LATIN PHRASE BOOK

C. MEISSNER

I. THE WORLD AND NATURE

1. THE WORLD CREATION

rerum or mundi universitas - the universe.
rerum natura or simply natura- creation ; nature.
haec omnia, quae videmus- the visible world.
totius mundi convenientia et consensus - the perfect harmony of the universe.
deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit - God made the world.
(creare is usually employed in the sense of producing, originating, causing, e.g. similitudo creat errorem ;
periculum alicui creare. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De.Fin. rerum quas creat
natura.)
deus est mundi procreator ( not creator ), aedificator, fabricator, opifex rerum - God is the creator of the world.
elementa
initia, principia rerum - the elements.
elementa et tamquam semina rerum - the elements and first beginnings.
nutus et pondus, nutus (roph) - gravity.

2. THE EARTH AND ITS SURFACE

orbis terrae, terrarum - the earth ; the globe.
(To the Romans orbis terrarum ( more rarely orbis terrae ) meant all those countries which made up the Roman
Empire.)
( terra ) continens ( B.G. 5.8.2) - the continent.
terra ( regio ) mediterranea - an inland region; the interior.
interior Asiae
interiora Asiae - the interior of Asia.
sinus urbis (Sall. Cat. 52.35) - the heart of the city.
in ipsam, intimam Graeciam penetrare - to penetrate into the heart of Greece.
terra effert fruges - the earth brings forth fruit, crops.
( more rarely fert - ferre is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. haec aetas perfectum oratorem tulit (Brut.
12.45) but not profert)
terra fundit fruges - the earth brings forth fruit abundantly.
animata ( animalia ) inanimaque ( not inanimata ) - animate and inanimate nature.
ea, quae terra gignit
ea, quae e terra gignuntur
ea, quae e terra stirpibus continentur
ea quorum stirpes terra continentur (N.D.2.10.26) ;
arbores stirpesque
herbae stirpesque (De. Fin. 5.11.33) - the vegetable kingdom.
radices agere (De. Off. 2.12.73)- to take root.
gemmas agere - to bud, blossom.
gemmae proveniunt - the trees are budding.
arbores frondescunt - the trees are coming into leaf.
rami late diffunduntur - twigs are shooting out, spreading.
montes vestiti silvis - wooded hills.
summus mons - the top of the mountain.
culmina Alpium - the summits of the Alps.
sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte - at the foot of the mountain.
superare Alpes, Pyrenaeum, Apenninum (but Pyrenaei montes, saltus occurs (B.G.1.1.7; B.C. 1.37.1) (both always in the
sing.) - to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines.)
altissimis montibus undique contineri - to be shut in on all sides by very high mountains.
prospectus est ad aliquid - one has a view over ... ; one is able to see as far as. . .
collis leniter ab infimo acclivis ( opp. leniter a summo declivis ) - a gentle ascent.
ad extremeum tumulum - on the edge of the hill.
loca edita, superiora - heights, high ground.
loca aspera et montuosa (Planc. 9.22) - rough and hilly ground.
loca plana or simply plana - level country ; plains.
saxa praerupta - steep rocks.
loca inculta - uncultivated districts.
loca deserta ( opp. frequentia ) - deserts.
loca amoena, amoenitas locorum - pleasant districts ; charming surroundings.

3. WATER - RIVERS - SEA

summa aqua - the surface of the water.
ex aqua exstare - to stand out of the water.
aqua est umbilico tenus - the water reaches up to the waist.
aqua pectus aequat, superat - the water is up to, is above, the chest.
(se) ex aqua emergere - to come to the surface.
( also used metaphorically, e.g. (se ) emergere ex malis (Nep. Att. 11.1) to recover from misfortune.
So emergere e fluctibus servitutis (Harusp. Resp. 23.48))
aquam ex flumine derivare - to draw water from a river.
aquam ducere per hortum - to bring a stream of water through the garden.
aquae ductus (plur. aquarum ductus ) - a conduit ; an aqueduct.
(aquae ductio = the action, process of drawing off the water ; canalis = the water-pipe, channel, conduit.)
agros irrigare - to irrigate fields.
aqua viva, profluens ( opp. stagnum ) running water.
aqua iugis, perennis - a perpetual spring.
frigida, calida lavari (Plin. Ep. 3.5.11) - to take a cold, warm, bath.
aquae, aquarum inops - ill-watered.
fluctuare or fluctuari - driven by the waves.
fluctibus iactari - tossed hither and thither by the waves.
fluctibus ( undis ) obrui , submergi - to be engulfed.
( so metaphorically, aere alieno obrutum esse, to be over head and ears in debt ; nomen alicuius obruere perpetua
oblivione, to drown a person's name in oblivion )
gurgitibus hauriri - to be drowned in the eddies.
flumen citatum fertur - the river flows with a rapid current.
flumen imbribus auctum - a river swollen by the rain.
flumen super ripas effunditur
flumen extra ripas diffluit - the river is over its banks, is in flood.
flumen agros inundat - the river floods the fields .
( innundation = eluvio, not inundatio which is post-classical )
flumen vado transire - to wade across, to ford a river.
flumine secundo - with the stream ; downstream.
flumine adverso - against the stream ; upstream.
Rhenus oritur or profluit ex Alpibus - the Rhine rises in the Alps.
accessus et recessus aestuum - ebb and flow ( of tide ).
decessus aestus - the ebb.
aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes (N.D. 2.53.132) - the alternation of tides.
aestus ex alto se incitat (B.G. 3.12) the tide is coming in.
aestu rursus minuente - when the tide begins to go down.
mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur - there is a storm at sea.
mare medium or internum - the Mediterranean Sea.
(the Romans called it mare nostrum (B.G. 5.1). Similarly mare Oceanus (B.G. 3.7), the Atlantic ; mare superum,
the Adriatic (Att. 8.16.1) ; mare infernum, the Etruscan sea (Att. 8.3.5))

4. FIRE

ignem facere, accendere - to light, make a fire.
ignem tectis inferre, subicere - to set fire to houses.
ignem concipere, comprehendere - to take fire.
ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25.51) - to make up, stir up a fire.
ignem alere - to keep up a fire.
accendere, incendere aedificia - to set buildings on fire.
inflammare urbem - to set fire to a city.
flammis corripi - to be devoured by the flames.
incendio flagrare, or simply conflagrare, ardere (Liv.30.7) - to be on fire, in flames.
incendio deleri, absumi - to be burned to ashes.
igni cremari, necari - to perish in the flames.
ignem conclamare - to raise an alarm of fire.
ventus ignem distulit - (B.G. 5.43) the wind spread the conflagration.

5. AIR - SKY - CLIMATE - HEAVENLY BODIES

ar terrae circumiectus or circumfusus
ar qui est terrae proximus - the atmosphere.
suspicere (in) caelum
oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum - to raise the eyes to heaven ; to look up to the sky.
(suspicere is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, honor, e.g. viros, honores. Similarly despicere )
sub divo - in the open air.
orbis finiens (Div. 2.44.92) - the horizon.
caelum or natura caeli - climate.
caelum salubre, salubritas caeli ( opp. grave, gravitas ) - healthy climate.
caeli temperatio
ar calore et frigore temperatus - temperate climate.
caeli asperitas - rough climate.
caeli varietas - variable climate.
caelestia - (1 ) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena.
sol oritur, occidit - the sun rises, sets.
ortus, occasus solis - sunrise ; sunset.
sol (luna) deficit, obscuratur - the sun, moon, is eclipsed.
(For an account of an eclipse vid. Liv. 44.37)
solis defectio - an eclipse of the sun.
luna crescit ; decrescit, sensescit - the moon waxes, wanes.
motus stellarum constantes et rati - the regular courses of the stars.
cursum conficere in caelo - to run its course in the sky.
caelum astris distinctum et ornatum - the star-lit sky ; the firmament.
nox sideribus illustris - a star-light night.
stellae errantes vagae - the planets.
stellae inerrantes (N.D. 2.21.54)
sidera certis locis infixa - the fixed stars.
orbis lacteus - the milky way.
orbis signifer - the zodiac.
vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli - the pole.
orbis pars (terrae ) cingulus - a zone.
orbis medius - the temperate zone.

6. NATURAL PHENOMENA

vocis imago, or simply imago - an echo.
( also metaphorically, e.g. gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago (Tusc. 3.3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue.)
saxa voci respondent or resonant - the rocks re-echo.
ventus remittit (opp. increbrescit ) - the wind is falling.
ventus cadit, cessat - the wind dies down, is at rest.
ventis secundis, adversis uti - to have favorable, contrary winds.
ventus se vertit in Africum - the wind is turning to the south-west.
tempestas cooritur - a storm is rising.
imber tenet (Liv.23.44.6) - the rain continues.
imbres repente effusi - a sudden shower.
tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci - to meet with good weather.
calor se frangit (opp. increscit ) - the heat is abating.
sol ardet, urit - the sun burns, scorches.
adore solis torreri - to be dried up by the sun's heat.
tanta vis frigoris insecta est, ut -the frost set in so severely that ...
frigore ( gelu ) rigere, torpere - to be numb with cold.
frigore confici - to freeze to death.
aestus et frigoris patientem esse - to be able to bear the heat and cold.
tempestas cum magno fragore ( caeli ) tonitribusque (Liv. 1.16) - a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder.
caelum tonitru tremit - the heavens are shaken by the thunder.
fulmina micant - the lightning flashes.
( used sometimes figuratively, e.g. fulmen verborum , fulmina eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae (Tusc.2.27), fulmina
imperii (Balb. 15.34).
fulmen locum tetigit - the lightning has struck somewhere.
fulmen tangi, ici
de caelo tangi, percuti - to be struck by lightning.
fulmine ictus - struck by lightning.
eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum - an eruption of Etna.
Vesuvius evomit ( more strongly eructat ) ignes - Vesusvius is discharging flame.
venti ab ortu solis flant - the east winds are blowing.


II. SPACE AND TIME

1. POINTS OF THE COMPASS - SITUATION

spectare in ( vergere ad ) orientem ( solem ), occidentem ( solem ), ad meridiem, in septentriones - to lie to the east, west,
south, north.
( "the East" and "the West" = orientis , occidentis ( solis ) terrae, partes, regiones, gentes. The adjectives orientalis,
occidentalis are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is represented by terrae
septentrionibus subiectae ; the south by terrae australis. )
spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones - to be situate to the north-west.
Germania quae or Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientem, occidentem vergit - eastern, western Germany.
est a septentrionibus collis - a hill lies to the north.
situs loci - the situation of a place.
natura loci - the natural position of a place.
opportunitas loci (B.G.3.14) - the advantageous situation of a place.
opportuno loco situm or positum esse - to be favorably situated.
urbs situ ad aspectum praeclara est - the city is very beautifully situated.
oppidum mari adiacet - the town lies near the sea.
villa tangit viam - the country-house stands near the road.
oppidum colli inpositum est - the town stands on rising ground.
oppidum monti subiectum est - the town lies at the foot of the mountain.
promunturium in mare procurrit - a promontory juts out into the sea.
paeninsula in mare excurrit, procurrit - a peninsula projects into the sea.
promunturium superare - to double a cape.
urbs in sinu sita est - the city is situated on the bay.

2. BOUNDARY - TERRITORY - DISTANCE

tangere, attingere terram , finitimum esse terrae - to be contiguous, adjacent to a country.
( vicinum esse, to be neighboring ; used of houses, gardens, etc.)
continentem esse terrae or cum terra (Fam. 15.2.2) - to have the same boundaries ; to be contiguous.
Gallia Rhodano continetur - Gaul is bounded by the Rhine.
( contineri aliqua re also means (1) to be bounded by ... e.g. Oceano ; (2) to be limited, restricted to e.g. moenibus)
Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit - the Rhine is the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani.
fines ( imperii ) propagare, extendere, (longius) proferre - to enlarge the boundaries of a kingdom.
(ex) finibus excedere - to evacuate territory.
in Sequanis - in the country of the Sequani.
in Sequanos proficisci - to invade the territory of the Sequani.
porrigi ad septentriones - to stretch northwards.
haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum - the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine.
in latitudinem, in longitudinem patere - to extend in breadth, in length.
late patere - to have a wide extent.
( patere denotes extension in its widest sense ; pertinere, extension from one point to another, e.g. ars et late patet
et ad multos pertinet (De Or. 1.55.235) ; ex oppido pars Helvetios pertinet (B.G.1.6.3)( also metaphorically, e.g.
vocabulum latius patet - the word has a more extended signification )
imperium orbis terrarum terminis definitur - the empire reaches to the ends of the world.
longe, procul abesse ab urbe - to be far from town.
prope ( propius, proxime ) abesse - to be not far away.
paribus intervallis distare - to be equidistant.
tantundem viae est - the road is the same length.
longo spatio, intervallo interiecto - at a great distance.
intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse - to be separated by an immense interval of space and time.
a mille passibus - a mile away.
e longinquo - from a distance.
loca longinqua - distant places.
ultimae terrae, extremae terrae partes - the most distant countries, the world's end.
longinquae nationes - distant tribes.

3. ROAD -TRAVEL

viam sternere ( silice, saxo ) - to pave a road.
substruere viam glarea (Liv. 41.27) - to make a gravel path.
via strata - a street, a made road.
via trita - a well-trodden, much frequented way.
( tritus is also used figuratively, e.g. proverbium ( sermone ) tritum (De Off. 1.10.33), vocabulum latino
sermone non tritum (Acad. 1.7.27))
viam munire -to make a road.
( Cf. in metaphorical sense, viam ad honores alicui munire (Mur. 10.23))
viam patefacere, aperire - to open a route.
ferro viam facere ( per confertos hostes ) - to cut one's way ( through the enemies' ranks).
viam includere, iter obstruere - to obstruct a road ; close a route.
via fert, ducit aliquo - a road leads some where.
in viam se dare, viae se committere - to set out on a journey.
viam ingredi, inire ( also metaphorically )- to enter upon a route ; to take a road.
recta via (abl.) - straight on.
de via declinare, deflectere ( also metaphorically ) - to turn aside from the right way ; to deviate.
( de via ) decedere alicui - to make way for some one.
Appia via proficisci - to set out by the Appian road.
erranti viam monstrare - to direct a person who has lost his way.
errores Ulixis - the wanderings of Ulysses.
viam persequi ( also metaphorically ) - to continue one's journey, pursue one's course.
longam viam conficere - to accomplish a long journey.
fessus de via - weary with travel ; way worn.
Hercules in trivio, in bivio, in compitis - Hercules at the crossroads, between virtue and vice.
(vid . on this subject De Off. 1.32.118 ; Fam. 5.12. 3.)
iter facere (1) to take a journey, (2) to make, lay down a road (rare).
una iter facere - to travel together.
iter ingredi ( pedibus, equo, terra ) - to begin a journey ( on foot, on horseback, by land ).
iter aliquo derigere, intendere ; tendere aliquo - to journey towards a place.
longum itineris spatium emetiri - to finish a very long journey.
ex itinere redire - to return from a journey.
( reverti means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in
a place, or continuing one's journey, cf. Div. 1.15.27, itaque revertit ex itinere , cum iam progressus esset
multorum dierum viam. Similarly reditus = return, reversio generally = turning back. Cicero only uses revenire
in conjunction with domum.)
in itinere - on a journey ; by the way.
( ex itinere implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is a difference between in itinere aliquem aggredi
and ex itinere , etc. In the same way distinguish in fuga and ex fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati. )
iter terreste, pedestre - travel by land, on foot.
itinera diurna nocturnaque - travelling day and night.
iter unius diei or simply diei - a day's journey.
iter impeditum - an impassable road.
disiunctissimas ultimas terras peragrare ( not permigrare ) - to travel through the most remote countries.
peregrinatio - a foreign journey.
perigrinari, peregre esse - to be traveling abroad.
peregre proficisci - to go abroad.
aliquem proficiscentem prosequi - to accompany anyone when starting ; to see a person off.
aliquem proficiscentem votis ominibusque prosequi - to wish anyone a prosperous journey.
(prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative occurs in several phrases - e.g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis
honorificis ; beneficis, officiis, studiis suis, ominibus, votis, lacrimis.)
rus excurrere - to make a pleasure-trip into the country.
ruri vivere, rusticari - to live in the country.
vita rustica - country life ( the life of resident farmers, etc.)
rusticatio, vita rusticana - country life ( of casual, temporary visitors )

4. COMING - GOING

pedibus ire - to go on foot.
discedere a, de ex loco aliquo, egredi loco - to quit a place forever.
( relinquere, e.g. domum, properly means to give up, renounce the possession or enjoyment of a place.) ; excedere
ex loco - to leave a place. decedere loco, de, ex loco ( Cf. especially decedere ( ex, de ) provincia, used regularly of
a magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. Similarly, where life is compared to a province,
decedere ( de ) vita, or merely decedere = to quit this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20.73))
ingredi, intrare urbem, introire in urbem - to enter a city.
porta ingredi, exire - to go in at, go out of a gate.
extra portam egredi - to go outside the gate.
commeare ad aliquem - to go in and out of anyone's house ; to visit frequently.
Romam venire, pervenire - to come to Rome.
adventus Romam, in urbem - arrival in Rome, in town.
in unum locum convenire, confluere - to collect together at one spot.
Romam concurrere (Mil. 21.55) to stream towards Rome.
obviam ire alicui - to meet anyone.
obvium or obviam esse, obviam fieri - to meet someone by chance.
incidere in aliquem
offendere, nancisci aliquem - to meet, come across a person ; to meet casually.
obviam alicui aliquem mittere - to send to meet a person.

5. RIDING - DRIVING

curru vehi, in rheda (Mil. 21.55) - to drive.
equo vehi - to ride.
sternere equum - to saddle a horse.
conscendere equum, ascendere in equum - to mount.
descendere ex equo - to dismount.
in equo sedere
equo insidere - to be on horseback.
( in ) equo haerere - to sit a horse well ; to have a good seat.
calcaria subdere equo, calcaribus equum concitare - to put spurs to a horse.
equo citato or admisso - at full gallop.
freno remisso
effusis habenis - with loose reins.
equum in aliquem concitare - to ride against anyone with full speed ; charge a person.
habenas adducere - to tighten the reins.
admittere, permittere equum
frenos dare equo - to give a horse the reins.
( frenos, calcaria alicui adhibere, used metaphorically. )
agitare equum - to make a horse prance.
moderari equum - to manage a horse.
equi consternantur - the horses are panic-stricken, run away.
equos incitatos sustinere - to bring horses to the halt when at full gallop.

6. WALKING - FOOTSTEPS - DIRECTION

gradum facere - to take a step.
gradum addere (sc. gradui ) (Liv. 26.9) - to increase one's pace.
suspenso gradu - on tiptoe.
gradum sensim referre - to retreat step by step.
vestigia alicuius sequi, persequi, or vestigia aliquem sequi, persequi
vestigiis alicuius insistere, ingredi ( also metaphorically) - to follow in anyone's steps.
loco or vestigio se non movere - not to stir from one's place.
recta ( regione, via )
in directum - in a straight line.
in obliquum - in an oblique direction ; sideways.
obliquo monte decurrere - to run obliquely down the hill.
in contrarium
in contrarias partes - in an opposite direction.
in transversum
e transverso - transversely.
quoquo versus
in omnes partes - in all directions.
in diversas partes or simply diversi abeunt, discedunt - they disperse in different directions.
huc ( et ) illuc - hither and thither.
ultro citroque - on this side and on that ; to and fro.
longe lateque
passim (e.g. fluere ) - far and wide ; on all sides ; everywhere.

7. MOVEMENT IN GENERAL

se conferre in aliquem locum, petere locum - to go to a place.
quo tendis? - where are you going?
sublimem or sublime ( not in sublime or sublimiter ) ferri, abire - to fly aloft ; to be carried to the sky.
praecipitem ire
in praeceps deferri - to fall down headlong.
in profundum deici - to fall down into the abyss.
se deicere de muro - to throw oneself from the ramparts.
deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio - to throw someone down the Tarpeian rock.
Nilus praecipitat ex altissimis montibus - the Nile rushes down from very high mountains.
( praecipitare is also transitive, e.g. praecipitare aliquem, to hurl a person down ; ruere always intransitive except
in poetry.)
se proripere ex domo - to rush out of the house.
humi procumbere - to fall on the ground.
humi prosternere aliquem - to throw anyone to the ground.
in terram cadere, decidere - to fall to the earth.
in terram demergi - to sink into the earth.
appropinquare urbi, rarely ad urbem - to draw near to a city.
propius accedere ad urbem or urbem - to advance nearer to the city.
longius progredi, procedere - to march further forward.
Romam versus proficisci
ad Romam proficisci - to advance in the direction of Rome.
properat, maturat proficisci - he starts in all haste, precipitately.
consequi, assequi aliquem - to catch someone up.
praecurrere aliquem ( celeritate )
post se relinquere aliquem - to overtake and pass someone.
multitudo circumfunditur alicui - a crowd throngs around someone.
per totum corpus diffundi - to spread over the whole body.

8. TIME IN GENERAL

tempus praeterit, transit - time passes.
tempus habere alicui rei - to have time for a thing.
tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum - I have no time to do something.
tempus consumere in aliqua re - to pass one's time in doing something.
tempus terere, conterere ( in ) aliqua re - to waste time on something.
tempus conferre ad aliquid - to employ one's time in ...
tempus tribuere alicui rei - to devote time to anything.
tempus non amittere, perdere - to lose no time.
nullum tempus intermittere, quin ( also ab opere, or ad opus ) - to devote every spare moment to ... ; to work without
intermission at a thing.
tempus ducere - to spend time.
aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre - to put off till another time ; to postpone.
nihil mihi longius est or videtur quam dum or quam ut - I cannot wait till ...
nihil mihi quam longius quam ( c. Inf. ) - nothing is more tiresome to me than ...
tempus ( spatium ) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere - to require, give, take time for
deliberation.
paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare - to give someone a few days for reflection.
tempori servire, cedere - to accommodate oneself to circumstances.
( the verb servire helps to form several phrases, e.g. servire valetudine, to be a valetudinarian ; iracundiae, to be
unable to restrain one's anger ; brevitati, to be concise ; communi utilitati, to be devoted to the public good, etc. ) ex
quo tempore or simply ex quo - since the time that, since ( at the beginning of a sentence )
eo ipso tempore, cum
tum ipsum, cum - at the same moment that, precisely when.
incidunt tempora, cum - occasions arise for ...
tempus ( ita ) fert ( not secum ) - circumstances demand.
tempus maximus est, ut - it is high time that ...
haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria - the present day.
his temporibus, nostra ( hac ) aetate, nostra memoria, his ( not nostris ) diebus - in our time ; in our days.
nostra aetas multas victorias vidit - our generation has seen many victories.
memoria patrum nostrorum - in our fathers' time.
aetate ( temporibus ) Periclis - in the time of Pericles.
antiquis temporibus - in old days, in the olden time.
( antiquitas = the state of affairs in times gone by, not a division of time ; so antiquitatis studia, archaeology ;
veteres or antiqui poetae, populi, the poets, people of antiquity ; antiqua monumenta, the relics of antiquity.
antiquitates plur. is used for the institutions, usages of times gone by.)
libera re publica - in the time of the Republic.
tempora Caesariana - the imperial epoch.
media quae vocatur aetas - the middle ages.
Pericles summus vir illius aetatis, Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior, Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus
- Pericles, the greatest man of his day.
vir ut illis temporibus doctus - a man of considerable leaning for those times.
tempore progrediente - in process of time.
primo quoque tempore - at the first opportunity.
puncto temporis - in an instant.
momento temporis - at the important moment.
( momentum (i.e. movimentum ) is properly that which sets in motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things,
cf. Lucr. iv. 819 momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum. Livy and later writers employ the word in the sense of a
moment of time.)
in ipso discrimine ( articulo ) temporis - just at the critical moment.
temporis causa - on the spur of the moment.
ad tempus adesse - to be there at a given time.
( ad tempus also means (1) according to the circumstances of the case, e.g. ad tempus concilium capere (2) for a
short time, temporarily. )
ad exiguum tempus
brevis or exigui temporis - for a short time.
satis longo intervallo - after a fairly long interval.
spatio temporis intermisso - after some time.
in praesentia, in praesens ( tempus ) - at present ; for the moment.
in posterum
in futurum - for the future.
in perpetuum - for ever.
semel atque iterum
iterum ac saepius
identidem
etiam atque etiam - more than once, repeatedly.
futura providere ( not praevidere )- to foresee the future.
futura or casus futuros ( multo ante ) prospicere - to foresee the far distant future.
futura non cogitare, curare - to take no thought for the future.
saeculi consuetudo or ratio atque inclinatio temporis ( temporum ) - the spirit of the times, the fashion.
( the spirit of things is usually rendered by such words as natura, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas, e.g. the spirit,
genius of language, natura or proprietas sermonis ; the spirit of the laws, voluntas et sententia legum.)
his moribus - according to the present custom, fashion.

9. YEAR - SEASON

praeterito anno ( not praeterlapso ) - in the past year.
superiore, priore anno - last year.
proximo anno - (1) last year, (2) next year
insequenti(e) anno ( not sequente ) - in the following year.
anno peracto, circumacto, interiecto, intermisso - after a year has elapsed.
( unless one is emphasized unus is left out with the following words : annus, mensis, dies, hora, and verbum.)
anno vertente - in the course of a year.
initio anni, ineunte anno - at the beginning of the year.
exeunte, extremo anno - at the end of the year.
singulis annis, diebus - year by year; day by day.
quinto quoque anno - every fifth year.
ad annum - a year from now.
amplius sunt ( quam ) viginti anni or viginti annis - it is more than twenty years ago.
viginti anni et amplius, aut plus - twenty years and more.
abhinc ( ante ) viginti annos or viginti his annis - twenty years ago.
quinque anni sunt or sextus annus est, cum te non vidi - I have not seen you for five years.
quinque annos or sextum ( iam ) annum abest - he has been absent five years.
anno ab urbe condita quinto - in the fifth year from the founding of the city.
commutationes temporum quadripartitae - the succession of the four seasons.
verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore - in spring, summer, autumn, winter time.
ineunte, primo vere - at the beginning of spring.
ver appetit - spring is approaching.
suavitas verni temporis - the charms of spring.
summa aetate, hieme - in the height of summer, depth of winter.
hiems subest - winter is at hand.
hiemem tolerare - to bear the winter.
anni descriptio - the division of the year ( into months, etc. )
annus ( mensis, dies ) intercalaris - the intercalary year ( month, day )
fasti - the calendar ( list of fasts and festivals ).

10. DAY - DIVISIONS OF THE DAY

ante lucem - before daybreak.
prima luce - at daybreak.
luce ( luci ) - in full daylight.
ubi illuxit, luxit, diluxit - when it was day.
lucet - it is daylight.
diluculo - in the morning twilight.
advesperascit - evening is drawing on.
die, caelo vesperascente - when it is growing dusk ; towards evening.
multus dies or multa lux est - the day is already far advanced.
ad multam noctem - till late at night.
de nocte, de die - while it is still night, day.
multa de nocte - late at night.
intempesta, concubia nocte - in the dead of the night ; at midnight.
silentio noctis - in the silence of the night.
vicissitudines dierum noctiumque - the succession of day and night.
noctes diesque, noctes et dies, et dies et noctes, dies noctesque, diem noctemque - night and day.
tempus matutinum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum - morning, noon, evening, night.
tempora matutina - the morning hours.
in dies ( singulos ) - from day to day.
in diem vivere - to live from day to day, from hand to mouth.
alternis diebus - every other day.
quattuor dies continui - four successive days.
unus et alter dies - one or two days.
diem proferre (Att. 13.14) - to adjourn, delay.
biduo serius - two days late.
( used absolutely "to late" = sero ; if "too late for, " "later than, " always serius quam. )
hora (abl.) citius - an hour too soon.
postridie qui fuit dies Non. Sept. ( Nonarum Septembrium ) (Att. 4.1.5) - on the day after, which was September 5th.
hodie qui est dies Non. Sept. - today the 5th of September
cras qui dies futurus est Non. Sept. - tomorrow September the 5th.
dies hesternus, hodiernus, crastinus - yesterday, today, tomorrow.
diem dicere colloquio - to appoint a date for an interview.
ad diem constitutam - at the appointed time.
diem videre, cum... - to live to see the day when ...
dies dolorem mitigabat - time will assuage his grief.
quota hora est? - what time is it?
tertia hora est - it is the third hour ( = 9 A.M.)
ad horam compositam - at the time agreed upon.


III. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

omnibus artubus contremiscere - to tremble in every limb.
aures claudere, patefacere (e.g. veritati, assentatoribus) to turn a deaf ear to, to opens one's ears to ...
aures praebere alicui - to listen to a person.
aures alicuius obtundere or simply obtundere ( aliquem ) - to din a thing into a person's ears.
in aurem alicui dicere ( insusurrare ) aliquid - to whisper something in a person's ear.
ad aures alicuius ( not alicui ) pervenire, accidere - to come to some one's ears.
aures erigere - to prick up one's ears.
oratio in aures influit - his words find an easy hearing, are listened to with pleasure.
aures elegantes, teretes, tritae ( De Or. 9.27) a fine, practiced ear.
neque auribus neque oculis satis consto - I am losing my eyesight and getting deaf.
caput aperire ( opp. operire ) - to uncover one's head.
capite aperto ( opp. operto ) - bare-headed.
capite obvoluto - with head covered.
caput demittere - to bow one's head.
caput praecidere - to cut off a man's head.
caput pariete impingere - to strike one's head against the wall.
( caput has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. capita coniurationis (Liv. 9.26), the leaders of the conspiracy ;
caput Graeciae, the capital of Greece ; caput cenae, the chief dish ; capita legis, the headings, clauses of a law ; id
quod caput est, the main point ; de capite deducere (Liv. 6.15), to subtract from the capital ; capitis periculum,
mortal peril ; capitis deminutio ( maxima, media, minima ) (Liv. 22.60), deprivation of civil rights. caput is often
 combined with fons = source, origin, e.g. ille fons est caput Socrates (Cic. De Or. 1.42) ; in aegritudine est fons
miseriarium et caput (Cic.) By metonymy caput is used with liberum ( and noxium ) (Verr. 2.32.79) with the
meaning of a free ( guilty ) person, individual.)
cervices ( in Cic. only in plur. ) frangere alicui or alicuius - to break a person's neck.
gladius cervicibus impendet - a sword hangs over his neck.
hostis in cervicibus alicuius est - the foe is at our heels, is upon us.
( Cf. velut in cervicibus habere hostem (Liv. 44.39) ; bellum ingens in cervicibus est (Liv. 22.33.6)
promittere crinem, barbam - to grow one's hair, beard long.
passis crinibus - with dishevelled hair.
capilli horrent - his hair stands on end.
capilli compti, compositi ( opp. horridi ) - well-ordered, well brushed hair.
extremis digitis aliquid attingere - to touch with the fingertips.
frontem contrahere, adducere ( opp. explicare ) to frown.
frontem ferire, percutere - to beat one's brow.
in fronte alicuius inscriptum est - one can see it in his face.
ab alicuius latere non discedere - to be always at a person's side.
a latere regis esse - to belong to the king's bodyguard.
manum ( dextram ) alicui porrigere - to give one's hand to someone.
manum non vertere alicuius rei causa - to make not the slightest effort ; not to stir a finger.
( Cf. ne digitum quidem porrigere alicuius rei causa.)
manus inicere, inferre, afferre alicui - to lay violent hands on a person.
manus tollere - to raise one's hands in astonishment.
manus dare - to own oneself conquered, surrender.
manu ducere aliquem - to lead someone by the hand.
manu or in manu tenere aliquid - to hold something in one's hand.
in manibus habere aliquid ( also metaphorically ) - to have something in one's hand, on hand.
de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid - to pass a thing from hand to hand.
ex or de manibus alicui or alicuius extorquere aliquid - to wrest from a person's hand.
e manibus dimittere - to let go from one's hands.
in alicuius manus venire, pervenire - to come into someone's hands.
in alicuius manus incidere - to fall unexpectedly into someone's hands.
in manus (m) sumere aliquid - to take something into one's hands.
in manibus aliquem gestare - to welcome with open arms.
( Notice too liberos de parentum complexu avellere (Verr. 2.1.3.7), to snatch children from their parents arms ( not
bracchium ), so in alicuius complexu mori ; in alicuius complexu haerere. medium aliquem amplecti, to take to
one's arms, embrace ; libentissimo animo accipere, to carry in one's arms. )
e (de) manibus effugere, elabi - to slip, escape from the hands.
( Distinguish effugere aliquid, to escape the touch of, e.g. invidiam, mortem ; and effugere ex aliqua re, to escape
from a position one is already in, e.g. carcere, e caede, e proelio. Notice fugit me, it escapes my notice.)
inter manus auferre aliquem - to carry someone away in one's arms.
compressis manibus sedere (proverb.) (Liv. 7.13) - to sit with folded arms ; to be inactive.
mordicus tenere aliquid - to hold fast in the teeth ( also metaphorically, obstinately ).
oculos conicere in aliquem - to turn one's gaze on ; to regard.
oculos circumferre - to look in every direction.
in omnes partes aciem ( oculorum ) intendere - to gaze intently all around.
omnium oculos ( et ora ) ad se convertere - to draw everyone's eyes upon one.
omnium animos or mentes in se convertere - to attract universal attention.
conspici, conspicuum esse aliqua re - to make oneself conspicuous.
oculos ( aures, animum ) advertere ad aliquid - to turn one's eyes ( ears, attention ) toward an object.
( animum advertere aliquid = animadvertere aliquid = to notice a thing ; animadvertere in aliquem = to punish a
person.)
oculi in vultu alicuius habitant - his eyes are always fixed on someone's face.
oculos figere in terra and in terram - to keep one's eyes on the ground.
oculos pascere aliqua re ( also simply pasci aliqua re ) - to feast one's eyes with the sight of...
oculos deicere, removere ab aliqua re - to turn one's gaze away from an object.
oculos operire ( morienti ) - to close the eyes of a dying person.
( To shut one's eyes to a thing, conivere in aliqua re.)
oculorum aciem alicui praestringere ( also simply praestringere ) - to dazzle a person.
oculos, lumina amittere - to lose one's sight.
oculis privare aliquem, luminibus orbare aliquem - to deprive a person of his eyes.
oculis captum esse - to be blind.
( Cf. caecatus, occaecatus cupiditate, stultitia.) ( Note auribus, oculis, captum esse, to be deaf, blind ; mente
captum esse, to be mad.)
ante oculos aliquid versatur - something presents itself to my vision.
oculis, ante oculos ( animo ) proponere aliquid - to picture a thing to oneself ; to imagine.
ante oculos vestros ( not vobis ) res gestas proponite - picture to yourself the circumstances.
cernere et videre aliquid - see clearly, distinctly.
oculis mentis videre aliquid - to see with the mind's eye.
in oculis aliquem ferre, aliquis est mihi in oculis - to cherish as the apple of one's eyes.
abire ex oculis, e conspectu alicuius - to go out of sight.
venire in conspectum alicuius - to come in sight.
se in conspectum alicuius - to show oneself to someone.
fugere alicuius conspectum, aspectum - to keep out of a person's sight.
in conspectu omnium or omnibus inspectantibus - before everyone, in the sight of the world.
omnia uno aspectu, conspectu intueri - to take in everything at a glance.
non apparere - to have disappeared.
pedibus obterere, conculcare - to trample under foot.
ad pedes alicuius se proicere, se abicere, procumbere, se prosternere - to throw oneself at someone's feet.
ad pedes alicuius iacere, stratum esse ( stratum iacere ) to prostrate oneself before a person.
quod ante pedes est or positum est, non videre - to fail to see what lies before one.
sanguine manare, redundare - to drip blood ; to be deluged with blood.
vultum fingere - to dissemble, disguise one's feelings.
vultus ficti simulatique - a feigned expression.
vultum componere ad severitatem - to put on a stern air.
vultum non mutare - to keep one's countenance, remain impassive.


IV. PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. FEELINGS - SENSATIONS - POWERS

sensus sani, integri, incorrupti - sound, unimpaired senses.
sensibus praeditum esse - to be endowed with sense.
sensu audiendi carere - not to possess the sense of hearing.
sub sensum or sub oculos, sub aspectum cadere; sensibus or sub senus subiectum esse - to come within the sphere of
the senses.
sensibus percipi - to be perceptible to the senses.
res sensibus or oculis subiectae (De Fin. 5.12.36), res quas oculis cernimus, res externae - the world of sense, the visible
world.
sensus movere ( more strongly pellere ) - to make an impression on the senses.
aliquid sensus suaviter afficit, aliquid sensus iucunditate perfundit - a thing makes a pleasant impression on the senses.
pulsu externo, adventicio agitari - to be affected by some external impulse, by external impressions.
sevocare mentem a sensibus (De Nat. D. 3.8.21) - to free one's mind from the influences of the senses.
aliquid a sensibus meis abhorret - something offends my instincts, goes against the grain.
vires corporis or merely vires - bodily strength.
vires colligere - to gain strength.
vires aliquem deficiunt - to lose strength.
dum vires suppetunt -as long as one's strength holds out.
bonis esse viribus - to be robust, vigorous.
pro viribus or pro mea parte, pro virile parte (Cf. 22) - as well as I can ; to the best of my ability.
( pro virile parte is distinct from the other expressions, as implying more assurance and confidence on the part of
the speaker.)

2. BIRTH - LIFE

in lucem edi - to see the light, come into the world.
ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspeximus - those to whom we owe our being.
tollere or suscipere liberos - to accept as one's own child ; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education.
( It was the custom for a Roman father to lift up his new-born child, which was laid on the ground at his feet ;
hence the expression tollere, suscipere.)
aliquem in liberorum loco habere - to treat as one's own child.
sexus ( not genus ) virilis, muliebris - the male sex, the female sex.
patre, (e) matre natus - son of such and such father, mother.
Cato Uticensis ortus erat a Catone Censorio - Cato of Utica was a direct descendent of Cato the Censor.
originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere - trace one's descent from someone.
Romae natus, (a) Roma oriundus - a native of Rome.
cuias es? - what country do you come from?
natione, genere Anglus - an Englishman by birth.
ortus ab Anglis or oriundus ex Anglis - a native of England.
urbs patria or simply patria - native place.
animam, spiritum ducere - to breathe, live.
ara spiritu ducere - to breathe the air.
animam continere - to hold one's breath.
cursu exanimari (B.G. 2.23.1) - to run till one is out of breath.
spiritum includere alicui - to suffocate a person.
in vita esse - to be alive.
vita or hac luci frui - to enjoy the privilege of living ; to be alive.
vitam beatam ( miseram ) degere - to live a happy ( unhappy ) life.
vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus ) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris ), degere, traducere - to live (all)
one's life (honorably, in the country, as a man of learning).
dum vita suppeditat, si vita suppetit - if I still live then
( suppeditare (1) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. to be present in sufficient quantities = suppetere.)
quod reliquum est vitae - the rest of one's life.
vitae cursum or curriculum conficere - to finish one's career.
( vitae (vivendi) cursus or curriculum = life, career - considering its duration, length. Life = biography is not
curriculum vitae, but simply vita, vitae descriptio. )
Homerus fuit multis annis ante Romam conditam - Homer lived many years before the foundation of Rome.
(To live, speaking chronologically, is esse ; vivere denotes to be alive, pass one's life, e.g. laute, in otio.)

3. TIME OF LIFE

(The terms for the different ages of man are infans, puer, adulescens, iuvenis, senior, senix, grandis natu.)
ea aetate, id aetatis esse - to be of such and such an age.
a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is) - from youth up.
a teneris unguiculis ( > 8< << ) (Fam. 1.6.2) - from one's cradle, from one's earliest childhood.
ab ineunte (prima) aetate (De Or. 1.21.97) from one's entry into civil life.
ex pueris excedere - to leave one's boyhood behind one, become a man.
flos aetatis - the prime of youthful vigour.
aetate florere, vigere
integra aetate esse - to be in the prime of life.
adulescentia deferbuit - the fires of youth have cooled.
aetate progrediente - with advancing years.
aetate ingravescente - with the weight, weakness of declining years.
aetas constans, media, firmata, corroborata ( not virilis ) - manhood.
grandior factus
corroborata, firmata aetate - having reached man's estate.
sui iuris factum esse - to have become independent, be no longer a minor.
longius aetate provectum esse - to be more advanced in years.
grandis natu - aged.
aetate affecta esse - to be infirm with old age.
vires consenescunt - to become old and feeble.
senectute, senio confectum esse - to be worn out by old age.
exacta aetate mori - to die at a good old age.
ad summam senectutem pervenire - to live to a very great age.
senectus nobis obrepit - old age creeps on us insensibly.
admodum adulescens, senex - still quite a young (old) man.
extrema aetas, extremum tempus aetatis - the last stage of life, one's last days.
vita occidens - the evening of life.
aequalem esse alicuius - to be a contemporary of a person.
maior (natu) - the elder.
aetate alicui antecedere, anteire - to be older than.
quot annos natus es? ; qua aetate es? - how old are you?
tredecim annos natus sum - I am thirteen years old.
tertium decimum annum ago - I am in my thirteenth year.
puer decem annorum - a boy ten years old.
decimum aetatis annum ingredi - to be entering one's tenth year.
decimum annum excessisse, egressum esse - to be more than ten years old, to have entered one's eleventh year.
minorem esse viginti decem annos - to be not yet twenty.
tum habebam decem annos - I was ten years old at the time.
centum annos complere
vitam ad annum centesimum perducere - to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a hundred.
accessio paucorum annorum - the addition of a few years.
tertiam iam aetatem videre - to be middle-aged ( i.e. between thirty and forty).
in aetatem alicuius, in annum incidere - to happen during a person's life, year of office.
omnium suorum or omnibus suis superstitem esse - to outlive, survive one's kin.
homines qui nunc sunt ( opp. qui tunc fuerunt )
homines huius aetatis, nostrae memoriae - our contemporaries ; men of our time.
posteri - posterity.
scriptores aetate posteriores or inferiores - later writers.

4. HUNGER - THIRST

esurire - to be hungry.
fame laborare, premi - to be tormented by hunger, to be starving.
famem tolerare, sustenare - to endure the pangs of hunger.
inedia (abl.) mori or vitam finire - to starve oneself to death.
fame confici, perire, interire - to die of starvation.
fame necari - to be starved to death (as punishment).
famem, sitim explere
famem sitimque depellere cibo et potione - to allay one's hunger, thirst.
siti cruciari, premi - to suffer agonies of thirst.
sitim colligere - to become thirsty.
sitim haustu gelidae aquae sedare - to slake one's thirst by a draught of cold water.
famis et sitis patientem esse - to be able to endure hunger and thirst.
( sitis is also used metaphorically - e.g. libertatis sitis (Rep. 1.43.66), so sitire -e.g. honores (de Fin. 4.5.3), libertatem
(Rep.1.43.66), sanguinem (Phil. 2.7.20). The participle sitiens takes the Gen. when used of habit -e.g. sitiens
virtutis (Planc. 5.13).

