Although
terrigenous clastic deposits are not common,
some lava and pyroclastic deposits are found
in the west, supplied from the Sekatak - Berau
Ridges.
Late Oligocene-Miocene
In the west volcaniclastic deposits of Jelai
Formation were accumulated during Late
Oligocene (Figure 12a). Further transport of
volcanic materials basinward produced basal
volcanic sandstones and coals of the Tempilan
Formation, deposited over the Late Oligocene
unconformity. It grades laterally southward into
the Tabalar Formation; a platform carbonate
sequence that forms a good regional seismic
marker.
Volcanic breccia of Jelai Formation was
observed in the western portion of Tidung Sub-
basin, ranging from Late Oligocene to Lower
Miocene in age (Hidayat et. al., 1992). Tuff
and lava interbeds occur within this formation.
The breccia unit consists of basaltic igneous
rock fragments with siltstone and tuffaceous
sandstone matrix. The source of these materials
are the vulcanoes of the Dent Volcanic Arc
(Tongkul, 1991; Hidayat et. al, 1992).
The Tempilan Formation is comprised of
alternating thin bedded sandstones, tuffs,
shales and coal seams (Achmad & Samuel,
1984). The thickness in outcrops was reported
up to 1000 m. The thickness penetrated by
drilling is much less ranging from 45 m in the
P. Fanny-1 well to 270 m in the Barat-1 well
(Pertamina - Beicip, 1983).
‘The Tabalar Formation represents a platform
carbonate sequence with local reef
development, and is deposited unconformably
‘over the Seilor Formation (Figure 12a, 15;
Achmad & Samuel, 1984). Several build-ups
in this unit have been drilled without success.
‘The Tabalar Formation is dominantly a micritic
limestone of Late Oligocene - Early Miocene
age. This formation is widespread over most
of the onshore and nearshore areas mostly in
the southern part of the Tarakan Basin. The
thickness of the Tabalar Fm. is 500 m near the
Suikerbrood ridge and 800 m at Segitiga-t
well, The Tabalar Formation gradually thins
to less than 150 in the northern margin of the
Tarakan Sub-basin (Pertamina - Beicip, 1983),
Farther to the north, the Tabalar limestone
grades laterally into alternating marls,
limestones and shales of the Mesaloi
Formation. This formation is rich in planktonic
foraminifera which indicates an open marine
environment and in deeper water grades
laterally into shales of the Birang (Figure 15)
and Naintupo Formations.
During Barly Miocene the Tabalar Formation
is encased in shales of the Birang Formation
and the time equivalent Naintupo Formation
due to the continuing transgression (Figure
12b). It had a more restricted distribution 17
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being found in the Muara Sub-basin and in
the northern portion of Tarakan Sub-basin. The
contact between the Tabalar and the Birang
Formations is gradational tuning into shales,
and marls with thin limestone beds. As an open
marine facies, this formation is rich in
planktonic foraminifera. The thickness of the
Birang / Naintupo varies from 200-400 m but
in the Tarakan Sub-basin it increases to 600-
800m and was deposited over the entire region
(Figure 12b).
Middle to Late Miocene
Middle to Late Miocene facies varies from
proximal deltaic in the Sembakung-1 well,
prograding eastward to Nunukan Island, to
shallow to deep marine delta front facies
encountered in the Kanah-1 & Teratai-|
Shallow marine and continental facies,
however, are present far to the east (Vanda-1
well: Wight et. al., 1993). A carbonate platform,
emerged in the south where a local high
developed as a result of inversion along
transform faults. Supratidal deposits are found
in the west and north of the basin. These
sediments were transported from imbricated
ophiolite complex in the northwest and
volcanic are in the north (Figure 13).