5. LAUGHTER -TEARS

risum edere, tollere - to begin to laugh
(Not in risum erumpere, which only occurs in late Latin. However, risus, vox, fletus erumpit is classical, similarly
indignatio (Liv. 4.50), furor, cupiditates (Cael. 12.28))
cachinnum tollere, edere - to burst into a roar of laughter.
risum elicere (more strongly excutere) alicui - to make a person laugh.
risum captare - to try and raise a laugh.
risum tenere vix posse
risum aegre continere posse - to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter.
aliquid in risum vertere - to make a thing ridiculous, turn into a joke.
lacrimas, vim lacrimarum effundere, profundere - to burst into a flood of tears.
in lacrimas effundi or lacrimis perfundi - to be bathed in tears.
lacrimis obortis - with tears in one's eyes.
multis cum lacrimis
magno cum fletu - with many tears.
lacrimas tenere non posse
fletum cohibere non posse , vix mihi tempero / vix me contineo, quin lacrimem - to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.

6. HEALTH - SICKNESS

bona (firma, prospera) valetudine esse or uti - to enjoy good health.
(valetudo is a neutral term = state of health. sanitas = soundness of mind reason - e.g. ad sanitatem reverti, to
recover one's reason.)
valetudine consulere, operam dare - to take care of one's health.
firma corporis constitutio or affectio - a good constitution.
infirma, aegra valetudine esse or uti - to be ill, weakly.
in morbum incidit, aegrotare coepit - he fell ill.
morbo tentare or corripi - to be attacked by disease.
morbo affligi - to be laid on a bed of sickness.
lecto teneri - to be confined to one's bed.
vehementer, graviter aegrotare, iacere
gravi morbo affectum esse, conflictari, vexari - to be seriously ill.
leviter aegrotare, minus valere - to be indisposed.
aestu et febri iactari - to have a sever attack of fever.
omnibus membris captum esse - to be affected by disease in every limb ; to be paralyzed.
( Note auribus, oculis, captum esse, to be deaf, blind ; mente captum esse, to be mad.)
ex pedibus laborare, pedibus aegrum esse - to have the gout.
pestilentia ( not pestis) in urbem (populum) invadit - the plague breaks out in the city.
animus relinquit aliquem - a man loses his senses, becomes unconscious.
morbus ingravescit - the disease gets worse
(the comparative and superlative of aeger and aegrotus are not used in this connection, they are replaced by such
phrases as vehementer, graviter aegrotare, morbus ingravescit, etc.)
morbo absumi (Sall. Iug. 5.6) - to be carried off by a disease.
assidere aegroto (Liv. 25.26) - to watch by a sick man's bedside.
aegrotum curare - to treat a patient (used of a doctor).
curationes - method of treatment.
aegrotum sanare (not curare) - to cure a patient.
ex morbo convalescere (not reconvalescere) - to recover from a disease.
e gravi morbo recreari or se colligere - to recruit oneself after a severe disease.
melius ei factum est -he feel better.
valetudinem (morbum) excusare (Liv. 6.22.7), causari valetudinis excusatione uti - to excuse oneself on the score of
health.
(But se excusare alicui or apud alium (de or in aliqua re) = to excuse oneself to someone about a thing).

7. SLEEP - DREAMS

cubitum ire - to go to bed.
somno or quiete se tradere - to lay oneself down to sleep.
somnum capere non posse - to be unable to sleep.
curae somnum mihi adimunt, dormire me non sinunt - I cannot sleep for anxiety.
somnum oculis meis non vidi (Fam. 7.30) -I haven't had a wink of sleep.
arte, graviter dormire (ex lassitudine) - to sleep soundly (from fatigue).
artus somnus aliquem complectitur (Rep. 6.10) - to fall fast asleep.
somno captum, oppressum esse - to be overcome by sleep.
sopitum esse - to be sound asleep.
in lucem dormire - to sleep on into the morning.
somno solvi - to awake.
(e) somno excitare, dormientem excitare - to rouse, wake someone.
e lecto or e cubili surgere - to rise from one's bed, get up.
per somnum, in somnis, per quietem, in quiete - in a dream.
in somnis visus (mihi) sum videre - I dreamed I saw ...
species mihi dormienti oblata est - I saw a vision in my dreams.
somnium verum evadit (Div. 2.53.108) - my dream is coming true.
somnium interpretari - to explain a dream.
somniorum interpres, coniector - an interpreter of dreams.
somniare de aliquo - to dream of a person.

8. DEATH

(de) vita decedere or merely decedere, (ex) vita excedere, ex vita abire, de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare, mortem (diem
supremum) obire - to depart this life.
supremo vitae die - on one's last day.
animam edere or efflare, extremum vitae spiritum edere - to give up the ghost.
mors immatura or praematura - an untimely death.
mature decedere - to die young.
subita morte exstingui - to be cut off by sudden death.
neccessaria (opp. voluntaria) morte mori, morbo perire, absumi, consumi ; debitum naturae reddere (Nep. Reg. 1) - to
die a natural death.
(sua morte defungi or mori is late Latin, cf. Inscr. Orell. 3453 debitum naturae persolvit.)
mortem sibi consciscere - to commit suicide.
(se interficere, se occidere, se necare are rare. During the classic period , when suicide was not common, ipse is
often added -e.g. Crassum se ipsum interemisse (Cic. Scaur. 2.16), Lucretia se ipsa interemit (Fin. 2.20.66) ;
but later, when suicide had become frequent, se interemit ; nonnulli semet interemerunt (Suet. Iul. 89), etc., occur
commonly.
se vita privare - to take one's own life.
manus, vim sibi afferre - to lay hands on oneself.
vitae finem facere - to put an end to one's life.
talem vitae exitum (not finem) habuit (Nep. Eum. 13) - such was the end of ... (used of a violent death).
mortem oppetere - to meet death (by violence).
mortem occumbere pro patria - to die for one's country.
sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere - to shed one's blood for one's fatherland.
vitam profundere pro patria, se morti offerre pro salute patriae - to sacrifice oneself for one's country.
dare venenum in pane -to give a person poison in bread.
venenum sumere, bibere - to take poison.
veneno sibi mortem consciscere - to poison oneself.
poculum mortis (mortiferum) exhaurire (Cleunt. 11.31) to drain the cup of poison.
potestas vitae necisque - power over life and death.
plagam extremam or mortiferam infligere - to inflict a death-blow.
e or de medio tollere - to remove a person.
perii ! actum est de me ! (Ter. Ad. 3.2.26) - I'm undone!, it's all up with me!

9. BURIAL

funere efferri or simply efferri (publice ; publico, suo sumptu) - to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own
cost).
sepultura aliquem afficere - to bury a person.
iusta facere, solvere alicui
supremo officio in aliquem fungi - to perform the last rights for a person.
funus alicui facere, ducere (Cluent. 9.28) to carry out the funeral obsequies.
funus alicuius exsequi, exsequias officiis aliquem prosequi - to perform the last offices of affection.
(prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative occurs in several phrases - e.g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis
honorificis ; beneficiis, officiis, studiis suis, ominibus, votis, lacrimis.)
mortuum in sepulcro condere - to entomb a dead body.
aliquem mortuum cremare (Sen. 23.84) - to burn a corpse.
("corpse" usually = corpus mortui or simply corpus. cadaver is a corpse which has begun to decompose.
pompa funebris - a funeral procession.
funus or exsequias celebrare - to celebrate the obsequies.
ludos funebres alicui dare - to give funeral games in honor of a person.
oratio funebris - a funeral oration.
(for eulogy, panegyric, use laudatio funebris or simply laudatio, cf. Mil. 13.33 ; Liv. 5.50 )
sepulturae honore carere, iustis exsequiarum carere - to be deprived of the rights of burial.
elogium in sepulcro incisum - the epitaph.
sepulchro (dat.) or in sepulchro hoc inscriptum est - this is the inscription on his tomb ...
hic situs est ... - here lies.
aliquem in rogum imponere - to place on the funeral pyre.
proiici inhumatum (in publicum) - to be cast out unburied.


V. HUMAN LIFE; ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS AND
CONDITIONS.

1. CIRCUMSTANCE - SITUATION -DIFFICULTY

res humanae or simply res -human life.
haec est rerum humanarum condicio, sic vita hominum est - that is the way of the world ; such is life.
ita (ea lege, ea condicione) natus sumus - this is our natural tendency, our destiny ; nature compels us.
res externas or humanas despicere - to despise earthly things.
res humanas infra se positas arbitrari - to feel superior to the affairs of this life.
meliore (deteriore) condicione esse, uti - to find one's circumstances altered for the better (the worse).
condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis - the position of the lower classes.
res meae meliore loco, in meliore causa sunt
meliorem in statum redigor - my position is considerably improved ; my prospects are brighter.
aliquem in antiquum statum, in pristinum restituere - to restore a man to his former position.
in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate - under such unfavorable circumstances.
res dubiae, perditae, afflictae - a critical position ; a hopeless state of affairs.
in angustias adducere aliquem - to place someone in an embarrassing position.
in angustiis, difficultatibus, esse or versari ; angustiis premi, difficultatibus affici - to be in a
dilemma ; in difficulties.
agitur praeclare, bene cum aliquo - so-and-so is in a very satisfactory position ; prospers.
res ita est, ita (sic) se habet - the facts are these ; the matter stands thus.
eadem (longe alia) est huius rei ratio - the case is exactly similar (entirely different).
hoc longe aliter, secus est - this is quite another matter.
res (ita) fert - circumstances makes this necessary ; the exigencies of the case are these.
pro re (nata), pro tempore, pro tempore et pro re - according to the circumstances.
res eo or in eum locum deducta est, ut ... - the matter has gone so far that ..., the state of affairs is such that.
quo loco res tuae sunt? - How are you getting on?
eadem est causa mea or in eadem causa sum - my circumstances have not altered.
si quid (humanitus) mihi accidat or acciderit - if anything should happen to me ; if I die.
quae cum ita sint - under such circumstances.
utcumque res acciderit - whatever happen ; in any case.

2. COMMENCEMENT - END - RESULT

initium capere
incipere ab aliqua re - to begin with a thing.
initium facere, ducere, sumere (alicuius rei) - to commence a thing.
ab exiguis initiis proficisci - to start from small beginnings.
parare (with Inf.), aggredi ad aliquid faciendum - to prepare to do a thing.
incunabula doctrinae - the origin, first beginnings of learning.
( incunabula literally swaddling-clothes. cunabula, cradle, is not used in this metaphorical sense except in post -
Augustan Latin.
finem facere alicuius rei
finem imponere, afferre, constituere alicui rei
ad finem aliquid adducere
ad exitum aliquid perducere - to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.
finem habere - to come to an end.
aliquid (bene, prospere) succedit or procedit (opp. parum procedere, non succedere) - the matter progresses favorably,
succeeds.
eventum, exitum (felicem) habere - to turn out (well) ; to result (satisfactorily).
quorsum haec res cadit or evadet? - what will be the issue, end, consequence of the matter?
ad irritum redigere aliquid - to frustrate, nullify.
res aliter cecidit ac putaveram - the result has surprised me ; I was not prepared for this development.
quid illo fiet? - what will become of him?
quid huic homini (also hoc homine) faciam? - what am I to do with this fellow?

3. CAUSE - MOTIVE - ORIGIN

causam afferre - to quote as a reason ; give as excuse.
iustis de causis - for valid reasons
(Notice the order ; so regularly ea and qua de causa ; but ob eam causam not eam ob causam. For the meaning of
iustus cf. xvi. 5 bellum iustum and xvi. 10a proelium iustum).
magnae (graves) necessariae causae - cogent, decisive reasons.
non sine causa - on good grounds ; reasonably.
quid causae fuit cur ... ? - how came it that ... ?
causa posita est in aliqua re
causa repetenda est ab aliqua re (not quaerenda) - the motive, cause is to be found in ...
multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid or ut ... - I was induced by several considerations to ...
causam interponere or interserere - to interpose, put forward an argument, a reason.
praetendere, praetexere aliquid - to make something an excuse, pretext.
causam idoneam nancisci - to find a suitable pretext.
per causam (with gen.) - under the pretext, pretense of ...
causae rerum et consecutiones - cause and effect.
causae extrinsecus allatae (opp. in ipsa re positae) - extraneous causes.
rerum causae aliae ex aliis nexae - concatenation, interdependence of causes.
ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent - important results are often produced by trivial causes.
ex aliqua re nasci, manare
ab aliqua re proficisci
ex aliqua re redundare ( in or ad aliquid) - to accrue in great abundance.
utilitas efflorescit ex aliqua re - untold advantages arise from a thing.
e fontibus haurire (opp. rivulos consectari or fons non videre) - to draw from the fountain-head.
haec ex eodem fonte fluunt, manant - these things have the same origin.
fons et caput - source and origin.
(caput is often combined with fons = source, origin, e.g. ille fons est caput Socrates (Cic. De Or.1.42); in aegritudine
est fons miseriarium et caput (Cic.).

4. REGARD - IMPORTANCE - INFLUENCE - POWER -INCLINATION

rationem habere alicuius rei
respicere aliquid - to have regard for ; take into consideration.
(But respicere ad aliquid (aliquem) = to look round at an object.)
quo in genere - from this point of view.
multis rebus or locis - in many respects ; in many points.
in utraque re - in both cases ; whichever way you look at it.
ceteris rebus (not cetera) - as regards the rest ; otherwise.
omni ex parte
in omni genere
omnibus rebus - from every point of view ; looked at in every light.
aliqua ex parte
aliquatenus - to a certain extent.
magni (nullius) momenti esse - to be of great (no) importance.
momentum afferre ad aliquid - to determine the issue of ; to turn the scale.
pertinere ad aliquid - to be essentially important to a thing.
hoc nihil ad sapientem pertinet - a wise man is in no way affected by this.
hoc in sapientem non cadit - it is incompatible with the nature of a wise man ; the wise are superior to such things.
multum valere ad aliquid
multum afferre ad aliquid - to have considerable influence on a question.
positum, situm esse in aliqua re
contineri aliqua re
consistere in aliqua re
pendere ex aliqua re - to depend upon a thing.
(contineri aliqua re also means (1) to be bounded by ...e.g. Oceano ; (2) to be limited restricted to e.g. moenibus.)
in te omnia sunt - everything depends on you.
in ea re vertuntur - all depends on this ; this is the decisive point.
constare ex aliqua re - to be composed of ; to consist of.
cernitur (in) aliqua re (not ex aliqua re) - it is evident from ...
in manu, in potestate alicuius, situm, positum esse
penes aliquem esse - to be in a person's power.
res integra est - the matter is still undecided ; it is an open question.
(The proper meaning of integer (in-TAG, tango) is untouched, unsullied.)
res mihi integra est - I have not yet committed myself.
mihi non est integrum, ut ... - it is no longer in my power.
integrum (causam integram) sibi reservare - to leave the question open ; to refuse to commit oneself.
quantum in me (situm) est - as far as in me lies ; to the best of my ability.
penes te arbitrium huius re est - the decision of the question rests with you.
arbitrio alicuius omnia permittere
omnium rerum arbitrium alicui permittere - to put the matter entirely in someone's hands.
arbitratu, arbitrio tuo - just as you wish.

5. OPPORTUNITY - POSSIBILITY - OCCASION- CHANCE

occasio datur, offertur - a favorable opportunity presents itself.
(Not occasio opportuna, bona pulchra, the notion "favorable" being contained in the word itself. We find however,
occasio praeclara, ampla, tanta, not infrequently.)
occasione data, oblata
per occasionem - when the opportunity offers ; as opportunity occurs.
quotienscunque occasio oblata est ; omnibus locis - on every occasion ; at every opportunity.
occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum
facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...
potestatem, copiam alicui dare, facere with genitive gerund - to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.
(Notice potestatem alicui pugnandi facere, to offer battle, and potestatem sui facere alicui, (1) to give opportunity
of battle, and also, (2) to grant an audience to (cf. sui conveniendi potestatem facere)).
occasionem nancisci - to get, meet with, a favorable opportunity.
occasione uti - to make use of, avail oneself of an opportunity.
occasionem praetermittere, amittere (through carelessness), omittere (deliberately), dimittere (through indifference) - to
lose, let slip an opportunity.
occasioni deesse - to neglect an opportunity.
(In the same way deesse officio, to leave one's duties undone ; d. muneri, to neglect the claims of one's vocation ; d.
rei publicae, to be careless of state interests, to be unpatriotic ; d. sibi, not to do one's best.)
occasionem arripere - to seize an opportunity.
facultatem, potestatem alicui erripere, adimere - to deprive a man of the chance of doing a thing.
nulla est facultas alicuius rei - no opportunity of carrying out an object presents itself.
locum dare suspicioni - to give ground for suspicion.
ansas dare ad reprehendendum, reprehensionis - to give occasion for blame ; to challenge criticism.
ansam habere reprehensionis - to contain afford matter for criticism.
adduci aliqua re (ad aliquid or ut ...) - to be induced by a consideration.
nescio quo casu (with Indic.) - by some chance or other.
temere et fortuito ; forte (et) temere - quite accidentally, fortuitously.

6. SUCCESS - GOOD FORTUNE

fortuna secunda uti - to be fortunate, lucky.
fortunae favore or prospero flatu fortunae uti
fortunam fautricem nancisci - to be favored by Fortune ; bask in Fortune's smiles.
( uti is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practicing,
proving, etc., e.g. uti ventis secundis, adversis ; praesenti animo uti, to show presence of mind ; perpetua felicitate,
to enjoy ...; prudentia, severitate, crudelitate, to show ...; bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu, to enjoy ...;
cf.v.6.)
fortuna caecos homines effecit, animos occaecat - Fortune makes men shortsighted, infatuates them.
fortunam tentare, experiri - to try one's luck.
fortunam periclitari (periculum facere) - to run a risk ; to tempt Providence.
fortunae se committere - to trust to luck.
fortunam in manibus habere - to have success in one's grasp.
fortunam ex manibus dimittere - to let success slip through one's fingers.
fortuna commutatur, se inclinat - luck is changing, waning.
ludibrium fortunae - the plaything of Fortune.
is, quem fortuna complexa est - Fortune's favorite.
a fortuna desertum, derelictum esse - to be abandoned by good luck.
fortuna aliquem effert - Fortune exalts a man, makes him conspicuous.
rebus secundis efferri - to be puffed up by success ; to be made arrogant by prosperity.
ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re
aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert
aliquid felicitatem magno cumulo auget - his crowning happiness is produced by a thing ; the culminating point of his
felicity is ...
in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus - when life runs smoothly.
beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse - happiness, bliss.
(beatitas and beatitudo are used by Cicero only (De Nat. Deorum 1.34.95), but merely as a linguistic experiment.)
ad bene beateque vivendum - for a life of perfect happiness.
peropportune accidit, quod - it is most fortunate that ...

7. MISFORTUNE -FATE -RUIN

fortuna adversa
res adversae, afflictae, perditae - misfortune, adversity.
in calamitatem incidere - to be overtaken by calamity.
calamitatem accipere, subire - to suffer mishap.
nihil calamitatis (in vita) videre - to live a life free from all misfortune.
calamitatem haurire
omnes labores exanclare - to drain the cup of sorrow.
(In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule is sufficient to express the metaphorical meaning - e.g. amicitiam
iungere cum aliquo, to be bound by the bands of affection to anyone ; religionem labefactare, to undermine the
very foundations of belief ; bellum exstinguere, to extinguish the torch of war ; cuncta bello ardent, the fires of war
are raging all around ; libido consedit, the storm of passion has ceased ; animum pellere, to strike the heart-strings ;
vetustas monumenta exederat, the tooth of time has eaten away the monuments.
calamitatem, pestem inferre alicui - to bring mishap, ruin to a person.
calamitatibus affligi - to be the victim of misfortune.
calamitatibus obrui - to be overwhelmed with misfortune.
calamitatibus defungi - to come to the end of one's troubles.
calamitate doctus - schooled by adversity.
conflictari (cum) adversa fortuna - to struggle with adversity.
in malis iacere - to be broken down by misfortune.
malis urgeri - to be hard pressed by misfortune.
fortunae vicissitudines - the vicissitudes of fortune.
ancipites et varii casus - the changes and chances of this life.
sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse - to have to submit to the uncertainties of fortune ; to be the subject of
Fortune's caprice.
multis casibus iactari - to experience the ups and downs of life.
ad omnes casus subsidia comparare - to be prepared for all that may come.
varia fortuna uti - to experience the vicissitudes of fortune ; to have a checkered career.
multis iniquitatibus exerceri - to be severely tried by misfortune.
(The first meaning of exercere is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, harass -
e.g. fortuna aliquem vehementer exercet. Lastly, exercere is used to express the main activity in any branch of
industry, thus exercere agros, to farm ; metalla, to carry on a mining industry ; navem, to fit out ships, be a ship
 owner ; vectigalia, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the publicani ; qui exercet iudicium, the presiding judge
(praetor).
fortunae telis propositum esse - to be exposed to the assaults of fate.
fortunae obiectum esse - to be abandoned to fate.
ad iniurias fortunae expositum esse - to be the victim of the malice of Fortune.
fortunae cedere - to acquiesce in one's fate.
aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare - to bring a man to ruin ; destroy.
praecipitem agi, ire
ad exitium vocari
ad interitum ruere
in perniciem incurrere - to be ruined, undone.
pestem alicui (in aliquem) machinari
perniciem (exitium) alicui afferre, moliri, parare - to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.
ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare - to rescue from destruction.

8. DANGER - RISK - SAFETY

in periculo esse or versari - to be in danger.
res in summo discrimine versatur - the position is very critical.
in vitae discrimine versari - to be in peril of one's life.
in pericula incidere, incurrere - to find oneself in a hazardous position.
pericula alicui impendent, imminent - dangers threaten a man.
pericula in or ad aliquem redundant - many dangers hem a person in ; one meets new risks at every turn.
pericula subire, adire, suscipere - to expose oneself to peril.
salutem, vitam suam in discrimen offerre (not exponere) - to risk one's life.
aliquem, aliquid in periculum (discrimen) adducere, vocare
alicui periculum creare, conflare - to endanger, imperil a person or thing.
(vocare helps to form several phrases -e.g. in invidiam, in suspicionem, in dubium, ad exitium, in periculum
vocare. It is used in the passive to express periphrastically the passive verbs which have only an active voice - e.g.
in invidiam vocari, to become unpopular, be hated, invideor not being used. Cf. in invidiam venire.
in periculum capitis, in discrimen vitae se inferre - to recklessly hazard one's life.
salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est or versatur - man's life is at stake, is in very great danger.
in ipso periculo discrimine - at the critical moment.
aliquem ex periculo eripere, servare - to rescue from peril.
nullum periculum recusare pro - to avoid no risk in order to ...
periculis perfungi - to surmount dangers.
periculum facere alicuius rei - to make trial of ; to risk.
periculum hostis facere - to try one's strength with the enemy ; to try issue of battle.
res ad extremum casum perducta est
ad extrema perventum est - affairs are desperate ; we are reduced to extremities.
in tuto esse - to be in a position of safety.
in tuto collocare aliquid - to ensure the safety of the thing.

9. ASSISTANCE - DELIVERANCE -CONSOLATION

auxilium, opem, salutem ferre alicui - to bring aid to ; to rescue.
auxilio alicui venire - to come to assist anyone.
alicuius opem implorare - to implore a person's help.
confugere ad aliquem or ad opem, ad fidem alicuius - to fly to someone for refuge.
ad extremum auxilium descendere - to be reduced to one's last resource.
(Similarly descendere is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi 9 ad fin. and
xvi.9.
auxilium praesens - prompt assistance.
 (Notice too poena praesens, instant punishment, pecunia praesens, ready money, medicina praesens, efficacious
remedy ; deus praesens, a propitious deity ; in rem praesentem venire, to go to the very spot to make a closer
examination.)
adesse alicui or alicuius rebus (opp. deesse) - to assist, stand by a person.
salutem alicui afferre - to deliver, rescue a person.
saluti suae consulere, prospicere
suis rebus or sibi consulere - to take measures for one's safety ; to look after one's own interests.
salutem expedire - to effect a person's deliverance.
solacium praebere - to comfort.
nihil habere consolationis - to afford no consolation.
hoc solacio frui, uti - to solace oneself with the thought ...
consolari aliquem de aliqua re - to comfort a man in a matter ; to condole with him.
consolari dolorem alicuius - to soothe grief.
consolari aliquem in miseriis - to comfort in misfortune.
hoc (illo) solacio me consolor
haec (illa) res me consolatur - I console myself with ...

10. RICHES - WANT - POVERTY

divitiis, copiis abundare - to be rich, wealthy.
magnas opes habere
opibus maxime florere
omnibus opibus circumfluere - to be very rich ; to be in a position of affluence.
fortunis maximis ornatum esse - to be in the enjoyment of a large fortune.
in omnium rerum abundantia vivere - to live in great affluence.
aliquem ex paupere divitem facere -to raise a man from poverty to wealth.
inopia alicuius rei laborare, premi - to suffer from want of a thing.
ad egestatem, ad inopiam (summam omnium rerum) redigi - to be reduced to (abject) poverty.
vitam inopem sustenare, tolerare - to earn a precarious livelihood.
in egestate esse, versari
vitam in egestate degere - to live in poverty, destitution.
in summa egestate or mendicitate esse - to be entirely destitute ; to be a beggar.
stipem colligere - to beg alms.
stipem (pecuniam) conferre - to contribute alms.

11. UTILITY - ADVANTAGE -HARM -DISADVANTAGE

usui or ex usu esse - to be of use.
utilitatem afferre, praebere - to be serviceable.
multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre - to be considerably (in no way) further the common good.
aliquid in usum suum conferre - to employ in the furtherance of one's interests.
omnia ad suam utilitatem referre - to consider one's own advantage in everything.
rationibus alicuius prospicere or consulere (opp. officere, obstare, adversari)
commodis alicuius servire
commoda alicuius tueri - to look after, guard a person's interests,welfare.
meae rationes ita tulerunt - my interests demanded it.
fructum (uberrimum) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re - to derive (great) profit,advantage from a thing.
(Also fructum alicuius rei capere, percipere, ferre, consequi ex aliqua re - e.g. virtutis fructus ex re publica
(magnos, aletos, uberes) capere = to be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's high character.)
fructus ex hac re redundant in or ad me - (great) advantage accrues to me from this.
aliquid ad meum fructum redundat - I am benefited by a thing.
quid attinet? with Infin. - what is the use of?
cui bono? - who gets the advantage from this? who is the interested party?
damnum (opp. lucrum) facere
damno affici
detrimentum capere, accipere, facere - to suffer loss, harm, loss.
(Notice too calamitatem, cladem, incommodum accipere, to suffer mishap, reverse, inconvenience ; naufragium
facere, to be shipwrecked.)
iacturam alicuius rei facere - to throw away, sacrifice.
(damnum (opp. lucrum) = loss, especially of worldly possessions; detrimentum (opp. emolumentum) = harm
inflicted by others ; fraus = deceitful injury ; iactura (properly "throwing overboard") = the intentional sacrifice of
something valuable in order to either avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. "Harmful" = inutilis, qui
nocet, etc, not noxius, which is used only absolutely - e.g. homo noxius, the offender, evildoer.)
damnum inferre, afferre alicui - to do harm to, injure anyone.
damnum ferre - to know how to endure calamity.
incommodo afficere aliquem - to inconvenience, injure a person.
incommodis mederi - to relieve a difficulty.
damnum or detrimentum sarcire (not reparare) - to make good, repair a loss or injury.
damnum compensare cum aliqua re - to balance a loss by anything.
res repetere - to demand restitution, satisfaction.
res restituere - to give restitution, satisfaction.

12. GOODWILL - KINDNESS - INCLINATION - FAVOUR

benevolo animo esse in aliquem
benevolentiam habere erga aliquem to be well disposed towards . . .
benevolentiam, favorem, voluntatem alicuius sibi conciliare or colligere (ex aliqua re) - to find favour with someone ; to
get into their good graces.
benevolentiam alicui praestare, in aliquem conferre
benevolentia aliquem complecti or prosequi - to show kindness to.
gratiosum esse alicui or apud aliquem
in gratia esse apud aliquem - to be popular with ; to stand well with a person.
multum valere gratia apud aliquem
florere gratia alicuius - to be highly favoured by ; to be influential with ...
gratiam inire ab aliquo or apud aliquem
in gratiam alicuius venire - to gain a person's esteem, friendship.
gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi, more strongly aucupari - to court a person's favours ; to ingratiate oneself with ...
studere, favere alicui
studiosum esse alicuius
propenso animo, studio esse or propensa voluntate esse in aliquem (opp. averso animo esse ab aliquo) - to look
favorably upon ; to support.
alicui morem gerere, obsequi - to comply with a person's wishes ; to humor.
alicuius causa velle or cupere - to be favorably disposed towards.
(Probably originally omnia alicuius causa velle = to wish everything (favorable) in someone's behalf.
gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere - to do anyone a (great) favour.
se conformare, se accommodare ad alicuius voluntatem
alicuius voluntati morem gerere - to accommodate oneself to another's wishes.
se convertere, converti ad alicuius nutum - to take one's directions from another ; to obey him in everything.
(But se convertere ad aliquem = either (1) to approach with hostile intention, or (2) to turn to someone for
sympathy or assistance.
totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicuius arbitrium et nutum - to be at the beck and call of another ; to be his
creature.
voluntatem or animum alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se abalienare or alienare - to become estranged, alienated
from someone.

13. BENEFIT - GRATITUDE - RECOMPENSE

beneficium alicui dare, tribuere
beneficio aliquem afficere, ornare - to do anyone a service or kindness.
beneficia in aliquem conferre - to heap benefits upon ...
beneficiis aliquem obstringere, obligare, devincire - to lay anyone under an obligation by kind treatment.
beneficium remunerari or reddere (cumulate) - to (richly) recompense a kindness or service.
gratus (opp. ingratus) animus - gratitude.
(animus is used similarly in several periphrases to express abstract qualities -e.g. animus inexorabilis = inflexibility,
severity ; animus implacabilis = implacability ; animus (fides) venalis = venality. Cf. simplices mores, simplex
natura, ratio, genus = simplicity (simplicitas is post-Augustan and usually = frankness, candor). immemor ingenium
= forgetfulness (oblivio in this sense is not classical).
gratiam alicui debere - to owe gratitude to ; to be under obligation to a person.
gratiam alicui habere - to feel gratitude (in one's heart).
gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re - to show gratitude (in one's acts).
gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re - to thank a person (in words).
grates agere (dis immortalibus) - to give thanks to heaven.
gratiam mereri - to merit thanks ; to do a thankworthy action.
par pari referre
paria paribus respondere - to return like for like.
bonam (praeclaram) gratiam referre - to reward amply ; to give manifold recompense for.
benefacta maleficiis pensare - to return evil for good.
maleficia benefactis remunerari
pro maleficiis beneficia reddere - to return good for evil.

14. MERIT - VALUE - REWARD

bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri de aliquo - to deserve well at someone's hands ; to do a service to ...
(mereri is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb with it).
male mereri de aliquo - to deserve ill of a person ; to treat badly.
meritum alicuius in or erga aliquem - what a man merits at another's hands (Cic. Fam. 1.1.1).
nullo meo merito - I had not deserved it.
ex, pro merito - according to a man's deserts.
multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere - to consider of importance ; to set much (some) store by a thing.
multum alicui tribuere - to value, esteem a person.
praemiis (amplissimis, maximis) aliquem afficere - to remunerate (handsomely).
(Notice the numerous phrases of which afficere is a part -e.g. afficere aliquem admiratione, beneficio, exilio,
honore, iniuria, laude, poena, supplicio. Especially important is its passive use -e.g. affici admiratione, to admire ;
gaudio, voluptate, to rejoice, be pleased ; dolore, to be pained, vexed ; poena, to suffer punishment.
meritum praemium alicui persolvere - to reward a man according to his deserts.
praemium exponere or proponere - (to encourage) by offering a reward.
praemium ponere - to offer a prize (for the winner).
palmam deferre, dare alicui - to award the prize to ...
palmam ferre, auferre - to win the prize.
pacta merces alicuius rei - the stipulated reward for anything.
mercede conductum esse - to be hired, suborned.

15. REQUESTS - WISHES -COMMISSIONS -ORDERS

orare et obsecrare aliquem
magno opere, vehementer, etiam atque etiam rogare aliquem to entreat earnestly ; to make urgent requests.
precibus aliquem fatigare - to importune with petitions.
supplicibus verbis orare - to crave humbly ; to supplicate.
precibus obsequi - to grant a request.
alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse - to accede to a man's petitions.
magnis (infimis) precibus moveri - to be influenced by, to yield to urgent (abject) entreaty.
negare, more strongly denegare alicui aliquid
petenti alicui negare
aliquid repudiare, aspernari preces alicuius - to refuse, reject a request.
nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo - I will refuse you nothing.
aliquid ab aliquo impetrare - to gain one's point with anyone.
optata mihi contingunt - my wishes are being fulfilled.
voluntati alicuius satisfacere, obsequi - to satisfy a person's wishes.
ex sententia - as one would wish ; to one's mind.
aliquid optimis ominibus prosequi - to wish prosperity to an undertaking.
(prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative occurs in several phrases - e.g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis
honorificis ; beneficis, officiis, studiis suis, ominibus, votis, lacrimis.)
bene id tibi vertat! - I wish you all success in the matter.
mandatum, negotium alicui dare
negotium ad aliquem deferre
mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere - to execute a commission.
iussa (usually only in plur.), imperata facere - to carry out orders.

16.FRIENDSHIP - ENMITY - RECONCILIATION
(cf. xii.8)

amicitiam cum aliquo iungere, facere, inire, contrahere - to form a friendship with anyone.
amicitiam colere - to keep up, foster a connection.
uti aliquo amico - to be friendly with anyone.
est or intercedit mihi cum aliquo amicitia
sunt or intercedunt mihi cum aliquo inimicitiae - I am on good (bad) terms with a person.
(The singular inimicitia is only used to express the abstract idea "enmity.")
uti aliquo familiariter - to be on very intimate terms with ...
artissimo amicitiae vinclo or summa familiaritate cum aliquo coniunctum esse - to be bound by the closest ties of
friendship.
vetustate amicitiae coniunctum esse - to be very old friends.
amicitiam alicuius appetere - to court a person's friendship.
in amicitiam alicuius recipi
ad alicuius amicitiam se conferre, se applicare - to gain someone's friendship ; to become intimate with.
aliquem (tertium) ad (in) amicitiam ascribere - to admit another into the circle of one's intimates.
amicitiam renuntiare
amicitiam dissuere, dissolvere, praecidere - to renounce, give up a friendship.
amicissimus meus or mihi - my best friend.
homo intimus, familiarissimus mihi - my most intimate acquaintance.
inimicitias cum aliquo suscipere - to make a person one's enemy.
inimicitias deponere - to lay aside one's differences.
aequi iniqui - friend and foe.
placare aliquem alicui or in aliquem
reconciliare alicuius animum or simply aliquem alicui
in gratiam aliquem cum aliquo reducere - to reconcile two people ; to be a mediator.
in gratiam cum aliquo redire
sibi aliquem, alicuius animum reconciliare or reconciliari alicui - to be reconciled ; to make up a quarrel.

17. AUTHORITY - DIGNITY
(cf. xiv. 3)

magna auctoritate esse
auctoritate valere or florere
magna auctoritas est in aliquo - to possess great authority ; to be an influential person.
multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem
magna auctoritas alicuius est apud aliquem
alicuius auctoritas multum valet apud aliquem - to have great influence with a person ; to have considerable weight.
auctoritatem or dignitatem sibi conciliare, parare - to gain dignity ; to make oneself a person of consequence.
ad summam auctoritatem pervenire - to attain to the highest eminence.
auctoritatem alicuius amplificare (opp. imminuere, minuere) - to increase a person's dignity.
auctoritati, dignitati alicuius illudere - to insult a person's dignity.
dignitas est summa in aliquo
summa dignitate praeditum esse - to be in a dignified position.
aliquid alienum (a) dignitate sua or merely a se ducere
aliquid infra se ducere or infra se positum arbitrari - to consider a thing beneath a person's dignity.

18. PRAISE - APPROVAL - BLAME - REPROACH

laudem tribuere, impertire alicui
laude afficere aliquem
(maximis, summis) laudibus efferre or aliquid
eximia laude ornare aliquem - to praise, extol, commend a person.
omni laude cumulare aliquem - to overwhelm with eulogy.
laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere - to extol, laud to the skies.
alicuius laudes praedicere - to spread a person's praises.
aliquem beatum praedicere - to consider happy.
omnium undique laudem colligere
maximam ab omnibus laudem adipisci - to win golden opinions from everyone.
aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare - to consider a thing creditable to a man.
aliquem coram, in os or praesentem laudare - to praise a man to his face.
recte, bene fecisti, quod ... - you were right in ... ; you did right to ...
res mihi probatur - a thing meets with my approval.
res a me probatur - I express my approval of a thing.
hoc in te reprehendo (not ob eam rem) - I blame this in you ; I censure you for this.
vituperationem subire
in vituperationem, reprehensionem cadere, incidere, venire - to suffer reproof ; to be criticized, blamed.
exprobare alicui aliquid
aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere - to reproach a person with ...
conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re - to expostulate with a person about a thing.

19. RUMOR - GOSSIP - NEWS -MENTION

rumor, fama, sermo est or manat - report says ; people say.
rumor, fama viget - a rumor is prevalent.
fama serpit (per urbem) - a report is spreading imperceptibly.
rumor increbrescit - a rumor, an impression is gaining ground.
rumorem spargere
famam dissipare - to spread a rumor.
dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos - vague rumors reach us.
auditione et fama accepisse aliquid
fando aliquid audivisse - to know from hearsay.
ex eo audivi, cum diceret - I heard him say ...
vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est - everyone says.
in ore omnium or omnibus (hominum or hominibus, but only mihi, tibi, etc.) esse
per omnium ora ferri - to be in everyone's mouth.
in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6.18.5) - to harp on a thing, be always talking about it.
efferre or edere aliquid in vulgus - to divulge, make public.
foras efferre, palam fieri, percrebescere, divulgari, in medium proferri, exire, emanare - to become known, become a
topic of common conversation (used of things).
in sermonem hominum venire
in ora vulgi abire - to be a subject for gossip.
fabulam fieri - to be the talk of the town, a scandal.
nuntio allata or accepto - on receiving the news.
Romam nuntiatum est, allatum est - news reached Rome.
certiorem facere aliquem (alicuius rei or de aliqua re ) - to inform a person.
mentionem facere alicuius rei or de aliqua re - to mention a thing.
(Not commemorare, the fundamental meaning of which is "to make a person mindful of..., " and implies an
emphatic reference to a definite point.)
mentionem inicere de aliqua re or Acc c. Inf.
in mentionem alicuius rei incidere
mentio alicuius rei incidit - to mention a thing incidentally, casually.

20. FAME - REPUTATION

gloriam, famam sibi comparare - to gain distinction.
gloriam (immortalem) consequi, adipisci - to win (undying) fame.
gloriae, laudi esse
laudem afferre - to confer distinction on a person ; to redound to his credit.
gloria, laude florere - to be very famous, illustrious.
summa gloria florere - to have reached the highest pinnacle of eminence.
clarum fieri, nobilitari, illustrari (not the post-classical clarescere or inclarescere
gloriam colligere, in summam gloriam venire - to become famous, distinguish oneself.
aliquem immortali gloria afficere
aliquem sempiternae gloriae commendare - to confer undying fame on, immortalize someone.
immortalitatem consequi, adipisci, sibi parere - to attain eternal renown.
gloria duci
laudis studio trahi
laudem, gloriam quaerere - to be guided by ambition.
stimulis gloria concitari - to be spurred on by ambition.
gloriae, laudis cupiditate incensum esse, flagrare - to be consumed by the fires of ambition.
de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere
alicuius gloriae or simply alicui obtrectare
alicuius famam, laudem imminuere - to detract from a person's reputation, willfully underestimate a person.
obscurare alicuius gloriam, laudem, famam (not obscurare aliquem) - to render obscure, eclipse a person
(In the same way, to improve a man, alicuius mores corrigere (not aliquem c.) ; to understand someone, alicuius
orationem or quid dicat intellegere.)
famae servire, consulere - to have regard for one's good name.
famam ante collectam tueri, conservare - to live up to one's reputation.
bene, male audire (ab aliquo)
bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo - to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of.
famam crudelitatis subire (Catil. 4.6.12)- to gain the reputation of cruelty.
infamiam alicui inferre, aspergere, conflare
infamem facere aliquem - to damage a person's character, bring him into bad odor.
magnam sui famam relinquere - to leave a great reputation behind oneself.
opinionem virtutis habere - to have the reputation of virtue.
existimatio hominum, omnium - the common opinion, the general idea.
(existimatio has two uses : (1) active - opinion held by others, criticism ; passive (2) - reputation, character,
usually in a good sense, consequently = good reputation without the addition of bona, integra, etc.)

21. HONOUR - DISGRACE - IGNOMINY

esse in honore apud aliquem = to be honored, esteemed by someone.
honorem alicui habere, tribuere
aliquem honore afficere, augere, ornare, prosequi - to honor, show respect for, a person.
(prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative occurs in several phrases - e.g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis
honorificis ; beneficis, officiis, studiis suis, ominibus, votis, lacrimis.)
aliquem cupiditate honorum inflammare (or aliquem ad cupiditate honorum inflammare) to kindle ambition in
someone's mind.
honores concupiscere (opp. aspernari) - to aspire to dignity, high honors.
honoris causa aliquem nominare or appellare - to speak of someone respectfully.
statuam alicui ponere, constituere - to set up a statue in someone's honor.
aliquem colere et observare (Att. 2.19) - to pay respect to, be courteous to a person.
aliquem ignominia afficere, notare
alicui ignominiam inurere - to inflict an indignity upon, insult a person.
infamiam concipere, subire, sibi conflare - to incur ignominy.
vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere - to sully one's fair fame.
notam turpitudinis alicui or vitate alicuius inurere - to injure a man's character, tarnish his honor.
ignominiam non ferre - to chafe under an indignity, repudiate it.
maculam (conceptam) delere, eluere - to blot out reproach.

22. EFFORT - INDUSTRY - LABOUR - EXERTION

studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut ... - to take great pains in order to...
egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
operam alicui rei tribuere in aliquid conferre
operam (laborem, curam) in or ad aliquid impendere - to expend great labour on a thing.
multum operae ac laboris consumere in aliqua re - to exert oneself very energetically in a matter.
studium, industriam (not diligentiam) collocare, ponere in aliqua re - to apply oneself zealously, diligently to a thing.
incumbere in (ad) aliquid - to be energetic about, throw one's heart into a thing.
opus facere (De Senect. 7.24) - to do work (especially agricultural).
(opus always means concrete work on which one is engaged ; labor is the trouble, fatigue,
resulting from effort ; opera is the voluntary effort, the trouble spent on an object. Thus
laborare = not simply to work, but to work energetically, with exertion and consequent
fatigue ; operari, to be busy with a thing. Terence thus distinguishes opus and opera :
quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1.455 operumque laborem
miratur = the trouble which huge works must have cost.)
opus aggredi
ad opus faciendum accedere - to take a task in hand, engage upon it.
res est multi laboris et sudoris - the matter involves much labour and fatigue.
desudare et elaborare in aliqua re (De Senect. 11.38) - to exert oneself very considerably in a matter.
labori, operae non parcere - to spare no pains.
laborem non intermittere - to work without intermission.
nullum tempus a labore intermittere - not leave off work for an instant.
lucubrare (Liv. 1.57) - to work by night, burn the midnight oil.
inanem laborem suscipere
operam (et oleum) perdere or frustra consumere - to lose one's labour.
rem actam or simply actam agere (proverb.) - to have all one's trouble for nothing.
labore supersedere (itineris) (Fam. 4.2.4) - to spare oneself the trouble of the voyage.
patiens laboris - capable of exertion.
operae pretium est (c. Inf.), tanti est - it is worth while.
acti labores iucundi (proverb.) - rest after toil is sweet.
contentionem adhibere - to exert oneself.
omnes nervos in aliqua re contendere
omnibus viribus or nervis contendere, ut
omni ope atque opera or omni virium contentione eniti, ut
contendere et laborare, ut
pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut - to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter
(nervi properly = sinews, muscles, not nerves the existence of which was unknown to the
ancients. Metaphorically nervi denotes not only strength in general but also specially -
(1) vital power, elasticity, e.g. omnes nervos virtutis elidere (Tusc. 2.11.27), incidere,
to paralyse the strength of virtue ; (2) motive power, mainspring, essence, of a thing,
e.g. vectigalia nervi rei publicae sunt (Imp. Pomp. 7.17), nervi bell pecunia (Phil. 5.2.15).

23. BUSINESS - LEISURE - INACTIVITY - IDLENESS

negotium suscipere - to undertake an affair.
negotium obire, exsequi - to execute, manage a business undertaking.
negotium conficere, expedire, transigere - to arrange, settle a matter.
negotia agere, gerere - to be occupied with business, busy.
multis negotiis implicatum, districtum,distentum, obrutum esse - to be involved in many under- takings ; to be much
occupied, embarrassed, overwhelmed by business-claims.
negotiis vacare - to be free from business.
occupatum esse with aliqua re
intentum esse alicui rei - to be engaged upon a matter.
negotium alicui facessere (Fam. 3.10.1) - to give a person trouble, inconvenience him.
magnum negotium est c. Inf. - it is a great undertaking to ...
nullo negotio - without any trouble.
otiosum esse
in otio esse or vivere
otium habere
otio frui - to be at leisure.
otio abundare - to have an abundance of leisure.
otium sequi, amplexari - to be lover of ease, leisure.
otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re - to spend one's leisure hours on an object.
otio abuti or otium ad suum usum transferre - to use up, make full use of one's spare time.
in otio languere et hebescere
otio diffluere - to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate.
desidiae et languori se dedere
ignaviae et socordiae se dare - to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy.
per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere - to pass one's life in luxury and idleness.

24. PLEASURE - RECREATION

voluptatem ex aliqua re capere or percipere - to derive pleasure from a thing.
voluptate perfundi - to revel in pleasure, to be blissfully happy.
voluptatibus frui
voluptates haurire - to take one's fill of enjoyment.
se totum voluptatibus dedere, tradere - to devote oneself absolutely to the pursuit of pleasure.
homo voluptarius (Tusc. 2.17.18) - a devotee of pleasure ; a self-indulgent man .
voluptatis illecebris deleniri
voluptatis blanditiis corrumpi - to be led astray, corrupted by the allurements of pleasure.
in voluptate se mergere - to plunge into a life of pleasure.
animum a voluptate sevocare - to hold aloof from all amusement.
voluptates (corporis) - sensual pleasure.
voluptatis or animi causa (B.G. 5.12) - for one's own diversion ; to satisfy a whim.
deliciis diffluere - to wanton in the pleasures of sense.
animum relaxare, reficere, recreare or simply se reficere, se recreare, refici, recreari (ex aliqua re) - to recruit oneself, seek
relaxation.
animum or simply se remittere ; animo or simply sibi indulgere - to indulge oneself.


VI. THE MIND ; ITS FUNCTIONS

1. GENIUS - TALENT - INTELLIGENCE

magno animo esse - to be magnanimous, broad-minded.
animum attendere ad aliquid - to turn one's attention to a thing.
diligenter attendere (aliquid) - to attend carefully.
alias res or aliud gerere - to be inattentive.
animo adesse - (1) to be attentive ; (2) to keep one's presence of mind.
(For the second meaning cf. Cicero, ades animo et omitte timorem, Scipio.)
vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus
vir magno ingenio praeditus - a man of ability.
ingenio valere - to be talented, gifted.
ingenio abundare - to be very talented.
natura et ingenium - natural gifts.
ingenium acuere - to sharpen the wits.
ingenii acumen - penetration ; sagacity.
ingenii tarditas (opp. celeritas) - dullness of intellect.
ingenii infirmitas or imbecillitas - weakmindedness.
mentis compotem esse - to be of sane mind.
mente captum esse, mente alienata esse - to be out of one's mind.
sanae mentis esse - to be of sound mind.
mentis quasi luminibus officere or animo caliginem offundere - to obscure the mental vision.
(Note also luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere - to obstruct a person's view, shut out his light by a building. Also
used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person.)
intelligentia or mente multum valere - to possess great ability.
(captus, in the meaning ability, capacity, only occurs in the phrase ut captus est servorum ; while capacitas merely
means capacity, content, e.g. vasorum.)
ad intellegentiam communem or popularem accommodare aliquid - to accommodate something to the standard of
popular intelligence.

2. IMAGINATION - THOUGHT

animo, cogitatione aliquid fingere (or simply fingere, but without sibi), informare
animo concipere aliquid
animo, cogitatione aliquid praecipere (Off. 1.23.81) - to form a conception of a thing beforehand.
cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere - to picture oneself.
ingenium, cogitatio - imagination.
ingenii vis or celeritas - vivid, lively imagination.
rerum imagines
res cogitatione ficta or depicta - creatures of the imagination.
opinionum commenta, ineptiae, monstra, portenta - extravagant fictions of the fantasy.
animo, mente, cogitatione aliquid comprehendere, complecti - to grasp a thing mentally.
in eam cogitationem incidere - to happen to think of ...
haec cogitatio subit animum
illud succurrit mihi - an idea strikes me.
mihi in mentem venit alicuius rei - something comes into my mind.
aliquid animo meo obversatur - a vague notion presents itself to my mind. (cf. oculi)
aliquem ad eam cogitationem adducere ut - to induce a person to think that ...
alicuius animum ab aliqua re abducere - to draw away someone's attention from a thing.
cogitationem, animum in aliquid intendere (Acad. 4.46) - to direct one's attention.
omnes cogitationes ad aliquid conferre - to give all one's attention to a thing.
mentem in aliqua re defingere - to fix all one's thoughts on an object.
in cogitatione defixum esse - to be deep in thought.
cogitationes in res humiles abicere (De Amic. 9.32) (opp. alte spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum
suspicere) - to study the commonplace.

3. CONCEPTIONS - IDEALS - PERFECTION

notiones animo (menti) insitae, innatae - innate ideas.
intelligentiae adumbratae or inchohatae (De Leg. 1.22.59) - vague, undeveloped ideas.
(adumbrare is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, outline of an object ; then
metaphorically, to merely hint at a thing. its opposite is exprimere, technical term of
sculpture, = figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It never has the simple meaning
"to express.")
notionem or rationem alicuius rei in animo informare or animo concipere - to form a conception, notion of a thing.
absolutus et perfectus - absolutely perfect.
omnibus numeris absolutus (N.D. 2.13) - perfect in every detail.
ad summum perducere
perficere et absolvere - to bring to the highest perfection.
ad perfectionem, (ad summum) pervenire - to attain perfection.
absolutio et perfectio (not summa perfectio) - ideal perfection.
cogitatione, non re - ideally, not really.
undique expleta et perfecta forma
species optima or eximia, speciem, also simply species, forma - an ideal.
comprehensam quandam perfectionis speciem (alicuius rei) habere - to have formed an ideal notion of a thing.
singularem quandam perfectionis imaginem animo concipere - to conceive an idea.
imaginem perfecti oratoris adumbrare - to sketch the ideal of an orator.
civitas optima, perfecta Platonis
illa civitas Platonis commenticia
illa civitas, quam Plato finxit - Plato's ideal republic.

4. OPINION - PREJUDICE - CONJECTURE

in sententia manere, permanere, perseverare, perstare - to abide by, persist in one's opinion.
illud, hoc teneo - I abide by this opinion.
a sententia sua discedere
de sententia sua decedere
(de) sententia desistere - to give up one's opinion.
de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri - to be forced to change one's mind.
de sententia aliquem deducere, movere - to make a man change his opinion.
aliquem ad suam sententiam perducere or in suam sententiam adducere - to win a man over to one's way of thinking.
ad alicuius sententiam accedere, sententiam alicuius sequi - to adopt someone's opinion.
idem sentire (opp. dissentire ab aliquo) - to hold the same views.
sententiam suam aperire - to freely express one's opinions.
 (se aperire = to betray oneself ; cf. se indicare)(Liv. 2.12).
sententiam fronte celare, tegere - not to betray one's feelings by one's looks.
dic quid sentias - give me your opinion.
(Not sententiam dicere, which is used of senators giving their vote ; suffragium ferre.)
in hac sum sententia, ut ... putem - I think that ...
plura in eam sententiam disputare - to discuss a subject more fully on the same lines.
ut mea fert opinio
ut mihi quidem videtur
mea (quidem) sententia - according to my opinion.
quot homines, tot sententiae - many men, many minds.
opiniones falsas animo inhibere
opinionibus falsis imbui - to be imbibing false opinions.
opinionis error - erroneous opinion.
opinio praeiudicata, also simply opinio (not praeiudicium = a preliminary decision) - prejudice.
opinio confirmata, inveterata - a rooted opinion.
opinionum pravitate infici - to be filled with absurd prejudices.
opinionum commenta (N.D. 2.2.5) - chimeras
monstra or portenta - marvellous ideas ; prodigies.
coniectura assequi, consequi, aliquid coniectura colligere - to conjecture.
quantum ego coniectura assequor, augror - as far as I can guess.
coniecturam alicuius rei facere or capere ex aliqua re - to infer by comparison, judge one thing by another.
de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere - to judge others by oneself.
aliquid in coniectura positum est
aliquid coniectura nititur, continetur (Div.1.14.24) - it is a matter of conjecture.
probabilia coniectura sequi - to try to conjecture probabilities.
aliquid mihi nec opinanti, insperanti accidit - a thing has happened contrary to my expectation.

5. TRUTH - ERROR

verum dicere, profiteri - to speak the truth, admit the truth.
omnia ad veritatem dicere - to be truthful in all one's statements.
(verum = the truth, concrete ; veritas - truth in the abstract.)
veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus - truthful ; veracious.
a vero aversum esse (Catil 3.1.29) - to be averse to the truth.
a veritate deflectere, desciscere - to swerve from the truth.
veri videndi, investigandi cupiditas - love of truth.
veri inquisitio atque investigatio - zealous pursuit of truth.
a vero abduci - to be led away from the truth.
proxime ad verum accedere - to be very near the truth.
a vero non abhorrere
veri simili esse - to be probable.
haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt - this is more plausible than true.
vera et falsa (a falsis) diiudicare - to distinguish true and false.
vera cum falsis confundere - to confuse true with false.
veritas - veracity.
re (vera), reapse (opp. specie) - in truth ; really.
in errore versari - to be mistaken.
magno errore teneri
in magno errore versari
vehementer errare - to be in gross error; seriously misled.
erroribus implicari (Tusc. 4.27.58) - to fall into error.
per errorem labi, or simply labi - to take a false step.
aliquem in errorem inducere, rapere - to lead a person into error.
errorem animo imbibere - to get a mistaken notion in the mind.
errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere (Tusc. 3.1.2) - to imbibe error from one's mother's breasts.
error longe lateque diffusus - a wide-spread error.
errorem tollere
errorem amputare et circumcidere - to banish an error, do away with a false impression.
errorem stirpitus extrahere - to totally eradicate false principles.
errorem deponere, corrigere - to amend, correct one's mistake.
alicui errorem demere, eripere, extorquere - to undeceive a person.
nisi fallor
nisi (animus) me fallit - if I am not mistaken.
nisi omnia me fallunt - unless I'm greatly mistaken.

6. CHOICE - DOUBT - SCRUPLE

optionem alicui dare (Acad. 2.7.19) - to give a person his choice.
optionem alicui dare, utrum ...an - to offer a person the alternative of ... or ...
in dubium vocare
in dubio ponere - to throw doubt upon a thing.
in dubium venire - to become doubtful.
quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet (Leg. Agr. 1.4.11) - a thing which is rather (very) dubious.
dubitatio mihi affertur, inicitur - a doubt arises in my mind.
dubitationem alicui tollere - to relieve a person of his doubts.
aliquid in medio
in dubio relinquere (Cael. 20.48)
aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere to leave a thing undecided.
sine dubio (not sine ullo dubio) - without doubt, beyond all doubt.
sine ulla dubitatione - without any hesitation ; without the least scruple.
scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere (Rosc. Am. 2.6) - to relieve a man of his scruple.
unus mihi restat scrupulus (Ter. Andr. 5.4.37) (cf. too religio) - one thing makes me hesitate.

7. KNOWLEDGE - CERTAINTY - PERSUASION

certo (certe) scio (Arch. 12.32) - I know for a fact.
(With certe scio, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the certitude lies in our knowledge, certum est mihi
scire ; with certo scire the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. certo rarely occurs except with scio.)
probe scio, non ignoro
non sum ignarus, nescius (not non sum inscius) - I know very well.
me non fugit, praeterit - I am not unaware.
quantum scio, quod sciam - as far as I know.
hoc (not tantum) certum est - this much is certain.
aliquid compertum habere - to know a thing for certain.
illud pro certo affirmare licet - this much I can vouch for.
mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo - I am quite certain on the point.
inter omnes constat - it is a recognized fact.
mihi persuasum est
mihi persuasi - I am persuaded, convinced.
(Caesar occasionally uses persuasum sibi habere.)
sic habeto
persuade tibi
velim tibi ita persuadeas
sic volo te tibi persuadere - convince yourself of this ; rest assured on this point.
adducor, ut credam - I am gradually convinced that.
non possum adduci, ut (credam) - I cannot make myself believe that ...
ex animi mei sententia - according to my strong conviction. (cf. too religio.)
suo iudicio uti - to act in accordance with one's convictions.

8. PLAN - ADVICE - DELIBERATION

consilium capere, inire (de aliqua re, with gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely ut) - to form a plan, make a resolution.
consilio desistere - to give up a project, an intention.
consilium abicere or deponere - to let a plan fall through.
a consilio deterreri aliqua re - to be deterred from one's intention by something.
mediocribus consiliis uti - to adopt half-measures.
consilium, sententiam mutare - to alter one's views, intentions.
suo consilio uti - to go one's own way, proceed independently.
( uti is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practicing,
proving, etc., e.g. uti ventis secundis, adversis ; praesenti animo uti, to show presence of mind ; perpetua felicitate,
to enjoy ...; prudentia, severitate, crudelitate, to show ...; bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu, to enjoy ...;
cf.v.6.)
magna moliri - to be busy with ambitious projects.
consilia cum aliquo communicare - (1) to communicate one's plans to someone ; (2) to make a common cause with a
person. Similarly c. causam, rationem.
(communicare (aliquid cum aliquo) means properly to share a thing with someone. From this are developed the
two senses -1. to give someone something, e.g. consilia, laudem, gloriam alicuius rei ; 2. to receive a share of a
thing, e.g. pericula, paupertatem. "To communicate," i.e. to announce, inform, is represented by dicere, tradere,
narrare, exponere, certiorem facere, etc.)
consilia inter se communicare - to take common counsel.
aliquem in or ad consilium adhibere - to consult a person, take his advice.
consilium habere (de aliqua re) - to deliberate together (of a number of people).
consultare or deliberare (de aliqua re) - to deliberate, consider (of individuals).
consiliis arcanis interesse (Liv. 35.18) - to be present at secret consultations.
consilium dare alicui
auctorem esse alicui, ut - to give a person advice.
aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare - to give a person the advantage of one's advice (and actual support).
consilii mei copiam facio tibi - I put myself at your disposal as regards advice.
consilium petere ab aliquo - to apply to a person for advice.
consilii inopem esse - to be perplexed.
omnia consilia frigent (Verr. 2.25) - advice is useless in this case ; the situation is very embarrassing.
nullo consilio, nulla ratione, temere - without reflection ; inconsiderately ; rashly.
secum (cum animo) reputare aliquid
considerare in, cum animo, secum aliquid
agitare (in) mente or (in) animo aliquid - to think over, consider a thing.
aliquid cadit in deliberationem (Off. 1.3.9) - a subject becomes a matter for reflection.
re diligenter considerata, perpensa
omnibus rebus circumspectis
inita subductaque ratione - after mature deliberation.

9. RESOLVE - DESIGN - INTENTION

in animo habeo or mihi est in animo c. Inf. - I am resolved; it is my intention.
certum (mihi) est - I am determined.
certum deliberatumque est
stat mihi sententia (Liv. 21.30) - I am firmly resolved.
incertus sum, quid consilii capiam - I am undecided ...
mihi non constat (with indirect question) - I have not made up my mind.
propositum est mihi c. Inf. - I intend, propose to ...
propositum, consilium tenere (opp. a proposito deterreri) - to abide by one's resolution.
propositum assequi, peragere - to carry out one's plan.
(In classical prose propositum is still semi-adjectival and has not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive ;
consequently it cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf. the treatment of factum,
dictum, etc. in Augustan Latin.)
magna sibi proponere or magna spectare - to have a high object in view ; to be ambitious.
in incepto or conatu perstare
in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere - to persevere in one's resolve.
incepto or conatu desistere - to give up one's project.
parare aliquid - to take measures for ...
animum inducere c. Inf. (in animum inducere rare) - to persuade oneself to ...
a me impetrare non possum, ut ... - I cannot bring myself to ...
descendere ad aliquid, ad omnia - to consent to ..., to lend oneself to ...
(Similarly descendere is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. xvi.9.))
descendere ad extrema consilia (Fam.10.33.4) - to have recourse to extreme measures.

10. OBJECT - AIM - HESITATION - DELAY

consilium est c. Inf. or ut
id sequor, ut - my intention is ...
spectare aliquid or ad aliquid - to have an object in view.
res eo spectat, ut - the matter tends towards ..., has this object.
(Note Athenae a Persis petuntur, the object of the Persian invasion is Athens (Nep. Them. 2.6).
res spectat ad vim (arma) - there seems a prospect of armed violence ; thing look like violence.
id quod voluit consecutus est
ad id quod voluit pervenit - he attained his object.
quid tibi vis? - what do you mean to do?
quid hoc sibi vult?
quid hoc rei est? - what is the meaning of this?
eo consilio, ea mente, ut - with the intention of ...
de industria, dedita opera (opp. imprudens) - designedly ; intentionally.
ad id ipsum - with this very object.
(The aim, tendency of writing or a poem is consilium, quo liber scriptus est, quo carmen compositum est, or quod
quis in libro scribendo secutus est, not consilium libri.)
infecta re (Liv. 9.32) - to no purpose ; ineffectually.
moram alicui rei afferre, inferre, facere - to retard, delay a thing.
in mora alicui esse - to detain a person.
nullam moram interponere, quin (Phil. 10.1.1) - to make all possible haste to ...
sine mora or nulla mora interposita - without delay.
diem ex die ducere, differre - to put off from one day to another.

11. REMEMBRANCE - FORGETFULNESS

memoria tenere aliquid
memoriam alicuius rei tenere - to remember a thing perfectly.
recenti memoria tenere aliquid - to have a vivid recollection of a thing.
memoria (multum) valere (opp. memoria vacillare)
memorem esse (opp. obliviosum esse) -to have a good memory.
memoria tanta fuit, ut - he had such an extraordinary memory that ...
memoria labi - to make a slip of the memory.
memoriae mandare aliquid - to impress on the memory.
(Distinguish this expression from ediscere which = to learn by heart ; also from memoriae prodere, tradere = hand
down as tradition.) (cf. too vii.14 -history)
ex memoria (opp. de scripto) - from memory ; by heart.
memoriter -(1) with good memory ; (2) from personal recollection.
memoria custodire - to keep in mind.
memoriam alicuius rei repetere
in memoriam alicuius redire - to recall to mind a thing or person.
in memoriam alicuius redigere, reducere aliquid ( not renovare) - to recall a thing in a person's mind.
memoria et recordatio - vivid recollection.
grata memoria aliquem prosequi - to show a thankful appreciation of a person's kindness.
(prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative occurs in several phrases - e.g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis
honorificis ; beneficis, officiis, studiis suis, ominibus, votis, lacrimis.)
nomen alicuius rei repraesentare (opp. memoriam alicuius rei deponere, abicere) - to picture to oneself again.
memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere - to retain a recollection of a thing.
memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare - to show an affectionate regard for a person's memory.
gratam (gratissimam) alicuius memoriam retinere - to retain a (most) pleasant impression from a person.
numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet - the memory of this will never fade from my mind.
aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet (de Or. 2.28.122) - a thing has been vividly impressed on my memory.
memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio (Fam. 2.1)
semper memoria eius in (omnium) mentibus haerebit - nothing will ever make me forget him.
nomen suum posteritati aliqua re commendare, propagare, prodere - to win renown amongst posterity by some act.
memoriam nominis sui immortalitati tradere, mandare, commendare - to immortalize one's name.
post hominum memoriam
post homines natos - within the memory of man.
memoriae causa, ad (not in) memoriam (Brut. 16.62) in memory of.
(One can also say monumenti causa -e.g. aliquid alicui monumenti causa relinquere. Cf. such turnings as
alicuius memoriam aliqua re prosequi, celebrare, renovare.)
oblivio alicuius rei me capit - I forget something.
aliquem in oblivionem alicuius rei adducere (pass. in oblivionem venire) - to make a person forget a thing.
aliquid excidit e memoria, effluit, excidit ex animo - a thing escapes, vanishes from the memory.
memoria alicuius rei excidit, abiit, abolevit - the recollection of a thing has been entirely lost.
obliterari (Liv. 26.41)
(This and the following expressions are useful to express the passive of oblivisci)
memoria alicuius rei obscuratur, obliteratur, evanescit
oblivioni esse, dare
in oblivionem adduci
oblivione obrui, deleri, exstingui
in oblivione iacre (of persons) - to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.
aliquid ab oblivione vindicare - to rescue from oblivion.
mementote with acc, c. Inf. - do not forget.

12. THEORY - PRACTICE -EXPERIENCE

ratione, doctrina (opp. usu) aliquid cognitum habere - to have a theoretical knowledge of a thing.
ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid (De. Or. 2.11.44) - to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles ; to apply theory
to a thing.
doctrinam ad usum adiungere - to combine theory with practice.
in rebus atque in usu versatum esse - to have had practical experience.
usu praeditum esse - to possess experience.
(Not experientia, which in classical prose means attempt, proof.)
magnum usum in aliqua re habere - to have had great experience in a thing.
multarum rerum usus - varied, manifold experience.
usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti scimus
experti scimus, didicimus
usu cognitum habemus - we know from experience.
res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet - everyday experience tells us.
(rerum) imperitum esse - to have had no experience of the world.
multa acerba expertus est - he has had many painful experiences.
(experiri is only used of personal experience.)
usus me docuit - experience has taught me.


VII. THE ARTS AND SCIENCES

1. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL - LITERATURE.

optima studia, bonae, optimae, liberales, ingenuae artes, disciplinae - the sciences ; the fine arts.
litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio) - the study of belles-lettres ; literary pursuits.
(littera in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. litteram nullam ad me misit. In plur. = (1) letters of the alphabet,
characters (cf. viii. 9) ; (2) a letter (epistula) ; (3) writings, books, e.g. graecae de philosophia litterae ; (4) literature,
graecas litteras discere ; (5) literary pursuits ; (6) science ; (7) culture, erudition, learning, erant in
eo plurimae litterae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores quaedam et reconditae.)
homines litterarum studiosi
homines docti - learned, scientific, literary men.
artium studia or artes vigent (not florent) - learning, scientific knowledge is flourishing.
litterae iacent, neglectae iacent - scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb.
(iacre metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. frigere) who have
lost all their political influence.
litteras colere - to be engaged in the pursuit of letters.
litteras amplecti
litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.) to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.
in studio litterarum versari - to be engaged in literary pursuits.
in aliquo litterarum genere versari - to be engaged in some one branch of study.
summo studio in litteris versari - to be an ardent student of ...
se totum litteris tradere, dedere - to devote oneself entirely to literature.
se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere - to be quite engrossed in literary studies.
in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8.26) - to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work.
in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere - to find recreation in study.
aetatem in litteris ducere, agere - to devote one's life to science, study.
omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere - to devote all one's leisure moments to study.
omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre - to employ all one's energies on literary work.
optimarum artium studio incensum esse - to be interested in, have a taste for culture.
litterarum studio trahi
trahi ferri ad litteras - to feel an attraction for study.
litterarum studia remittere - to relax one's studies.
intermissa studia revocare - to resume one's studies.
primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere - to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature,
of the sciences.
(Cf. Pro Caelio 12. 28 extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere.)
litterae - literature.
litterae ac monumenta, or simply monumenta - written records ; documents.
litterae latinae - Roman literature.
(latinus is used only of language and literature, Romanus of nationality.)
clarissima litterarum lumina - shining lights in the literary world.
graecis litteris studere - to study Greek literature.
multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari - to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature.

2. LEARNING - ERUDITION

vir or homo doctus, litteratus - a man of learning ; a scholar ; a savant.
vir doctissimus - a great scholar.
vir perfecte planeque eruditus - a man of profound erudition.
vir omni doctrina eruditus - a man perfect in all branches of learning.
multi viri docti, or multi et ii docti (not multi docti) - many learned men ; many scholars.
omnes docti, quivis doctus, doctissimus quisque - all learned men.
nemo doctus - no man of learning.
nemo mediocriter doctus - no one with any pretence to education.
latini litteris or latine doctus - acquainted with the Latin language.
bene latine doctus or sciens - a good Latin scholar.
(For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs vid. Ngelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278 ; cf. bene multi,
bene mane, bene penitus (Verr. 2.70.169), impie gratus (Tusc. 5.2.6) etc. Such combinations are especially
frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, Seneca, and Quintilian. For latine by itself cf. Cic. Opt. Gen. 4 latine, id est pure et
emendate, loqui. If the style is to be criticized, adverbs can be added -e.g. bene, perbene, pessime, eleganter, etc.,
cf. vii.7.)
doctrina abundare (De Or. 3.16.59) - to be a man of great learning.
a doctrina mediocriter instructum esse - to have received only a moderate education (lit. on the side of learning).
doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans - sound knowledge ; scholarship.
(Not solida, which means properly entire, massive -e.g. marmor solidum, crateres auro solidi, then metaph. e.g. -
solida laus, utilitas.)
doctrina recondita - profound erudition.
studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur (De Or. 1.2.8) - abstruse studies.
magnam doctrinae speciem prae se ferre - to pass as a man of great learning.
vita umbratilis - the contemplative life of a student.
(Cf. umbra, umbracula (-orum), and umbratilis, used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to sol, lux ori or
forensis. Cf. De Legg. 3.6.14 Phalerus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non
modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit.)
litterarum scientam (only in sing.) habere - to possess literary knowledge.
scientiam alicuius rei consequi ; scientia comprehendere aliquid - to acquire knowledge of a subject.
penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid (De Or. 1.23.108) - to have a thorough grasp of a subject.
multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse
multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse) - to be
well-informed, erudite.

3. CULTURE - CIVILIZATION

animum, ingenium excolere (not colere) - to cultivate the mind.
animi, ingenii cultus (not cultura) - mental culture.
optimis studiis or artibus, optimarum artium studiis eruditum esse
litteras scire - to have received a liberal education.
litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae - profound scientific education.
sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4.12) - for a Roman he is decidedly well educated.
litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse - to have received a superficial education.
omni vita atque victu excultum atque expolitum esse (Brut. 25.95) - to have attained a high degree of culture.
omnis cultus et humanitatis expertem esse
(Not incultum esse, which refers to external appearance.)
ab omni cultu et humanitate longe abesse (B.G. 1.1.3) - to be quite civilized.
homines, gentem a fera agrestique ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere (De Or. 1.8.33) - to civilize men, a nation.

4. EDUCATION - INSTRUCTION - SCHOOL - PROFESSION

liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari - to receive a liberal education.
severa disciplina contineri - to be brought up under strict discipline.
aliquem ad humanitatem informare or instituere - to teach a person refinement.
mores alicuius corrigere - to improve a person.
in viam reducere aliquem - to bring a person back to the right way.
in viam redire - to return to the right way.
litteras discere ab aliquo - to be educated by someone.
institui or erudiri ab aliquo
disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti - to receive instruction from someone.
e disciplina alicuius profectum esse - to be brought up in some one's school.
puerum alicui erudiendum or in disciplinam trader - to entrust a child to the tuition of ...
operam dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem - to become
a pupil of someone.
multum esse cum aliquo (Fam. 16.21) - to enjoy close intercourse with ... (master and pupil).
ludus (discendi or litterarum) - an elementary school.
schola - a school of higher education.
disciplina (institutio) puerilis (not liberorum) - the teaching of children.
pueros elementa (prima) docere - to teach children the rudiments.
primis litterarum elementis imbui - to receive the first elements of a liberal education.
doctrinae, quibus aestas puerilis impertiri solet (Nep. Att. 1.2)
artes, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet - the subjects usually taught to boys.
erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari) - to teach someone letters.
natum, factum esse ad aliquid (faciendum) - to be born for a thing, endowed by nature for it.
adversante et repugnante natura or invit Minerv (ut aiunt) aliquid facere (Off. 1.31.110) - to do a thing which is not
one's vocation, which goes against the grain.
crassa or pingui Minerva (proverb.) - with no intelligence or skill.
calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere ; stimulos alicui admovere - to spur, urge a person on.
frenos adhibere alicui - to restrain someone.
bona indole (always in sing.) praeditum esse
ingenio valere - to be gifted, talented (not praeditum esse by itself).
summo ingenio praeditum esse - to possess rich mental endowments.
in aliqua re progressus facere, proficere, progredi - to make progress in a subject.
aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re (De Or. 1.33.152) - to obtain a result in something.
adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt - he is a
young man of great promise.
adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei - a promising youth.
magna est exspectatio ingentii tui - we expect a great deal from a man of your caliber.
desudare in scholae umbra or umbraculis - to exert oneself in the schools.
(Cf. umbra, umbracula (-orum), and umbratilis, used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to sol, lux ori or
forensis. Cf. De Legg. 3.6.14 Phalerus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non
modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit.)
genus vitae (vivendi) or aetatis degendae deligere - to choose a career, profession.
(The locus classicus on the choice of a profession is De Off. 1.32.115-122.)
viam vitae ingredi (Flacc. 42.105) - to enter upon a career.
philosophiam, medicinam profiteri
se philosophiam, medicum (esse) profiteri - to be a philosopher, physician by profession.
qui ista profitentur - men of that profession.

5. EXAMPLE - PATTERN - PRECEDENT

exemplum clarum, praeclarum
exemplum luculentum
exemplum illustre - a good, brilliant ; a striking example.
 (Not bonum exemplum, which means an example morally good for us to follow.)
exemplum magnum, grande - a weighty example, precedent.
exemplum afferre, exemplo uti - to quote an example.
aliquem (aliquid) exempli causa ponere, proferre, nominare, commemorare - to cite a person or thing as an example.
("For example" must not be translated by exempli causa, which is only used in complete sentences with such
verbs as ponere, afferre, proferre, nominare. verba causa (gratia) = "for instance," "we will say," usually refers to a
single expression, e.g. quid dicis igitur? miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crassum? (Tusc. 1.4.12). Often examples
are introduced by such words as ut, velut, in his, etc., e.g. bestiae quae gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili (N.D.
2.48.124).
aliquid exemplis probare, comprobare, confirmare - to quote precedents for a thing.
aliquid exemplis ostendere - to demonstrate by instances.
exempla petere, repetere a rerum gestarum memoria or historiarum (annalium, rerum gestarum) monumentis - to
borrow instances from history.
exempla a rerum Romanarum (Graecarum) memoria petita - examples taken from Roman (Greek) history.
multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere - to collect, accumulate instances.
ex infinita exemplorum copia unum (pauca) sumere, decerpere (eligere) - to choose one from a large number of
instances.
a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere, repetere - to quote Socrates as a model of virtue.
similitudines afferre - to cite parallel cases.
auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid
auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei - to have as an authority for a thing.
auctoritatem alicuius rei sequi - to be guided by another's example.
auctoritas et exemplum (Balb. 13.31) - standard and pattern.
sibi exemplum alicuius proponere ad imitandum or simply sibi aliquem ad imitandum proponere - to set up someone as
one's ideal, model.
sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo or exemplum capere de aliquo - to take a lesson from someone's example.
ad exemplum alicuius se conformare - to shape one's conduct after another's example.
exemplum edere, prodere
exemplo esse - to set an example.
exemplum in aliquo or in aliquem statuere
exemplum (severitatis) edere in aliquo (Q. Fr. 1.2.2.5) - to inflict an exemplary punishment on someone.
bene (male) praecipere alicui - to inculcate good (bad) principles.
praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re - to give advice, directions about a matter.
ad praecipiendi rationem delabi (Q. Fr. 1.1.6.18) - to adopt a didactic tone.
aliquid in animo haeret, penitus insedit or infixum est - a thing is deeply impressed on the mind.
aliquid animo mentique penitus mandare (Catil. 1.11.27) - to impress a thing on one's memory, mind.
demittere aliquid in pectus or in pectus animumque suum - to take a thing to heart.
hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius - what he has said made a deep impression on ...

6. PHILOSOPHY

se conferre ad philosophiam, ad philosophiae or sapientiae studium (Fam. 4.3.4) - to devote oneself to philosophy.
animum appellere or se applicare ad philosophiam - to apply oneself to the study of philosophy.
philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri (Acad. 1.2.4) - to be enamored of philosophy.
in portum philosophiae confugere - to take refuge in philosophy.
in sinum philosophiae compelli - to be driven into the arms of philosophy.
philosophia (neglecta) iacet - philosophy is neglected, at low ebb.
(iacre metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. frigere) who have
lost all their political influence.)
philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1.1.3) - to write expositions of philosophy in Latin.
Ciceronis de philosophia libri - Cicero's philosophical writings.
decreta, inventa philosophorum - the tenets, dogmas of philosophers.
quae in philosophia tractantur - philosophical subjects.
illae sententiae evanuerunt - those views are out of date.
illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt (Fin. 5.8.23) - those ideas have long ago been given up.
schola, disciplina, familia ; secta - a sect, school of thought.
sectam alicuius sequi (Brut. 31.120)
disciplinam alicuius profiteri - to be a follower, disciple of someone.
qui sunt a Platone or a Platone disciplina ; qui profecti sunt a Platone ; Platonici - disciples of Plato, Platonists.
Solo, unus de septem (illis) - Solon, one of the seven sages.
Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fluxit (Tusc. 4.1.2) - Pythagoras' principles were widely propagated.
scholas habere, explicare (Fin. 2.1.1) - to give lectures.
scholis interesse - to attend lectures.
tradere (aliquid de aliqua re) - to teach.
audire Platonem, auditorem esse de Platonis - to attend Plato's lectures.

7. THE PARTS OF PHILOSOPHY

physica (-orum) (Or. 34.119) ; philosophia naturalis - physics ; natural philosophy.
(Cf. Acad. 1.5.19 philosophandi ratio triplex ; una de vita et moribus, altera de natura et rebus occultis, tertia de
disserendo.)
dialectica (-ae or -orum) (pure Latin disserendi ration et scientia) - logic, dialectic.
disserendi praecepta tradere - to teach logic.
disserendi elegantia - logical minuteness, precision.
disserendi subtilitas (De Or. 1.1.68) - dialectical nicety.
disserendi spinae (Fin. 4.28.79) - subtleties of logic ; dilemmas.
disserendi peritus et artifex
homo in dialecticis versatissimus - an accomplished dialectician.
disserendi artem nullam habere - to know nothing of logic.
dialecticis ne imbutum quidem esse - to be ignorant of even the elements of logic.
(imbuere is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, e.g. gladii sanguine imbuti. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with,
e.g. religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate ; (2) to teach, initiate, e.g. animum honestis artibus, and used
especially of a superficial knowledge.
ratione, eleganter (opp. nulla ratione, ineleganter, confuse) disponere aliquid - to arrange on strictly logical principles.
philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus (Acad. 1.5.19)
philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur - moral science ; ethics.
philosophia, quae in rerum contemplatione versatur, or quae artis praeceptis continetur - theorectical, speculative
philosophy.
philosophia, quae in actione versatur - practical philosophy.
(Cf. Sen. Ep. 25.10 philosophia activa.)
omnes philosophiae loci - the whole domain of philosophy.

8. SYSTEM - METHOD - PRINCIPLES

ratio ; disciplina, ratio et disciplina; ars - system.
ad artem redigere aliquid
ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid (De Or. 1.41) - to systematize.
arte conclusum esse - to have been reduced to a system.
ratio et doctrina - systematic, methodical knowledge.
artificio et via tradere aliquid - to give a scientific explanation to a thing.
artificiose redigere aliquid
ad rationis praecepta accommodare aliquid - to treat with scientific exactness ; to classify.
totam rationem evertere (pass. iacet tota ratio) - to upset the whole system.
ratione et via, via et ratione progredi, disputare (Or. 33.116) - to proceed, carry on a discussion logically.
novam rationem ingredi - to enter on a new method.
a certa ratione proficisci - to be based on a sound principle.
a falsis principiis proficisci - to start from false premises.
a philosophorum or philosophandi rationes revocare aliquid - to deal with a subject on scientific principles.
perpetuitas et constantia (Tusc. 5.10.31) - logical consistency.

9. SPECIES - DEFINITION - CLASSIFICATION - CONNECTION

partes generibus subiectae sunt - the species is subordinate to the genus.
(Cf. Cic. De Or. 1.42) for the definition. genus autem id est, quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem
differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes. partes autem sunt, quae generibus eis ex quibus manant
subiciuntur ; omniaque quae sunt vel generum vel partium nomina, definitionibus, quam vim habeant, est
exprimendum. est enim definitio rerum earum, quae sunt eius rei propriae, quam definire volumus, brevis et
circumscripta quaedam explicatio.)
genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 33.117) - to analyze a general division into its specific parts.
genere, non numero or magnitudine differre - to differ qualitatively not quantitatively.
spinae partiendi et definiendi (Tusc. 5.8.22) - minute, captious subdivisions and definitions.
rem (res) definire - to define a thing.
a definitione proficisci - to start from a definition.
involutae rei notitiam definiendo aperire (Or. 33.116) - to make an obscure notion clear by means of definition.
sub metum subiectum esse - to be comprised under the term "fear".
constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur - to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under
discussion.
in ordinem redigere aliquid - to systematize, classify a thing.
conexum et aptum esse inter se - to be closely connected with each other.
cohaerere, coniunctum esse cum aliqua re - to be closely connected with a thing.
arte (artissime) coniunctum esse
apte (aptissime) cohaerere - to be very intimately related.
continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia nexa et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque sint (N.D. 1.4.9) - systematic
succession, concatenation.
diffusum, dissipatum esse - to have no coherence, connection.
confusum, perturbatum esse - to be confused.
rem dissolutam conglutinare, coagmentare - to reunite disconnected elements.

10. PROOF - REFUTATION

argumentum firmum, magnum - a strong striking proof.
(argumentum = a proof resting on facts; ratio = an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the
proposition.)
argumentum afferre - to bring forward a proof.
argumentum immortalitatis afferre (not pro) - to quote an argument in favor of immortality.
argumentum afferre, quo animos immortales esse demonstratur - to bring forward a proof of the immortality of the
soul.
argumento huic rei est, quod - a proof of this is that ...
aliquid planum facere (Ad Herenn. 2.5) - to demonstrate, make a thing clear.
aliquid alicui probare (or c. Acc. c. Inf.) to prove one's point to a person's satisfaction.
argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid (or c. Acc. c. Inf.) - to prove a thing indisputably.
argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua re or petere ab aliqua re - to derive an argument from a thing.
argumentum premere (not urgere) - to persist in an argument, press a point.
loci () argumentorum (De Or. 2.162) - the points on which proofs are based ; the grounds of proof.
argumenta refellere, confutare - to refute arguments.
rationem afferre (Verr. 3.85.195) - to bring forward an argument (based on common-sense).
(see note under argumentum firmum).

11. CONCLUSION - HYPOTHESIS - INFERENCE

concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re - to draw a conclusion from something.
acute, subtiliter concludere - to draw a subtle inference.
ratio or rationis conclusio efficit - the conclusion proves that ...
ratiocinatio, ratio - syllogism ; reasoning.
prima (superiora) ; consequentia (Fin. 4.19.54) - premises ; consequences.
(In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise is propositio or propositio maior ; for the minor,
propositio minor ; for the conclusion, conclusio.)
conclusiuncula fallax or captio - a fallacious argument ; sophism.
positum est a nobis primum (c. Acc. c. Inf.) - we start by supposing that ...
hoc posito - on this supposition, hypothesis.
hoc probato consequens est - it follows from what we have shown.
sequitur (not ex quo seq.) ut
ex quo, unde, hinc efficitur ut - it follows from this that ...

12. DEBATE - CONTROVERSY

disputatio, quaestio - systematic, scientific discussion.
disputare (de aliqua re, ad aliquid) - to discuss, investigate a subject scientifically.
(disputare = to discuss, considering the arguments pro and con, used of a number of people with different
opinions. disserere de aliqua re = to discourse on a matter for the benefit of those present ; but in both cases the
substantive is disputatio.)
subtiliter disputare - to thoroughly discuss.
in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare (De Or.1.34) - to discuss both sides of a question.
in nullam partem disputare - to say nothing either for or against an argument.
non repugno - I have nothing to say about it.
pertinacem (opp. clementem) esse in disputando - to be dogmatic ; positive.
opponere alicui aliquid - to object, to adduce in contradiction.
dare, concedere aliquid - to grant, admit a thing.
sumere (opp. reicere) aliquid - to assume a thing.
tenere aliquid ; stare in aliqua re - to insist on a point.
obtinere aliquid - to maintain one's assertion, prove oneself right.
in controversia (contentione) esse, versari
in controversiam cadere - to be at variance with.
in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid - to make a thing the subject of controversy.
in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire (De Or. 2.72.291) - to be contested, become the subject of debate.
in controversia relinquere aliquid - to leave a point undecided.
controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo - to maintain a controversy with someone.
in contentione ponitur, utrum ... an - it is a debated point whether ... or ...
id, de quo agitur or id quod cadit in controversiam - the point at issue.
controversiam sedare, dirimere, componere, tollere - to put an end to, settle a dispute.
controversiam diiudicare - to decide a debated question.
transigere aliquid cum aliquo - to come to an understanding with a person.
res mihi tecum est - I have a point to discuss with you.
sine (ulla) controversia - indisputably ; incontestably.
hoc est a (pro) me - this goes to prove what I say.
res ipsa docet - the very facts of the case show this.
res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur - the matter speaks for itself.
res confecta est - the question is settled, finished.