The delta front facies, of the Meliat Formation
(also equivalent to the Latih Formation in the
south; Figure 13a), consists of fine to coarse
grained sandstone with quartz fragments, silty
in part, interbedded with shale and
conglomeratic sandstone locally (Rustam,
1977). This formation was deposited in early
Middle Miocene. The Japex's OB-A2 well
penetrated prodelta-shelf facies, indicated by
‘marine shale and limestone units. On Bunyu
and Tarakan Island the facies change to delta
front and prodelta. Micropalaeontologic
analysis shows fresh to brackish water
environment (Tower, 1975). In the south of the
‘Tarakan Basin the clastic sequences were all
succeeded by shallow marine limestone during
Late Miocene. The carbonates were deposited
in delta front or platform environments,
reflecting deposition outside of the main
(northern) depocentre (Figure 136).
Tabul Formation sediments of upper Middle
Miocene to Late Miocene age consist of a
eastward prograding delta complex. This
formation is dominantly shale prone containing
sandstone and silt interbeds and is restricted
to the Tarakan and part of the Tidung
Sub-basin. In the Mandul Island area, it
exceeds 1500 m in thickness and tends to
increase in thickness toward the east. The
laterally equivalent calcareous mudstones,
marls, and limestones of Menumbar Formation
were deposited in the Muara Sub-basin. This
marine sedimentary section was deposited
unconformably above the Birang Formation,
however, is sand poor as a result of deposition
south of the main deltaic area. Upwards, the
Menumbar gradually develops into micritic
limestones. In the northeastern part of the
Tarakan Sub-basin, the lower Menumbar
extends as thick limestone beds and is ‘an
equivalent unit to the Tabul Formation in the
western Tarakan and Tidung Sub-basins.
Late Miocene - Pliocene
The deposition of the delta-front facies during
the Middle to Late Miocene shifted southward
during Late Miocene to Early Pliocene. In the
area around Bunyu Island it is interpreted to
have prograded locally from the southwest
(Akuabatin et al, 1984), A thick Late Miocene
to Early Pliocene sequence is encountered at
Pamusian and Mamburungan Fields located on
Tarakan Island. 19
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‘The Tarakan or Sajau Formation is composed
of sandstone, shale and coal interbeds that
belong to this Upper Miocene to Pliocene
deltaic system. Cross bedded sandstone and
pebbles sands, lenticular clay and coal beds in
the north (Bunyu Island) are interpreted as
channel deposits. Fine grained sands and
laterally continuous clay and coal beds in the
south are interpreted as upper flood plain
deposits of highly meandering rivers on
Tarakan Island (Newton & Hewett, 1983).
At the same time a carbonate platform
developed well in places where ecosystem is
not charged by clastic influx of the deltas.
These carbonates are represented by the
Domaring Formation in the south and Tarakan
Carbonates penetrated by the Mayne-1 well in
the north (Figure Ida, 15). The carbonate
platform sequences grade eastward into outer
neritic marls and shales. The Domaring was
unconformably deposited in the onshore over
the underlying formation, especially on the
western margin of the basin, while offshore the
contact seems to be conformable.
The Tarakan and Sajau Formations of Pliocene
age are composed of marine to supralittoral
clasties and coals, These formations have a
lower overall sandstone percentage than the
Pleistocene and becomes carbonate-dominated
in the distal prodelta offshore, east of the
Tarakan Sub-basin (Figure 14a). Seismic data
suggests that during sea level drops numerous
incised valleys were cut into the exposed
palaco-shelf and forcing thick lowstand deltaic
deposits to bypass the shelf and be deposited
near the shelf edge. Evidence for such a model
exist in the thick sandstone deposits
encountered in the shallow Pleistocene of
Vanda-I and the Holocene deltas that have a
pronounced present day bathymetric expression
far down dip of the present coastline
Additional lowstands may have occurred
during the Pliocene and Miocene, particularly
at the Middle to Late Miocene boundary
(10-11 Ma).