13. AGREEMENT - CONTRADICTION

consentire, idem sentire cum aliquo - to agree with a person.
dissentire, dissidere ab or cum aliquo - to disagree with a person.
omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt - all agree on this point.
una et consentiens vox est - all are unanimous.
una voce
uno ore ; uno, communi, summo or omnium consensu (Tusc. 1.15.35) - unanimously.
re concinere, verbis discrepare - to agree in fact but not in word.
hoc convenit inter nos - we have agreed on this point.
hoc mihi tecum convenit (Att. 6.1.14) - I agree with you there.
qui convenit? How is this consistent? How are we to reconcile this ... ?
summa est virorum doctissimorum consenio (opp. dissenio) - the learned are most unanimous in ...
constantia (opp. inconstantia) (Tusc. 5.11.32) - consistency.
inter se pugnare or repugnare - to be mutually contradictory.
secum pugnare (without sibi) ; sibi repugnare (of things)
a se dissidere or sibi non constare (of persons) to contradict oneself; be inconsistent.
pugnantia loqui (Tusc. 1.7.13) - to make contradictory, inconsistent statements.
dicere contra aliquem or aliquid (not contradicere alicui) - to contradict someone.

14. PARTICULAR SCIENCES

(HISTORY, MYTHOLOGY, CHRONOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, MATHEMATICS, NATURAL SCIENCE, ASTRONOMY.)

res Romanae
res gestae Romanorum - Roman history (i.e the events in it).
(but res Romana =the Roman power, Rome.)
historia - history (as a science).
historia Romana or rerum Romanarum historia - Roman history (i.e the exposition, representation of it by writers).
(historia has several different senses. (1) The narration, exposition of the facts (res gestae, res), cf. rerum
exemplum, historic precedent ; res facta, historic fact. (2) Historical composition, e.g. historiam scribere,
historia graeca = either a history written in Greek or a history of Greece (rerum graecarum historia) ; historia
latina, history written in Latin ; historia romana or rerum romanorum historia = a history of Rome. (3) A place
famous in history, e.g. quacunque ingredimur, in aliqua historia pedem ponimus. In the plural historia means
specially histories, anecdotes (narratiunculae), memoirs, e.g. Taciti historiae.
memoria rerum Romanarum - Roman history (as tradition).
historiam (-as) scribere - to write a history.
res populi Romani perscribere - to write a history of Rome.
rerum scriptor
rerum auctor (as authority) - an historian.
(historicus means an erudite student of history, one engaged on historical research. As an adjective its use in
Cicero is limited, being only used when opposed to oratorius, e.g. genus historicum, historic style (Brut. 83. 286).
evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta - to study historical records, read history.
memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est (without nobis) - tradition, history tells us.
accepimus - we know ; we have been told.
(scimus, cognovimus (= we know by experience) are not used of historical knowledge.)
historiae prodiderunt (without nobis) - history has handed down to us.
apud rerum scriptores scriptum videmus, scriptum est - we read in history.
duplex est memoria de aliqua re - a twofold tradition prevails on this subject.
rerum veterum memoria, memoria vetus (Or. 34. 120)
veterum annales
veterum annalium monumenta
antiquitatis memoria - ancient history.
recentioris aetatis memoria - modern history.
memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)
nostra memoria (Cael. 18.43) - the history of our own times.
omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum
memoria - universal history.
memoriam annalium or temporum replicare - to consult history.
aetas heroica (Tusc. 5.3.7)
tempora heroica (N.D. 3.21.54) - the mythical period ; heroic age.
(heroicus only of time. herous = epic e.g. versus herous (De Or. 3.49.191) = dactylic hexameter ; per herous a
dactyl ; "epic" of other things is usually epicus, e.g. carmen epicum ; poetae epici, or epici alone. For "heroic" of an
action, cf. praeclarum atque divinum factum ; factum illustre et gloriosum, etc.)
fabulae, historia fabularis - mythology.
repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus - to go back to the remote ages.
ut a fabulis ad facta veniamus - to pass from myth to history.
historicorum fide contestata memoria - historic times.
historiae, rerum fides - historic truth.
narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae - to give a veracious and historic account of a thing.
res historicae fide comprobata - an acknowledged historical fact.
incorrupta rerum fides - genuine historical truth.
ad historiam (scribendam) se conferre or se applicare - to devote oneself to writing history.
homo in historia diligens - a conscientious historian.
memoria rerum gestarum (rerum Romanarum) tenere - to be well versed in Roman history.
domestica (externa) nosse - to be acquainted with the history of one's own land.
temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo - chronology.
temporum ordinem servare
servare et notare tempora - to observe the chronological order of events.
res temporum ordine servato narrare - to narrate events in the order of their occurrence.
temporibus errare (Phil. 2.9. 23) - to make a chronological mistake.
ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare - to calculate the date of an event.
diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus - to be exact in calculating dates.
terrarum or regionum descriptio (geographia) - geography.
Africae situm paucis exponere - to give a brief exposition of the geography of Africa.
regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientia - geographical knowledge.
mathematica (-ae) or geometria (-ae), geometrica (-orum) (Tusc. 1.24.57) - mathematics.
mathematicorum ratione concludere aliquid - to draw a mathematical conclusion.
formas (not figuras) geometricas describere - to draw geometrical figures.
se conferre ad naturae investigationem - to devote oneself to the study of natural science.
astrologia (pure Latin sidera, caelestia) - astronomy.
spectator siderum, rerum caelestium or astrologus - an astronomer.
(It is only in later Latin after astrologus had acquired the meaning of astrologer, magician, that astronomus came to
be used (= astronomer).
arithmetica (-orum)
numeri (-orum) - arithmetic.
(In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g. in arithmeticis satis versatus ; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin
word is numeri, cf. De Fin. 1.21.72 an ille se, ut Plato, in musicis, geometria, numeris, astris contereret? So de
Fin. 5.29.87 cur Plato Aegyptum peragravit, ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et caelestia acciperet? Cf.
Ngelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46.)
bis bina quot sint non didicisse - to be totally ignorant of arithmetic.

15. ART IN GENERAL

artis opus ; opus arte factum or perfectum - a work of art.
opus summo artifico factum
opus omnibus numeris absolutum - a master-piece of classical work.
artem exercere - to follow an artistic profession, practice an art.
artem tradere, docere - to teach an art.
artem profiteri - to profess an art.
artium (liberalium) studium, or simply studium - a taste for the fine arts.
artis praecepta, or simply ars - the rules of art ; aesthetics.
(artis, artium) intellegens, peritus (opp. idiota, a layman) - a connoisseur ; a specialist.
(idiota = properly uninitiated, not the same as rudis, indoctus, imperitus.)
existimator (doctus, intellegens, acerrimus) - a (competent, intelligent, subtle) critic.
in existimantium arbitrium venire (Brut. 24.92) - to come before the tribunal of the critics.
iudicium facere - to criticize.
sensum, iudicium habere - to be a man of taste.
elegantia in illo est - he possesses sound judgement in matters of taste.
iudicium subtile, elegans, exquisitum, intellegens - good taste ; delicate perception.
iudicium acuere - to cultivate one's powers of criticism.
abhorrere ab artibus (opp. delectari artibus) - to have no taste for the fine arts.
veritatem imitari (Div. 1.13.23) - (1) to make a lifelike, natural representation of a thing (used of the artist) ; (2) to be
lifelike (of a work of art).
(veritas means not merely truth (opp. mendacium), but also reality (opp. opinio, imitatio). Thus we often find the
combination res est veritas ipsa (Tusc. 5.5.13), natura rerum et ipsa veritas.)
in omni re vincit imitationem veritas - in everything nature defies imitation.
aliquid ad verum exprimere - to make a true copy of nature.
morum ac vitae imitatio - a lifelike picture of everyday life.
aliquid e vita ductum est - a thing is taken from life.

16. POETRY - MUSIC - PAINTING - SCULPTURE

poema condere, facere, componere
versus facere, scribere - to write poetry.
carmina, versus fundere (De Or. 3.5) - to write poetry with facility.
carmen epicum - epic poetry.
poeta epicus - an epic, heroic poet.
poesis scaenica - dramatic poetry.
poeta scaenicus - a dramatic poet.
scriptor tragoediarum, comoediarum, also (poeta) tragicus, comicus - a writer of tragedy, comedy.
(tragicus, comicus as adjectives = occurring in tragedy, comedy - e.g. Orestes tragicus ; senes comici. Comic in
the ordinary sense = ridiculus, cf. homo ridiculus.)
scriptor fabularum - a writer of fables.
(Not fabulator, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes.)
divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri (Div. 1.31.66) - to feel inspired.
divino quodam spiritu inflatus or tactus - inspired.
carmen, versus agere - to recite a poem, line with appropriate action.
carmen recitare - to read a piece of verse with expression.
carmen pronuntiare - to recite a piece of verse (without gestures).
carmen inconditum - a rough poem ; an extempore infusion.
se conferre ad poesis studium - to devote oneself to poetry.
poesis genus ad Romanos transferre - to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poetry.
alicuius laudes versibus persequi
alicuius laudes (virtutes) canere - to sing the praises of someone (not canere aliquem).
alicuius res gestas versibus ornare, celebrare - to celebrate someone's exploits in song.
ut ait Homerus - as Homer sings (not canit).
numerus poetice vinctus - poetical rhythm.
artem musicam discere, tractare - to learn, study music.
(musica (-orum) is also used for music, cf. in musicis se conterere.)
nervorum et tibiarum cantus - instrumental music.
vocum et fidium (nervorum) cantus - vocal and instrumental music.
docere aliquem fidibus - to teach someone to play a stringed instrument.
fidibus discere (De Sen. 8.26) - to learn to play a stringed instrument.
fidibus canere - to play on the lyre.
pellere nervos in fidibus - to strike the strings of the lyre.
tibias inflare
tibiis or tibi canere - to play the flute.
ad tibiam or ad tibicinem canere - to sing to a flute accompaniment.
(homo) symphoniacus - a singer, member of a choir.
symphnia canit (Verr. 3.44.105) - the orchestra is playing.
acroma - a professional performer.
(acroma = originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a performer. The Greeks applied the term to
music ; the Romans used it of any professional performer who entertained guests while at the table.)
modi (De Or. 1.42.187) - the melody.
modos facere - to compose, put to music.
numerus, numeri - the tune ; rhythm.
numeros cadere - to have a rhythmical cadence.
ar pingendi, pictura (de Or. 2.16.69) - the art of painting.
ars fingendi - the art of sculpture.
signa et tabulae (pictae) - statues and pictures.
simulacrum e marmore facere - to make a marble statue.
statuas inscribere (Verr. 2.69.167) - to put an inscription on statues.
(statua is not used of statues of the gods, but signum, simulacrum.)

17. THE DRAMA

ars ludicra (De Or. 2.20.84) - the dramatic art.
fabula, ludus scaenicus - the piece ; the play.
argumentum - the plot of the piece.
actio - the treatment of the piece.
actus - an act.
fabulam docere () (of a writer) (opp. fabulam discere - to study a piece, of the actor) - to get a piece played,
rehearse it.
fabulam agere - to act a play (said of the actors).
fabulam edere - to produce a play, put it on the stage (used of the man who finds the money).
fabulam dare - to produce a play (of the writer).
in scaenam producere aliquem - to introduce a character on the stage.
in scaenam prodire - to come upon the stage.
in scaenam redire - to reappear on the scene.
de scaena decedere - to retire from the stage.
in scaenam aliquid inducere - to bring a thing upon the stage.
familia, grex, caterva histrionum - a theatrical company.
dominus gregis - the manager.
theatrum - the playhouse.
(theatrum = (1) the playhouse, theater ; (2) the audience, house. It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity,
theater, scene, e.g. theatrum magnum habet ista provincia (Cic.) ; nullam theatrum virtuti conscientia maius (ibid.).
theatra reclamant - the spectators protest.
populum facilem, aequum habere - to have an appreciative audience.
plaudere (not applaudere); plausum dare (alicui) - to applaud, clap a person.
clamores (coronae) facere, excitare - to elicit loud applause.
saepius revocatur (Liv. 7.2.9) - he is encored several times.
fabulam exigere (Ter. Andr. Prol.) - to hiss a play.
fabula cadit - a piece is a failure, falls flat.
histrionem exsibilare, explodere, eicere, exigere - to hiss an actor off the stage.
histrioni acclamare - to interrupt an actor by hooting him.
(Livy is the first writer who uses acclamare in a good sense.)
partes agere alicuius - to play the part of someone.
(Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g. partes suscipere, sustinere, dare, tribuere, defendere, tueri.
Similarly persona (properly mask) is used of several phrases, e.g. personam alicuius agere, ferre, tenere ; personam
suscipere or induere ; personam tueri (Phil. 8.10) ; personam alicui imponere (Sull. 3.8). persona thus got the
meaning of personality, individuality, character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. N.B. - It
never represents our "person." cf. many persons were present, multi (homines) aderant.)
agere servum, lenonem - to act the role of slave, pander.
actor primarum (secundarum, tertiarum) partium - the actor who plays the leading part.
tragoedia or fabula Antigona (not Antigona trag. or fab.) - the Antigone.
in Sophoclis (not Sophoclea) Aiace or apud Sophoclem in Aiace - in Sophocles' Ajax.
caterva, chorus - the Chorus in Tragedy.
carmen chori, canticum - a choric ode in tragedy.
loci melici - the lyric portions of a tragedy.
diverbium - a stage dialogue.
canticum - a choric ode.
ludi circenses, scaenici - performances in the circus ; theatrical performances.
ludos facere, edere (Iovi) - to give public games in honor of Jupiter.
ludos instaurare - to revive public games.
munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
gladiatores dare - to give a gladiatorial show.
familia gladiatoria (Sest. 64.134) - a band, troop of gladiators under the management of a lanista.
(Hence familiam ducere, metaphorically to be at the head of a movement, to play the leading part, e.g. in iure civili
(Cic.) For other phrases drawn from the wrestling school vd. ix.6.)
ludus gladiatorius - a school for gladiators.
gladiatoribus (Att. 2.19.3) - at the gladiatorial games.
celebritas ludorum - crowded games.
magnificentia ludorum, ludi apparatissimi - sumptuous public games.
ludi Olympia (not ludi Olympici), Pythia - the Olympian, Pythian games.
Olympia vincere (Olumpia nikan) - to win a prize at the Olympian games.
ludi gymnici, certamina gymnica - gymnastic contests.
stadium currere (Off. 3.10.42) - to run a foot-race.

VIII. SPEECH AND WRITING

1. SPEECH IN GENERAL

ars dicendi - the art of speaking ; oratory.
ad dicendum se conferre - to devote oneself to oratory.
dicendi praecepta tradere - to teach rhetoric.
(Note the way in which the Latin language prefers a concrete expression in the plural to represent our abstract
"rhetoric," cf. musica (-orum), astra, numeri, soni = music, astronomy, arithmetic, acoustics (vid. vii. 14).)
rhetor, dicendi magister - a teacher of rhetoric.
facultas dicendi - oratorical talent.
natum, factum esse ad dicendum - to be a born orator.
facilem et expeditum esse ad dicendum (Brut. 48.180) - to be a ready, fluent speaker.
rudem, tironem ac rudem (opp. exercitatum) esse in dicendo - to be an inexperienced speaker.
disertum esse (De. Or. 1.21.94) - to be fluent.
eloquentum esse (De Or. 1.21.94) - to be a capable finished speaker.
eloquentia valere
dicendi arte florere - to be very eloquent.
eloquentiae laude florere - to be a distinguished orator.
vis dicendi - oratorical power.
multum dicendo valere, posse - to have great weight as a speaker.
eloquentiae principatum tenere
primum or principem inter oratores locum obtinere, oratorum principem esse - to be considered the foremost orator.
orationem facere - to compose a speech.
orationem commentari (Fam. 16.26) - to prepare, get up a speech.
oratio meditata (Plin. 26.3.7) - a prepared speech.
subito, ex tempore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere - to speak extempore.
oratio subita - an extempore speech.
oratio perpetua - a continuous discourse.
oratio accurata et polita - a carefully prepared speech.
(accuratus is only used of things, never people.)
oratio composita - an elaborate speech.
contentio (opp. sermo) (Off. 2.48) - animated address ; emotional language.
copiose dicere - to speak very fluently.
ornate dicere - to speak well, elegantly.
libere dicere (Verr. 2.72.176) - to speak frankly, independently.
plane, aperte dicere - to speak openly, straightforwardly.
perspicue, diserte dicere - to speak in clear, expressive language.
missis ambagibus dicere - to speak without circumlocution.
accommodate ad persuadendum dicere - to be a persuasive speaker.
aggredi ad dicendum - to come forward to make a speech.
(surgere ad dicendum is only used of someone who has been till now seated (De Or. 2.78.316)).
verba facere apud populum, in contione - to address a meeting of the people.
(apud is used of appearing before an official assembly, e.g. apud populum, apud senatum, apud iudices.
coram is used of an informal casual meeting.)
in contionem (in rostra) escendere (only of Romans) - to mount the rostra.
(escendere is more common than ascendere, cf. in contionem escendere (Cic. Att. 4.2.3 ; Liv. 2.7.7 etc. etc.)
Similarly in rostra escendere (Cic. Liv.), in tribunal escendere (Liv.) Later suggestum, rostra escendere (Tac. Ann.
15.59 ; ibid. 13.5).
orationem habere (Tusc. 5.33.94) - to make a speech.
initium dicendi facere - to begin to speak.
finem dicendi facere - to cease speaking.
perorare - (1) to make one's peroration ; (2) to deliver the closing speech (in a case where several speeches have been
made).
animos audientium permovere, inflammare - to make an impression on one's audience.
animos tenere - to rivet the attention of ...
audientiam sibi (orationi) facere - to obtain a hearing.
solutum et expeditum esse ad dicendum - to never be at a loss for something to say.
lingua promptum esse - to have a ready tongue.
celeritas in respondendo - readiness in debate, in repartee.
bonis lateribus esse - to have good lungs.
(latus is never used in the singular in good Latin with the meaning "lungs," "breath," "vigor," cf. Cic. iam me dies,
vox, latera deficiunt si ... In a somewhat similar way lacerti is used of oratorical vigor, e.g. ipse hastas ... oratoris
lacertis viribusque torquebit (De Or. 1.57.242).
linguae solutio - volubility.

2. STYLE - EXPRESSION

genus dicendi (scribendi) ; oratio - style.
 (Not stilus, which means the writing instrument the stylus, hence the expression stilum vertere (Verr. 2.3.41), to
erase what has been written. Metaphorically it denotes - (1) the action of writing, e.g. stilus optimus est et
praestantissimus dicendi effector et magister ; (2) the manner of writing, mode of composition, e.g. unus enim
sonus est totius orationis et idem stilus.)
genus dicendi grave or grande, medium, tenue (cf. Or. 5.20 ; 6.21) - elevated, moderate, plain style.
(Speeches belong according to their subject matter to genus deliberativum (), genus iudicale
(), or genus demonstrativum (4,4646<), cf. Cic. de Inv. 1.5.7 ; Arist. Rhet. bk. iii.)
fusum orationis genus - a running style.
inconditum dicendi genus (Brut. 69.242) - a rough, unpolished style.
inflatum orationis genus
oratio altius exaggerata - a bombastic style.
elatio atque altitudo orationis - the exalted strain of the speech.
exsurgere altius or incitatius ferri - to take a higher tone (especially of poets and orators).
magnifice loqui, dicere - (1) to speak vehemently, passionately ; (2) to speak pompously, boastfully.
magniloquentia, granditas verborum - pathos ; passion.
tragoedia - tragic pathos.
expedita et facile currens oratio
oratio aequabiliter fluens - an easy, fluent style.
flumen orationis (De Or. 2.15.62) - flow of oratory.
(On the other hand, oratio fluit (De Or. 3.49.190) = the language has no rhythm.)
siccitas, sanitas orationis ; verborum tenuitas, oratio subtilis - the plain style.
oratio exilis,,ieiuna, arida, exsanguis - the dry, lifeless style.
ornatus orationis, verborum - well-chosen language, grace of style.
elegantia orationis - tasteful description.
oratio pura, pura et emendata - pure, correct language.
integritas, sinceritas orationis (not puritas) - purity of style.
oratio inquinata (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3.7) - incorrect language.
(Not impura, which means unchaste, obscene.)
orationes Catonis antiquitatem redolent (Brut. 21.82) - Cato's speeches sound archaic.
ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent - there is a flavor of Atticism about his discourse.
oratio soluta (not prosa) or simply oratio - prose.
oratio numerose cadit - his style has a well-balances cadence.
numeris orationem astringere, vincire - to make a speech rhythmical.
lumina, flores dicendi (De Or. 3.25.96) - flowers of rhetoric ; embellishments of style.
sententias (verbis) explicare, aperire - to explain one's sentiments.
sententiae reconditae et exquisitae (Brut. 97.274) - profound sentiments.
ubertas (not divitiae) et copia orationis - a full and copious style of speech.
crebritas or copia (opp. inopia) sententiarum or simply copia - richness of ideas.
sententiis abundans or creber (opp. sententiis inanis) - rich in ideas.
(Not dives which Cicero uses only absolutely and almost always of persons, cf. however animus hominis dives
(Parad. 6.44), divitior mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia, (De Am. 16.58).)
adumbrare aliquid (Or. 14.43) - to roughly sketch a thing.
exprimere aliquid verbis or oratione - to express a thing clearly, make a lifelike representation of a thing.
(adumbrare is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, outline of an object ; then metaphorically, to merely
hint at a thing. Its opposite is exprimere, technical term of sculpture, = figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It
never has the simple meaning "to express.")
exponere aliquid or de aliqua re - to give an account of something (either orally or in writing).
sententiae inter se nexae
perpetuitas verborum
contextus orationis (not nexus, conexus sententiarum)
ratio sententiarum
ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt - the connection of thought.
vitam alicuius exponere - to give an account of a man's life.
vitam alicuius depingere - to make a sketch of a man's life.
de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere - to make a character-sketch of a person.
summo colore aliquid illustrare - to depict a thing in lively colors.
ante oculos ponere aliquid - to bring a thing vividly before the eyes.
oculis or sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid - to represent a thing vividly.
rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio (De Or. 3.53.202) - graphic description.
perlustrare, lustrare oculis aliquid - to scrutinize, examine closely.
sic exponere aliquid, quasi agatur res (non quasi narretur) - to represent a thing dramatically.
aliquem disputantem facere, inducere, fingere (est aliquis apud aliquem disputans) - to introduce a person (in a
dialogue) discoursing on ...
in uno conspectu ponere aliquid
sub unum aspectum subicere aliquid - to give a general idea of a thing.
in brevi conspectu ponere aliquid - to make a short survey of a thing.
uno conspectu videre aliquid - to have a general idea of a thing.
breviter tangere, attingere aliquid - to touch briefly on a thing.
strictim, leviter tangere, attingere, perstringere aliquid
quasi praeteriens,in transitu attingere aliquid - to make a cursory mention of a thing ; to mention by the way (not obiter
or in transcursu).
res summas attingere
summatim aliquid exponere - to dwell on the main points.
multa verba facere
multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re) (De Or. 2.4.17) - to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully.
pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi aliquid - to give a full, detailed account of a thing.
(persequi is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of either orally or in writing, e.g. alicuius vitam, alicuius
laudes versibus, res Hannibalis.)
breviter, paucis explicare aliquid
rem paucis absolvere (Sall. Iug. 17.2) - to explain a matter briefly, in a few words (not paucis verbis).
rebus ipsis par est oratio
rebus verba resondent - the circumstances are described in language worthy of them.
copiam quam potui persecutus sum - I have exhausted all my material.
verbis non omnia exsequi posse - to be unable to say all one wants.
in medium proferre aliquid - to bring a subject forward into discussion.
in medio ponere (proponere) - to publish, make public.
silentio praeterire (not praemittere) aliquid - to pass over in silence.
significare aliquem or aliquid
significatione appellare aliquem
describere aliquem (Cael. 20.50) - to allude to a person or thing (not alludere).
leviter significare aliquid - to hint vaguely at a thing.
ordine narrare, quomodo res gesta sit - to detail the whole history of an affair.
dicendo ornare aliquid - to embellish a narrative.
rhetorice, tragice ornare aliquid (Brut. 11.43) - to add rhetorical, dramatic embellishments to a subject.
digressus, digressio, egressio
quod ornandi causa additum est - a digression, episode.
includere in orationem aliquid
inserere orationi aliquid
interponere aliquid (De Am. 1.3) - to interpolate, insert something.
dicendo augere, amplificare aliquid (opp. dicendo extenuare aliquid) - to lend luster to a subject by one's description.
in maius ferre, in maius extollere aliquid - to exaggerate something.
in maius accipere aliquid - to overestimate a thing.
digredi (a proposito) (De Or. 2.77.311) - to digress, deviate.
studio alicuius rei provectus sum - my zeal for things has led me too far.
longe, alte (longius, altius) repetere (either absolute or ab aliqua re) - to go a long way back (in narrative).
oratio longius repetita (De Or. 3.24.91) - a rather recondite speech.
accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus - to adopt the language of everyday life.
ad vulgarem sensum or ad communem opinionem orationem accommodare (Off. 2.10.35) - to express oneself in popular
language.

3. DELIVERY - VOICE

actio (Brut. 38) - delivery
pronuntiatio c. Gen. - artistic delivery ; declamation.
(Not declamatio which = an oratorical exercise. Distinguish pronuntiare (De Or. 1.59.251), to declaim a thing
according to the rules of rhetoric ; and declamare = to go through rhetorical exercises as a practice in speaking.
actio paulum claudicat - the delivery is rather halting, poor.
(claudicare often metaph. of things which are unequal, weak, e.g. amicitia claudicat (Fin. 1.69).)
haerere, haesitare (Catil. 2.6.13) - to stop short, hesitate.
perturbari, permoveri - to be nervous, embarrassed.
de scripto orationem habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria) - to read a speech.
(But to read a speech orationem legere (Brut. 51.191) ; to read with expression, recitare (Phil. 10.2.5)).
interpellare aliquem (dicentem) - to interrupt.
vox magna, clara (Sull. 10.30) - a strong, loud voice.
vox gravis, acuta, parva, mediocris - a deep, high, thin, moderate voice.
vox canora (Brut. 63.234) - a melodious, ringing voice.
vox lenis, suppressa, summissa - a gentle, subdued voice.
vocem mittere (sonitum reddere of things) - to speak, utter a sound.
vocem summittere - to lower one's voice.
contentio, remissio vocis - raising, lowering the voice.
vocem intercludere (Just. 11.8.4) - to prevent someone from speaking.
nulla vox est ab eo audita - no sound passed his lips.
magna voce clamare - to shout at the top of one's voice.
clamorem tollere (Liv. 3.28) - to raise a shout, a cry.
gestum (always in the singular) agere - to gesticulate.

4. SUBJECT-MATTER - ARGUMENT.

non habeo argumentum scribendi
deest mihi argumentum ad scribendum (Att. 9.7.7)
non habeo, non est quod scribam - I have nothing to write about.
res (opp. verba) mihi suppetit - I have an abundance to say.
materia mihi crescit - my subject-matter grows as I write.
res componere ac digerere - to arrange and divide the subject-matter.
dispositio rerum (De Inv. 1.7.9) - the arrangement of the subject-matter.
materia rerum et copia uberrima
infinita et immensa materia - abundance of material.
materiem ad ornatum praebere - to afford matter for elaboration, embellishment.
id quod (mihi) propositum est
res proposita
id quod quaerimus (quaeritur)
institutum or id quod institui - a theme, subject proposed for discussion.
a proposita aberrare, declinare, deflectere, digredi, egredi - to digress from the point at issue.
ad propositum reverti, redire
ad rem redire - to come back to the point.
sed redeat, unde aberravit oratio
sed ad id, unde digressi sumus, revertamur
verum ut ad id, unde digressa est oratio, revertamur - but to return from the digression we have been making.
mihi propositum est c. Inf. (or mihi proposui, ut) - the task I have put before myself is ...
ponere - to propose, set a theme.
ponere alicui, de quo disputet - to set someone a theme for discussion.
ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2.1.1) - to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion.

5. QUESTION - ANSWER

quaestionem ponere, proponere - to propose a subject for debate, put a question.
quaestionem poscere (Fin.2.1.1) - to get a question submitted to one.
hoc loc exsistit quaestio, quaeritur - at this point the question arises.
nunc id quaeritur, agitur - the question now is ...
res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur - the question at issue.
magna quaestio est (followed by an indirect question) - it is a disputed point, disputed question.
quaerendum esse mihi visum est - the question has forced itself on my mind.
quaestionem solvere - to decide, determine a question.
quaestio ad exitum venit - the question has been settled.
ad interrogata respondere - to answer questions.
(Not to answer (a thing) respondere ad aliquid or alicui rei ; to answer (a person) always alicui. So dicere alicui to
speak to a person, but scribere ad aliquem.
bene interrogare - to cross-examine cleverly, put leading questions.
percontanti non deesse (De Or. 1.21.97) - to answer every question.
responsum ab aliquo ferre, auferre - to extract an answer from someone.
respondere in hanc sententiam - to answer to this effect.
(responsum dare only of answers given by oracles or lawyers.)

6. HUMOR - EARNEST

ioco uti (Off. 1.29.103) - to make a joke.
haec iocatus sum; per iocum dixi - I said it in jest.
animo prompto esse ad iocandum - to be humorously inclined.
extra iocum ; remoto ioco (Fam. 7.11.3) - joking aside.
facete dicere - to be witty.
facetiis uti ; facetum esse - to make witty remarks.
facete et commode dicere - to indulge in apt witticisms.
breviter et commode dictum - a short, pointed witticism.
facete dictum - a witticism, bon mot.
arcessitum dictum (De Or. 2.63.256) - a far-fetched joke.
dicta dicere in aliquem - to make jokes on a person.
aspergere sales orationi (Or. 26. 87) - to intersperse one's speech with humorous remarks.
aliquid ad ridiculum convertere - to make a joke of a thing.
(homo) ridiculus (Plaut. Stich. 1.3.21) - a wit ; a joker.
lepos in iocando - humor.
iucunde esse (Deiot. 7.19) - to be in a good temper, mood.
se dare iucunditati - to let oneself be jovial.
sibi displicere (opp. sibi placare) - to be in a bad temper, mood.
ioca et seria agere - to be now jesting, now in earnest.
serio dicere (Plaut. Bacch. 1.1.42) - to say in earnest...
severitatem adhibere - to show that one is serious.
ineptum esse (De Or. 2.4.17) - to be silly, without tact.
nimium diligentem esse - to be pedantic.
(Such words as "pedantry," "pedant" can be expressed very variously in Latin, cf. N.D. 3.31.71 posse acerbos e
Zenonis schola exire ; Pro Mur. 9.19 multorum difficultatem exsorbuit ; Brut. 38.143 erat in Crasso latine sine
molestia diligens elegantia.)

7. LANGUAGE - USE OF LANGUAGE - TRANSLATION - GRAMMAR

lingua graeca latina locupletior (copiosior, uberior) est - the Greek language is a richer one than the Latin.
commercium linguae - intercourse of speech.
volubilitas, solutio linguae - volubility.
vitium orationis, sermonis or simply vitium - a mistake, solecism.
saepe (crebro, multa) peccavit, erravit, lapsus est - he has made several mistakes.
eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo (De Or. 3.59.223) - to be united by having a common language.
orationis expertem esse - to be unable to express one's ideas.
sermo patrius (Fin. 1.2.4) - native tongue; vernacular.
consuetudo sermonis, loquendi - the usage of language.
cotidiani sermonis usus
communis sermonis consuetudo
sermo familiaris et cotidianus - the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.
aliquid a consuetudine sermonis latini abhorret, alienum est - the expression is not in accordance with Latin usage.
consuetudo vitiosa et corrupta (opp. pura et incorrupta) sermonis - incorrect usage.
incorrupta latini sermonis integritas (Brut. 35.132) - pure, correct Latin.
(Cf. Cic. ad Herren. 4.12.17) latinitas est quae sermonem purum conservat ab omni vitio remotum.)
sermo latinus (opp. sermo parum latinus) - good Latin.
(For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs vid. Ngelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278 ; cf. bene multi,
bene mane, bene penitus (Verr. 2.70.169), impie gratus (Tusc. 5.2.6) etc. Such combinations are especially
frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, Seneca, and Quintilian. For latine by itself cf. Cic. Opt. Gen. 4 latine, id est pure et
emendate, loqui. If the style is to be criticized, adverbs can be added -e.g. bene, perbene, pessime, eleganter, etc.)
latine loqui (Brut. 45.166) - (1) to speak Latin, (2) to speak good Latin (also bene latine), (3) to express oneself clearly.
graece or graeca lingua loqui - to speak the Greek language.
latinam linguam scire or didicisse
latine scire - to know Latin.
latine commentari - to write treatises in Latin.
aliquid a graeco in latinum (sermonem) convertere, vertere, transferre - to translate from Greek into Latin.
Platonem vertere, convertere - to translate Plato.
ab or de (not ex) Platone vertere, convertere, transferre - to translate from Plato.
ex Platonis Phaedone haec in latinum conversa sunt - what follows has been translated into Latin from Plato's Phaedo.
aliquid (graeca) latine reddere or sermone latino interpretari - to render something in Latin.
ad verbum transferre, exprimere
verbum e verbo exprimere
verbum pro verbum reddere
totidem verbis transferre - to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus).
his fere verbis, hoc fere modo convertere, transferre - to translate freely.
liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus - the work when translated ; translation (concrete).
interpretatio, translatio (not versio or conversio) - the process of translation.
interpres - the translator.
leges dicendi
praecepta grammaticorum - the rules of speech, grammar.
(Not regula, which means a level, standard, e.g. regula ad quam iudicia rerum diriguntur (Cic.).)
grammaticus (De Or. 1.3.10) - a linguist, philologist.
(The adverb grammatice is used with loqui, scribere = to speak, write correctly ; grammatista and also litterator are
used of elementary teachers.)
emendate scribere - to write correctly, in faultless style.
latine scribere (Op. Gen. Or. 2.4) - to write good Latin.
(Cf. latine docere philosophiam, to teach philosophy in Latin ; Fin. 3. 12.40 latine scire, to know Latin (cf.
Xen. Anab. 7.6.8). Also latine didicisse, latine oblivisci (Caec. 22.62), in which Drger
supposes an ellipse of loqui or dicere.)

8. SENTENCE - PERIOD - WORDS - PROVERBS - SYLLABLES

enuntiatio, enuntiatum, sententia - the sentence, proposition.
compositio, structura verborum - the structure of the sentence.
ambitus, circuitus, comprehensio, continuatio (verborum, orationis), also simply periodus - the period.
constructio, structura verborum, forma dicendi - the construction.
adiungi, addi coniunctivo (Marc. Cap. 3.83) - to be used with the conjunctive mood.
copia, ubertas verborum - profusion of words.
verbis abundantem esse, abundare - to be rich in words.
inopia verborum - poverty of expression.
lectissimis verbis uti (De Or. 3.37) - to employ carefully chosen expressions.
prisca, obsoleta (opp. usitata), ambigua verba - obsolete, ambiguous expressions.
locutio (Brut. 74.258) - a phrase.
verbo, nomine; re, re quidem vera - nominally; really.
si verba spectas - literally.
verbis alicuius, e.g. salutare (Liv. 9.36) - in someone's name; on someone's behalf (not nomine alicuius).
haec verba sunt (Ter. Phorm. 3.2.32) - these are mere empty phrases.
inanis verborum sonitus - mere words; empty sound.
inanium verborum flumen - senseless rant.
flosculi, rhetorum pompa - fine, rhetorical phrases.
voces iacere (Sall. Iug. 11) - to let fall an expression.
nullum (omnino) verbum facere - to not say a word.
ne verbum (without unum) quidem de aliquo facere - to say not a syllable about a person.
verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem) - to speak on a subject.
verbum ex aliquo elicere - to extract words from someone.
verbis concertare or altercari cum aliquo (B.C. 3.19.6) - to hold an altercation with a man.
verborum concertatio - an altercation, debate.
pauca dicere (pauca verba dicere only of the orator) - to say only a few words.
omnia verba huc redeunt - all this means to say.
nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei) - no word escaped him.
verbo parum valere (Tusc. 3.5.11) - to be unable to find a suitable expression.
verbum prorus nullum intellegere - not to understand a single word.
huic rei deest apud nos vocabulum - we have no expression for that.
inducere novum verbum in latinam linguam - to introduce a new word into the Latin language.
verba parere, fingere, facere - to invent, form words.
nominum interpretatio - etymology (not etymologia).
vocabulum, verbum, nomen ducere ad, ex ... - to form, derive a word from ...(used of a man who first creates the word).
(verbum derivare means to form new words from words which exist already, e.g. by adding a syllable, Atrides
from Atreus. For word-building, cf. Cic. De Or. 3.37 and 38 ; Hor. A.P. 46.)
verbum ductum esse a ... putare
originem verbi repetere a ... - to derive a word from ... ( used of an etymologist).
nomina enodare or verborum origines quaerere, indagare - to give an etymological explanation of words.
nomen amicitiae (or simply amicitia) dicitur ab amando - the word amicitia comes from amare.
in aliqua re dici - to be used in speaking of a thing.
quid significat, sonat haec vox?
quae est vis huius verbi?
quae notio or sententia subiecta est huic voci? - what is the meaning, the original sense of this word?
vis et notio verbi, vocabuli - the fundamental meaning of a word.
vox, nomen carendi or simply carere hoc significat (Tusc. 1.36.88) - the word carere means ...
quem intellegitis sapientem? - what do we mean by "a wise man"?
quae intellegitur virtus?
quid est virtus? - what do we mean by "virtue"?
idem valere, significare, declarare - to have the same meaning.
vocabula idem fere declarantia - synonyms.
vocabulum latius patet - the word has a more extended signification.
vocabulum angustius valet - the word has a narrow meaning.
iracundium sic (ita) definiunt, ut ulciscendi libidinem esse dicant or ut u. libido sit or iracundium sic definiunt, ulc.
libidinem - anger is defined as a passionate desire for revenge.
in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid - to take a thing in good (bad) part.
aemulatio dupliciter dicitur, ut et in laude et in vitio hoc nomen sit - the word aemulatio is employed with two
meanings, in a good and bad sense.
verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit) to hold by the letter ( of the law).
hoc vocabulum generis neutri (not neutrius) est - this word is neuter.
ordo verborum (Or. 63.214) - the order of the words.
vocabulum proprium - the proper term; a word used strictly.
verbum translatum (Or. 27.92) - a figurative expression; a word used metaphorically.
translatio - a metaphor.
verba composita - well-arranged words.
(Compound word = verba copulata, iuncta (Or. 48.159), coniuncta, cf. Cic. De Or. 3.38.154.)
verborum immutatio - a trope; metonymy.
continua translatio (Or. 27.94) - an allegory; continuous metaphor.
simili uti - to employ a comparison, simile.
dissimulatio (Off. 1.30.108) - irony.
vetus (verbum) est (c. Acc. c. Inf.) - it was said long ago that ...
ut est in proverbio
ut or quod or quomodo aiunt, ut or quemadmodum dicitur - as the proverb says.
in proverbii consuetudinem or simply in proverbium venire - to pass into a proverb.
proverbii locum obtinere (Tusc. 4.16.36) - to be used as a proverb.
hoc est Graecis hominibus in proverbio - this is a proverb among the Greeks.
bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur - that Greek proverb contains an excellent lesson.
vetamur vertere proverbio - an old proverb tells us not to ...
proverbium vetustate or sermone tritum - an old proverb which everyone knows.
( tritus is also used figuratively, e.g. proverbium ( sermone ) tritum (De Off. 1.10.33), vocabulum latino sermone
non tritum (Acad. 1.7.27).)
syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9.4.89) - to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter.
hoc vox longa syllaba terminatur, in longam syllabam cadit, exit - this word ends in a long syllable.
oriri a longa (De Or. 1.55.236) - to begin with a short syllable.
syllabarum auceps - a verbal, petty critic; a caviller.
verborum aucupium or captatio - minute, pedantic carping at words.
litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare) - to pronounce syllables distinctly.
ad litteram, litterate - to the letter; literally.
litterarum ordo
litterae, elementa - the alphabet.
(Cf. quarta elementorum littera, the fourth letter of the alphabet (Suet. Iul. 56).)
ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere - to arrange in alphabetical order.

9. WRITING - WRITERS - BOOKS

litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2.1.2) - to put down in writing.
litteris persequi aliquid - to treat in writing.
(persequi is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of either orally or in writing, e.g. alicuius vitam, alicuius
laudes versibus, res Hannibalis.)
scriptor (not auctor = guarantor) - the writer, author.
scribere - to take to writing, become an author.
ad scribendum or ad scribendi studium se conferre
animum ad scribendum appellere, applicare - to become a writer, embrace a literary career.
librum scribere, conscribere - to write a book.
librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1.2) - to compose, compile a book.
librum edere (Div. 1.3.6) - to publish a book.
librum evolvere, volvere
volumen explicare - to open a book.
librum mittere ad aliquem (Fin.1.3.8) - to dedicate a book to someone.
index, inscriptio libri - the title of a book.
(Not titulus which means -(1) an inscription on a tomb, monument ; (2) public notice, e.g. an advertisement of a
sale, sub titulum misit lares (Ov.) ; (3) metaph. title, honor, e.g. consulatus, coniugis. It is only in very late
writers that it = title of a book.)
liber inscribitur Laelius (Off. 2.9.30) - the book is entitled "Laelius."
(The perfect inscriptus est is only used when the writer himself is speaking of his book, e.g. de senectute disputavi
eo libro, qui Cato maior inscriptus est, "... which I have entitled Cato maior.")
Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo) or in eo (not suo) libro, qui inscribitur Laelius - Cicero says in his "Laelius."
est liber de ... - there exists a book on ...
exstat liber (notice the order of the words) - the book is still exstant.
liber intercidit, periit - the book has been lost.
liber deperditus - a book which has been entirely lost sight of.
liber perditus - a book of which fragments (relliquiae, not fragmenta) remain.
liber qui fertur alicuius - a book which is attributed to someone.
nescio quis - an anonymous writer.
liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem - the book is attributed to an unknown writer.
hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am. - the book treats of friendship.
libro continentur aliquid
libro scriptor complexus est aliquid - the book contains something . . . (not continet aliquid).
in extremo libro (Q. Fr. 2.7.1) - at the end of the book.
liber mihi est in manibus
librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1.1.2) - to be engaged on a book.
liber, oratio in manibus est - the book, speech can easily be obtained.
librum in manus sumere - to take up a book in one's hands.
librum de manibus ponere - to lay down a book.
(Distinguish the two verbs ponere = to set down for a moment, and deponere to lay aside, abandon altogether. Cf.
vincere and devincere, perdere and deperdere.) (vestem deponere = to give up wearing a garment, never use it
again. Notice too ponere arma, to put down one's weapons ; ponere librum (de manibus), to lay aside a book (not
deponere, which would mean to lay aside for good. Cf. viii.9)
perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus - to polish, finish a work with the greatest care.
extrema manus accedit operi (active extremum manum imponere operi) - to put the finishing touches on a work.
liber accurate, diligenter scriptus - a carefully written book.
aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum) - to make extracts from Cicero's writings.
aliquid in commentarios suos referre (Tusc. 3.22.54) - to enter a thing in one's notebook.
librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere - to furnish a book with notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation.
se abdere in bibliothecam suam - to bury oneself in one's library.
Platonem legere, lectitare - to read Plato.
locum Platonis afferre, proferre (not citare) - to quote a passage of Plato.
scriptor hoc loco dicit - our (not noster) author tells us at this point.
Cicero loco quodam haec dicit - Cicero says this somewhere.
Platonem legere et cognoscere - to study Plato.
legendo percurrere aliquid - to read cursorily.
apud Platonem scriptum videmus, scriptum est or simply est - we read in Plato.
(legere in this connection only in the perfect.)
in Platonis Phaedone scriptum est - in Plato's "Phaedo" we read.
verba, oratio, exemplum scriptoris - the text of the author (not textus).
legentes, ii qui legunt - the reader.
(Not lector, which means a professional reader, cf. de Or. 2.55.223. Similarly "audience" = ii qui audiunt or
audientes (usually in the oblique cases). Words in -tor and -trix always denote those who do something
habitually or for some permanent object. Thus of functionaries - censor, dictator, quaestor ; of artisans - fictor
sculptor, institor retail dealer, mercator wholesale merchant, structor mason ; of people who are always showing
some distinguishing quality or defect - calumniator, ratiocinator ; of those who have performed a feat so remarkable as
to confer on them a durable characteristic - creator urbis (Romulus), servator Graeciae (Themistocles), Cimbrorum
victor (Marius), etc.)
languorem, molestiam legentium animis afferre - to weary, bore the reader.
liber plenus delectationis - a very charming book.
alicuius mens in scriptis spirat - a man's soul breathes through his writings.
mendum (scripturae) (Fam. 6.7.1) - a clerical error, copyist's mistake.
mendose scriptum - full of orthographical errors.
labi in scribendo - to make a mistake in writing.
mendosum esse (Verr. 2.4.77) - (1) to make frequent mistakes in writing ; (2) to be full of mistakes (speaking of a
passage).
inducere verbum (Phil. 13.19.43) - to strike out, delete a word.