Quartenary
Sediments of this cycle were deposited after
the general marine onlap caused by a global
rise of sea level. This transgression has shifted
back the Pliocene deltas westward to near the
present coastline. The Bunyu Formation was
deposited in an upper deltaic plain to fluvial
environment. It consists of clastic units
containing numerous intercalations of lignite,
lying unconformably upon Tarakan Formation.
Waru Formation carbonates were deposited
seaward (Figure 14b), in areas free from deltaic
influence (Achmad & Samuel, 1984). . (661 ‘Sowa pur “0861
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Petroleum System
Reservoirs
The Muara Sub-basin lying offshore of the
Berau Delta has a sedimentary fill comprising
predominantly Oligocene-Recent carbonates
overlying volcanic basement and Eocene rift
sediments. In the Muara and Berau Sub-Basins
data on reservoir quality from the few wells
drilled is scarce. Poor reservoir properties are
lacking in Domaring Carbonates. Segitiga-1
and Tabalar-1 wells which penetrated this
formation and encountered reefs trending
parallel to the Mangkalihat Peninsula.
Tabalar Formation carbonate platform
reservoirs are located in the southern part of
the basin. These carbonate platforms contain
localized reefal facies exhibiting 12%
porosities in Tabalar-1 well and 22% in Karang
Besar-1 well. The thickness of the Tabalar
Formation ranges up to 1200 m thick at
Segitiga-I and a test over an interval of 30 m
recovered 540 bpd of salt water. Pinnacle reefs
may exist with good reservoir characteristics,
however, are difficult to identify using seismic
(Pertamina-BEICIP, 1992). Additional
reservoirs may be found along the flanks of
the Maratua basement high in the form of
carbonate talus and turbidite deposits
containing carbonate bank material shed
during sea level drops. .
In the Berau Sub-basin the Tabalar Formation
is tight and of limited thickness in the onshore
wells, Slight shows are reported in the Bunyut-1
well, A thick Eocene-Oligocene section of
clastics was encountered in Latih-1 well
23
Eighty metres of sandstone intervals were
recorded in NW Berau-1 and Bunyut-I wells.
These intervals have good flow rates of water
with traces of gas. The sands are mixed with
volcanics to the west (Pertamina-BEICIP,
1992).
Some Latih Formation sandstones beds with
favourable reservoir properties were observed
in the Bunyut-I and Sajau-1 wells. This
formation is partly or totally eroded further
onshore. The Latih deltaic sequence is assumed
to have a sufficient percentage of sandstones
further east and south in the offshore to
constitute an attractive reservoir characteristic
(Pertamina-BEICIP, 1992).
The onshore sub-basins fill consisting of
mainly Eocene to Miocene sediments deposited
during a period of generally rising sea level
Thick homogeneous shales and claystones
grade upward into marls and carbonates, They
crop-out in broad, N-S oriented folds in the
Berau Sub-basin and a series of tightly folded,
NW-SE oriented anticlines which bring
Miocene clasties to the surface in the northern
Tidung Sub-basin
In the Tidung Sub-basin the primary objectives
are clastics of the Tabul Formation of Late
Miocene age. Sembakung Field is the only field
where production has been established in the
Miocene, Here the entire field is drained by
six wells out of the Tabul Formation having
well initials of 2000-2500 barrels of oil per day
and rates remaining stable for much of the field
life.
Prodelta sandstones of the Tabul formation
deposited during sea level lowstands have
considerable reservoir potential ard are
secondary objectives in the offshore Tarakan
Basin. In much of the offshore the Tabul
sandstones are present beneath a thick cover 24
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probably to deeply buried to be a viable
objective in the offshore. Miocene age
sandstone was encountered near total depth in
well Vanda-1 suggesting Miocene reservoir
potential far downdip in the basin. Porosity
depth trend curves of Miocene sandstone
indicate them to have slightly higher porosities
than those for the Pliocene at equivalent depths
(Fig. 16a & 16b). The cause of this distinction
remains speculative, however, there are many
references to the presence of volcanic clasts in
the Plio-Pleistocene sandstones and it may be
that the Miocene sandstones were derived from
a different provenance
In the northern portion of the Tarakan Basin,
clastic sediment supply was limited giving rise
to a carbonate shelf with isolated build-ups.