10. LETTERS

epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem - to write a letter to someone.
epistula ad Atticum data, scripta, missa or quae ad A. scripta est - a letter to Atticus.
epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem - to charge someone with a letter for someone else.
epistulam reddere alicui (Att. 5.21.4) - to deliver a letter to someone (used of the messenger).
epistularum commercium
litterae missae et allatae - correspondence.
colloqui cum aliquo per litteras - to correspond with someone.
litteras inter se dare et accipere - to be in correspondence with ...
litteras perferre aliquo - to take a letter somewhere.
epistulam signare, obsignare - to seal, fasten a letter.
epistulam solvere, aperire, resignare (of Romans also linum incidere) - to open a letter.
epistulam intercipere (Att. 1.13.2) - to intercept a letter.
epistulam deprehendere - to take forcible possession of a letter.
litteras recitare (Att. 8.9.2) - to read a letter aloud (in public).
litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9.6.3) - a letter, the tenor of which is ...
litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt - the terms, contents of the letter are as follows.
Kalendis Ianuarius Roma (dabam) - Rome, January 1st.
dies (fem. in this sense) - the date.
pater optime or carissime, mi pater - my dear father. (Neither amatus nor dilectus can be used in this connection.)
(cf. also xii. 10: Greeting and Farewell).
litteras reddere datas a. d. X. Kal. Octob. - to deliver a letter dated September 22nd.


IX. THE EMOTIONS

1. DISPOSITION - EMOTION IN GENERAL

animi affectio or habitus (De Inv. 2.5) - humor, mood; disposition.
ita animo affectum esse - to be so disposed.
(But not magno, laeto, etc., animo affici.)
animos tentare (Cluent. 63.176) - to try to divine a person's disposition.
animum alicuius or simply aliquem flectere - to make a person change his intention.
animi motus, commotio, permotio - the emotions, feelings.
aliqua re moveri, commoveri - to be moved by a thing.
alicuius animum commovere - to touch a person's heart.
alicuius animum pellere - to make an impression on a person's mind.
motus excitare in animo (opp. sedare, exstinguere) - to excite emotion.
commotum or concitatum esse - to be moved, agitated.
commotum perturbatumque esse - to be greatly agitated.
alicuius mentem turbare, conturbare, perturbare - to upset a person.
quid tibi animi est? - what sort of humor, mood are you in?

2. JOY - PAIN

afficere aliquem gaudio, laetitia
afferre alicui laetitiam - to give pleasure to someone.
laetitiam capere or percipere ex aliqua ; delectari aliqua re - to take pleasure in a thing.
in sinu gaudere (Tusc. 3.21.51) - to rejoice in secret.
gaudio perfundi - to be filled with delight.
(gaudio compleri (Fin. 5.14.69) is rare in Cicero ; gaudio impleri does not occur. Speaking generally, complere,
implere, replere, should not be used of the emotions.
cumulum gaudii alicui afferre (Fam. 16.21.1) - to add the crowning point to a person's joy.
(Cf. ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re, aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert, aliquid felicitatem
magno cumulo auget - his crowning happiness is produced by a thing ; the culminating point of his felicity is ...)
gaudio, laetitia exsultare - to utter cries of joy.
laetitia gestire (Tusc. 4.6.13) - to be transported with joy.
effusa laetitia
laetitia gestiens - a transport of joy.
(Cf. effusa fuga, headlong flight ; effusi sumptus, lavish expenditure (Rosc. Am. 24.68), cursus effusus (Liv.
9.41.17).)
gaudio, laetitia efferri - to be beside oneself with joy.
animum alicuius ad laetitiam excitare - to put a man in a pleasurable frame of mind.
nimio gaudio paene desipere - to almost lose one's reason from excess of joy.
doleo aliquid, aliqua re, de and ex aliqua re
aegre, graviter, moleste fero aliquid (or with Acc. c. Inf. or quod) - I am pained, vexed, sorry.
tuam vicem doleo - I am sorry for you.
(vicem with a genitive or a possessive pronoun has the meaning "on account of," "with regard to," especially with
verbs expressing the emotions, e.g. doleo, timeo, irascor.)
dolore affici - to feel pain.
dolorem capere (percipere) ex aliqua re - to be vexed about a thing.
doloribus premi, angi, ardere, cruciari, distineri et divelli - to feel acute pain.
dolorem alicui facere, afferre, commovere - to cause a person pain.
acerbum dolorem alicui inurere - to cause anyone very acute pain.
acer morsus doloris est (Tusc. 2.22.53) - the pain is very severe.
dolorem in lacrimas effundere - to find relief in tears.
dolori indulgere - to give way to grief.
dolor infixus animo haeret (Phil. 2.26) - grief has struck deep in his soul.
dolore confici, tabescere - to be wasted with grief ; to die of grief.
dolores remittunt, relaxant - the pain grows less.
dolori resistere - to struggle against grief.
callum obducere dolori (Tusc. 2.15.36) - to render insensible to pain.
(Note too consuetudo callum obduxit stomacho meo (Fam. 9.2.3), habit has made me callous. callum properly is
the thick nerveless skin which covers the bodies of animals.)
animus meus ad dolorem obduruit (Fam. 2.16.1) - I have become callous to all pain.
dolorem abicere, deponere, depellere - to banish grief.
dolorem alicui eripere (Att. 9.6.4) - to free a person from his pain.
cum magno meo dolore - to my sorrow.

3. VEXATION - CARE - EQUANIMITY - CONTENTMENT - AFFLICTION

in aegritudine, sollicitudine esse
aegritudine, sollicitudine affici
sollicitum esse - to be vexed, mortified, anxious.
nihil omnino curare
non laborare de aliqua re - not to trouble oneself about a thing.
aliquid me sollicitat, me sollicitum habet, mihi sollicitudini est, mihi sollicitudinem affert - something harasses me,
makes me anxious.
aegritudo exest animum planeque conficit (Tusc. 3.13.27) - anxiety gnaws at my heart and incapacitates it.
aegritudine, curis confici - to be wasting away with grief.
aegritudine afflictum, debilitatum esse, iacre - to be bowed down, prostrated by grief.
aegritudinem alicuius elevare
aliquem aegritudine levare - to comfort another in his trouble.
quieto, tranquillo, securo animo esse - to enjoy peace of mind.
rebus suis, sorte sua contentum esse - to be contented.
satis habeo, satis mihi est c. Inf. - I am content with ...
paucis, parvo contentum esse - to be satisfied with a little.
fortunae meae me paenitet - I am discontented with my lot.
(The evidence of inscriptions and the best MSS. seems to point to the derivation of paenitet, not from poena (cf.
punire, impunis), but from the root contained in penes, penetrare, penitus ; its original meaning would thus be, "to
be touched, affected within, at heart" (Bral).)
non me paenitet, quantum profecerim - I am not dissatisfied with my progress.
in luctu esse (Sest. 14.32) - to suffer affliction.
in sordibus luctuque iacere - to be in great trouble, affliction.
mors alicuius luctum mihi attulit - someone's death has plunged me in grief.
in maximos luctus incidere - to be overwhelmed by a great affliction.
magnum luctum haurire (without ex) - to undergo severe trouble, trials.
luctum percipere ex aliqua re - to feel sorrow about a thing.
omnem luctum plane abstergere - to banish all sad thoughts.
luctum deponere (Phil. 14.13.34) - to lay aside one's grief.
vel maximos luctus vetustate tollit diuturnitas (Fam. 5.16.5) - time assuages the most violent grief.

4. FEAR - TERROR - ANXIETY

timorem, terrorem alicui inicere, more strongly incutere - to inspire fear, terror.
timor aliquem occupat (B.G. 1.39) - fear comes upon someone.
in timore esse, versari - to be in fear.
in timorem venire, pervenire - to become frightened.
metus aliquem exanimat (Mil. 24.65) - a man is paralyzed with fear.
exalbescere metu - to grow pale with fear.
metu fractum et debilitatum, perculsum esse - to become completely prostrated by fear.
abicere, omittere timorem - to banish one's fear.
a metu respirare (Cluent. 70.200), ex metu se recreare, se colligere - to recover from one's fright.
respirandi spatium dare - to give time for recovery.
terror incidit alicui
terror invadit in aliquem (rarely alicui, after Livy aliquem) - terror, panic seizes someone.
in terrorem conicere aliquem - to overwhelm someone with terror.
(animo) angi (Brut. 27) - to be uneasy ; to fret.
cura sollicitat angitque aliquem - anxiety troubles and torments one.
angoribus premi - to be tormented with anxiety.
angoribus confici (Phil. 2.15.37) - to be worn out, almost dead with anxiety.

5. COURAGE - DISCOURAGEMENT -PUSILLANIMITY - PRIDE - ARROGANCE - INSOLENCE

bono animo esse
bonum animum habere - to be brave, courageous.
animus alicui accedit, crescit
animum capere, colligere - to take courage.
animum recipere (Liv. 2.50) - to take courage again.
animo forti esse - to be brave by nature.
fortem te praebe - be brave!
alacri et erecto animo esse - to show a brisk and cheerful spirit.
animum facere, addere alicui - to succeed in encouraging a person.
animum alicuius confirmare - to strengthen, confirm a person's courage.
animum alicui augere (B.G. 7.70) - to increase a person's courage.
animum alicuius redintegrare - to re-inspire courage.
animus frangitur, affligitur, percellitur, debilitatur - their spirits are broken.
animos militum accendere - to fire with courage.
animi cadunt - their courage is ebbing.
animo cadere, deficere
animum demittere - to lose courage ; to despair.
erigere alicuius animum or aliquem - to encourage a person.
excitare animum iacentem et afflictum (opp. frangere animum) - to inspire the spiritless and prostrate with new vigor.
animo esse humili, demisso (more strongly animo esse fracto, perculso et abiecto) (Att. 3.2) to be cast down,
discouraged, in despair.
inflatum, elatum esse aliqua re - to be proud, arrogant by reason of something.
insolentia, superbia inflatum esse - to be puffed up with pride.
magnos spiritus sibi sumere (B. G. 1.33) - to be haughty.
spiritus alicuius reprimere - to lower a person's pride.
insolentius se efferre - to behave arrogantly.
elatius se gerere - to give oneself airs.
sibi sumere aliquid (Planc. 1.3) - to take upon oneself.
contumacius se gerere - to display a proud obstinacy.
libera contumacia Socratis (Tusc. 1.29.71) - the frank but defiant demeanor of Socrates (before his judges.)

6. PRESENCE OF MIND - COMPOSURE - DESPAIR

praesenti animo uti - to possess presence of mind.
( uti is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practicing,
proving, etc., e.g. uti ventis secundis, adversis ; praesenti animo uti, to show presence of mind ; perpetua
felicitate, to enjoy ...; prudentia, severitate, crudelitate, to show ...; bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu, to
enjoy ...; cf.v.6.))
aequo (aequissimo) animo ferre aliquid - to endure a thing with (the greatest) sangfroid.
humane, modice, moderate, sapienter, constanter ferre aliquid - to bear a thing with resignation, composure.
(animo) paratum esse ad aliquid - to be resigned to a thing.
omnia perpeti paratum esse - to be ready to endure anything.
ad omnes casus se comparare - to prepare oneself for all contingencies.
animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere (more strongly depellere, deturbare) - to disconcert a person.
de statu suo or mentis deici (Att. 16.15)
de gradu deici, ut dicitur
perturbari (animo) - to lose one's composure ; to be disconcerted.
 (These expressions are metaphors from the fencing-school. gradus is the position taken up by a combatant, so
gradu depelli, deici = to be driven out of one's ground.)
sui (mentis) compotem non esse
non esse apud se (Plaut. Mil. 4.8.26) - to lose one's head, be beside oneself.
(Used especially in the comic poets.)
mente vix constare (Tusc. 4.17.39) - to compose oneself with difficulty.
animo adesse (Sull. 11.3) - to be quite unconcerned.
ad se redire - to regain one's self-possession.
constantium servare, mente consistere - to be calm, self-possessed.
desperare suis rebus - to despair of one's position.
(desperare is used generally with de, more rarely with the accusative, in the meaning "to no longer count upon a
thing," e.g. reditum, pacem ; or with the dative, especially with sibi, suis rebus, saluti, fortunae suae. Note
the use of desperatus, "abandoned," "given up," "despaired of," e.g. desperati morbi (Ci.), aegrota ac paene
desperata res publica (Cic.).)
ad (summam) desperationem pervenire, adduci (B.C. 2.42) - to be plunged into the depths of despair.
desperatio rerum (omnium) (Catil. 2.11.25) - absolute despair ; a hopeless situation.
quid (de) me fiet? (Ter. Heaut. 4.3.37) - what will become of me?
actum est de me - its all over with me; I'm a lost man.

7. HOPE - EXPECTATION

spem habere
spe duci, niti, teneri - to cherish a hope.
magna me spes tenet (with Acc. c. Inf.) (Tusc. 1.41.97) - I have great hopes that ...
sperare videor - I flatter myself with the hope ...
bene, optime (meliora) sperare de aliquo (Nep. Milt.1.1) - to hope well of a person.
in spem venire, ingredi, adduci
spem concipere animo - to conceive a hope.
spem redintegrare (B.G. 7.25) - to revive a hope.
spem alicui facere, afferre, inicere - to inspire anyone with hope.
ad spem aliquem excitare, erigere - to awaken new hope in someone.
in maximam spem aliquem adducere (Att. 2.22.3) - to inspire someone with the most brilliant hopes.
in meliorem spem, cogitationem aliquem inducere (Off. 2.15.53) - to induce someone to take a brighter view of things.
spem proponere alicui - to lead someone to expect ...
spes affulget (Liv. 27.28) - a ray of hope shines on us.
spem falsam alicui ostendere - to rouse a vain, groundless hope in someone's mind.
spem alicui adimere, tollere, auferre, eripere - to deprive a person of hope.
spem praecdere, incidere (Liv. 2.15) - to cut off all hope.
spem perdere
spe deici, depelli, deturbari - to lose hope.
spes ad irritum cadit, ad irritum redigitur - expectation is overthrown.
spem abicere, deponere - to give up hoping.
inani, falsa spe duci, induci - to be misled by a vain hope.
spes me frustratur - hope has played me false.
spes extenuatur et evanescit - hope is vanishing by degrees.
spem alicuius fallere (Catil. 4.11.23) - to deceive a person's hopes.
spem alicui or alicuius minuere - to weaken, diminish a person's hope.
spem alicuius confirmare - to strengthen a person in his hopes.
spem alere - to entertain a hope.
spem habere in aliquo
spem suam ponere, collocare in aliquo - to set one's hope on someone.
inter spem metumque suspensum esse - to hover between hope and fear.
praeter spem, exspectationem - contrary to expectation.
exspectationem sui facere, commovere - to cause oneself to be expected.
(Att. 1.4.5) crebras exspectationes tui commoves - i.e. you are leading us to expect your arrival.
exspectationem explere (De Or. 1.47.205) - to fulfil expectation.
exspectationi satisfacere, respondere - to respond to expectations.
exspectatione alicuius rei pendre (animi) (Leg. Agr. 2.25.66) - to be in suspense, waiting for a thing.
exspectatione torqueri, cruciari - to suffer torments of expectation, delay.
suspenso animo exspectare aliquid - to be waiting in suspense for ...
aliquem in summam exspectationem adducere (Tusc. 1.17.39) - to rouse a person's expectation, curiosity to the highest
pitch.

8. PITY - PARDON - WANT OF FEELING - CRUELTY

misericordiam alicui commovere
misericordiam alicuius concitare - to excite someone's pity.
ad misericordiam aliquem allicere, adducere, inducere - to arouse feelings of compassion in some one.
misericordia moveri, capi (De Or. 2.47) - to be touched with pity.
misericordiam implorare - to implore a person's sympathy, pity.
indulgere vitiis alicuius - to be indulgent to a person's faults.
alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei) - to pardon someone.
omnem humanitatem exuisse, abiecisse (Lig. 5.14)
omnem humanitatis sensum amisisse - to be quite insensible to all feelings of humanity.
omnis humanitatis expertem esse - to be absolutely wanting in sympathy.
omnem humanitatem ex animo exstirpare (Amic. 13.48) - to stifle, repress all humane sentiments in one's mind.
nullam partem sensus habere - to possess not the least spark of feeling.
crudelitate uti - to behave with cruelty.
( uti is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practicing,
proving, etc., e.g. uti ventis secundis, adversis ; praesenti animo uti, to show presence of mind ; perpetua felicitate,
to enjoy ...; prudentia, severitate, crudelitate, to show ...; bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu, to enjoy ...
cf.v.6.))
crudelitatem exercere in aliquo
crudelitatem adhibere in aliquem - to exercise one's cruelty on someone.
animadvertere in aliquem - to inflict punishment on a person.

9. LOVE - LONGING - ADMIRATION - ENTHUSIASM

carum habere aliquem
in amore habere aliquem
amore prosequi, amplecti aliquem - to feel affection for someone.
carum esse alicui
carum atque iucundum esse alicui - to be dear to someone.
adamasse aliquem (only in Perf. and Plup.) (Nep. Dion. 2.3) - to become devoted to someone.
aliquem toto pectore, ut dicitur, amare (Leg. 18.49) - to love someone very dearly, with all one's heart.
(pectus metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. toto pectore, cogitare, tremere. Its most common
substitute is animus. Similarly cor metaphorically is only used in the phrase cordi est.)
aliquem ex animo or ex animi sententia amare (Q. Fr. 1.1.5) - to love deeply.
amore captum, incensum, inflammatum esse, ardere - to be fired with love.
amorem ex animo eicere - to banish love from one's mind.
mel ac deliciae alicuius (Fam. 8.8.1)
amores et deliciae alicuius - somebody's darling.
in amore et deliciis esse alicui (active : in deliciis habere aliquem) - to be someone's favorite.
aliquem in sinu gestare (aliquis est in sinu alicuius) (Ter. Ad. 4.5.75) - to love and make a bosom friend of a person.
aliquis, aliquid mihi curae or cordi est - somebody, something is never absent from my thoughts.
curae habere aliquid - to have laid something to heart ; to take an interest in a thing.
nihil antiquius or prius habeo quam ut (nihil mihi antiquius or potius est, quam ut) - there is nothing I am more
interested in than...
desiderio alicuius rei teneri, affici (more strongly flagrare, incensum esse) - to long for a thing, yearn for it.
desiderio exardescere - to be consumed with longing.
admirationi esse
admiratione affici
admirationem habere (Quintil. 8.2.6) - to be admired.
(admiratione affici also means "to be filled with admiration."
magna est admiratio alicuius - someone is the object of much admiration.
admirationem alicui movere - to fill a person with astonishment.
admiratione incensum esse - to be filled with admiration.
admirabilia (= ) - paradoxes; surprising things.
studio ardere alicuius or alicuius rei (De Or. 2.1.1) - to have enthusiasm for a person or thing.
studio alicuius rei aliquem incendere - to make someone enthusiastic for a thing.
ardor, inflammatio animi ; incitatio mentis ; mentis vis incitatior - enthusiasm.
ardorem animi restinguere - to damp, chill enthusiasm.
ardor animi resedit, consedit - his enthusiasm has abated, cooled down.

BELIEF - CONFIDENCE - LOYALTY - PROTECTION - PROMISE - VERACITY
(fides, fiducia)

fidem habere alicui - to believe a person.
(fides has six principal meanings : A. subjectively - (1) in an active sense, belief, confidence, which someone
holds; (2) passive, veracity, credit which one enjoys ; (3) neutral, good faith, sincerity, loyalty, conscientiousness,
and especially of the protection which one expects by appealing to a man's loyalty. B. (4) active, ratification,
sanction ; (5) passive, the thing promised, surety, guarantee ; (6) neutral, authenticity, certitude, truth of a thing. Cf.
Haacke, Lat. Stil. 40-41.)
fidem alicuius rei facere alicui - to make someone believe a thing.
fidem abrogare, derogare alicui - to rob a person of his credit.
fidem alicuius imminuere, infirmare (opp. confirmare) - to weaken, destroy a man's credit.
fiduciam in aliquo ponere, collocare
confidere alicui (but aliqua re) - to put confidence in someone.
fiduciam (alicuius rei) habere - to have great confidence in a thing.
fiducia sui (Liv. 25.37) - self-confidence.
committere aliquid alicui or alicuius fidei - to entrust a thing to a person's good faith.
totum se committere, tradere alicui - to put oneself entirely in someone's hands.
fidem colere, servare - to preserve one's loyalty.
fidem praestare alicui - to keep faith with a person, keep one's word.
in fide manere (B.G. 7.4.5) - to remain loyal.
fidem laedere, violare, frangere - to break one's word.
fidem alicuius labefactare (Cluent. 60.194) - to make a person waver in his loyalty.
de fide deducere or fide abducere aliquem - to undermine a person's loyalty.
fide data et accepta (Sall. Iug. 81.1) - having exchanged pledges, promises.
se conferre, se tradere, se permittere in alicuius fidem - to put oneself under someone's protection.
confugere ad aliquem, ad fidem alicuius - to flee for refuge to someone.
in fidem recipere aliquem (B.G. 2.15.1) - to take a person under one's protection.
fidem alicuius obsecrare, implorare - to implore someone's protection.
fidem addere alicui rei - to confirm, ratify, sanction something.
fidem publicam dare, interponere (Sall. Iug. 32.1) - to guarantee the protection of the state; to promise safe-conduct.
fidem dare alicui (opp. accipere) (c. Acc. c. Inf.) - to give one's word that ...
fidem servare (opp. fallere) - to keep one's word (not tenere).
fidem persolvere
fidem (promissum) praestare - to fulfil a promise.
fidem interponere (Sall. Iug. 32.5) - to pledge one's word to ...
fidem prodere, frangere - to break one's word.
promisso stare - to abide by one's undertaking.
fide obstrictum teneri (Pis. 13.29) - to be bound by one's word; to be on one's honor.
fidem facere, afferre alicui rei (opp. demere, de-, abrogare fidem) - to make a thing credible.
aliquid fidem habet (vid. also fides under History) - a thing finds credence, is credible.
sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo - to be security for someone.
praestare aliquem, aliquid, de aliqua re or Acc. c. Inf. - to be answerable for a person, a thing.

11. SUSPICION -PRESENTIMENT

suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui - to rouse a person's suspicions.
suspicionem habere de aliquo - to suspect a person.
suspicionem alicuius rei habere - to be suspected of a thing.
suspicio (alicuius rei) cadit in aliquem, pertinet ad aliquem - suspicion falls on someone.
aliquem in suspicionem adducere (alicui), aliquem suspectum reddere - to make a person suspected.
in suspicionem vocari, cadere - to become the object of suspicion.
in suspicionem alicui venire - to be suspected by someone.
suspicionem a se removere, depellere, propulsare (Verr. 3.60.140) - to clear oneself of suspicion.
suspicionem ex animo delere - to banish all feeling of prejudice from the mind.
suspicio insidet in animo eius
suspicio ei penitus inhaeret - he is in a suspicious mood.
suspicio tenuissima, minima - the faintest suspicion.
a suspicione alicuius rei abhorrere - to have no presentiment of a thing.
animus praesagit malum
animo praesagio malum - my mind forebodes misfortune.

12. HATRED - JEALOUSY - ENVY

invisum esse alicui
odio, invidiae esse alicui
in invidia esse alicui
in odio esse apud aliquem - to be hated by someone.
invidia flagrare, premi - to be detested.
in odium, in invidiam venire alicui
invidiam colligere (aliqua re)
alicuius odium subire, suscipere, in se convertere, sibi conflare
in alicuius odium incurrere - to incur a person's hatred.
in invidiam, odium (alicuius) vocare aliquem
in invidiam adducere aliquem
invidiam alicui conflare (Catil. 1.9.23)
invidiam, odium ex-, concitare alicui, in aliquem - to make a person odious, unpopular.
capitali odio dissidere ab aliquo (De Am. 1.2) - to be separated by deadly hate.
odium explere aliqua re (Liv. 4.32) - to glut one's hatred.
odium implacabile suscipere in aliquem - to conceive an implacable hatred of a man.
odio or invidia alicuius ardere - to be consumed with hatred.
odium inveteratum habere in aliquem (Vat. 3.6) - to cherish an inveterate animosity against someone.
odio inflammatum, accensum esse - to be fired with a passionate hatred.
odium alicuius inflammare - to kindle hatred in a person's heart; to fill someone with hatred (not implere.)
(Speaking generally, complere, implere, replere, should not be used of the emotions.)
odium restinguere, extinguere - to stifle, drown one's hatred.

13. DISCONTENT - ANGER - REVENGE - FURY

aegre, graviter, moleste, indigne ferre aliquid - to be discontented, vexed at a thing ; to chafe.
indignitas, atrocitas rei (Mur. 25.51) - the revolting nature of an action.
o facinus indignum! (Ter. Andr. 1.1.18) - monstrous!
ira incensum esse
iracundia inflammatum esse
ira ardere (Flacc. 35.88) - to be fired with rage.
iracundia exardescere, effervescere - to be transported with passion.
iracundia efferri - to be carried away with one's anger.
ira defervescit (Tusc. 4.36.78) - his anger cools.
virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem (De Amic. 23.87)
iram in aliquem effundere
iram, bilem evomere in aliquem - to vent one's anger, spite on someone.
irae indulgere (Liv. 23.3) - to give free play to one's anger.
praecipitem in iram esse (Liv. 23.7) - to be short-tempered ; to be prone to anger.
animum explere - to cool one's anger.
iracundiam continere, cohibere, reprimere - to restrain, master one's anger.
iram restinguere, sedare - to calm one's anger.
animum alicuius ab iracundia revocare - to prevent someone from growing angry, appease his anger.
stomachum, bilem alicui movere - to excite a person's wrath.
ulcisci aliquem, poenas expetere ab aliquo - to revenge oneself on someone.
(ulcisci aliquem also means to avenge someone ; to exact satisfaction on his behalf.)
ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere - to revenge oneself for a thing.
ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo or pro aliqua re
poenas alicuius or alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on someone's behalf.
iniurias persequi (Verr. 2.3.9) - to avenge an insult.
impellere aliquem in furorem - to make someone furious.
furore inflammari, incendi - to become furious.
furore incensus, abreptus, impulsus - in a transport of rage.
indignatio aliquem incedit - to be filled with indignation.
indignationes (Liv. 25.1.9) - signs of irritation, of discontent.


X. VIRTUE AND VICES

1. VIRTUE MORALITY

vita honesta (turpis) - a virtuous (immoral) life.
honesta expetere ; turpia fugere - to follow virtue; to flee from vice.
virtute praeditum, ornatum esse (opp. vitiis obrutum esse) - to be virtuous.
virtutem (iustitiam, pietatem) colere - to cultivate virtue.
viam virtutis ingredi (Off. 1.32.118) - to walk in the ways of virtue.
omnia consilia et facta ad virtutem referre (Phil. 10.10.20) - to make virtue the standard in every thought and act.
(For "thoughts and deeds," cf. Or. 3.43.182 mores instituta et facta ; Prov. Cons. 8.20 consilia et facta ; Fin. 2.14.5
studia et facta ; Verr. 5.14.35 mentes hominum et cogitationes.)
virtutem sequi, virtutis studiosum esse - to strive to attain virtue.
virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi (Tusc. 1.45.109) - to live a perfect life.
virtutem pristnam retinere
nihil ex pristina virtute remittere - to live as scrupulously moral a life as ever.
summum bonum in virtute ponere - to consider virtue the highest good.
 (Note too finis bonorum et malorum = the highest good and the greatest evil.)
virtus hoc habet, ut ... - this is a characteristic of virtue, it ...
a virtute discedere or deficere
honestatem deserere to deviate from the path of virtue.
a maiorum virtute desciscere, degenerare, deflectere - to deteriorate.
a parentibus degenerare - to degenerate (from one's ancestors).
corrumpi, depravari - to be demoralized, corrupted.
excitare aliquem ad virtutem - to rouse in someone an enthusiasm for virtue.
bonitas (Fin. 5.29.65) - kindheartedness.
naturae bonitas (Off. 1.32.118) - innate goodness, kindness.
naturae bona - natural advantages.

2. VICE - CRIME

omni vitio carere - to be free from faults.
vitia erumpunt (in aliquem) (De Amic. 21.76) - his vices betray themselves.
animum vitiis dedere - to abandon oneself to vice.
vitiis, sceleribus contaminari or se contaminare (Off. 3.8.37) - to be tainted with vice.
vitiis, sceleribus inquinatum, contaminatum, obrutum esse - to be vicious, criminal.
vitia exstirpare et funditus tollere - to eradicate vice.
vita omnibus flagitiis, vitiis dedita
vita omnibus flagitiis inquinata - a life defiled by every crime.
natura proclivem esse ad vitia - to have a natural propensity to vice.
scelera moliri (Att. 7.11) - to meditate crime.
scelus facere, committere, admittere - to commit crime.
facinus facere, committere - to do a criminal deed.
scelere se devincire, se obstringere, astringi
scelus (in se) concipere, suscipere - to commit a crime and so make oneself liable to the consequences of it.
scelus edere in aliquem (Sest. 26.58) - to commit a crime against someone.
scelus scelere cumulare (Catil. 1.6.14) - to heap crime on crime.
scelus supplicio expiare - to expiate a crime by punishment.
(flagitium is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. scelus is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder.
nefas a sin against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. facinus any unusual action, then generally a crime, outrage.)

3. DESIRE - PASSION - SELF-CONTROL

cupiditate alicuius rei accensum, inflammatum esse - to be filled with desire of a thing.
cupiditate alicuius rei ardere, flagrare - to have an ardent longing for a thing.
cupiditatem alicuius accendere
aliquem ad cupiditatem incitare
aliquem cupiditate inflammare - to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.
cupiditatibus occaecari (Fin. 1.10.33) - to be blinded by passions.
libidine ferri - to be carried away by one's passions.
se (totum) libidinibus dedere - to abandon oneself (entirely) to debauchery.
cupiditatibus servire, prre - to be the slave of one's desires.
praecipitem ferri aliqua re (Verr. 5.46.121) - to be carried away by something.
homo impotens sui
homo effrenatus, intemperans - a man of no self-control, self-indulgent.
sibi imperare or continere et corcere se ipsum
animum regere, coercere, cohibere
animum vincere (Marcell. 3.8) - to have self-control ; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.
imperare cupiditatibus
corcere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates - to overcome one's passions.
refrenare cupiditates, libidines - to bridle one's desires.
effrenatae cupiditates ; indomitae animi cupiditates - unrestrained, unbridled lust.
cupiditates explere, satiare - to satisfy one's desires.
libidinem alicuius excitare - to arouse someone's lust.
libido dominatur (Or. 65.219) - the passions win the day.
libido consedit - the storm of passion has abated.
cupiditates deferbuerunt (Cael. 18.43) - the passions have cooled down.
animi perturbationes exstirpare - to eradicate passion from the mind.

4. WRONG - INSULT - OUTRAGE -OFFENCE
(Cf. v. 12)

iniuriam inferre, facere alicui
iniuria afficere aliquem - to wrong a person.
iniuria lacessere aliquem - to provoke a person by a gratuitous insult.
iniuria abstinere (Off. 3.17.72) - to refrain from doing a wrong, an injustice.
iniuriam accipere - to be the victim of an injustice.
iniuriam ferre, pati - to suffer wrong.
iniurias defendere, repellere, propulsare - to repel an injury.
iniurias neglegere - to leave a wrong unpunished, to ignore it.
ab iniuria aliquem defendere - to protect anyone from wrong.
satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis - to give someone satisfaction for an injury.
contumelia aliquem afficere - to insult someone.
voces (verba) contumeliosae, verborum contumeliae - insulting expressions.
contumeliosis vocibus prosequi aliquem - to use insulting expression to anyone.
(prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative occurs in several phrases - e.g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis
honorificis ; beneficis, officiis, studiis suis, ominibus, votis, lacrimis.)
maledictis aliquem onerare, lacerare - to heap abuse on someone.
offendere aliquem, alicuius animum
offendere apud aliquem (Cluent. 23.63)
in offensionem alicuius incurrere (Verr. 1.12.35) - to hurt someone's feelings.
offendi aliqua re (animus offenditur) - to feel hurt by something.
offendere in aliquo (Mil. 36.99) - to have something to say against a person, to object to him.
offendere in aliqua re (Cluent. 36.98) - to take a false step in a thing ; to commit an indiscretion.
(Notice too offendere caput (Quintil. 6.3.67), pedem (B.Hisp. 23), to strike one's head, foot against anything ;
offendere aliquem imparatum (Fam. 2.3., to find someone unprepared, cf. .)
offensionem habere - to give offence to, shock a person
(used of things). (cf. iv. 18: Praise Approval Blame - Reproach).
res habet aliquid offensionis - there is something repulsive about a thing.

5. VIOLENCE - AMBUSCADE - THREATS

vim adhibere, facere alicui - to use violence against someone.
vim inferre alicui - to do violence to a person.
vim et manus afferre alicui (Catil. 1.8.21) - to kill with violence.
vim vi depellere
vi vim illatam defendere - to meet force by force.
insidias collocare, locare (Mil. 10.27) - to set an ambuscade, ambush.
insidias alicui parare, facere, struere, instruere, tendere - to waylay a person.
aliquem in insidiis locare, collocare, ponere - to place someone in ambush.
aliquem in insidiis elicere, inducere - to draw someone into an ambush.
subsidre in insidiis (Mil. 19.49) - to place oneself in ambush.
minitari (minari) alicui mortem, crucem et tormenta, bellum - to threaten someone with death, crucifixion, torture, war.
minitari alicui igni ferroque (Phil. 13.9.21) - to threaten with fire and sword.
denuntiare bellum, caedem (Sest. 20.46) - to threaten war, carnage.
("Threaten" in the sense of to be at hand, to be imminent, is rendered by some such word as imminere, impendere,
instare, e.g. bellum imminet. For the meaning to seem likely, to promise, cf. coniuratiorem publicam perversura
videtur, the conspiracy threatens to overthrow the state.)
minas iacre, iactare
minis uti - to use threats.

6. APPEARANCE - DECEIT - FALSEHOOD - DERISION

speciem alicuius rei habere - to have the appearance of something.
speciem alicuius rei praebere
speciem prae se ferre - to give the impression of ... , have the outward aspect of ...
(prae se ferre followed by Acc. and Inf. = to manifest, display, e.g. Romanum esse semper prae me tuli.)
in speciem
specie (De Amic. 13.47)
per speciem (alicuius rei) - apparently ; to look at.
per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei - under pretext, pretence of ...
simulare morbum - to pretend to be ill.
dissimulare morbum - to pretend not to be ill.
(simulo = I pretend to be what I am not, cf. , a braggart ; dissimulo = I pretend to not be what I am, cf.
mock-modest person. Quae non sunt simulo, quae sunt ea dissimulantur.)
aliquis simulat aegrum or se aegrum esse - someone feigns illness.
aliter sentire ac loqui (aliud sentire, aliud loqui) - to think one thing, say another; to conceal one's opinions.
per dolum (B.G. 4.13) - by craft.
dolis et fallaciis (Sall. Cat. 11.2) - by the aid of fraud and lies.
sine fuco ac fallaciis (Att. 1.1.1) - without any disguise, frankly.
verba dare alicui (Att. 15.16) - to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes.
mendacium dicere ; falsa (pro veris) dicere - tell lies.
ludere, irridere, deridere aliquem
illudere alicui or in aliquem (more rarely aliquem) to make sport of, rally a person.
ludibrio esse alicui - to serve as someone's butt.
in ludibrium verti (Tac. Ann. 12.26) - to become an object of ridicule; to be laughed at.
omnibus artibus aliquem ludificari, eludere - to fool a person thoroughly.
per ludibrium - in sport, mockery.

7. DUTY - INCLINATION

officium suum facere, servare, colere, tueri, exsequi, praestare
suo officio satisfacere (Div. in Caec. 14.17)
officio suo fungi - to do one's duty.
omnes officii partes exsequi
nullam officii partem deserere - to fulfil one's duty in every detail.
diligentum esse in retinendis officiis - to be exact, punctual in the performance of one's duty.
officium suum deserere, neglegere
ab officio discedere
de, ab officio decedere
officio suo deesse (Fam. 7.3) - to neglect one's duties.
ad officium redire - to return to one's duties.
in officio manere (Att. 1.3) - to remain faithful to one's duty.
contra officium est c. Inf. - it is a breach of duty to ...
ab officio abduci, avocari - to let oneself be perverted from one's duty.
salvo officio (Off. 3.1.4) - without violating, neglecting one's duty.
(Notice salvis legibus (Fam. 1.4), without breaking the law; salva fide (Off. 3.4.44), without breaking one's word.)
multa et magna inter nos officia intercedunt (Fam. 13.65) - we are united by our mutual obligations.
(officium is used of anything which one feels bound to do, either on moral grounds or from a desire to please
others (especially those in authority). Thus the word denotes not merely duty, sense of duty, faithful performance
of duty, submissiveness (cf. xvi.13: Conquest - Submission), but also courteous, obliging behavior, complaisance,
mark of respect. Objectively it has the meaning of an office, service, command, e.g. officium maritimum.)
in aliquem officia conferre
aliquem officiis suis complecti, prosequi
officiosum esse in aliquem - to be courteous, obliging to someone.
litterae officii or humanitatis plenae - a most courteous letter.
studere alicui rei, studiosum esse alicuius rei
studio alicuius rei teneri
propensum, proclivem esse ad aliquid (opp. alienum, aversum esse, abhorrere ab aliqua re) - to have an inclination for a
thing.
studiis suis obsequi (De Or. 1.1.3) - to follow one's inclinations.
sibi or ingenio suo indulgere (Nep. Chabr. 3) - to indulge one's caprice.

8. REASON - CONSCIENCE -REMORSE

rationis participem (opp. expertem) esse
ratione praeditum esse, uti - to be endowed with reason.
prudenter, considerate, consilio agere (opp. temere, nullo consilio, nulla ratione) - to act reasonably, designedly.
sapere (Off. 2.14.48) - to be a man of sense, judgement.
resipiscere (Att. 4.5.2)
ad sanitatem reverti, redire
ad bonam frugem se recipere - to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.
ad sanitatem adducere, revocare aliquem - to bring someone back to his senses.
satin (=satisne) sanus es? - are you in your right mind?
rationi repugnare - to be contrary to all reason.
conscientia recta, recte facti (factorum), virtutis, bene actae vitae, rectae voluntatis
mens bene sibi conscia - a good conscience.
conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti ; animus male sibi conscius - a guilty conscience.
nullius culpae sibi conscium esse - to be conscious of no ill deed.
conscientia morderi (Tusc. 4.20.45) - to be conscience-stricken.
conscientiae maleficiorum stimulant aliquem - his guilty conscience gives him no rest.
conscientia mala angi, excruciari
(mens scelerum furiis agitatur) - to be tormented by remorse.
conscientia recte factorum erigi - to congratulate oneself on one's clear conscience.
Furiae agitant et vexant aliquem - the Furies harass and torment someone.

9. MEASURE - STANDARD - LIMIT - MODERATION

modum tenere, retinere, servare, adhibere - to observe moderation, be moderate.
omnia modice agere - to be moderate in all things, commit no excess.
modum facere, statuere, constituere alicui rei or alicuius rei - set a limit to a thing.
modum transire
extra modum prodire
ultra modum progredi - to pass the limit.
(Only Livy and subsequent writers use modum excedere, and in the same way supra modum.)
metiri, ponderare, aestimare, indicare aliquid (ex) aliqua re
derigere or referre aliquid ad aliquam rem - to measure something by the standard of something else ; to make
something one's criterion.
fines certos terminosque constituere - to impose fixed limitations.
terminis circumscribere aliquid - to set bounds to a thing, limit it.
moderatum, continentem esse
moderatum se praebere ; temperantia uti - to behave with moderation.
moderationem, modum adhibere in aliqua re
moderari aliquid (Flacc. 5.12) - to show moderation in a matter.
modice ac sapienter - with moderation and judgement.
sine modo ; nullo modo adhibito - beyond all measure.
mediocritatem tenere (Off. 1.25.89) - to observe the golden mean.