These wells have been tested by several wells
and found to be tight
During the Plio-Pleistocene large volumes of
interbedded fluvio-deltaic sandstones, shales
and coals were deposited into the major
depocentres on and between the arches. Isopach
maps show that Pliocene deposition was more
active south of the Bunyu Arch and in the
vicinity of Tarakan Island, whilst the focus of
Pleistocene deposition was to the north in the
Abus Arch area. The Pleistocene reaches its
maximum thickness (>3000 m) north and
south of the Bunyu Arch, whilst the Pleistocene
exceeds 2000 m in the Ahus Arch area. North
of the Ahus Arch the Plio-Pleistocene is
characterized by a larger proportion of
carbonates. Ocean circulation appears to have
swept clastic input southwards into the Tarakan
Sub-basin allowing clear water conditions in
the north where carbonates could develop.
‘The Pleistocene Bunyu Formation comprises
marine to supralittoral sandstones in coal
measure sequences. It has a lower overall
25
sandstone percentage than the Pliocene. Thick
sandstones of Pleistocene age were encountered
in Vanda-1 well indicating the potential for
sandstone deposited during forced regressions
occuring in those parts of the basin
characterized today by deep water. It may be
expected that similar forced regressions during
Pliocene (and Miocene) time also brought shelf
by-pass coarse clastics into the distal parts of
the basin
Asinall deltaic depositional systems, reservoir
continuity can be expected to be very poor in
the portions of the section deposited in a delta
plain environment where shales and coal beds
are cut by channels filled with either sandstone
or shale (depending upon the style of
abandonment). Reservoir continuity should be
much higher in the distributary channel,,river
mouth-bar, and inner fringe environments of
the deltaic system (most likely where the
percentage sandstone decreases to between
10% to 40%). Maximum thickness of any
individual sandstone reservoirs should be on
the order of 25-30m. During lowstands the
distributary channel system should have
migrated to the shelf margin thus enabling,
sandstones to reach the deeper water areas.
Traps
In the south of Tarakan Basin, several potential
stratigraphic and structural traps occur. The
stratigraphic traps are include the reefal
buildup of Domaring Formation. The pinnacle
reefs aligned along structural ridges or shelf
edges. Other reefal facies, Tabalar and Seilor
Carbonates are located on basement highs or
on discrete ridges. They are enhanced and
sealed by age equivalent Birang Formation
shale. 26
In the Tarakan Island, Pliocene supralittoral
point bar, braided stream, channel sandstones
and coals found in outcrops indicate delta plain
environment. Thick Pliocene deltaic
sandstones have also been encountered in wells
Ahus-1, OB-A1, OB-A2, Kanah-1, Teratai-1
and on Bunyu Island. These Tarakan
Formation sandstones are _ notably
volcaniclastic in origin indicating a northern
provenance from igneous centres located in
Sabah (Semporna High).
Wedge out stratigraphic trapping geometries
are found within Latih deltaic sands. This trap
style occurs on structure flanks or along the
unconformities. Onlap and pinchout traps
possibly occur within Eocene Sujau Formation,
however, poor seismic data at that depth
obscure adequate trap definition
Anticline structures in the north and west of
Segitiga-I well (Berau River Delta) are mostly
wrench, The structural features, the western
compressional and eastern tensional tectonic
regimes and the effects of tectonism on
sediment dispersal are intimately related to
hydrocarbon trapping mechanisms of the
northern Tarakan Basin. The basin is a
complex combination of major arches
comprising Pliocene and Pleistocene inverted
depocentres which were filled with regressive,
sandprone sediment which host all the major
hydrocarbon accumulations except the late
Miocene deltaic of the onshore Sembakung
field (Wight et al, 1993).
Roll-over associated anticlines occur within the
Bunyu and Tarakan Formation. The fault
plains are dipping to the east, down to the
basin, Fault block trap formed at the upthrown.
side of the fault. Shale diapirisms in the east
also produced traps together with the roll over
anticlines. Complex structures generated traps
by structural inversion. They often combined
with’ Strike-slip>induced deformations
Carbonate traps occur as mixed trap at the
upthrown side of the fault or within the reefal
facies on the shelf edge.
Seals
In the southern sub-basin, the thick marine
mudstones of Oligo-Miocene Birang
Formation are effective seals for the Tabalar
Carbonate. The Menumbar Formation forms
a potential seal for Miocene reefs located
towards the basin margins. The Domaring
carbonate is sealed by the Pleistocene Waru
Formation. Possible lateral seals in this area
are sealing faults, facies changes, or
diagenetical differences within limestone. For
the clastie sections of northern Tarakan Basin,
marine, prodelta, and delta plain mudstone
facies can form seals. The lack of thick and
laterally continuous shale seals in the more
proximal portions of the basin is considered
the main reason for the lack of recent
exploration success to date. With a high netto
gross sandstone and thin seals fault trapping
is difficult. In a more distal part of the basin
(ie,, further offshore) the net to gross will
decrease and thicker laterally. In this location
continuous seals will be deposited during
transgressions. Therefore seal is not considered
to be a critical risk further offshore in the
Tarakan Basin, Many of the direct hydrocarbon
indicators observed on seismic also suggest that
the shales provide effective lateral seals where
they are juxtaposed against sandstones across
faults. Furthermore, the young age of the shales
and the presence of over pressuring are strong
indications that smearing along faults can also
provide effective sealing, Source Rocks
Identified source rocks in the northern Tarakan
sub-basin include coals and siltstones of the
Middle Miocene Meliat and Late Miocene
Lower Tabul Formations. Geochemical data
suggests that source rocks which generated the
Tarakan oils are interpreted as lacustrine,
coastal plain and deltaic deposits. The coals
are mainly drift coals containing inertinite and
asmuch as 45% cuticular matters with vitrinite
usually subordinate and have hydrocarbon,
generating potential, Coals from the coastal
plain and deltaic environments are the richest
source rocks with around 10 to 70% TOC
Inertinite is also found in siltstones, associated
with the coals. The oil consists of low gravity
(20-40° API) asphaltic crude (Beicip, 1985).
Pyrolysis GC data and geochemical plots
suggest a multitude as various source rocks.
They indicate that the source rocks are ranging
from types II/III or IV (Juata-IV, Pamusian,
Mengatal and Bunyu-II/II1) to type Wt
(Sembakung, Bunyu Tapa, Bangkudulis and
Vanda-1 oil and condensate: Figure 17). The
source rocks appear to be more complex and
from more varied depositional environments
than earlier believed. Based upon presence of
hydrocarbon charge source rocks are also
apparently widespread, occuring from
Bangkudulis in the west to Vanda-1, 110 km
to the east and between Sembakung in the north
105 km to the south, at Muara Makapan-1
(condensate) and oil seeps 30 km still further
south, onshore in the Berau sub-basin (Wight
et al., 1993). i
In the south (Muara Sub-basin) oil and gas
shown in exploration wells indicate that source
facies with generative potential are present in
the basin. The source rock intervals in this
sub-basin are possibly the Eocene Malio
27
Formation and the Oligo-Miocene Birang
Formation. The Malio Formation consists of
fossiliferous mudstone with minor
carbonaceous material. Planktonic shales and
marls of an open marine facies are dominant
within the Birang Formation.