10. MORALS - IMMORALITY - PRINCIPLES -CHARACTER

homo bene (male) moratus - a moral (immoral) man.
homo perditus - a depraved, abandoned character.
praecepta de moribus or de virtute - moral precepts.
morum praecepta tradere alicui
de virtute praecipere alicui - to give moral advice, rules of conduct.
mores corrupti or perditi - moral corruption (not corruptela morum).
tam perditis or corruptis moribus - amongst such moral depravity.
mores in dies magis labuntur (also with ad, e.g. ad molitiem) - immorality is daily gaining ground.
severus morum castigator - a stern critic of morals.
aliquid abhorret a meis moribus (opp. insitum [atque innatum] est animo or in animo alicuius) - something is contrary to
my moral sense, goes against my principles.
consilia et facta - thought and deed.
(For "thoughts and deeds," cf. Or. 3.43.182 mores instituta et facta ; Prov. Cons. 8.20 consilia et facta ; Fin. 2.14.5
studia et facta ; Verr. 5.14.35 mentes hominum et cogitationes.)
institutum tenere - to remain true to one's principles.
ratione
animi quodam iudicio - on principle.
vitae ratio bene ac sapienter instituta - a sound and sensible system of conduct.
meae vitae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae (Imp.Pomp. 1.1) - the principles I have followed since I came to man's
estate.
certas rationes in agendo sequi - to follow fixed principles of conduct.
(Do not translate "to act, behave, conduct oneself" by agere without an object or an accompanying adverb, e.g.
bene, recte agere ; however, with the gerundive the adverb may be omitted, e.g. agendum est, tempus agendi,
celeritas in agendo.)
omnia temere agere, nullo iudicio uti
caeco impetu ferri - to have no principles.
naturae et mores; vitae moresque; indoles animi ingeniique ; or simply ingenium, indoles, natura, mores - character.
vir constans, gravis (opp. homo inconstans, levis) - a man of character, with a strong personality.
sibi constare, constantem esse - to be consistent.
animo nobili esse (Fam. 5.2.10) - to be inconsistent, changeable.
aliquid est proprium alicuius - something is characteristic of a man.
mobilitas et levitas animi - inconsistency; changeability.


XI. RELIGION

1. GOD - WORSHIP

numen (deorum) divinum - the sovereign power of the gods.
dei propitii (opp. irati) - the favor of heaven.
superi ; inferi - the gods of the upper, lower world.
inferi (Orcus and Tartarus only poetical) - the world below.
ad inferos descendere - to descend to the world below.
apud inferos esse - to be in the lower world.
aliquem ab inferis or a mortuis evocare, excitare (passive ab inferis exsistere) - to summon someone from the dead.
deos sancte, pie venerari - to be an earnest worshipper of the gods.
deum rite (summa religione) colere - to honor the gods with all due ceremonial (very devoutly).
cultus dei, deorum (N.D. 2.3.8) - worship of the gods; divine service.
sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae - ritual; ceremonial.
rebus divinis interesse (B.G. 6.13) - to take part in divine service (of a priest).
sacris adesse - to be present at divine service (of the people).
sacris initiari (Quintil. 12.10.14) - to be initiated into the mysteries of the cult.
templa deorum adire - to make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the gods.
numerum deorum obtinere (N.D. 3.20) - to be regarded as a god.
aliquem in deorum numerum referre, reponere - to deify a person.
aliquem in deorum numerum referre - to consider as a god.
aliquem divino honore colere
alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere - to pay divine honors to someone.
proprius ad deos accedere (Mil. 22.59) - to approach the gods.
supera et caelestia; humana et citeriora - heavenly things; earthly things.
divinitus (De Or. 1.46.202) - by divine inspiration (often = marvelously, excellently).
divinitus accidit - it happened miraculously.

2. RELIGION - RELIGIOUS SCRUPLE - OATH

imbuere pectora religione - to inspire with religious feeling, with fear of God.
(imbuere is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, e.g. gladii sanguine imbuti. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with,
e.g. religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate ; (2) to teach, initiate, e.g. animum honestis artibus, and used
especially of a superficial knowledge.
(religio (original meaning probably that which binds down, cf. religo, leges, lictor, etc.) denotes, subjectively,
religious feeling, devotion, fear of God, religious scruple, conscientiousness. Objectively it means the object of
religious fear, a sacred thing or place, also that which is contrary to the gods' will, a crime, sin, curse ; lastly in an
active sense a religious obligation, an oath.)
audientium animos religione perfundere (Liv. 10.388) -to fill the souls of one's audience with devotion.
religionem ex animis extrahere (N.D. 1.43.121) - to banish devote sentiment from the minds of others.
omnem religionem tollere, delere - to annihilate all religious feeling.
religionem labefactare - to shake the foundations of religion.
(In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule is sufficient to express the metaphorical meaning - e.g. amicitiam
iungere cum aliquo, to be bound by the bands of affection to anyone ; religionem labefactare, to undermine the
very foundations of belief ; bellum exstinguere, to extinguish the torch of war ; cuncta bello ardent, the fires of war
are raging all around ; libido consedit, the storm of passion has ceased ; animum pellere, to strike the heart-strings ;
vetustas monumenta exederat, the tooth of time has eaten away the monuments.
religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos (Liv. 6.1.10) - to have power over the people by trading on their religious
scruples.
religionem alicui afferre, inicere, incutere - to inspire someone with religious scruples.
aliquid religioni habere or in religionem vertere
aliquid in religionem alicui venit - to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing.
nulla religio - absence of scruples, unconscientiousness.
religionem externam suscipere - to embrace a strange religion.
novas religiones instituere - to introduce a new religion, a new cult.
bellum pro religionibus susceptum - a religious war.
violatas caerimonias inexpiabili religione sancire (Tusc. 1.12.27) - to invoke an irrevocable curse on the profanation of
sacred rites.
iusiurandum dare alicui - to swear an oath to a person.
(sacramentum dicere alicui and apud aliquem = to take in some one's presence an oath to the standard, a military
oath.)
ex animi mei sententia iuro - I swear on my conscience.
iureiurando aliquem astringere - to bind someone by an oath.
iureiurando aliquem adigere - to make someone take an oath.
iureiurando ac fide se obstringere, ut ... - to promise an oath to ...
iureiurando teneri (Off. 3.27.100) - to be bound by oath.
iusiurandum (religionem) servare, conservare - to keep one's oath.
periurium facere ; peierare - to commit perjury, perjure oneself.
iusiurandum violare - to break one's oath.

3. BELIEF - UNBELIEF - SUPERSTITION

opinio dei - belief in god.
deum esse credimus - we believe in the existence of god.
deos esse negare - to deny the existence of the gods.
insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere (N.D. 1.17.44) - to have innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by
intuition.
omnibus innatum est et in animo quasi insculptum esse deum - belief in God is part of everyone's nature.
natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit (N.D. 1.16.43) - Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God.
impietas - unbelief.
qui deum esse negat - an atheist.
superstitio mentes occupavit (Verr. 4.51.113) - superstition has taken possession of their souls.
superstitione imbutum esse - to be tinged with superstition.
superstitione teneri, constrictum esse, obligatum esse - to be the slave of superstition.
superstitionem funditus tollere - to absolutely annihilate superstition.
superstitionem radicitus or penitus evellere - to destroy superstition root and branch.
formidines - superstitious fears; phantoms.

4. PRAYERS - WISHES - VOWS

precari aliquid a deo
precari deum, deos
supplicare deo (Sall. Iug. 63.1)
adhibere deo preces; - to pray to god.
praeire verba (carmen) (Liv. 31.17) - to read prayers for the congregation to repeat.
(supinas) manus ad caelum tendere - to raise the hands to heaven (attitude of prayer).
(supinus = , bent backwards ; supinae manus, with the palms turned up. The opposite of supinus is pronus,
e.g. puerum imponere equo pronum in ventrem, postea sedentem (Varr.) ; pecora quae natura prona finxit (Sall.).)
favete ore, linguis = - to maintain a devout silence (properly, utter no ill-omened word.)
preces facere - to pray.
grates, laudes agere dis immortalibus - to thank, glorify the immortal gods.
testari deos (Sull. 31.86) - to call the gods to witness.
contestari deos hominesque - to call gods and men to witness.
dis bene iuvantibus (Fam. 7.20.2) - with the help of the gods.
quod deus bene vertat! - and may God grant success!
(Note that these clauses with quod are parenthetical.)
quod di immortales omnem avertant! (Phil. 44.11) - and may heaven and earth avert the omen! heaven preserve us from
this!
quod abominor! (procul absit!) - God forbid!
di prohibeant, di meliora! - heaven forfend.
quod bonum, faustum, felix fortunatumque sit! (Div. 1.45.102) - may heaven's blessing rest on it.
(Sometimes abbreviated q. b. f. f. f. s. )
precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem - to bless (curse) a person.
vota facere, nuncupare, suscipere, concipere - to make a vow.
vota solvere, persolvere, reddere - to accomplish, pay a vow.
voti damnari, comptem fieri - to have to pay a vow; to obtain one's wish.

5. SACRIFICE - FESTIVAL

sacra, sacrificium facere ( =), sacrificare
rem divinam facere (dis) - to sacrifice.
ture et odoribus incensis - with incense and perfumes.
rebus divinis (rite) perpetratis - after having performed the sacrifice (with due ritual).
sacrificium statum (solemne) (Tusc. 1.47.113) - a periodically recurring (annual) sacrifice.
sacra polluere et violare - to profane sacred rites.
victimas (oxen), hostias (smaller animals, especially sheep) immolare, securi ferire, caedere, mactare - to slaughter
victims.
deos placare (B.G. 6.15) - to appease the anger of the gods.
manes expiare (Pis. 7.16) - to appease the manes, make sacrifice for departed souls.
pro victimis homines immolare - to sacrifice human victims.
parentare (Leg. 1.21.54) - to make a sacrifice on the tomb of one's ancestors.
libare - to offer libations.
diem festum agere (of an individual)
diem festum celebrare (of a larger number) - to keep, celebrate a festival.
supplicationem indicere ad omnia pulvinaria (Liv. 27.4) - to proclaim a public thanksgiving at all the street-shrines of
the gods.
supplicationem quindecim dierum decernere (Phil. 14.14.37) - to decree a public thanksgiving for fifteen days.
supplicationem habere (Liv. 22.1.15) - to celebrate a festival of thanksgiving.
lectisternium facere, habere (Liv. 22.1.18) - to hold a lectisternium (feast offered to the gods).

6. ORACLE - PRODIGIES - AUSPICES - PRESAGE

oraculum consulere - to consult an oracle.
oraculum petere (ab aliquo) - to ask for an oracular response.
mittere Delphos consultum - to send and consult the oracle at Delphi.
oraculum dare, edere
responsum dare, respondere - to give an oracular response.
(responsum dare only of answers given by oracles or lawyers.)
oraculum Pythiam (Pythicum)
vox Pythia (Pythica) (Liv. 1.56) - an oracle given by the Delphian Apollo (Apollo Pythius).
prodigia procurare (Liv. 22.1) - to avert by expiatory sacrifices the effect of ominous portents.
(procurare, a technical term of religious ceremony = to avert by expiation ; to take the necessary measures, observe
the proper ceremony for appeasing the anger of the gods.)
libros Sibyllinos adire, consulere, inspicere - to consult the Sibylline books.
augurium agere, auspicari (N.D. 2.4.11) - to take the auspices, observe the flight of birds.
(Not auspicia habere, which means to have the right to take the auspices. As this right was usually combined with
the right to command, we find such phrases as ponere auspicia, to give up a command; imperio auspicioque
alicuius, auspiciis alicuius, under someone's command.
de caelo servare (Att. 4.3.3) - to observe the sky (i.e. the flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.)
aves (alitos, oscines) addicunt alicui (opp. abdicunt aliquid) - the omens are favorable to someone.
(In the science of augury, alites denoted birds which gave omen by flight ; oscines those which gave them by their
cries.)
augures obnuntiant (consuli) (Phil. 2.33.83) - the augurs announce an unfavorable sign.
auspicato (rem gerere, urbem condere) - after having duly taken the auspices.
omen accipere (opp.improbare) - to accept as a happy omen.
accipere, vertere aliquid in omen - to interpret something as an omen.
faustis ominibus - with favorable omens.
omen infaustum, triste - an evil omen; presage of ill.


XII. DOMESTIC LIFE

1. THE HOUSE AND ITS DIFFERENT PARTS

domus necessariis rebus instructa - a comfortably-furnished house.
domus ruina impendet
domus collapsura, corruitura (esse) videtur - the house threatens to fall in.
(ruina = fall, overthrow (metaph. e.g. ruina rei publicae, ruina fortunarum, Catil. 1.6.14). In plur. it is used of the
ruins, debris resulting from an overthrow, e.g. urbs strata ruinis, a town in ruins; fumantes ruinae urbis. For
"ruins" in the sense of remains of old buildings use parietinae.
("Threaten" in the sense of to be at hand, to be imminent, is rendered by some such word as imminere, impendere,
instare, e.g. bellum imminet. For the meaning to seem likely, to promise, cf. coniuratio rem publicam perversura
videtur, the conspiracy threatens to overthrow the state.)
domus subita ruina collapsa est - the house suddenly fell in ruins.
domum demoliri (Top. 4.22) - to demolish, raze a house.
domus non omnes capit () - the house is not large enough for all.
(Also metaph. e.g. Macedonia te non capit.)
domum frequentare (Sall. Cat. 14.7) - to be a regular visitor at a house.
domus rimas agit - the house walls are beginning to crack.
apud eum sic fui tamquam domi meae (Fam. 13.69) - I felt quite at home in his house.
apud aliquem esse - to be at someone's house.
tectum subire - to enter the house.
tecto, (in) domum suam aliquem recipere (opp. prohibere aliquem tecto, domo) - to welcome to one's house (opp. to
shut one's door against someone).
domo pedem non efferre - to never set foot out of doors.
pedem limine efferre - to cross the threshold.
foras exire (Plaut. Amph. 1.2.35) - to go out of the house.
foras mittere aliquem - to turn someone out of the house.
in publico - in the streets.
in publicum prodire (Verr. 2.1.31) - to show oneself in the streets, in public.
publico carere
se abstinere
domi se tenere - to never appear in public.
deducere aliquem de domo - to escort a person from his house.
(Notice too deducere coloniam ; deducere naves, to launch ships, opposed to subducere = to beach a boat ;
deducere adulescentes ad virum clarissimum (De Am. 1.1) ; deducere de sententia aliquem ; rem in eum locum
deducere, ut ... ; de capite deducere (opp. addere) quod pernumeratum est = to subtract from the capital the amount
paid; deducere aliquem, to escort a person from his province to Rome.)
pro aris et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare - to fight for hearth and home.
(At Rome there were altars not only in the temples but also in the streets and in private houses. In a house there
were usually two - one in the court, the altar of the Penates ; another in the atrium on a small hearth (focus), this
was the altar of the Lares. hence arae focique = the altars and hearths of the Lares and Penates.)
domi (opp. foris) - at home; in one's native country.
ostium, fores pulsare - to knock at the door.
ostium, fores aperire, claudere - to open, shut the door.
fores obserare - to bolt the door.
ianuam effringere, revellere - to burst open the door.
valvas (portam) obstruere - to barricade the door (a city gate).


2. DOMESTIC MATTERS - PROPERTY

rem domesticam, familiarem administrare, regere, curare - to keep house.
rem or opes habere, bona possidere, in bonis esse - to possess means; to be well off.
opibus, divitiis, bonis, facultatibus abundare - to be very rich.
rem bene (male) gerere
rem familiarem tueri - to manage one's affairs, household, property well or ill.
(rem gerere = generally to manage one's affairs. then specially - (1) to do business (of commercial men) ; (2) to
administer one's estate; (3) to hold a command (of a general in the field). res gerere plur. = to carry out, accomplish
undertakings, used specially of political activity.) (rem (bene, male) gerere also = to win, lose a fight (of the
commander.)
rem familiarem neglegere - to neglect, mismanage one's household matters.
diligentem, frugi esse - to be economical.
frugi (opp. nequam) servus - a good, useful slave.
(frugi is an old case-form (either locative or dative) from an obsolete nominative frux. Cf. bonae frugi esse, to be
useful; ad bonam frugem se recipere, to come to one's senses (Cael. 12.28).)
severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere (De Sen. 11.37) - to be a strict disciplinarian in one's household.
in possessionem alicuius rei venire - to come into the possession of something.
in possessionem alicuius rei invadere - to take forcible possession of a thing.
expellere aliquem domo, possessionibus pellere - to turn a person out of his house, his property.
demovere, deicere aliquem de possessione - to dispossess a person.
exturbare aliquem omnibus fortunis, e possessionibus
evertere aliquem bonis, fortuniis patriis - to drive a person out of house and home.
possessione alicuius rei cedere alicui (Mil. 27.75) - to give up a thing for someone else.
res, quae moveri possunt; res moventes (Liv. 5.25.6) - movable, personal property.
(res moventes ; movere is apparently sometimes used intransitively, e.g. terra movet (Liv. 35.40 ; 40.59), but here
moventes is probably the participle of the middle moveri (cf. res quae moveri possunt). For parallel examples of a
middle verb with a participle present or a gerundive cf. Fin. 2.10.31 utra voluptate stante an movente? Suet. Claud.
28 lectica per urbem vehendi ius ; Or. 2.71.287 ceteris in campo exercentibus, etc.)
fundi - property in land; real property.

3. HABITATION - CLOTHING

habitare in domo alicuius, apud aliquem (Acad. 2.36.115) - to live in someone's house.
(habitare locum is not used, locus habitatur is. On the other hand, we find incolere Asiam, etc., or with preps. cis,
trans, inter, prope, circum - incolere being used intransitively, e.g. B.G. 1.1.4 Germani qui trans Rhenum incolunt.
incolere is used of a number of people, habitare of individuals.
domicilium (sedem ac domicilium) habere in aliquo loco - to dwell in a certain place.
sedem collocare alicubi (Rep. 2.19.34)
sedem ac domicilium (fortunas suas) constituere alicubi
considere alicubi (Att. 5.14.1) - to take up one's abode in a place, settle down somewhere.
multitudinem in agris collocare - to settle a large number of people in the country.
domo emigrare (B.G. 1.31) - to emigrate.
domo profgus (Liv. 1.1) - homeless.
induere vestem (without sibi) - to dress oneself.
vestem mutare (opp. ad vestitum suum redire) (Planc. 12.29) - to go into mourning.
vestimenta (et calceos) mutare - to change one's clothes (and shoes).
vestitus obsoletus, tritus - cast-off clothing.
vestis stragula or simply vestis - drapery.
togatus, palliatus - with a toga, cloak on.
(togatus = a Roman citizen as opposed to - (1) a foreigner, (2) a soldier, (3) tunicatus, which is used of the lower
classes who actually had no toga but simply tunica, cf. Hor. Ep. 1.7.65 tunicatus popellus.)
pannis obsitus - in rags.
paludatus, sagatus - in military cloak (paludamentum, of a general;sagum, of soldiers).
togam virilem (puram) sumere - to assume the toga virilis.
vestem ponere (exuere) - to undress.
(vestem deponere = to give up wearing a garment, never use it again. Notice too ponere arma, to put down one's
weapons; ponere librum (de manibus), to lay aside a book (not deponere, which would mean to lay it aside for
good. Cf. viii. 9: Writing Writers - Books)

4. FOOD - DRINK

cibum sumere, capere - to take food.
cibum concoquere, conficere - to digest food.
multi cibi esse, edacem esse - to be a great eater.
cibum apponere, ponere alicui - to set food before a person.
corpus curare (cibo, vino, somno) - to refresh oneself, minister to one's bodily wants.
ventri deditum esse - to be a slave to one's appetite.
cibo se abstinere - to abstain from all nourishment.
ieiunium servare - to fast.
tantum cibi et potionis adhibere quantum satis est - to take only enough food to support life.
cibus delictatus - delicacies.
panis cibarius - ordinary bread.
vino deditum esse, indulgere - to be given to drink.
potare - to drink to excess; to be a drunkard.
alicui bibere dare - to give someone to drink.
(These forms dare bibere, etc. are not Graecisms but old usages which have survived in conversational language.
For the infinitive (dative of the verbal noun) used in this way compare Verg. Aen. 1.527 non nos aut ferro Libycos
populare penates venimus ; Plaut. Bacch. iv.3.18 parasitus modo venerat aurum petere.
alicui bibere ministrare - to serve someone with drink.
propino tibi hoc (poculum, salutem) - I drink to your health.
bene tibi or te! - to your health!
inter pocula - whilst drinking; at table.
exhaurire poculum - to empty a cup at a draught.

5. SUBSISTENCE IN GENERAL

victus cotidianus - daily bread.
victus tenuis (Fin. 2.28.90) - meager diet.
res ad vitam necessariae
quae ad victam pertinent - the necessaries of life.
res ad victum cultumque necessariae - things indispensable to a life of comfort.
vitae commoditas iucunditasque - comfort.
omnes ad vitam copias suppeditare alicui - to provide someone with a livelihood.
quae suppeditant ad victum (Off. 1.4.12) - a livelihood.
copiae cotidianus sumptibus suppetunt - his means suffice to defray daily expenses.
( suppeditare (1) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. to be present in sufficient quantities = suppetere.)
victum aliqua re quaerere - to earn a living by something.
vivere carne, piscibus, rapto (Liv. 7.25) - to live on meat, fish, by plunder.
de suo (opp. alieno) vivere - to live on one's means.
vitam (inopem) tolerare (B.G. 7.77) - to endure a life of privation.
non habeo, qui (unde) vivam - I have no means, no livelihood.
laute vivere (Nep. Chab. 3.2) - to live well.
(not bene vivere, which is used of leading a moral life.)

6. EXPENDITURE - LUXURY - PRODIGALITY

sumptum facere, insumere in aliquid - to spend money on an object.
sumptus effusi or profusi - prodigal expenditure
(Cf. effusa fuga, headlong flight ; effusi sumptus, lavish expenditure (Rosc. Am. 24.68), cursus effusus (Liv.
9.41.17).)
sumptui parcere (Fam. 16.4) - to incur few expenses.
sumptibus modum statuere - to limit one's expenditures.
sumptum minuere - to retrench.
sumptus perpetui (Off. 2.12.42) - current expenses.
sumptus liberales (Off. 2.12.42) - munificence.
delicate ac molliter vivere - to live a luxurious and effeminate life.
luxuria diffluere (Off. 1.30. 106)
omnium rerum copia diffluere - to be abandoned to a life of excess.
in luxuriam effundi - to plunge into excesses, a career of excess.
effundere, profundere pecuniam, patrimonium - to squander one's money, one's patrimony.
dissipare rem familiarem (suam)
lacerare bona sua (Verr. 3.70.164) - to squander all one's property.

7. HOSPITALITY

convivium instruere, apparare, ornare (magnifice, splendide) - to prepare, give a feast, dinner.
mensas exquisitissimus epulis instruere (Tusc. 5.21.62) - to load the tables with the most expensive viands.
mensae exstructae - a table bountifully spread.
caput cenae (Fin. 2.8.25) - the main dish.
secunda mensa (Att. 14.6.2) - the desert.
ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.) - from beginning to end.
(Lit. "from the egg to the apples," i.e. throughout the dinner ; cf. integram famem ad ovum affero (Fam. 9.20.1).
aliquem vocare, invitare ad cenam - to invite someone to dinner.
promittere (ad cenam) (Off. 3.14.58) - to accept an invitation to dinner.
inter cenam, inter epulas - during dinner; at table.
promittere ad aliquem - to promiss to dine with a person.
condicere alicui (ad cenam) - to invite oneself to someone's house for dinner.
adhibere aliquem cenae or ad cenam, convivio or in convivium - to welcome someone to one's table.
cenam alicui apponere - to set a repast before a person.
convivia tempestiva (Arch. 6.13) - a repast which begins in good time.
accipere aliquem (bene, copiose, laute, eleganter, regio apparatu, apparatis epulis) - to entertain, regale a person.
deverti ad aliquem (ad [in] villam) - to go to a man's house as his guest.
deversari apud aliquem (Att. 6.1.25) - to stop with a person, be his guest for a short time when traveling.
mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit - my relations with him are most hospitable.
hospitio alicuius uti - to enjoy a person's hospitality.
hospitium cum aliquo facere, (con-)iungere - to become a friend and guest of a person.
hospitium renuntiare (Liv. 25.18) - to sever (previous) hospitable relations.
domus patet, aperta est mihi - I am always welcome at his house.
invitare aliquem tecto ac domo or domum suam (Liv. 3.14.5) - to invite someone to one's house.

8. SOCIABILITY - INTERCOURSE - ISOLATION

vitae societas - social life.
 (The adj. socialis in the sense of "sociable" only occurs in Late Latin, e.g. homo sociale animal (Sen.).)
facilitas, faciles mores (De Am. 3.11) - a sociable, affable disposition.
societatem inire, facere cum aliquo - to associate with someone.
dissipatos homines in (ad) societatem vitae convocare (Tusc. 1.25.62) - to unite isolated individuals into a society.
socium se adiungere alicui - to attach oneself to a person's society.
aliquem socium admittere - to admit a person into one's society.
assiduum esse cum aliquo - to always be in someone's company.
uti aliquo (familiariter)
alicuius familiaritate uti - to be on intimate terms with someone.
usu, familiaritate, consuetudine coniunctum esse cum aliquo
est mihi consuetudo, or usus cum aliquo
vivere cum aliquo - to be on friendly terms with a person.
vetus usus inter nos intercedit - we have known each other well for several years.
devincire aliquem consuetudine - to attach a person to oneself.
se dare in consuetudinem alicuius - to devote oneself to a person's society.
se insinuare in consuetudinem alicuius (Fam. 4.13.6) - to insinuate oneself into a person's society.
summa necessitudine aliquem contingere - to stand in very intimate relations to someone.
in simultate cum aliquo sum - relations are strained between us.
hominum coetus, congressus fugere - to shun society.
in solitudine vivere (Fin. 3.20.65) - to live in solitude.
secum vivere - to live to oneself.
vitam solitarium agere - to live a lonely life.

9. CONVERSATION - AUDIENCE - CONFERENCE

sermonem conferre, instituere, ordiri cum aliquo
se dare in sermonem cum aliquo - to enter into conversation with someone.
(sermonem conserere only in late Latin).
sermonem inferre de aliqua re - to turn the conversation on to a certain subject.
in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore - to talk of a subject which was then then common topic of
conversation.
(Distinguish from such phrases as incidere in sermonem (hominum), to become common talk.)
sermo incidit de aliqua re - the conversation turned to...
in sermonem ingredi - to begin a conversation.
sermo ortus est ab aliqua re - the conversation began with ...
sermonem alio transferre - to turn the conversation to another topic.
medium sermonem abrumpere (Verg. Aen. 4.388) - to break off in the middle of the conversation.
sermonem producere in multam noctem (Rep. 6.10.10) - to prolong a conversation far into the night.
sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re (De Am. 1.3) - to converse, talk with a person on a subject.
hinc sermo ductus est
sermo inductus a tali exordio - the conversation began in this way.
multus sermo - a long conversation.
narratio, fabula - a narrative, tale, story.
narratiuncula, fabella (Fin. 5.15) - an anecdote.
haec fabula docet - this fable teaches us (without nos).
convenire aliquem - to meet a person (accidentally or intentionally) and talk with him.
congredi cum aliquo - to meet a person by arrangement, interview him.
sui potestatem facere, praebere alicui
colloquendi copiam facere, dare
colloquendi aditum dare alicui - to give an audience to someone.
(audientia is not used in this connection, but only in such phrases as audientiam facere alicui or orationi alicuius, to
procure a hearing.)
aditum conveniendi or colloquium petere - to ask a hearing, audience, interview.
 (colloquium as opposed to sermo means an interview specially arranged, usually for transaction of some business.)
(ad colloquium) admitti (B.C. 3.57)
in congressum alicuius venire - to obtain an audience of someone.
velle aliquem (Plaut. Capt. 5.2.24) - to wish to speak to someone.
paucis te volo ; tribus verbis te volo - a word with you.
sermo cotidianus, or simply sermo - conversational language.
coram loqui (cum aliquo) - to speak personally to ...
commercium loquendi et audiendi - interchange of ideas; conversation.
capita conferre (Liv. 2.45) - to put our heads together.
remotis arbitris or secreto - in private; tete-a-tete.
intra parietes (Brut. 8.32) - within four walls.

10. GREETING - FAREWELL

salutem alicui dicere, impertire, nuntiare
aliquem salvere iubere (Att. 4.14) - to greet a person.
quid agis? - how are you?
(quid agis? is also used as an expression of surprise, "what are you thinking of?")
quid agitur? quid fit? - what is going on? how are you getting on?
Cicero Attico S.D.P. (salutem dicit plurimam) - Cicero sends cordial greeting to Atticus.
(This and the following phrases only epistolary)
tibi plurimam salutem - my best wishes for your welfare.
nuntia fratri tuo salutem verbis meis (Fam. 7.14) - remember me to your brother.
adscribere alicui salutem (Att. 5.20.9) - to add to one's letter good wishes to someone.
salute data (accepta) redditaque - after mutual greeting.
inter se consalutare (De Or. 2.3.13) - to exchange greetings.
dextram alicui porrigere, dare - to give one's right hand to someone.
dextram iungere cum aliquo, dextras inter se iungere - to shake hands with a person.
te valere iubeo - I bid you good-bye, take my leave.
(valedicere alicui is poetical.)
vale or cura ut valeas - good-bye; farewell.
bene ambula et redambula - a safe journey to you.
gratulari alicui aliquid or de aliqua re - to congratulate a person on something.

11. BETROTHAL - MARRIAGE - DIVORCE

filiam alicui despondere - to betroth one's daughter to someone.
sibi (aliquam) despondere (of a man) - to betroth oneself, get engaged.
nuptias conciliare (Nep. Att. 5.3) - to arrange a marriage.
nuptias parare - to make preparations for a marriage.
condicio (uxoria) (Phil. 2.38.99) - a match.
ducere uxorem
ducere aliquam in matrimonium - to marry (of the man).
nubere alicui - to marry (of the woman).
nuptam esse cum aliquo or alicui - to be married to someone.
uxorem habere (Verr. 3.33.76) - to be a married man.
dotem filiae dare - to give a dowry to one's daughter.
filiam alicui in matrimonio or in matrimonium collocare or simply filiam alicui collocare
filiam alicui in matrimonium dare
filiam alicui nuptum dare - to give one's daughter in marriage to someone.
nuntium remittere alicui (De Or. 1.40)
repudium dicere or scribere alicui - to be separated, be divorced (used of man or woman).
divortium facere cum uxore, aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (phil. 2.28.69) - to separate from, divorce (of the man).
 (The formula of divorce used by a man was tuas res tibi habeto, cf. Plaut. Trin. 266.)
repudium remittere viro (Dig. 24.3) - to separate (of the woman).
(Cicero uses divortium not repudium. divortium (dis, vertere) is a separation by mutual consent, divortium est,
quod in diversas partes eunt, qui discedunt (Paul. Dig. L.16.1.161). In repudium one party takes the initiative,
usually the husband. The formula commonly used was tua condicione non utar.)

12. WILL - INHERITANCE

testamentum facere, conscribere - to make a will.
testamentum obsignare (B.G. 1.39) - to sign a will.
testamentum resignare - to open a will.
testamentum rescindere - to declare a will to be null and void.
testamentum subicere, supponere - to produce a false will.
testamentum irritum facere, rumpere - to annul, revoke a will.
testamento aliquid cavere (Fin. 2.31) - to prescribe in one's will.
pecuniam alicui legare - to leave money to a person in one's will.
aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere - to appoint someone as heir in one's will.
alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema) - the last wishes of a deceased person.
heredem esse alicui - to be someone's heir.
hereditate aliquid accipere - to inherit something.
exheres paternorum bonorum (De Or. 1.38.175) - disinherited.
exheredari a patre - to be disinherited.
hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo - something has been left as a legacy by someone.
hereditas ad me or mihi venit ab aliquo (Verr. 2.1.10) - I have received a legacy from a person.
hereditatem adire, cernere - to take possession of an inheritance.
heres ex asse, ex dodrante - sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the estate.
heres ex besse - heir to two-thirds of the property.

13. CUSTOM - USAGE

assuefactus or assuetus aliqua re - accustomed to a thing.
(Not assuescere, to accustom oneself to ... and assuefacere aliquem, to accustom someone else to ...).
in consuetudinem or morem venire - to become customary, the fashion.
in nostros mores inducere aliquid (De Or. 2.28) - to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarize us with a thing.
consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere, servare - to keep up a usage.
consuetudo inveterascit (B.G. 5.41.5) - a custom in taking root, growing up.
res obsolescit - a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete.
a vetere consuetudine discedere
a pristina consuetudine deflectere - to give up old customs.
in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid - to return to ancient usage.
aliquid est meae consuetudinis
aliquid cadit in mean consuetudinem - it is my custom.
mos (moris) est, ut (Brut. 21.84) - it is customary to ...
more, usu receptum est - it is traditional usage.
ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit
ut solet, ut fieri solet - as usually happens.
ita fert consuetudo - so custom, fashion prescribes.
ex consuetudine mea (opp. praeter consuetudinem) - according to my custom.
more institutoque maiorum (Mur.1.1) - according to the custom and tradition of my fathers.
ex instituto (Liv. 6.10.6) - according to traditional usage.


XIII. COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE

1. COMMERCE IN GENERAL - PURCHASE - PRICE

negotiatores (Verr. 2.69.168)
homines negotii (always in sing.) gerentes - business-men.
(The usual terms for men of business are negotiator, mercator, caupo, institor. The first two are used of merchants,
wholesale dealers, negotiator especially when talking of the transactions (negotia) of business, mercator with
reference to the profits (merces). caupo is a retail dealer, tradesman, shopkeeper ; institor, a pedlar, commercial
traveller.)
negotii bene gerentes (Quint. 19.62) - good men of business.
negotium obire or exsequi - to be engaged upon a transaction, carry it out.
negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere - to settle, finish a transaction.
mercaturam facere - to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business.
negotium habere (in Sicilia) - to have commercial interests in Sicily.
contrahere rem or negotium cum aliquo (Cluent. 14.41) - to have business relations with someone.
transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo or inter se - to transact, settle a matter with someone.
nihil cum aliquo contrahere - to do no business with a man.
quaestum facere (Fam. 15.14) - to make money.
quaestui aliquid habere (Off. 2.3.13) - to make a profit out of something.
res, quae importantur et exportantur - imports and exports.
exponere, proponere merces (venales) - to set out goods for sale.
parvo, vili pretio or bene emere - to buy cheaply.
magno or male emere -to buy dearly.
aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat - a thing costs much, little.
aliquid nihilo or gratis constat - a thing costs nothing.
pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere (Att. 13.22) - to fix a price for a thing.

2. MONEY - INTEREST - LOANS

pecunia magna, grandis (multum pecuniae) - much money.
(In plur. magnae, multae pecuniae = large sums of money.)
pecunia exigua or tenuis - little money.
pecunia praesens or numerata - cash; ready money.
(Notice too poena praesens, instant punishment, pecunia praesens, ready money, medicina praesens, efficacious
remedy ; deus praesens, a propitious deity ; in rem praesentem venire, to go to the very spot to make a closer
examination.)
aes (argentum) signatum - coined money; bullion.
nummi adulterini - bad money; base coin.
pecuniam erogare (in classem) - to spend money.
pecuniam insumere in aliquid or consumere in aliqua re - to devote money to a purpose.
pecuniam numerare alicui (Att. 16.16) - to pay cash.
pecuniam solvere - to pay money.
pecuniam alicui debere - to owe someone money.
pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris) - to lend someone money (without interest).
pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo - to lend, borrow money at interest.
pecuniam fenore occupare (Flacc. 21.54) - to put out money at interest.
pecuniam collocare in aliqua re - to put money in an undertaking.
(Sometimes absolutely, e.g. Cic. Off. 2.25.90 pecuniam collocare.)
pecunia iacet otiosa - the money is bringing no interest, lies idle.
pecuniam mutuari or sumere mutuam an aliquo - to borrow money from someone.
pecuniam alicui mutuam dare - to lend money to someone.
pecuniam creditam solvere - to repay a loan.
non solvendo esse, decoquere, conturbare (Phil. 2.2.4) - to be bankrupt.
(solvendo is a predicate dative, For the development of such uses cf. nulli rei erimus postea (Plaut. Stich. 718);
Ovid Met. 15.403 dedit huic aetas vires onerique ferendo est; Liv. 4.35 experiunda res est sitne aliqui plebeius
ferendi magno honori.)
pecuniam exigere (acerbe) - to demand payment.
magnas pecunias ex aliqua re (e.g. ex metallis) facere - to have a large income from a thing (e.g. from the mines).
nummus iactatur (Off. 3.20.80) - the bank-rate varies.
versuram facere (Att. 5.21.12) - to transfer a debt.
nummulis acceptis (Att. 1.16.6) - for a trifle, a beggarly pittance.

3. MONEY-MATTERS - ACCOUNTS - AUDIT

res nummaria or pecuniaria
ratio pecuniarum - finance; money matters.
argentariam facere (Verr. 5.59.155) - to be a banker.
argentarium dissolvere (Caecin. 4.11) - to close one's bank, give up banking.
codex or tabulae ratio accepti et expensi - account-book; ledger.
nomina facere or in tabulas referre - to book a debt.
pecunia in nominibus est - money is outstanding, unpaid.
(nomina are properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a person. Hence nomen solvere, dissolvere, to pay
a debt ; nomen expedire, exsolvere, to get rid of a debt ; bonum nomen, a safe investment (Cic. Fam. 5.6.2).
pecuniam in nominibus habere - I have money owing me.
alicui expensum ferre aliquid - to put a thing down on a man's account.
alicui acceptum referre aliquid (Verr. 2.70.170) - to put down to a man's credit.
(Also used metaphorically to "owe a thing to another's instrumentality," e.g. quod vivo tibi acceptum refero.)
rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere
ad calculos vocare aliquid (Amic. 16.58) - to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.
inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere - to do something after careful calculation.
rationes putare cum aliquo - to balance accounts with someone.
(The original meaning of putare is to prune (cf. purus, amputare), cleanse by cutting off, then make clear, calculate,
reckon. By a transference it became used of the result of calculation, i.e. thinking, believing. Compare the history
of the French raisonner and the Italian ragioneria.)
ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est) - the accounts balance.
ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi) (Amic. 16.58) - the account of receipts and expenditures.
rationes diligenter conficere - to keep the accounts (daybook) carefully.
summam facere alicuius rei - to compute the total of anything.
de capite deducere aliquid - to subtract something from the capital.
(Notice too deducere coloniam; deducere naves, to launch ships, opposed to subducere = to beach a boat; deducere
adulescentes ad virum clarissimum (De Am. 1.1); deducere de sententia aliquem; rem in eum locum deducere,
ut ...; de capite deducere (opp. addere) quod pernumeratum est = to subtract from the capital the amount paid;
deducere aliquem, to escort a person from his province to Rome.)
rationem alicuius rei reddere - to render count of a matter; to pass it for audit.
rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquem or ab aliquo
rationem ab aliquo repetere de aliqua re (Cluent. 37.104) - to demand an account, an audit of a matter.

4. RATE OF INTEREST

centesimae (sc. usurae) (Att. 5.21.11) - interest at 1 % per month, 12% per annum.
binis centesimis fenerari - to lend at 24%.
ternae centesimae - 36% per annum.
quaternas centesimas postulare (Att. 5.21.11) - to demand 48%.
semisses - 6% (i.e. for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a denarius, half an as per month).
semissibus magna copia est - money is plentiful at 6%.
usurae semissium (Colum.)
usurae semisses (Jurists) - 6%.
quadrantes usurae - 3% (a quarter of a centesima).
trientes or trientaria usurae (Att. 4.15) - 4 %.
quincunx (Pers. 5.149)
quincunces usurae - 5%.
fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus (Att. 4.15.7) - the rate of interest has gone up from 4% to 8%.
perpetuum fenus (Att. 5.21.13) - simple interest.
fenus renovatum
anatocismus ( ) (Att. 5.21.13) - compound interest.
fenus iniquissimus, grande, grave - exorbitant rate of interest.
usura menstrua - monthly interest.
centisimis cum anatocismo contentum esse (Att. 5.21.12) - to be content with 12% at compound interest.

5. PROFIT - CREDIT - DEBT

lucrum facere (opp. damnum facere) ex aliqua re - to make a profit out of a thing.
in lucro ponere aliquid (Flacc. 17.40) - to consider a thing as profit.
debitor, or is qui debet - the debtor.
creditor or is cui debeo - the creditor.
fides et ratio pecuniarum - credit and financial position.
fides concidit - credit is going down.
(fides has six principal meanings : A. subjectively - (1) in an active sense, belief, confidence, which someone
holds; (2) passive, veracity, credit which one enjoys; (3) neutral, good faith, sincerity, loyalty, conscientiousness,
and especially of the protection which one expects by appealing to a man's loyalty. B. (4) active, ratification,
sanction; (5) passive, the thing promised, surety, guarantee; (6) neutral, authenticity, certitude, truth of a thing.
Cf. Haacke, Lat. Stil. 40-41.)
fidem derogare alicui - to rob a person of his credit.
fides aliquem deficere coepit - a man's credit begins to go down.
fides (de foro) sublata est (Leg. Agr. 2.3.8) - credit has disappeared.
fides tota Italia est angusta - credit is low throughout Italy.
fidem moliri (Liv. 6.11.8) - to shake credit.
laborare de pecunia - to have pecuniary difficulties.
in summa difficultate nummaria versari (Verr. 2.28.69) - to be in severe pecuniary straits.
in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci - to be reduced to extreme financial embarrassment.
aes alienum (always sing.) facere, contrahere - to incur debts.
grande, magnum (opp. exiguum) aes alienum conflare - to incur debts on a large scale.
incidere in aes alienum - to get into debt.
aes alienum habere, in aere alieno esse - to be in debt.
in suis nummis versari (Verr. 4.6.11) - to have no debts.
aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse - to be deeply in debt.
aere alieno oppressum esse - to have pressing debts.
aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere
nomina solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere - to pay one's debts.
(nomina are properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a person. Hence nomen solvere, dissolvere, to pay
a debt; nomen expedire, exsolvere, to get rid of a debt; bonum nomen, a safe investment (Cic. Fam. 5.6.2).
nomina exigere (Verr. 3.10.28) - to demand payment of, recover debts.
ex aere alieno exire
aere alieno liberari - to get out of debt.
versur solvere, dissolvere (Att. 5.15.2) - to pay one's old debts by making new.

6. BUILDING

opus locare - to contract for the building of something.
opus redimere, conducere - to undertake the contract for a work.
domum aedificandum locare, conducere - to give, undertake a contract for building a house.
aedificatorem esse (Nep. Att. 13.1) - to be fond of building.
exstruere aedificium, monumentum - to erect a building, a monument.
fundamenta iacre, agere - to lay the foundations.
turrim excitare, erigere, facere - to build a tower.
oppidum constituere, condere - to build, found a city.
pontem facere in flumine
inicere pontem
flumen ponte iungere - to build a bridge over a river.
pons est in flumine - there is a bridge over the river.
pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere (B.G. 2.9.4) - to break down a bridge.
luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere - to obstruct a person's view, shut out his light by building.
(Also used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person.)