Petroleum Generation and
Migration
Geothermal gradients are quite variable within
the basin, ranging from 2.6 °C/100m to over
3.5 °C/100m to the south-west and at Bunyu
Island , Where penetrated, the Pleistocene and
Pliocene coals and coally shales are immature
to early mature (max. Ro usually 0.5 sometimes
reaching 0.6+) in all wells except at the base
of Mamburungan-1 (3065m), where peak
maturity (Ro 0.7) is just attained. Modeling of
vitrinite maturity profiles by previous operators
indicates that an Ro of 0.7 would be attained
below wells at depths of around 3200-3900 m
(within the Miocene) depending on local heat
flows
For the well sections and hypothetical
stratigraphic units below them, oil expulsion
appears to have been more recent than 2 Ma
(ie., from around latest Pliocene onwards),
Heat flows appear to have been generally
higher during the Pliocene (1.7 HFU) than the
Pleistocene (1.6 HFU) and are higher than
those generally attributed to passive margins.
Lower values are measured in the eastern area
(eg., Vanda-1 has 1.2 HFU). This progressive
heat flow decrease with distance offshore is
similar to that observed for other deltaic
margins in the world. A notable exception is
Mamburungan-1, in which present day heat
flows of 1.9 HFU are higher than in the
Pliocene. Also expulsion of type II/III oils
appear to have taken place earlier (around 2 Ma) 28
Deep Lacustrine Oils
Shallow Lacustrine Oils
Fluvio-Deltaic Oils
(Kerogen Type)
M+P Xylene Phenol
Fields Vanda-1 Well
I. Tarakan Island Pamusian V1 DST
Juata V2-4 RFT
Mengatal V5 Coal Extract
B.Bunyu island Bunyu
Bunyu Tapa #2
Onshore Sembakung #2
Bangkudulis-1
FIGURE 17-Tarakan Basin Oil Types. Type Wl and IVIII oils (lacustrine and fluvial) are present in
the basin and most were generated at relatively low maturities (Ro <0.9). Oils are thus,
spatially widespread and from many depositional environments. Few gas condensates
have been found (redrawn from Wight et al, 1993). than in the other wells modeled. This hot spot
may be due to the presence of deep seated
transform movement responsible for the
structural inversion that has taken place on
Tarakan Island. Additional, as yet
unrecognized, hot spots may also be present
in the basin. The Middle-Late Miocene may
have entered the gas window during the latest
Pleistocene (approximately 0.2-0.7 MYBP)
within the deepest portions of the depocentres.
The above constraints suggest that oils from
terrestrial (Type I1/II}) lacustrine source rocks
lying either directly below or lateral to, but
around 900m vertically deeper than the well
TDs, have migrated into the Tarakan and
Bunyu Island fields and the Vanda-1
accumulation. Maturities of these oils are
mostly equivalent to Ro 0.7-0.8 (i.e. top of the
oil window) except for the more mature Bunyu
Tapa oils with a Ro 0.9. Since Miocene source
rocks have been proven onshore in the Tidung
29
sub-basin, itis proposed that similar facies are
likely to be present below Tarakan and Bunyu
Island and the Vanda area, The hydrocarbons
encountered in the Vanda-1 are extremely
significant as it establishes that mature source
rocks are present far out into the basin and well
away from the delta plain coals that have been
documented in the updip portions of the
Tarakan Basin and that are typically regarded
as the likely hydrocarbon source rocks along
the eastern margin of Kalimantan. Although
the Vanda-I flowed gas on test, a significant
liquid hydrocarbon charge could be present in’
the offshore portions of the basin. A RFT near
TD in the Vanda-| at 3559.7 m recovered 35.3
API oil in two chambers and below the tested
gas zones. This data suggests that the area is
not overmature for oil. The geothermal
gradients likely decrease in an offshore
direction, an observation that is common in
passive margin basins 30
Chapter 4
Oil Play Concept
Both the Tarakan and Bunyu Arches are proven
hydrocarbon fairways into which hydrocarbon
charge has been focused by these basinward
plunging noses into Plio-Pleistocene sandstone
reservoirs deposited in a very proximal/delta
plain depositional setting (Figure 18 and 19).