7. AGRICULTURE - MANAGEMENT OF STOCK

agrum colere (Leg. Agr. 2.25.67) - to till the ground.
agros fertiles deserere - to leave fertile ground untilled.
agriculturae studere (opp. agriculturum deserere) - to have a taste for agriculture.
opus rusticum - tillage; cultivation.
in agris esse, habitare - to live in the country.
serere; semen spargere - to sow.
sementum facere (B.g. 1.3.1) - to look after sowing.
ut sementem feceris, ita metes (proverb.) (De Or. 2.65) - as you sow, so will you reap.
laetae segetes - the laughing cornfields.
laetissimi flores (Verr. 4.48.107) - a glorious expanse of flowers.
odores, qui efflantur e floribus - the perfume exhaled by the flowers.
messis in herbis est (Liv. 25.25) - the crop is in the blade.
adhuc tua messis in herba est (proverb.) - your crop is still green, i.e. you are still far from your ambition.
frumenta in agris matura non sunt (B.G. 1.16.2) - the corn is not yet ripe.
messem facere
fructus demetere or percipere - to reap.
fructus condere (N.D. 2.62.156) - to harvest crops.
messis opma (opp. ingrata) - a good harvest.
arbores serere (De Sen. 7.24) - to plant trees.
arbores cadere - to fell trees.
inopia (opp. copia) rei frumentariae
difficultas annonae (Imp. Pomp. 15.44) - want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.
annona gravescit, crescit - the price of corn is going up.
annona laxantur, levatur, vilior fit - the price of corn is going down.
caritas annonae (opp. vilitas), also simply annona - dearth of corn; high prices.
ad denarios L in singulos modios annona pervenerat - corn has gone up to 50 denarii the bushel.
(denarius = about 9.5d., vid Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 149).
annona cara est - corn is dear.
hac annona (Plaut. Trin. 2.4.83) - when corn is as dear as it is.
rem pecuarium facere, exercere (cf. Varro R.R. 2.1) - to rear stock.
pastum agere - to drive to pasture.
pascere gregem - to feed a flock (of goats).
greges pascuntur (Verg. G. 3.162) - the herds are grazing.
 (pascere and pasci are also used metaphorically, vid. iii.s.v. oculi.)
alere equos, canes - to keep horses, dogs.
animalia quae nobiscum degunt (Plin. 8.40) - domestic animals.


XIV. THE STATE

1. CONSTITUTION - ADMINISTRATION - GOVERNMENT

forma rei publicae
descriptio civitatis
instituta et leges - the constitution.
rem publicam constituere
rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare (Tusc. 1.1.2)
civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere - to give the state a constitution.
(Cf. tres viri rei publicae constituendae.)
suis legibus utitur (B.G. 1.45.3) - (a state) has its own laws, is autonomous.
nullam habere rem publicam - to have no constitution, be in anarchy.
rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere - to restore the ancient constitution.
optima re publica - at the time of the most satisfactory government.
libera res publica, liber populus - the Republic.
rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare - to govern, administer the state.
rei publicae praeesse - to have the management of the state.
ad gubernacula (metaph. only in plur.) rei publicae sedere
clavum rei publicae tenere
gubernacula rei publicae tractatre - to hold the reins of government.
principem civitatis esse - to be the chief man in the state.
principem in re publica locum obtinere - to hold the first position in the state.
negotia publica (Off. 1.20.69) - public affairs.
vita occupata - the busy life of the statesman.
accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam ; rem publicam capessere (Off. 1.21.71) - to devote oneself to politics, a political
career.
in re publica or in rebus publicis versari - to take part in politics.
rei publica deesse (opp. adesse) - to take no part in politics.
a negotiis publicis se removere
a re publica recedere - to retire from public life.
in otium se referre (Fam. 99) - to retire into private life.
vita privata (Senect. 7.22) - private life.
publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere
forseni luci carere - to shun publicity.
rem publicam tueri, stabilire - to defend, strengthen the state.
res publica stat (opp. iacet) - the state is secure.
rem publicam agere, amplificare - to aggrandize, extend the power of the state.
saluti rei publicae non deesse - to further the common weal.
rei publicae causa (Sest. 47.101) - for political reasons.
(There being no adjective in Latin for "political," we have to make use of periphrasis with such words as res
publica, civilis, popularis, etc.)
e re publica (opp. contra rem publicam) - for the advantage of the state; in the interests of the state.
summa res publica (or summa rei publicae) - the welfare of the state.
commoda publica or rei publicae rationes - the interests of the state.
rei publica rationibus or rei publicae consulere - to further the public interests.
ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre - to consider a thing from a political point of view.
in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere (Fam. 10.1.2)
omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre
omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere (Phil. 14.5.13) - to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre - to devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state.
bene, optime sentire de re publica ; omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire - to have the good of the state at
heart.
rector civitatis (De Or. 1.48.211) - the head of the state.
viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti or viri in re publica prudentes, auctores consilii publici, principes rem
publicam administrantes or simply principes - statesmen.
prudentia (civilis) (De Or. 1.19.85) - statesmanship; political wisdom.
homo in re publica exercitatus - an experienced politician.
res civiles - political questions.
plus in re publica videre - to possess great political wisdom.
longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae (De Amic. 12.40) - to foresee political events long before.
alicuius in re publica or capessendae rei publicae consilia eo spectant, ut ... - a man's policy is aiming at, directed
towards.
rei publicae muneribus orbatus
gerendis negotiis orbatus (Fin. 5.20.57) - banished from public life.

2. CIVIL RIGHTS - RANK

civitate donare aliquem (Balb. 3.7) - to make a man a citizen.
in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem - to enroll as a citizen, burgess.
civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire - to present a person with the freedom of the city.
civitatem mutare (Balb. 11.27) - to naturalize oneself as a citizen of another country.
generis antiquitate florere - to be of noble family.
nobilitate favere (Sest. 9.21)
nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse - to be a friend of the aristocracy.
homo novus - a parvenu (a man no member of whose family has held a curule office).
(A novus homo by taking office becomes for his descendants princeps nobilitatis (Cic. Brut. 14) or auctor generis
(Leg. Agr. 2.35).
ordo senatorius (amplissimus) - the senatorial order.
ordo equester (splendissimus) - the equestrian order; the knights.
summo loco natus - of high rank.
nobili, honesto, illustri loco or genere natus - of illustrious family.
humili, obscuro loco natus
humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus - of humble, obscure origin.
infimo loco natus - from the lowest classes.
equestri loco natus - a knight by birth.
summi (et) infimi (Rep. 1.34.53) - high and low.
homines omnis generis - people of every rank.
homines omnium ordinum et aetatum - people of every age and rank.
homo plebius, de plebe - one of the people.
traduci ad plebem (Att. 1.18.4) - to get oneself admitted as a plebeian.
transitio ad plebem (Brut. 16.62)
traductio ad plebem - to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.
unus de or e multis - one of the crowd; a mere individual.
faex populi, plebis, civitatis - a degraded, servile condition.
unus e togatorum numero - an ordinary, average Roman citizen.

3. DIGNITY - POSITION - HONORS - PRE-EMINENCE
(cf. v.17: Authority - Dignity)

dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere - to guard, maintain one's dignity.
dignitati suae servire, consulere - to be careful of one's dignity.
aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere (B.G. 7.39) - to elevate to the highest dignity.
principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere - to occupy the first, second position in the state.
in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse - to occupy a very high position in the state.
aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare (Dom. 37.98) - to depose, bring down a person from his elevated
position.
aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere
aliquem gradu movere, depellere or de gradu (statu) deicere - to overthrow a person.
(These expressions are metaphors from the fencing- school. gradus is the position taken up by a combatant, so
gradu depelli, deici = to be driven out of one's ground.)
dignitatis gradum ascendere - attain a position of dignity.
ad honores ascendere - to rise, mount to the honors of the office.
amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci - to reach the highest grade of office.
ad summos honores pervenire - to attain to the highest honors. (cf. v.17)
vir defunctus honoribus - a man who has held every office (up to the consulship).
principatum tenere, obtinere - to occupy the leading position.
de principatu deiectus (B.G. 7.63) - deposed from one's high position.
principatum alicui or ad aliquem deferre - to assign the first place to someone.
contendere cum aliquo de principatu (Nep. Arist. 1) - to contend with someone for the pre-eminence.
primas (e.g. sapientiae) alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere - to give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to someone.

4. PUBLIC MEETING - SUFFRAGE

convocare populi concilium and populum ad concilium
contionem advocare (Sall. Iug. 33.3) - to summon an assembly of the people.
agere cum populo (Leg. 3.4.10) - to submit a formal proposition to the people.
(Aulus Gellius (13.16.3) explains the difference between cum populo agere and contionem habere; the former =
rogare quid populum quod suffragiis suis aut iubeat aut vetet. Cf. Liv. 22.10.2 velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri? also
21.17.4. habere contionem (conventio = countio = contio) is equivalent to verba facere ad populum sine ulla
rogatione.)
concilium indicere, habere, dimittere - to fix the day for, to hold, to dismiss a meeting.
comitia habere - to hold a meeting of the people.
comitia magistratibus creandis - meetings for the election of officers.
comitiis (abl.) convenire - to meet for elections.
comitiis consulem creari - to be chosen consul at the elections.
suffragium ferre (vid. sententiam dicere) - to vote (in the popular assembly).
multitudinis suffragiis rem permittere - to leave a matter to be decided by popular vote.

5. LAWS - BILLS

legem, rogationem promulgare (Liv. 33.46) - to bring a bill before the notice of the people.
(a rogatio had to be posted up in some public place for trinum nundinum (tempus) (Phil. 5.3.8), i.e. for seventeen
days, nundinae (novem, dies) being a holiday, fair, held every ninth day.)
legem ferre or simply ferre ad populum, ut ... - to propose a law in the popular assembly.
legem suadere (opp. disuadere)
pro lege dicere - to support a bill before the people.
legem rogare or rogare populum (cf. note above) - to formally propose a law to the people.
legem perferre (Liv. 33.46) - to carry a law (said of the magistrate).
lex perfertur - a law is adopted.
legem antiquare (opp. accipere, iubere) - to reject a bill.
(On the voting-tablets (tabullae) used in the comitia was written either A (antiquo) to reject the bill, V.R (uti rogas)
to pass it; in judicial questions A (absolvo), C (condemno), N.L. (non liquet).
legem sciscere (Planc. 14.35) to vote for a law.
legem iubere - to ratify a law (used of the people).
legem sancire - to let a bill become law (of people and senate).
Solo lege sanxit, ut or ne - Solon ordained by law that ...
Solonis legibus sanctum erat, ut or ne - the laws of Solon ordained that ...
legem abrogare (Att. 3.23.2) - to replace an old law by a new.
legem tollere (Leg. 2.12.31) - to abolish a law.
legi intercedere - to protest against a law (used of the veto, intercessio, of plebeian tribunes).
legem proponere in publicam - to bring a law before the notice of the people.
edictum proponere (Att. 2.21.4) - to publish, post up an edict.
legem in aes incidere - to engrave a law upon a brazen tablet.
lex rata est (opp. irrita) - a law is valid.
legem ratam esse iubere - to declare a law valid.
a lege discedere - to transgress a law.
salvis legibus - without breaking the law.
(Notice salvis legibus (Fam. 1.4), without breaking the law; salva fide (Off. 3.4.44), without breaking one's word.)
lex iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime) - the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly).
(Lex is often personified in this way.)
in lege scriptum est, or simply est - the law says ...
sententia or voluntas legis - the spirit of the law.
leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere (not dare) - to make laws (of a legislator).
legum scriptor, conditor, inventor
qui leges scribit (not legum lator) - a legislator.
(legis lator = the man who proposes the law.)
in legem iurare (Sest. 16.37) - to swear obedience to a law.
lege teneri - to be bound by the law.
legibus solvere - to free from legal obligations.
ea lege, ut - on condition of ...
aliquid contra legem est - a thing is illegal.
acta rescindere, dissolvere (Phil. 13.3.5) - to declare a magistrate's decisions null and void.
in album referre (De Or. 2.12.52) - to record in the official tablets (Annales maximi).

6. POPULAR FAVOR - INFLUENCE - UNPOPULARITY

aura favoris popularis (Liv. 22.26)
populi favor, gratia populari
aura popularis (Harusp. 18.43) - popular favor; popularity.
auram popularem captare (Liv. 3.33)
gratiam populi quaerere - to court popularity.
aurae popularis homo (Liv. 42.30) - a popular man.
ventum popularem quendam (in aliqua re) quaerere - to strive to gain popular favor by certain means.
gratiosum esse (opp. invisum esse) - to be popular, influential.
opibus, gratia, auctoritate valere, florere - to have great influence.
opes, gratiam, potentiam consequi - to acquire influence.
gratiam inire apud aliquem, ab aliquo - to gain someone's favor. (cf. v.12: Goodwill Kindness- Influence- Favour)
gratiam, opes alicuius imminuere (opp. augere) - to weaken a person's influence.
crescere ex aliquo - to raise oneself by another's fall.
crescere ex invidia senatoria - to profit by the unpopularity of the senate to gain influence oneself.
iacre - to be politically annihilated.
(iacre metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. frigere) who have
lost all their political influence.)
existimatio populi, hominum - public opinion.
multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere - to be always considering what people think.
invidia
offensio populi, popularis
offensa populi voluntas - unpopularity.
invidia dictatoria (Liv. 22.26) - the feeling against the dictator.
ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere (Liv. 22.26) - to use someone's unpopularity as a means of making oneself
popular.


7. PARTY-SPIRIT - NEUTRALITY POLITICS - ARISTOCRACY - DEMOCRACY

partes (usually of plebeians)
factio (of aristocrats) - a party; faction.
partium studium, also simply studia - party-spirit.
partium studiosum esse - to be a strong partisan.
certamen partium, contentio partium (Phil. 5.12.32) - party-strife.
partium studiis divisum esse - to be torn by faction.
consiliorum in re publica socius - a political ally.
alicuius partes (causam) or simply aliquem sequi
alicuius partibus studere - to embrace the cause of ..., be a partisan of ...
ab (cum) aliquo stare (Brut. 79.273) - to be on a person's side (not ab alicuius partibus).
alicuius studiosum esse - to be a follower of someone.
cum aliquo facere (Sull. 13.36) - to take someone's side.
nullius or neutrius (of two) partis esse
in neutris partibus esse
neutram partem sequi
medium esse
medium se gerere - to be neutral.
a partibus rei publicae animus liber (Sall. Cat. 4.2) - an independent spirit.
idem de re publica sentire - to have the same political opinions.
ab aliquo in re publica dissentire - to hold different views in politics.
ex rei publicae dissensione - owing to political dissension.
in duas partes discedere (Sall. Iug. 13.1) - to divide into two factions.
studio ad rem publicam ferri - to throw oneself heart and soul into politics.
se civilibus fluctibus committere - to enter the whirlpool of political strife.
imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium - monarchy.
optimatium dominatus
civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur - aristocracy (as a form of government).
boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp. improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt - the aristocracy (as a
party in politics).
principes or primores - the aristocracy (as a leading class in government).
nobiles ; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt - the aristocracy (as a social class).
paucorum dominatio or potentia - oligarchy.
multitudinis dominatus or imperium - government by the mob.
spiritus patricii (Liv. 4.42) - patrician arrogance; pride of the caste.
homines graves (opp. leves) - men of sound opinions.
homo popularis - a democrat.
homo vere popularis (Catil. 4.5.9) - a man who genuinely wishes the people's good.
homo florens in populari ratione - a democratic leader.
imperium populi or populare, civitas or res publica popularis - democracy.
causam popularem suscipere or defendere - to take up the cause of the people, democratic principles.
populi causam agere - to be a leading spirit of the popular cause.
patriae amantem (amantissimum) esse (Att. 9.22) - to be (very) patriotic.
mundanus, mundi civis et incola (Tusc. 5.37) - a citizen of the world; cosmopolitan.

8. DEMAGOGY - REVOLUTION - REBELLION - ANARCHY

plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum cupidus - a demagogue, agitator.
iactatio, concitatio popularis - popular agitation.
artes populares - tricks of a demagogue.
populariter agere - to play the demagogue.
conversio rei publicae (Div. 2.2.6) - revolution.
homines seditiosi, turbulenti or novarum rerum cupidi - revolutionists.
novis rebus studere
novarum rerum cupidum esse - to hold revolutionary opinions.
novas res moliri (Verr. 2.125) - to plot a revolution.
contra rem publicam sentire - to foster revolutionary projects.
contra rem publicam facere - to be guilty of high treason.
a re publica deficere - to betray the interests of the state.
plebem concitare, sollicitare - to stir up the lower classes.
seditionem facere, concitare - to cause a rebellion.
seditio erumpit - a rebellion breaks out.
(But bellum exardescit, war breaks out.)
coniurare (inter se) de c. Gerund. or ut
coniurationem facere (Catil. 2.4.6) - to form a conspiracy.
conspirare cum aliquo (contra aliquem) - to conspire with someone.
rem publicam labefactare - to shake the stability of the state.
rem publicam perturbare - to throw the state into confusion.
statum rei publicae convellere - to endanger the existence of the state.
rem publicam vexare - to damage the state.
rem publicam funditus evertere - to completely overthrow the government, the state.
omnes leges confundere - to upset the whole constitution.
omnia turbare ac miscere - to cause universal disorder.
perturbatio omnium rerum (Flacc. 37) - general confusion; anarchy.
leges nullae
iudicia nulla - lawlessness; anarchy.
res fluit ad interregnum - things seem to be tending toward an interregnum.
non nullus odor est dictaturae (Att. 4.18) - there are whispers of the appointment of a dictator.
tumultum sedare (B.C. 3.18.3) - to quell an outbreak.
concitatum multitudinem reprimere - to allay the excitement of the mob.
plebem continere - to hold the people in one's power, in check.

9. PROSCRIPTION - CONFISCATION - BANISHMENT - AMNESTY

proscribere aliquem or alicuius possessiones
aqua et igni interdicere alicui - to proscribe a person, declare him an outlaw.
in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem (Rosc. Am. 11.32) - to place a person's name on the list of the proscribed.
e proscriptorum numero eximere aliquem - to erase a person's name from the list of the proscribed.
bona alicuius publicare (B.G. 5.54) - to confiscate a person's property.
bona alicui restituere - to restore a person his confiscated property.
in exsilium eicere or expellere aliquem
ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem
de, e civitate aliquem eicere - to banish a person, send him into exile.
exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem (Mil. 37.101) - to expel a person from the city, country.
a patria exire iubere aliquem - to banish a man from his native land.
patria carere - to be in exile.
interdicere alicui Italia - to banish a person from Italy.
aliquem exsilio afficere, multare - to punish by banishment.
in exsilium ire, pergere, proficisci
exsulatum ire or abire - to go into exile.
solum vertere, mutare (Caecin. 34.100) - to leave one's country (only used of exiles).
exsulare (Div. 2.24.52)
in exsilio esse, exsulem esse - to live in exile.
aliquem (in patriam) restituere - to recall from exile.
in patriam redire - to return from exile.
ante actarum (praeteritarum) rerum oblivio or simply oblivio - amnesty ( ).
omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna delere (Phi. 1.1.1) - to proclaim a general amnesty.
postliminium (De Or. 1.40.181) - a returning from exile to one's former privileges.

10. POWER - MONARCHY - ROYALTY

imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui - to confer supreme power on a person.
(deferre in the sense "confer," "attribute," is also constructed with ad ; when it means to bring news, give
information, it always takes ad.)
rem publicam alicui permittere - to give someone unlimited power in state affairs.
imperium tenere (in aliquem) - to have power over someone.
imperium obtinere - to maintain power, authority.
principatu deici (B.G. 7.63) - to be deposed from one's leading position.
cum imperio esse - to have unlimited power ; to be invested with imperium. (cf. xvi. 3)
in imperio esse - to hold high office (such as conferred imperium, i.e. consulatus, dictatura, praetura).
imperium in annum prorogare - to prolong the command for a year.
imperium deponere (Rep. 2.12.23) - to lay down one's power.
imperium singulare - absolute power; autocracy.
(cf. certamen singulare, a fight of one individual with another, a duel (cf. xvi, 10a: The Fight in General).
singularis also has the meaning "unique," "pre-eminent," e.g. singularis virtus.)
dominari in aliquem - to have unlimited power over a person.
imperium, regnum, tyrannidem occupare - to take upon oneself absolute power.
(tyrannus, tyrannis, tyrannicus are rarely used in the Greek sense, irresponsible sovereign, etc. but usually means
despot, despotic, etc. The pure Latin equivalents are rex, dominus, dominatio, imperium, regius, or if there is
emphasis on the cruelty of despots, dominus saevus, crudelis et superba dominatio, etc.)
rerum potiri - (1) to usurp supreme power, (2) to be in a position of power.
dominatio impotens
potestas immoderata, infinita - despotic, tyrannous rule.
tyrannidem concupiscere - to aspire to despotism.
tyrannidem sibi parre aliqua re - to establish oneself as despot, tyrant by some means.
regnum appetere (B.G. 7.4) - to aspire to the sovereignty.
regnum adipisci - to obtain the sovereignty, kingly office.
alicui regnum deferre, tradere - to invest someone with royal power.
aliquem regem, tyrannum constituere - to establish someone as king, tyrant.
regem restituere
aliquem in regnum restituere - to restore a king to his throne (not in solium).
aliquem regno spoliare or expellere (Div. 1.22.74) - to depose a king.
regios spiritus sibi sumere - to assume a despotic tone.

11. SLAVERY - FREEDOM

servitute premi (Phil. 4.1.3) - to languish in slavery.
liberum populum servitute afficere - to enslave a free people.
aliquem in servitutem redigere - to reduce to slavery.
alicui servitutem iniungere, imponere - to lay the yoke of slavery on someone.
civitatem servitute oppressam tenere (Dom. 51.131) - to keep the citizens in servile subjection.
libertatem populo eripere - to rob a people of its freedom.
populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati - to grant a people its independence.
aliquem in servitutem abducere, abstrahere - to carry off into slavery.
aliquem sub corona, sub hasta, vendere (B.G. 3.16) - to sell a prisoner of war as a slave.
iugum servitutis accipere - to submit to the yoke of slavery.
libertas, libertatis studium - independent spirit.
imperium oppugnare, percellere - to attack, overthrow a tyranny.
ad libertatem conclamare - to summon to liberty.
ad arma conclamare (Liv. 3.50) - to call to arms.
vincula rumpere - to burst one's chains.
iugum servitutis excutere
iugum servile a cervicibus deicere (Phil. 1.2.6); servum excutere - to shake off the yoke of slavery.
iugum servile alicui demere
ab aliquo servitutem or servitutis iugum depellere - to deliver someone from slavery.
dominationem or dominatum refringere
regios spiritus reprimere (Nep. Dion. 5.5) - to destroy a despotism, tyranny.
libertatem recupare - to recover liberty.
rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a or ex dominatione - to deliver the state from tyranny.

12. REVENUE - COLONIES - PROVINCES

vectigalia redimere, conducere - to farm the revenues.
vectigalia exercere - to collect taxes.
(The first meaning of exercere is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, harass -
e.g. fortuna aliquem vehementer exercet. Lastly, exercere is used to express the main activity in any branch of
industry, thus exercere agros, to farm; metalla, to carry on a mining industry; navem, to fit out ships, be a ship
owner; vectigalia, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the publicani ; qui exercet iudicium, the presiding judge
(praetor).
vectigalia exigere (acerbe) - to exact the taxes (with severity).
pecuniam cogere a civitatibus - to extort money from the communities.
vectigalia, tributa pendre - to pay taxes.
(vectigalia = indirect taxes, including, for example, decumae, the tenth, tithe of corn ; scriptura, the duty on
pasturage ; portorium, harbor- toll. tributum = direct tax on incomes.
immunis (tributorum) (Verr. 5.21.51) - exempt from taxation.
immunitatem omnium rerum habere - to enjoy absolute immunity.
vectigalia, tributa alicui imponere - to impose tribute on someone.
tributorum multitudine premi - to be crushed by numerous imposts.
ager publicus - public land; state domain.
agros assignare (Leg. Agr. 1.6.17) - to allot land.
pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit - the public income from the mines.
avertere pecuniam (Verr. 2.1.4)
peculatum facere (Rab. Perd. 3.8) - to embezzle money.
rem publicam quaestui habere - to enrich oneself at the expense of the state.
coloniam deducere in aliquem locum - to found a colony somewhere.
(Notice too deducere coloniam; deducere naves, to launch ships, opposed to subducere = to beach a boat; deducere
adulescentes ad virum clarissimum (De Am. 1.1); deducere de sententia aliquem ; rem in eum locum deducere, ut
... ; de capite deducere (opp. addere) quod pernumeratum est = to subtract from the capital the amount paid;
deducere aliquem, to escort a person from his province to Rome.)
colonos mittere (Div. 1.1.3) - to send out colonists.
coloniam constituere (Leg. Agr. 1.5.16) - to found a colony.
provinciam alicui decernere, mandare - to entrust someone with an official duty, a province.
(provincia originally means a sphere of activity, an employ, especially of magistrates; it then means the
 administration of a country outside Italy conquered in war, and lastly the country itself, a province. The senate
each year determined on the countries to which magistrates were to be sent (provincias nominare, decernere.)
provincias sortiri (Liv. 38.35) - to draw lots for the provinces.
alicui Syria (sorte) obvnit, obtigit - the province of Syria has fallen to someone's lot.
provincias inter se comparant - (the magistrates) arrange among themselves the administration of the provinces, he
official spheres of influence.
in provinciam proficisci (Liv. 38.35) - to set out for one's province.
provincias permutare - to exchange provinces.
provinciam administrare, obtinere - to manage, govern a province.
provinciam obire - to visit, traverse a province.
(de or ex) provincia decedere or simply decedere - to leave a province (at the termination of one's term of office).
( Cf. especially decedere ( ex, de ) provincia, used regularly of a magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his
term of office. Similarly, where life is compared to a province, decedere ( de ) vita, or merely decedere = to quit
this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20.73)

13. MAGISTRACIES

(a) CANDIDATURE - ELECTION

petere magistratum, honores - to seek office.
ambire aliquem (always with Acc. of person) - to solicit the vote or favor of someone.
(Hence ambitio, legitimate canvassing; ambitus, illegal canvassing.)
nomen profiteri or simply profiteri - to become a candidate.
manus prensare (De Or. 1.24.112) - to shake hands with voters in canvassing.
(Under the head of ambitionis occupatio (De Or. 1.1.1) are enumerated salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus
prensare, invitare ad prandium, and sometimes convivia tributim data. For the whole subject vid. Q. Cicero's book
de petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem.)
nomina appellat (nomenclator) - the agent (nomenclator) mentions the names of constituents to the canvasser.
compettor (Brut. 30.113) - a rival candidate.
multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre - to obtain many (few) votes in a century or tribe.
(In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put opposite a candidate's name as often as a tablet (tabella) with
his name on it came up. Hence punctum ferre, to be successful, e.g. Hor. A.P. 343 omne tulit punctum qui miscuit
utile dulci.)
centuriam, tribum ferre (Planc. 49) - to gain the vote of a century or tribe.
omnes centurias ferre or omnium suffragiis, cunctis centuriis creari - to elected unanimously.
repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo) (Tusc. 5.19.54) - to fail in one's candidature for the consulship.
magistratus vitio creati - magistrates elected irregularly (i.e. either when the auspices have been unfavorable or when
some formality has been neglected.)
sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum or alicui - to elect a man to fill the place of another who has died whilst in office.
alicui or in alicuius locum succedere - to succeed a person in an office.
alicui imperatori succedere - to succeed someone as general.
suo (legitimo) anno creari (opp. ante annum) - to be elected at the age required by law. (lex Villia annalis).
continuare magistratum (Sall. Iug. 37.2) - to continue one's office for a year.
continuare alicui magistratum - to prolong someone's office for another year.
prorogare alicui imperium (in annum) - to prolong a person's command.
magistratus et imperia (Sall. Iug. 3.1) - civil and military offices.
inire magistratum - to enter into office.
munus administrare, gerere
munere fungi, muneri praeesse - to perform official duties.
honores alicui mandare, deferre - to invest a person with a position of dignity.
muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere - to appoint someone to an office.
munus explere, sustinere - to fulfil the duties of one's position.
abdicare se magistratu (Div. 2.35) - to resign one's post (before the expiry of the term of office).
deponere magistratum
abire magistratu
de potestate decedere - to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).
(But deponere is also found in the sense abdicare, e.g. B.G. 7.33.4 ; N.D. 2.11 ; Liv. 2.28.9)
res ad interregnum venit or adducitur - an interregnum ensues.
abrogare alicui munus (Verr. 2.57) - to remove a person from his office.
abrogare alicui imperium - to deprive a person of his position as commandant.
viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7.22) - men of rank and dignity.
honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus (De Or. 1.45)
amplis honoribus usus (Sall. Iug. 25.4) - a man who has held many offices.

(b) PARTICULAR MAGISTRACIES

consulem creare - to elect a consul.
(creare is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The locus classicus on this subject is Cic. De Leg. 3.3.6-12)
aliquem consulem declarare (Leg. Agr. 2.2.4) - to declare a person consul-elect.
aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2.64.260) - to officially proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected consul; to
return a man consul.
bis consul - twice consul.
iterum, tertium consul - consul for the second, third time.
sextum (Pis. 9.20), septimum consul - consul for the sixth, seventh time.
videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1.2.4) - let the consuls take measures for
the protection of the state.
(This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls. This was done only in cases of great emergency, and was
somewhat similar to our "declaration of martial law.")
in hoc praeclaro consulatu - during this brilliant consulship.
aetas consularis - the consular age (43 years).
pro consule in Ciciliam proficisci - to go to Cicilia as proconsul.
superiore consulatu - in his former consulship.
dictatorem dicere (creare) - to name a person dictator.
dictaturam gerere - to be a dictator.
dictator dicit (legit) magistratum equitum - a dictator appoints a magister equitum.
potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque (B.G. 1.16.5) - he has power over life and death.
lictores summovent turbam (Liv. 4.50) - the lictors clear the way.
fasces praeferre, summittere - to walk before with the fasces; lower the fasces.
censores censent populum - the censors hold a census of the people.
censum habere, agere (Liv. 3.22) - to hold the census.
censuram agere, gerere - to perform censors' duties.
locare aedes, vias faciendas (Phil. 9.7.16) - to receive tenders for the construction of temples, highways.
locare opera publica - to let out public works to contract.
redimere, conducere porticum aedificandum (Div. 2.21.47) - to undertake a contract for building a portico.
nota, animadversio censoria - the reprimand of a censor.
notare aliquem ignominia (Cluent. 43.119) - to brand a person with infamy.
censu prohibere, excludere - to strike off the burgess-role.
e senatu eicere, senatu movere - to expel from the senate.
lustrum condere (Liv. 1.44.2) - to complete the censorship (by certain formal purification ceremonies = lustro faciendo).
tribuni plebis sacrosancti (Liv. 3.19.10) - the plebeian tribunes, whose persons are inviolable.
appellare tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore) - to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision.
(appellare as a legal technical term only occurs in classical Latin in the formula te, vos appello.)
provocare ad populum (Liv. 2.55) - to appeal to the people.
(provocare only with proper names, e.g. ad Catonem provocare. To appeal to someone's pity, etc. = implorare
alicuius misericordiam, fidem, etc.)
intercessio tribunicia - the tribunicial veto. (Cf. xiv. 5: Laws - Bills)

14. THE SENATE

publicum consilium (Phil. 7.7.19) - the council of the nation; the senate.
in senatum legere, eligere - to elect to the senate.
(Distinct from senatum legere = to read over and revise the list of senators (used of the censor). the head of the list
was called princeps senatus.
senatum vocare, convocare - to call a meeting of the senate.
senatum cogere (Liv. 3.39) - to assemble the senate.
edicere, ut senatus frequens adsit (Fam. 11.6.2) - to issue a proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force.
(edicere, edictum, technical terms; edicere is used of the praetor deciding how a case is to be tried, cf. Verr.
2.1.41; Flacc. 28 67. Then more generally of an order, declaration, proclamation. The senate was convened by
the praeco or by means of a notice posted in some public place (edictum).)
senatum habere - to hold a sitting of the senate.
ad senatum referre (Cic. dom. 53.136) - to bring a question before the senate (of the presiding magistrate.)
(A meeting of the senate opened by a declaration of the agenda by the presiding magistrate, a consul, praetor, or
tribune. This was called referre ad senatum.)
patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re (Sall. Iug. 28) - to consult the senate on a matter.
sententiam rogare, interrogare - to ask the opinion of ...
sententiam dicere - to give an opinion (also used of the judge). (cf. vi. 4: Opinion Prejudice - Conjecture).
senatus sententia inclinat ad ... (De Sen. 6.16) - the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for ...
sententia vincit (Liv. 2.4.3) - the majority were of the opinion ...
maior pars - the majority.
quid censes? quid tibi videtur?
quid de ea re placet? - what is your opinion?
discessionem facere (Sest. 34.74) - to take the vote (by division).
discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam (Liv. 23.10) - to vote for someone's motion.
(After the rogatio sententiarum came the voting, usually by division (per discessionem, pedibus ire in sententiam),
but in cases of doubt each member was asked his opinion (per singulorum sententias exquisitas). The presiding
officer then dismissed the meeting with the words nihil vos moramur, patres conscripti, "I need not detain you any
longer." From this formula came the colloquial uses - (1) "I do not care for ... ," "I have no interest in ..." (with
Acc. ; (2) "I have nothing against ... ," "you have my consent to ..." (with Acc. and Inf. or quominus).
senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut - the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that ...
senatus consultum fit (Att. 2.24.3) - a resolution of the senate (not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made.
senatus auctoritas - the opinion of the senate in general.
senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2.11.2) - to give a man audience before the senate.
a senatu res ad populum reicitur - a matter is referred (for decision) from the senate to the people.
dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere - to pass a whole day in discussion.
dimittere senatum - to dismiss the senate. (see note below under discedere (pedibus).)
nox senatum dirimit - night breaks up the sitting.


XV. LAW AND JUSTICE

1. LAW IN GENERAL

ius dicere
ius reddere (Liv. 3.33) - to administer justice (said of the praetor).
ius suum persequi - to assert one's right.
ius suum adipisci (Liv. 1.32.10) - to obtain justice.
ius suum tenere, obtinere - to maintain one's right.
de iure suo decedere or cedere - to waive one's right.
(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo - to go to law with a person.
summo iure. lege agere cum aliquo (cf. summum ius, summa iniuria) - to proceed against someone with the utmost
rigor of the law; to strain the law in one's favor.
in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem - to summon someone before the court.
diem dicere alicui - to summon one to appear on a given day; to accuse a person.
in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse - to appear in court.
iudicia administrare - to have charge of the administration of justice.
iudicium exercere - to administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the praetor.)
(The first meaning of exercere is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, harass -
e.g. fortuna aliquem vehementer exercet. Lastly, exercere is used to express the main activity in any branch of
industry, thus exercere agros, to farm; metalla, to carry on a mining industry; navem, to fit out ships, be a ship
owner; vectigalia, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the publicani; qui exercet iudicium, the presiding judge
(praetor).
iudicio praeesse - to be president of the court.
conventus agere (B.G. 1.54) - to convene the assizes (used of a provincial governor).
quaestiones perpetuae (Brut. 27.106) - the standing commissions of inquiry.
aliquem in integrum restituere - to reinstate a person in his right.
(The proper meaning of integer (in-TAG, tango) is untouched, unsullied.)
(1) respondere (de iure or ius) - to give a legal opinion, decision on points of law.
(In full consulenti repondere. From this consultation lawyers got the title iuris or iure consulti. In these three
points, respondere, cavere, agere, consisted the practical duty of a jurist. Cicero, however (De Or. 1.48), adds
scribere = to draw up legal instruments such as will, contracts, etc.)
(2) cavere (in iure) (Off. 2.65) - to point out what precautions, what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity.
(3) agere - to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead before the judge.
aequum iudicem se alicui praebere - to judge someone equitably.
ex aequo et bono (Caecin. 23.65) - justly and equitably.
iudex incorruptus - an impartial judge.
ratio iudiciorum - judicial organization.
aequa iuris descriptio (Off. 2.4.15) - a sound judicial system.
aequo iure vivere cum aliquo - to live with someone on an equal footing.
iustitium indicere, edicere (Phil. 5.12) - to proclaim that the courts are closed, a cessation of legal business.
iustitium remittere - to re-open the courts.
ius ad artem redigere - to reduce law to a system.
ius nullum - absence of justice.
ius ac fas omne delere, omnia iura pervertere - to trample all law under foot.
contra ius fasque - against all law, human and divine.
optimo iure - with full right.
ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum, also immunitas c. Gen. - prerogative, privilege.
(privilegium in this sense is post-classical. In classical prose it denotes a law passes for or against an individual
(privus), e.g. privilegium ferre, irrogare de aliquo (Cic.)).

2. INQUIRY - TESTIMONY - TORTURE

aliquid, causam cognoscere
quaerere aliquid or de aliqua re - to hold an inquiry into a matter.
quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem - to examine a person, a matter.
quaestioni praeesse - to preside over an inquiry.
quaestor - the examining judge.
incognita causa (cf. indicta causa) - without any examination.
in tabulas publicas referre aliquid - to enter a thing in the public records.
deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re) - to catch a person, find him out.
deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere - to take a person in the act.
testis gravis - an important witness.
testis locuples - a witness worthy of all credit.
testis incorruptus atque integer - an impartial witness.
aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare - to cite a person to give evidence on a matter.
aliquem testem adhibere
aliquo teste uti - to use someone's evidence.
aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre
aliquem testem producere - to produce as a witness.
testem prodire (in aliquem) - to appear as a witness against a person.
testimonium dicere pro aliquo - to give evidence on someone's behalf.
pro testimonium dicere - to state as evidence.
testibus teneri, convictum esse - to be convicted by someone's evidence.
alicui admovere tormenta
quaerere tormentis de aliquo - to have a person tortured.
de servis quaerere (in dominum) - to examine slaves by torture.
cruciats tormentorum - the pains of torture.
aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit (Mil. 22.60) to isolate a witness.

3. PROCESS - DEFENCE

causa privata - a civil case.
causa publica (Brut. 48.178) - a criminal case.
causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem) - to conduct a person's case. (said of an agent, solicitor).
causam dicere, orare (Brut. 12.47) - to address the court (of the advocate).
causam dicere - to defend oneself before the judge.
causam dicere pro aliquo - to defend a person.
causam alicuius defendere - to conduct someone's defence in a case.
causam optimam habere (Lig. 4.10) - to have a good case.
causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem ( ) (Brut. 8.30) - to gain a weak case by
clever pleading.
patronus (causae) (De Or. 2.69) - counsel; advocate.
(They were not called advocati till under the Empire. In Augustan Latin advocatus = amicus qui adest alicui (in
iudicio), e.g. a man who supported his friend by his presence and influence.)
causam suscipere
ad causam aggredi or accedere - to undertake a case.
indicta causa (opp. cognita causa) - without going to law.
litem alicui intendere - to go to law with, sue a person.
adhuc sub iudice lis est (Hor. A.P. 77) - the case is still undecided.
lites componere (Verg. Ecl. 3.108) - to arrange a dispute (by arbitration).
causam or litem obtinere
caus or iudicio vincere - to win a case.
causam or litem amittere, perdere
caus or lite cadere (owing to some informality) - to lose one's case.
calumniae litium (Mil. 27.74) - chicanery (specially of wrongfully accusing an innocent man).

4. ACCUSATION - VERDICT - DECISION

accusatio (Cael. 3.6.) - a criminal accusation.
actio, petitio - a private, civil prosecution.
nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem) (Verr. 2.38.94) - to accuse, denounce a person.
referre in reos aliquem - to put someone on the list of the accused.
eximere de reis aliquem - to strike a person's name off the list of the accused.
aliquis res fit (Fam. 13.54) - someone is accused.
iudices reicere (Verr. 3.11.28) - to challenge, reject jurymen.
crimina diluere, dissolvere - to refute charges.
accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium) - to charge someone with a capital offence.
caput alicuius agitur - a person's life is in jeopardy.
( cf. salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est or versatur - man's life is at stake, is in very
great danger.)
accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae - to accuse someone of malversation, embezzlement of public money.
accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum - to accuse a person of forging the archives.
(Cf. tabulas publicas corrumpere (Rosc. Am. 128); commutare, to falsify public records.)
postulare aliquem repetundarum or de repetundis - to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted).
(Extortion generally can be rendered by violenta exactio pecuniarum, or some verbal periphrasis (e.g. per vim
capere pecunias, etc.)).
accusare aliquem perduellionis - to charge a person with treason (more specific than the preceding).
accusare aliquem maiestatis - to accuse a person of high treason (hostile conduct against the state generally).
accusare aliquem ambitus, ambitu - to accuse someone of illegal canvassing.
accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis - to accuse a person of violence, poisoning.
accusare aliquem inter sicarios (Rosc. Am. 32.90) - to accuse a person of assassination.
sententiae iudicium - the finding of the jury.
sententiam ferre, dicere (Off. 3.16.66) - to give sentence (of the judge).
(Not sententiam dicere, which is used of senators giving their vote; suffragium ferre.)
iudicare causam (de aliqua re) - to decide on the conduct of the case.
iudicium rescindere
res iudicatas rescindere (Cic. Sull. 22.63) - to rescind a decision.
lege Plautia damnari (Sall. Cat. 31.4) - to be condemned under the Lex Plautia.

5. GUILT

in culpa esse - to be at fault; to blame; culpable.
culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo - someone is to blame in a matter; it is someone's fault.
mea culpa est - it is my fault.
culpa carere, vacare
extra culpa esse
abesse a culpa - to be free from blame.
prope abesse a culpa
affinem esse culpa - to be almost culpable.
culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere - to put the blame on another.
culpam alicui attribuere, assignare - to attribute the fault to someone else.
aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5.50) - to reproach, blame a person for ...
culpam committere, contrahere ; facinus, culpam in se admittere - to commit some blameworthy action.
non committere, ut ... - to take care not to ...
culpam alicuius rei sustinere - to bear the blame of a thing.
culpam a se amovere - to exonerate oneself from blame.
(Note purgere aliquid, to justify oneself in a matter; se alicui purgare de aliqua re (Fam. 12.25) ; alicui purgatum
esse (B.G. 1.28).
veniam dare alicui - to pardon a person.

6. PUNISHMENT - ACQUITTAL

poena afficere aliquem (Off. 2.5.18)
animadvertere in aliquem
punire aliquem
ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re) - to punish someone.
poenas alicuius persequi
poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo
poenas expetere ab aliquo
supplicium sumere de aliquo - to exact a penalty from someone.
hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut ... - to ordain as punishment that ...
graviter consulere in aliquem (Liv. 8.13) - to deal severely with a person.
poenas (graves) dare alicui - to be (heavily) punished by someone.
poenas alicui pendre (alicuius rei) - to be punished by someone (on account of a thing).
poenas dependre, expendre, solvere, persolvere
poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre - to suffer punishment.
poenam luere (alicuius rei) (Sull. 27.76) - to be punished for a thing, expiate it.
luere aliquid aliqua re (De Sen. 20) - to atone for something by ...
(To express the passive use expiari, e.g. scelus supplicio expiatum est.)
poenam subire - to submit to a punishment.
pecunia multare aliquem - to condemn someone to a fine.
multam irrogare alicui (Cic. dom. 17.45) - to impose a fine (used of the prosecutor of the tribunis plebis proposing a
fine to be ratified by the people.)
decem milibus aeris damnari - to be fines 10,000 asses.
in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem
in vincula, catenas conicere aliquem - to put someone in irons, chains.
in carcerem conicere aliquem - to throw someone into prison.
capitis absolvere aliquem - to repeal a death-sentence passed on a person.
supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere - to decree a penalty of death.
Solo capite sanxit, si quis ... (Att. 10.1) - Solon made it a capital offence to ...
morte multare aliquem (Catil. 1.11.28) - to punish anyone with death.
supplicium sumere de aliquo - to execute the death-sentence on a person.
supplicio (capitis) affici - to suffer capital punishment.
ad palum deligare (Liv. 2.5) - to bind to the stake.
virgis caedere - to beat with rods.
securi percutere, ferire aliquem - to execute a person, cut off his head.
in crucem agere, tollere aliquem
cruci suffigere aliquem - to crucify.
impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid - to go unpunished.
impunitum aliquem dimittere - to let a person go scot-free.
mortem deprecari (B.G. 7.40.6) - to beg for life.
(One can also say vitam, salutem deprecari, as deprecari means (1) to obtain by supplication, (2) to avert by
supplication.