Unfortunately, a play in this setting has resulted
in the discovery of several oil and gas
accumulations with poor lateral reservoir
continuity, poor recovery efficiency and
typically hydrocarbon volumes that are often
too small to develop under current PSC terms
and market conditions. The exploration effort
‘on the shallow shelf has concentrated on the
areas immediately along strike of the plunge
ofthe arches. Little exploration effort has been
made in areas to the northeast and southwest
flanks of the arches, where sandstones may
either pinch-out or become truncated giving
rise to wholly or partially stratigraphic trapping
geometries. Traps in this dip position are
difficult to identify; cross fault leakage in
highly likely due to a very high net-to-gross
sandstone ration. The two largest fields in the
basin, Tarakan (215 MMBO) and Bunyu (140
MMBO and 350 ,TCF) are faulted anticlines.
All of the other accuntulations are substantially
dependent upon fault closure and all contain
less than 25 MMBO recoverable. As the
southeasterly plunging arches become
progressively younger from south to north there.
could be problems with the timing of trap
formation and hydrocarbon change in the
northernmost part of the Tarakan Basin.
A Miocene clastic reservoir play has been
proven in the onshore Berau and Tidung
b
Sub-Basins with the/ establishment of
production at Sembakung Field (25 MMBO)
in 1976 by Arco (Figure 18). This play type is
located in a half graven tectonic province
(Pertamina DAK-SSG, 1993). Traps are found
at rollover anticlines within down block of
major growth faults. Play objectives of this
tectonic province are Santul, Tabul, and Meliat
Formation with carbonaceous source rock of
Meliat Formation. Bangkudulis Field (2.4
MMBO), which is located in the west of
Bangkudulis Island has the same play type as
Sembakung Field (Pertamina DAK-SSG,
1993). Additional accumulations are likely,
however, exploration has been hampered by
poor seismic data quality and coverage.
Little exploration effort has been made in areas
further offshore which are characterized by
growth faulting apart from the drilling of well
Vanda- by Sceptre in 1990 (Figure 18), Four
potentially productive fairways have been
identified: 1. a shelfal trend of growth faults
in water depths of 20-100 meters influenced
by arch inversion; 2. a growth fault trend west,
of the Vanda-I well in water depths deeper than
100 meters; 3. an inboard crestal collapse/
graben trend of faulting located down dip of
the Bulungan Delta and 4. an outboard crestal
collapse/graben trend located in the
southeastern portion of the Sebawang II PSC
Block in water depths greater than 200 m and
downdip to the inboard crestal collapse
(Figure 18)
All four offshore fairways rely upon deltaic
progradation to the east and forced regressions
during drops in sea level to get deposition of
reservoir far down dip of existing well control.
Traps could exist containing thick delta front
and turbidite reservoirs in the hanging walls
of large scale listric growth faults. In this
setting, reservoirs and seals could be thicker
and more continuous. LEGEND
Feng tanner) hen osgore
cone caste wn ot ver
Rimecocee TIT] ecenecartorae py
‘ho Dorn naar esta colapselgnben tottocene
down dip Busurgan Dalia TD eabanare lay
ovegaton sods or satomang bck ag NE anteater Suan Bornaty
FIGURE 18 - Oil Play Concept Map of the Tarakan Basin
uu TIDUNG - TARAKAN SUB-BASIN
Coast Line
4
- MUARA SUB-BASIN
BERAU In the west and far north of the Tarakan Basin
where clastic sediment supply appears to have
been limited, Miocene carbonate shelf
containing isolated build-ups rised (Figure 19)
These build-ups have been tested by several
wells and found to be tight. North of the Ahus
Arch are the Plio-Pleistocene is characterized
by a larger proportion of carbdnates. Thick
untested carbonate buildups have developed
along the footwalls of many of the faults.
Reservoir quality is the highest risk in these
carbonate buildups.
Oligo-Miocene carbonate reefs of the Tabalar
Formation comprise the most prospective play
in the Muara Sub-basin (Figure 19). No
‘commercial hydrocarbon discoveries have been
made, however, oil and gas shows were
reported in exploration wells which penetrated
33
reef prospects at Karang Besar-1, Segitiga-1
and Tabalar-1. This sub-basin is structurally
less complex being characterized by uniform
subsidence between basement ridges and
persistent carbonate deposition on basement
highs and platform areas. Trap types include
pinnacle reefs aligned on tenuous structural
ridges or shelf edge, fore-reef talus deposits,
wrench related folds, wedge out on flanks of
structures or along unconformities, and reefal
facies located on basement highs or on discrete
ridges. Onlap and pinchout stratigraphic traps
‘of Eocene sandstones are poorly defined from
seismic data (Beicip, 1992). Here the primary
risks include charge, because the basin is not
deeply buried, and trap because the build-ups
are large along with the potential for thief
zones on lapping the build-ups. 34
Chapter 5
Conclusions
Tarakan Basin consists of four sub-basins,
named Tidung, Tarakan, Berau and Muara
Sub-basins. The basin initially formed by
rifting during the Eocene with continued
spreading of the Makassar Strait evident
present day. The basin is bounded by Pre-
Tertiary basement in the west and wrench faults
in the north and south. The Tarakan Basin is
open to the east. The sub-basins are separated
by faults and unconformities.
Exploration activity in the greater Tarakan
Basin dates back to the earliest exploration for
oil and gas in Indonesia in the nineteenth
century when discoveries were made at
Pamusian (1906; ultimate recoverable 215
MMBO), Juata (1918; ultimate recoverable 18.
MMBO), and Bunyu (1927; ultimate
recoverable 140 MMBO and 350 BCF Gas).
All of the subsequent discoveries are less than
3 MMBO recoverable with exception of
Sembakung Field (1976; ultimate recoverable
25 MMBO).
‘The presence of hydrocarbon charge is not
considered to be a critical risk considering the
existing production, the presence of onshore
oil and gas se¢ps, natural offshore oil slicks
and hydrocarbon shows in exploratory wells
The stratigraphy reflects the generally
regressive nature of the Late Cenozoic with
marine carbonates of the Oligocene and
Miocene grading into progressively more
clastic dominated Plio-Pleistocene sequences.
Several reservoir and seal units have been
identified throughout the Post-Oligocene
section in all of the Sub-Basins.
All of the production to date occurs in a very
proximal depositional setting. The objective
section typically contains abundant coal units,
thin continental and nearshore marine shales
and numerous thin channel sandstones.
Reservoir net-to-gross and percent sandstone
is typically quite high 30-65 percent;
explaining the high failure rate of fault traps
and higher volumes in faulted and simple
anticlines. Clastic plays further down-dip
where reservoir and seal continuity may be
much higher could be more successful
Large carbonate build-ups of Oligo-Miocene
age provide attractive exploration targets inzhe
lightly explored Muara Sub-basin.
Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge Shell Companies
in Indonesia for data and facility support, We
would like to thank Bambang, Wahyudi,
Sugiran, and Hipni for their drafting support
Paul Kehrens is thanked for his contribution
in Figure 5, The primary draft of this paper
was reviewed by Geoff Edwards References
Achmad, Z. & Samuel, L., 1984, Stratigraphy
and Depositional Cycles in the N.E.
alimantan Basin, IPA {3th Annual
Convention Proceeding,
Akuabatin, H., Rosandi, T., & Samuel, L.,
1984, Depositional Environment of the
Hydrocarbon Bearing Tabul, Santul and
Tarakan Formations at Bunyu Island, NE.