XVI. WAR

1. LEVIES - MILITARY OATH - ARMIES IN GENERAL

aetas militaris - military age.
qui arma ferre possunt or iuventus - men of military age.
qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles - men exempt from service owing to age.
milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere - to levy troops.
dilectum habere - to hold a levy.
imperare milites civitatibus - to compel communities to provide troops.
nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri - to enlist oneself.
ad nomen non respondere (Liv. 7.4) - to fail to answer one's name.
militiam (only in the sing.) capessere - to take service in the army.
militiam detrectare, subterfugere - to try to avoid military service.
excusare morbum, valetudinem - to plead ill-health as an excuse for absence.
militiae vacationem habere - to be excused military duty.
equo, pedibus merere (Liv. 27.11) - to serve in the calvary, infantry.
sacramentum (o) dicere - to take the military oath.
(sacramentum dicere alicui and apud aliquem = to take in some one's presence an oath to the standard, a military
oath.)
milites sacramento rogare, adigere - to make soldiers take the military oath.
evocare undique copias - to call up troops from all sides.
evocati, voluntarii (B.G. 5.56) - the volunteers.
omnes ad arma convocare - to issue a general call to arms.
efficere duas legiones - to form two legions.
complere legiones (B.G. 1.25) - to fill up the number of the legions.
supplementum cogere, scribere, legere - to levy recruits to fill up the strength.
auxilia arcessere - to summon auxiliary troops.
(auxilia = auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, usually light calvary. In Caesar's army the calvary consisted of
Gaulish, Spanish, and German auxiliaries. A thousand of these were attached to each legion and were usually
commanded by a Roman officer.)
copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere or se cum aliquo iungere - to join forces with someone.
conducere, contrahere copias - to concentrate troops.
parare exercitum, copias - to equip an army, troops.
alere exercitum (Off. 1.8.25) - to support an army.
recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum (Liv. 42.31) - to review an army.
dimittere exercitum - to disband an army.
commeatum milibus dare (opp. petere) - to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers.
magnae copiae (not multae) - a large force, many troops.
exiguae copiae (Fam. 3.3.2) - a small force.
ingens, maximus exercitus (not numerosus) - a numerous army.
robora peditum - the flower of the infantry.
milites levis armaturae - light infantry.
vetus miles, veteranus miles
qui magnum in castris usum habent - veterans; experienced troops.
expeditus (opp. impeditus) miles - a soldier lightly armed, ready for battle.
milites tumultuarii (opp. exercitus iustus) (Liv. 35.2) - soldiers collected in haste ; irregulars.
(tumultus is used of a sudden rising, rebellion, to repress which all able-bodied men were called to arms. Such
risings were particularly common in Gaul, but cf. tumultus servilis (B.G. 1.10) ; tumultus Istricus (Liv. 41.6.1).)
tirones - recruits.

2. PAY - SERVICE - COMMISSARIAT

stipendium dare, numerare, persolvere militibus - to pay the troops.
(stipendium first established in 406 B.C.; it was paid at the end of the campaign, hence stipendia often = campaigns,
years of service.)
stipendia facere, merere - to serve.
emeritis stipendiis (Sall. Iug. 84.2) - after having completed one's service.
militia functum, perfunctum esse
rude donatum esse (Phil. 2.29) - to retire from service.
(Used originally of gladiators, who on their retirement received a staff or wooden sword (rudis), hence they were
called rudiarii. Cf. Ov. Tr. 4.8.24 me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat.)
milites mercennarii or exercitus conducticius - mercenary troops.
rem frumentariam comparare, providere
rei frumentariae prospicere (B.G. 1.23) - to look after the commissariat.
frumentum providere exercitui - to provide corn-supplies for the troops.
frumenti vim maximam comparare - to procure a very large supply of corn.
intercludere commeatum - to cut off the supplies, intercept them.
intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu - to cut off all supplies of the enemy.

3. COMMAND - DISCIPLINE

praeficere aliquem exercitui - to place someone at the head of an army, give him the command.
praeficere aliquem bello gerendo - to charge someone with the conduct of a war.
praeesse exercitui - to be at the head of an army.
magnum usum in re militari habere (Sest. 5,12) - to possess great experience in military matters.
rei militaris rudem esse - to have no experience in war.
vir fortissimus - a hero.
magnas res gerere - to perform heroic exploits.
res fortiter feliciterque gesta
res bene gesta - a success; a glorious feat of arms.
res gestae - exploits in war; brilliant actions.
(Thus magnae, memorabiles, praestantissimae res gestae, and also meae, tuae, suae, etc. The phrase rem gerere
can be used either of the combat (proelium) or the whole war (bellum), cf. B.G. 5.44.11 ; Off. 3.108).)
summa belli, imperii (B.G. 2.4.7) - the command-in-chief.
cum imperio esse - to hold high command.
imperii summam tenere (Rep. 2.28)
imperii summae praeesse - to be commander-in-chief.
imperii summam deferre alicui or ad aliquem, tradere alicui - to appoint someone commander-in-chief.
imperium transfertur ad aliquem (not transit) - the command is transferred, passes to someone.
imperium alicui abrogare (Off. 3.10) - to depose a person from his command.
modestia (opp. immodestia) - discipline (insubordination).
(modestia, the character of a man who observes a mean (qui servat modum), is used morally of self-restraint,
moderation (). In politics it means loyalty ; in the army, discipline.)
dicto audientem esse alicui - to obey a person's orders.
milites disciplina corcere ; milites coercere et in officio continere (B.C. 1.67.4) - to keep good discipline amongst one's
men.

4. WEAPONS

arma capere, sumere - to take up one's arms.
arma expedire (Tusc. 2.16.37) - to make ready for battle.
galeam induere - to put on one's helmet.
armis (castris) exuere aliquem - to disarm a person.
arma ponere (not deponere) - to pile arms.
(vestem deponere = to give up wearing a garment, never use it again. Notice too ponere arma, to put down one's
weapons ; ponere librum (de manibus), to lay aside a book (not deponere, which would mean to lay it aside for
good. Cf. viii. 9: Writing Writers - Books)
ab armis discedere (Phil. 11.33) - to lay down arms.
in armis esse - to be under arms.
cum telo esse - to be armed.
extorquere arma e manibus - to wrest weapons from someone's hands.
res ad arma venit - matters have reached the fighting stage.
tela iacre, conicere, mittere - to discharge missiles.
extra teli iactum, coniectum esse - to be out of range.
ad teli coniectum venire (Liv. 2.31) - to come within javelin-range.
se obicere telis - to expose oneself to missiles.
eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti - to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters.
gladium educere (e vagna) - to draw one's sword (from the scabbard).
gladium in vaginam recondere - to sheath one's sword.
gladium stringere, destringere - to draw one's sword.
gladium alicui in pectus infigere - to plunge one's sword into someone's breast.
gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2.46) - to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword.
sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere (Liv. 1.58) - to plunge a dagger, knife in someone's heart.
(defigere is also used metaphorically, e.g. defigere omnes curas, cogitationes in rei publicae salute (Phil. 14.5.13).)
decurrere (in armis) - to manoeuvre.
vi et armis - by force of arms.

5. WAR

bellum parare - to make preparations for war.
apparats (rare in plur.) belli - preparations for war; war-material.
bellum indcere, denuntiare - to make a formal declaration of war.
res repetere (ab aliquo) (Off. 1.11.36) - to demand satisfaction, restitution.
res reddere (alicui) - to make restitution. (Cf. v .11: Utility - Advantage - Harm - Disadvantage)
bellum iustum (pium) - a regular, formal war.
bellum intestinum, domesticum (opp. bellum externum) - a civil war.
bellum facere, movere, excitare - to cause a war.
bellum conflare (Fam. 5.2.8) - to kindle a war.
bellum moliri - to meditate war.
bellum incipere, belli initium facere (B.G. 7.1.5) - to commence hostilities.
bello se interponere (Liv. 35.48) - to interfere in a war.
bello implicari - to be involved in a war.
bellum cum aliquo inire - to begin a war with someone.
bellum impendet, imminet, instat - a war is imminent.
bellum oritur, exardescit - war breaks out.
omnia bello flagrant or ardent (Fam. 4.1.2) - everywhere the torch of war is flaming.
bellum gerere cum aliquo - to make war on a person.
bellum coniungere (Imp. Pomp. 9.26) - to wage war in conjunction with someone.
bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere - to protract, prolong a war.
omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere - to carry on war energetically.
bellum inferre alicui (Att. 9.1.3) - to invade.
bellum or arma ultro inferre - to be the aggressor in a war; to act on the offensive.
bellum (inlatum) defendere - to act on the defensive.
proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem (Sall. Iug. 103) - to go to war, commence a campaign.
mittere ad bellum - to send to war.
bellum administrare - to have control of the war.
bello persequi aliquem, lacessere - to harass with war.
belli finem facere, bellum finire - to put an end to a war.
bellum conficere, perficere - to terminate a war (by force of arms and defeat one's opponent).
bellum componere (Fam. 10.33) - to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.).
bellum transferre alio, in ... - to transfer the seat of war elsewhere.
belli sedes (Liv. 4.31) - the seat of war, theater of operations.
rationem belli gerendi mutare (Liv. 32.31) - to change one's tactics.

6. ARMY ON THE MARCH

agmen medium (Liv. 10.41) - the center of the marching column.
agmen primum - the vanguard.
agmen novissimum (extremum) - the rear guard.
agmen claudere, cogere - to bring up the rear.
signa ferre, tollere
castra movere - to begin the march, break up the camp.
(signa = standards of a maniple, cohort, or legion. Since Marius' time the signum of a legion was an eagle, those of
the maniples different animals, wolf, horse, etc. In the camp the standards were fixed in the ground, in action
 they were carried in the front rank, hence several phrases - signa convellere, tollere, efferre, to break up camp;
signa proferre, promovere, to advance in battle-order; signa inferre, to attack; signa conferre, to come to close
quarters; signa statuere, to halt; signa convertere, to change one's route; signa referre, to retire; signa relinquere, to
desert, etc.).
agmen agere - to set the army in motion.
procedere cum exercitu - to advance with the army.
magnis itineribus (Sall. Iug. 37) - by forced marches.
quam maximis itineribus (potest) - by the longest possible forced marches.
citatum agmen rapere
raptim agmen ducere - to lead the army with forced marches.
citato gradu incedere - to advance rapidly. (Cf. ii. 6: Walking - Footsteps - Direction )
loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare - to reconnoiter the ground.
iter facere - to march.
inter conficere (B.C. 1.70) - to traverse a route.
iter maturare, accelerare - to quicken the pace of marching.
iter continuare (B.C. 3.11) - to march without interruption.
iter non intermittere - not to interrupt the march.
iter flectere, convertere, avertere
signa convertere (B.G. 1.25) - to deviate, change the direction.
averso itinere contendere in ... - to change one's route and march towards ...
iter tentare per vim - to force a way, a passage. (Cf. ii. 3: Road - Travel )
agmen, exercitum demittere in ... - to march down on to ...
exercitum admovere, adducere ad ... - to advance on ...
signa sequi (opp. a signis discedere, signa relinquere) - to follow the standards.
ordines servare (B.G. 4.26) - to keep the ranks.
confertis, solutis ordinibus - with closed ranks; with ranks in disorder.
raris ordinibus - in open order.
ordines turbare, perrumpere - to break the ranks.
agmine quadrato incedere, ire - to march with closed ranks, in order of battle.
agmine duplci, triplci - in two, three columns.
novissimos premere - to press the rear guard.
novissimos turbare - to throw the rear guard into confusion.
novissimos carpere - to harass the rear.
novissimis praesidio esse - to protect the troops in the rear.
opprimere hostes (imprudentes, incautos, inopinantes) - to surprise and defeat the enemy.
subsistere, consistere
gradum sistere - to halt.
capere, occupare locum - to occupy a position (with troops).
praeoccupare locum (Liv. 35.27) - to occupy a place beforehand.
tenere montem (B.G. 1.22) - to hold a mountain.
consistere in monte - to take up one's position on a mountain.
considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus) - to occupy the foot of a hill.
praesidiis firmare urbem
praesidium collocare in urbe - to garrison a town.
praesidia, custodias disponere - to station posts, pickets, at intervals.
vigilias crebras ponere (Sall. Iug. 45.2) - to place a close line of sentry-posts.

7. THE CAMP

castra stativa (Sall. Iug. 44) - a permanent camp.
castra hiberna, aestiva - winter-quarters, summer-quarters.
castra ponere, locare - to encamp.
idoneo, aequo, suo (opp. iniquo) loco - in a favorable position.
castra metari (B.C. 3.13) - to mark out a camp.
milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere - to take the troops to their winter-quarters.
castra munire - to make a fortified, entrenched camp.
castra munire vallo (aggere) - to fortify the camp with a rampart.
fossam ducere - to make a ditch, fosse.
vallum iacre, exstruere, facere - to raise a rampart, earthwork.
castra praesidiis firmare - to strengthen the camp by outposts.
praesidio castris milites relinquere - to leave troops to guard the camp.
castra coniungere, iungere (B.C. 1.63)- to make a camp in common.
castra nudare (B.G. 7.70) - to leave the camp undefended.
cohors, quae in statione est - the cohort on guard duty.
vigilias agere in castris (Verr. 4.43) - to mount guard in the camp.
custodias agere in vallo - to keep watch on the rampart.
stationes agere pro portis - to be on duty before the gates.
circumire vigilias (Sall. Iug. 45.2) - to make the round of the sentries.
tesseram dare (Liv. 28.14) - to give the watchword, countersign.
copias castris continere - to keep the troops in camp.
se (quietum) tenere castris - to remain inactive in camp.
excursionem in hostium agros facere - to make an inroad into hostile territory.
praedatum ire - to go in search of plunder, booty.
ferre atque agere praedum - to carry off booty.
(ferre of things inanimate, agere of cattle. Cf. .)
capere equos - to capture horses.
lignatum, aquatum ire - to go fetch wood, water.
pabulatum, frumentum ire - to forage.
pabulatione premi (B.C. 1.78) - to suffer from want of forage.
omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igni or ferro flammaque vastare - to ravage with fire and sword.
classicum or tuba canit ad praetorium - the bugle, trumpet sounds before the general's tent.
vasa conclamare (B.C. 3.37) - to give the signal for breaking up the camp, collecting baggage.
signa convellere - to pluck up the standards out of the ground, to begin the march.
(Cf. note under signa ferre, tollere.)
consilium habere, convocare - to hold a council of war.
rem ad consilium deferre - to refer a matter to a council of war.

8. A SIEGE

oppidum natura loci munitum (B.G. 1.38) - a town with a strong natural position.
oppidum manu (opere) munitum - a town artificially fortified.
oppidum obsidere
oppidum obsidione claudere - to besiege a city.
oppidum in obsidione tenere - to keep a town in a state of siege.
oppidum fame domare - to starve a town into surrender.
oppidum oppugnare - to storm a town.
oppidum claudere operibus (Nep. Milt. 7) - to invest a town with earthworks.
oppidum cingere vallo et fossa - to surround a town with a rampart and fosse.
opera facere - to raise siege-works.
vineas agere (B.G. 3.21) - to advance pent-houses, mantlets.
turres instituere, exstruere, excitare - to raise towers.
testudine facta moenia subire (B.G. 2.6) - to advance to the walls protected by a covering of shields.
scalas admovere (B.C. 3.63) - to apply scaling-ladders.
positis scalis muros ascendere - to scale the walls by means of ladders.
aries murum attingit, percutit - the battering-ram strikes the wall.
iter ruina patefactum
patentia ruinis - a breach.
(ruina = fall, overthrow (metaph. e.g. ruina rei publicae, ruina fortunarum, Catil. 1.6.14). In plur. it is used of the
ruins, debris resulting from an overthrow, e.g. urbs strata ruinis, a town in ruins ; fumantes ruinae urbis. For
"ruins" in the sense of remains of old buildings use parietinae.
("Threaten" in the sense of to be at hand, to be imminent, is rendered by some such word as imminere, impendere,
instare, e.g. bellum imminet. For the meaning to seem likely, to promise, cf. coniuratio rem publicam perversura
videtur, the conspiracy threatens to overthrow the state.)
cuniculos agere (B.G. 3.21) - to make mines, subterraneous passages.
oppidum tormentis verberare - to rain missiles on a town, bombard it.
tela ingerere, conicere - to discharge showers of missiles.
murum nudare defensoribus - to drive the defenders from the walls.
eruptionem facere ex oppido
crebras ex oppido excursiones facere (B.G. 2.30) - to make a sally, sortie from the town.
ignem inferre operibus (B.C. 2.14) - to set fire to the siege-works.
subsidium alicui summittere - to send relief to someone.
munitiones perrumpere - to break through the lines (and relieve a town).
urbis obsidionem liberare
oppidum obsidione liberare - to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).
obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere - to hold out for four months.
oppugnationem, obsidionem relinquere - to give up an assault, siege.
portas obstruere (B.G. 5.50) - to barricade the gates.
portas refringere
claustra portarum revellere - to break down the gates.
in oppidum irrumpere
in oppidum irruptionem facere - to break into the town.
oppidum capere, expugnare - to take, storm a town.
oppidum recipere - to retake a town.
oppidum incendere - to fire a town.
oppidum diripere - to plunder a town.
oppidum evertere, excidere - to completely destroy a town.
oppidum solo aequare - to raze a town to the ground.
deditione facta (Sall. Iug. 26) - after capitulation.
arma tradere - to surrender weapons.
salutem petere a victore - to beg for mercy from the conqueror.
se suaque omnia dedere victori
se suaque omnia permittere victoris potestati - to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.
se permittere in fidem atque in potestatem alicuius (B.G. 2.3) - to surrender oneself to the discretion of someone.
in fidem recipere aliquem (Fam. 13.16) - to deal mercifully with someone.
libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B.G. 3.16.4) - the free men are sold as slaves.
cum uxoribus et liberis - with wife and child.
aliquem(incolumem) conservare - to grant a man his life.

9. BEFORE THE FIGHT

potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere - to offer battle to the enemy.
potestatem sui facere (alicui) - to accept battle.
(Cf. sui potestatem facere, praebere alicui; colloquendi copiam facere, dare; colloquendi aditum dare alicui - to
give an audience to someone. (audientia is not used in this connection, but only in such phrases as audientiam
facere alicui or orationi alicuius, to procure a hearing.))
proelio (ad pugnam) hostes lacessere, provocare - to provoke the enemy into battle.
pugnam detrectare (Liv. 3.60) - to decline battle.
supersedere proelio - to refrain from fighting.
hostem e manibus non dimittere - to not let the enemy escape.
locum ad pugnam idoneum deligere - to choose suitable ground for an engagement.
diem pugnae constituere (B.G. 3.24) - to fix a day for the engagement.
signum proelii dare - to give the signal to engage.
vexillum proponere (Liv. 22.3) - to fix the ensign on the general's tent (as a signal to commence the engagement).
ad arma concurrere - to rush to arms.
exercitum educere or producere in aciem - to lead the army to the fight.
ad vim et arma descendere - to have recourse to force of arms.
(Similarly descendere is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi 9 ad fin. and
xvi.9.)
in certamen descendere - to engage in the fight.
in aciem descendere (Liv. 8.8) - to enter the field of battle.
aciem (copias, exercitum) instruere or in acie constituere - to draw up the forces in battle- order.
aciem triplcem instruere (B.G. 1.24) - to draw up the army in three lines.
aciem explicare or dilatare - to extend the line of battle, deploy the battalions.
media acies - the center.
subsidia collocare - to station reserve troops.
equites ad latera disponere (B.G. 6.8) - to place the calvary on the wings.
contionari apud milites (B.C. 1.7)
contionem habere apud milites - to harangue the soldiers.
ad virtutem excitare, cohortari (or simply adhortari, cohortari) - to incite to valor.
animos militum confirmare (B.G. 5.49) - to encourage, embolden the soldiery.


10. THE FIGHT

(a) THE FIGHT IN GENERAL

proelium committere - (1) to begin the battle, (2) to give battle.
proelium inire (Liv. 2.14) - to engage.
proelium facere - to give battle.
proelio equestri contendere
proelium equestre facere - to give battle with a calvary-division.
proelium facere secundum
proeliis secundis uti - to fight successfully.
rem (bene, male) gerere - to win, lose a fight (of the commander).
(rem gerere = generally to manage one's affairs. then specially - (1) to do business (of commercial men); (2) to
administer one's estate; (3) to hold a command (of a general in the field). res gerere plur. = to carry out, accomplish
undertakings, used specially of political activity.) (rem (bene, male) gerere also = to win, lose a fight (of the
commander.)
proelium intermittere - to interrupt the battle.
proelium dirimere (B.C. 1.40) - to break off the fight.
proelium restituere - to renew the battle with success.
proelium renovare, redintegrare - to begin the fight again.
proelium deserere - to give up the fight.
proelio, armis decertare (B.G.1.50) - to fight a decisive battle.
acie (armis, ferro) decernere
in acie dimicare - to fight a pitched battle.
proelio interesse - to take part in the engagement.
ex equo pugnare - to fight on horseback.
certamen singulare - single combat.
provocare aliquem ad certamen singulare - to challenge someone to single combat.
proelium cruentum, atrox - a bloody battle.
proelium iustum (opp. tumultuarium) - a pitched battle.

(b) THE ATTACK

classicum canit (B.C. 3.82) - the trumpet sounds for the attack.
gradum inferre in hostem
aggredi hostem
invadere, impetum facere in hostem
signa inferre in hostem - to attack the enemy.
(impetus is not used in the dative sing. or in the plur.; these cases are supplied by incursio.)
impetum sustinere (B.G. 1.26) - to resist the attack, onset.
impetum excipere (Liv. 6.12) - to parry the attack.
(Caesar's method of attack was usually this: the troops drawn up on the rising ground charged at the double
(concursus); when within range came emissio telorum or pilorum. This was followed up by a hand-to-hand mle
(impetus gladiorum)).
in medios hostes se inicere - to rush into the midst of the foe.
per medios hostes (medium hostium aciem) perrumpere - to break through the enemy's center.
manum (us) conserere cum hoste
signa conferre cum hoste - to come to close quarters.
(signa conferre cum aliquo also sometimes means to join forces.)
proelio concurritur (Sall. Iug. 59) - the lines charge in battle one on another.
adversis hostibus occurrere - to attack the enemy in the front.
aversos hostes aggredi ; hostes a tergo adoriri - to attack the enemy in the rear.
iusto (opp. tumultuario) proelio confligere cum hoste (Liv. 35.4) - to fight a pitched, orderly battle with an enemy.
acies inclnat or inclnatur (Liv. 7.33) - the line of battle gives way.
proelium anceps est ; ancipiti Marte pugnatur - the issue of the battle is undecided.
diu anceps stetit pugna - the issue of the day was for a long time uncertain.
res est in periculo, in summo discrimine - the position is critical.
res ad triarios redit (Liv. 8.8) - the triarii must now fight (proverbially = we are reduced to extremities).
(The triarii were the veterans who made up the third line behind the principes and hastati. If these two lines were
beaten or in difficulties (laborare), the triarii, who were in a kneeling posture (dextro genu innixi, Liv. 8.9), stood up
(consurgebant, Liv. 8.10) and continued the fight. Hence this proverb (inde rem ad triarios redisse cum laboratur
proverbio increbuit). For the organization of the legion in general vid. Liv. book 8.)

(c) CLOSE QUARTERS

collatis signis (viribus) pugnare - to fight hand-to-hand, at close quarters.
tum pes cum pede collatus est (Liv. 28.2) - a hand-to-hand engagement ensued.
collato pede (Liv. 6.12) - hand to hand.
gladio comminus (opp. eminus) rem gerere - to fight with swords at close quarters.
omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere - to throw down the javelins (pila) and fight with the sword.
res ad gladios vnit
res gladiis geri coepta est - swords must now decide the day.
strictis gladiis in hostem ferri - to throw oneself at the enemy with drawn sword.
res ad manus venit - the fighting is now at close quarters.
laxatis (opp. confertis) ordinibus pugnare - to fight in open order.
ferarum ritu pugnare - to fight like lions.
(The Latin language uses the general term (fera) where we use the special (lion). Similarly pecorum modo fugiunt
(Liv. 40.27), where we translate "they flee like deer.")
manu fortis - personally brave.

(d) TACTICS - REINFORCEMENTS

in latus hostium incurrere - to fall upon the enemy's flank.
circumvenire hostem aversum or a tergo (B.G. 2.26) - to surround the enemy from the rear.
multitudine hostium cingi - to be surrounded by the superior force of the enemy.
equitatu superiorem esse - to have the advantage of the calvary.
parem (opp. imprem) esse hosti - to be a match for the enemy.
orbem facere (Sall. Iug. 97.5)
in orbem consistere - to form a square.
(orbis properly a circle, but corresponding almost exactly in its objects to our square-formation (vid. B.G. 4.37,
5.33; Sall. Iug. 97.5). For a good account of Roman military formation see Kraner, bersicht des Kriegeswesen bei
Caesar, in his edition of the Bellum Gallicum.)
cuneum facere (Liv. 22.47) - to draw up troops in wedge formation.
phalangem facere (B.G. 1.24) - to form a phalanx.
phalangem perfringere - to break through the phalanx.
subsidia summittere - to send up reserves.
integros defatigatis summittere - to send fresh troops to take the place of those wearied with fighting.
rari dispersique pugnare (B.C. 1.44) - to fight in skirmishing order.
integri et recentes defatigatis succedunt - fresh troops relieve the tired men.

(e) SUCCESSFUL ATTACK

pellere hostem - to repulse the enemy.
acies hostium impellitur - the enemy's line is repulsed.
loco movere, depellere, deicere hostem (B.G. 7.51) - to drive the enemy from his position.
summovere or reicere hostium equites - to repel the attack of the enemy's calvary.
repellere, propulsare hostem - to repulse an attack.
undique premi, urgeri (B.G. 2.26) - to be pressed on all sides.
prosternere, profligare hostem - to rout the enemy.

(f) RETREAT - FLIGHT - PURSUIT

signa receptui canunt
receptui canitur (B.G. 7.47) - the retreat is sounded.
pedem referre - to retire (without turning one's back on the enemy).
equitatus tutum receptum dat - the calvary covers the retreat.
se recipere (B.G. 7.20) - to withdraw one's forces.
loco excedere - to abandon one's position.
in fugam dare, conicere hostem
fugare hostem - to put the enemy to flight.
fundere hostium copias - to rout the enemy's forces.
caedere et fundere hostem
fundere et fugare hostem - to utterly rout the enemy.
prae se agere hostem - to drive the enemy before one.
fugam facere (Sall. Iug. 53) - (1) to put to flight, (2) to take to flight.
terga vertere or dare - to flee, run away.
terga dare hosti - to run away from the enemy.
fugae se mandare (B.G. 2.24)
fugam capessere, capere
se dare in fugam, fugae
se conicere, se conferre in fugam - to take to flight.
fuga salutem petere - to seek safety in flight.
fuga effusa, praeceps (Liv. 30.5) - headlong flight.
pecorum modo fugere (Liv. 40.27) - to flee like deer, sheep.
arma abicere - to throw away one's arms.
praecipitem se fugae mandare - to flee headlong.
ex (in) fuga dissipati or dispersi (B.G. 2.24) - soldiers routed and dispersed.
hostes insequi, prosequi - to pursue the enemy.
hostes (fusos) persequi - to follow up and harass the enemy when in flight.
hostes assequi, consequi - to overtake the enemy.
fugientibus instare - to press the fugitives.
tergis hostium inhaerere - to be on the heels of the enemy.
fugam hostium reprimere (B.G. 3.14) - to bring the flying enemy to a stand.
excipere aliquem fugientem - to cut off someone's flight.
magna caedes hostium fugientium facta est - there was a great slaughter of fugitives.
capere aliquem vivum - to take a person alive.
effugere, elbi e manibus hostium - to escape from the hands of the enemy.
dimittere e manibus hostes - to let the enemy escape.
eripere aliquem e manibus hostium - to rescue someone from the hands of the enemy.
se fuga recipere (B.G. 1.11) - to save oneself by flight.

(g) DEFEAT - MASSACRE - WOUNDS - LOSSES

proelio vinci, superari, inferiorem, victum discedere - to be defeated in fight, lose the battle.
cladem hostibus afferre, inferre - to inflict a defeat on the enemy.
cladem accipere - to suffer a defeat.
ingentem caedem edere (Liv. 5.13) - to cause great slaughter, carnage.
stragem edere, facere - to massacre.
omnia strata sunt ferro - all have perished by the sword.
hostes, exercitum delere, concdere - to annihilate, cut up the enemy, an army.
hostes ad internecionem caedere, delere (Liv. 9.26)
hostium copias occidione occdere (Liv. 2.51) - to absolutely annihilate the enemy.
vulnus infligere alicui - to wound a person (also used metaphorically).
mortiferam plagam alicui infligere - to inflict a mortal wound one someone.
vulnus (grave, mortiferum) accipere, excipere - to be (seriously, mortally) wounded.
multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus (B.G. 1.50) - after many had been wounded on both sides.
vulneribus confectus - weakened by wounds.
vulnera (cicatrices) adversa (opp. aversa)
vulnera adverso corpore accepta - wounds (scars) on the breast.
refricare vulnus, cicatricem obductam - to open an old wound.
(refricare is also used metaphorically in the sense of renewing, recalling, e.g. dolorem (De Or. 2.48); memoriam
Phil. 3.7.18); desiderium (Fam. 5.17.4).)
ex vulnere mori (Fam. 10.33) - to die of wounds.
magno cum detrimento - with great loss.
nostri circiter centum ceciderunt - about a hundred of our men fell.
ad unum omnes perierunt - they perished to a man.
(The phrase ad unum omnes, to a man, without exception, occurs De Am. 23.86; Fam. 12.14 ; Liv. 2.55; and
without omnes, Fam. 10.16 ; B.C. 3.14)

11. VICTORY -TRIUMPH

exercitus victor - the victorious army.
superiorem (opp. inferiorem), victorem (proelio, pugna) discedere - to come off victorious.
victoriam adipisci, parre
victoriam ferre, referre
proelio vincere - to gain a victory, win a battle.
victoriam reportare ab hoste - to gain a victory over the enemy.
victoriam praecipere (animo) (Liv. 10.26) - to consider oneself already victor.
victoriam exploratam dimittere - to let a sure victory slip through one's hands.
sicut parta iam atque explorata victoria - as if the victory were already won.
victoriam conclamare (B.G. 5.37) - to raise a shout of victory.
victoriam or de victoria gratulari alicui - to congratulate a person on his victory.
victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit (Liv. 23.30) - the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very
dearly bought.
triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)
triumphum agere de or ex aliquo or c. Gen. (victoriae, pugnae) - to triumph over someone.
(e.g. triumphum agere Boiorum (Liv.) ; Pharsaliae pugnae (Cic.); de Liguribus (Liv.); ex Aequis (Liv.) For other
phrases cf. triumphum postulare, imperare; triumphum tertium deportare; triumphum consulis celebrare.)
per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere - to lead someone in triumph.
triumphum senatus Africano decernit (Fin. 4.9.22) - the senate decrees to Africanus the honors of a triumph.

12. TRUCE - PEACE -TREATIES - ALLIANCE

indutias facere (Phil. 8.7) - to make a truce.
indutias violare - to break a truce.
ius gentium violare - to violate the law of nations.
agere cum aliquo de pace - to treat with someone about peace.
pacem conciliare (Fam. 10.27) - to bring about a peace.
pacem facere cum aliquo - to make peace with someone.
pacem dirimere, frangere - to break the peace.
his condicionibus - on these terms.
pacis condiciones ferre (not proponere) - to propose terms of peace.
pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui (Liv. 29.12) - to dictate the terms of peace to someone.
pacis condiciones accipere, subire (opp. repudiare, respuere) - to accept the terms of peace.
pax convenit in eam condicionem, ut ... - peace is concluded on the condition that ...
summa pax - deep peace.
captivos permutare, commutare - to exchange prisoners.
captivos redimere (Off. 2.18) - to ransom prisoners.
captivos sine pretio reddere - to restore prisoners without ransom.
obsides dare - to give hostages.
obsides civitatibus imperare - to compel communities to provide hostages.
pactionem facere cum aliquo (Sall. Iug. 40) - to conclude a treaty with someone.
ex pacto, ex foedere - according to treaty.
foedus facere (cum aliquo), icere, ferire - to conclude a treaty, an alliance.
foedus frangere, rumpere, violare - to violate a treaty, terms of alliance.
socium aliquem asciscere (B.G. 1.5) - to make someone one's ally.
in amicitia populi Romani esse (Liv. 22.37) - to be on friendly terms with the Roman people.
a senatu amicus appellatus est (B.G. 1.3) - he received from the senate the title of friend.
(amicus, the friend of the Roman people, distinct from socius, an ally ; a socius was always amicus, but not
necessarily vice versa. The title amicus populi Romani was granted by the senate to foreign princes in recognition
of some signal service.

13. CONQUEST - SUBMISSION

terra potiri - to conquer a country.
terram suae dicionis facere
populum in potestatem suam redigere (B.G. 2.34)
populum in deditionem venire cogere - to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.
populum in deditionem accipere - to accept the submission of a people.
populum perdomare, subigere - to subjugate a nation.
populum, terram suo imperio, suae potestati subicere (not sibi by itself) - to make oneself master of a people, country.
se imperio alicuius subicere (not alicui)
in deditionem venire (without alicui)
in alicuius potestatem se permittere - to make one's submission to someone.
sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse
subiectum esse, obnoxium esse imperio or dicioni alicuius (not simply alicui)
in potestate, in dicione alicuius esse - to be subject to someone, under someone's dominion.
qui imperio subiecti sunt - the subjects.
aliquem ad officium reducere (Nep. Dat. 2.3) - to reduce a people to their former obedience.
(officium is used of anything which one feels bound to do, either on moral grounds or from a desire to please
others (especially those in authority). Thus the word denotes not merely duty, sense of duty, faithful performance
of duty, submissiveness (cf.xvi.13: Conquest - Submission ), but also courteous, obliging behavior, complaisance,
mark of respect. Objectively it has the meaning of an office, service, command, e.g. officium maritimum.)
aliquem in officio continere - to keep someone in subjection.
Asiam in provinciae formam (in provinciam) redigere (B.G. 1.45) - to make Asia into a Roman province.
gentem ad internecionem redigere or adducere (B.G. 2.28) - to completely annihilate a nation.


XVII. SHIPPING

1. NAVAL AFFAIRS IN GENERAL

navis actuaria - a cutter.
navis longa - a man-of-war.
navis oneraria - a transport or cargo boat.
navis mercatoria - a merchantman.
oppidum maritimum - a seaport town.
navibus plurimum posse
rebus maritimis multum valere - to have a powerful navy.
navem, classem aedificare, facere, efficere, instituere - to build a ship, a fleet.
navem (classem) armare, ornare, instruere - to equip a boat, a fleet.
navem deducere - to launch a boat.
(Notice too deducere coloniam; deducere naves, to launch ships, opposed to subducere = to beach a boat;
deducere adulescentes ad virum clarissimum (De Am. 1.1); deducere de sententia aliquem; rem in eum locum
deducere, ut ...; de capite deducere (opp. addere) quod pernumeratum est = to subtract from the capital the
amount paid; deducere aliquem, to escort a person from his province to Rome.)
navem subducere (in aridum) - to haul up a boat.
navem reficere - to repair a boat.
navem conscendere, ascendere - to embark.
exercitum in naves imponere (Liv. 22.19) - to embark an army.
milites in terram, in terra exponere - to disembark troops.
classiarii (B.C. 3.100) - marines.
(Also classici milites, classica legio (Liv. 21.41 ; 22.19) The marines were recruited from the lowest classes
(capite censi) and from the liberti. The rowers were slaves; ordinary sailors were socii navales.)
nautae, remiges - sailors, rowers.
vectores (Phil. 7.9.27) - passengers.
naves annotinae - ships of last year.

2. VOYAGE - SHIPWRECK - LANDING

solvere (B.G. 4.28)
navem (naves) solvere
ancoram (ancoras) tollere - to weigh anchor, sail.
naves ex portu solvunt - the ships sail from the harbor.
malacia et tranquillitas (B.G. 3.15) - a dead calm.
vela in altum dare (Liv. 25.27) - to put to sea.
ventum (tempestatem) nancti idoneum ex portu exeunt - the ships sail out on a fair wind.
vela facere, pandere
vela dare - to set the sails.
vela contrahere (also metaph.) - to furl the sails.
oram legere (Liv. 21.51) - to hug the coast.
superare insulam, promunturium - to double an island, cape.
ventis reflantibus (Tusc. 1.49) - with the wind against one.
cursum dirigere aliquo - to set one's course for a place.
cursum tenere (opp. commutare and deferri) - to hold on one's course.
cursum conficere (Att. 5.12.1) - to finish one's voyage.
gubernaculum tractare, clavum tenere - to steer.
navem remis agere or propellere - to row.
remis contendere
navem remis concitare, incitare - to row hard.
sustinere, inhibere remos (De Or. 1.33) - to stop rowing; to easy.
navem retro inhibere (Att. 13.21) - to back water.
naufragium facere - to be shipwrecked.
navis ad scopulos alliditur (B.C. 3.27) - the ship strikes on the rocks.
vento se dare - to run before the wind.
in litus eici (B.G. 5.10) - to be stranded.
deferri, deici aliquo
tempestate abrpi - to be driven off one's course; to drift.
procella (tempestas) aliquem ex alto ad ignotas terras (oras) defert - the storm drives someone on an unknown coast.
naufragium colligere (Sest. 6.15) - to collect the wreckage.
appellere navem (ad terram, litus) - to land (of people).
appelli (ad oram) (Att. 13.21) - to land (of ships).
ancoras iacere - to drop anchor.
ancoras tollere - to weigh anchor.
naves ad ancoras deligare (B.G. 4.29)
naves (classem) constituere (in alto) - to make fast boats to anchors.
ad ancoras consistere
ad ancoras deligari
in ancoris esse, stare, consistere - to ride at anchor.
exire ex, de navi
egredi (ex) navi
exire, egredi in terram
escensionem facere (of troops) - to land, disembark.
portu, terra prohiberi (B.C. 3.15) - to be unable to land.
litora ac portus custodia clausos tenere - to keep the coast and harbors in a state of blockade.
deperire - to founder, go down.
aestu incitato - at high tide.

3. A NAVAL BATTLE

navis praetoria (Liv. 21.49) - the admiral's ship; the flagship.
pugnam navalem facere - to fight a battle at sea.
(For a description of a sea-fight vid. B.G. iii 13-16).
navem expedire - to clear for action.
navem rostro percutere - to charge, ram a boat.
navem expugnare - to board and capture a boat.
navem, classem deprimere, mergere - to sink a ship, a fleet.
classes concurrunt (Liv. 26.39) - the fleets charge.
copulas, manus ferreas (in navem) inicere
in navem (hostium) transcendere - to throw grappling-irons on board; to board.
navem capere, intercipere, deprehendere - to capture a boat.
vela armamentaque - sails and rigging.
ex eo navium concursu magnum incommodum est acceptum - much damage was done by this collision.
navigia speculatoria - reconnoitring-vessels.


APPENDIX

ut ait Cicero (always in this order) - as Cicero says.
ut Ciceronis verbis utar - to use Cicero's expression; to say with Cicero (not ut cum Cicerone loquar).
ut ita dicam - so to speak (used to modify a figurative expression).
ut non (nihil) dicam de ... - not to mention.
ut plura non dicam - to say nothing further on ...
ne dicam - not to say ... (used in avoiding a stronger expression.)
ne (quid) gravius dicam - to say the least ...
ut breviter dicam - to put it briefly.
denique ; ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?
ut paucis (rem) absolvam
ut paucis (brevi, breviter) complectar
ut brevi comprehendam
ut brevi praecidam - in short; to be brief.
ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam - to sum up ...
ne longum sit
ne longus, multus sim
ne diutius vos demorer - not to be prolix.
ne in re nota et pervulgata multus sim - not to be diffuse on such a well-known subject.
ut levissime dicam (opp. ut gravissimo verbo utar) - to use the mildest expression.
ut planius dicam - to express myself more plainly.
ut verius dicam - to put it more exactly.
ut semel or in perpetuum dicam - to say once and for all.
ut in eodem simili verser - to use the same simile, illustration.
ut hoc utar or afferam - to use this example.
dicam quod sentio - I will give you my true opinion.
tantum or unum illud or hoc dico - I will only say this much.
non nego, non infitior - I do not deny.
hoc dici potest de aliqua re
hoc cadit in aliquid
hoc transferri potest in aliquid - this can be said of ..., applies to ...
dixi quasi praeteriens or in transitu - I said en passant, by the way.
sexcenties, millies dixi - I have said it a thousand times.
ut supra (opp. infra) diximus, dictum est - as I said above.
dici vix (non) potest or vix potest dici (vix like non always before potest) - I cannot find words for ...
incredibile dictu est - it sounds incredible.
supersedeo oratione (not dicere)
omitto dicere - I avoid mentioning ..., I prefer not to touch upon...
haec habeo dicere or habeo quae dicam - this I have to say.
haec (fere) dixit - he spoke (very much) as follows.
hanc in sententiam dixit - the tenor of his speech was this ...
mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re - I have a few words to say on this.
quod vere praedicare possum - without wishing to boast, yet ...
quod non arroganter dixerim - which I can say without offence, arrogance.
pace tua dixerim or dicere liceat
bona (cum) venia tua dixerim - allow me to say that ...
non est huius loci c. Inf. ; non est hic locus, ut ... - this is not the place to ...
sed de hoc alias pluribus - more of this another time.
atque or sed haec (quidem) hactenus
atque haec quidem de ...
ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est - so much for this subject ..., enough has been said on ...
haec (quidem) ille - this much he said.
haec Ciceronis fere - this is very much what Cicero said.
atque etiam hoc animadvertendum est - there is this also to notice.
ad reliqua pergamus, progrediamur - to pass on.
hic (ille) locus obscurus est - this passage is obscure.
hoc in medio relinquamus - let us leave that undecided.
sed lbor longius - but that takes us too far.
non id ad vivum reseco (Lael. 5.8) - I do not take that too strictly.
nonnulla praedcam - I wish to say a few words in preface.
ut omittam c. Acc.
cum discessi, -eris, -eritis ab, praeter c. Acc. - putting aside, except.
ut praetermittam c. Acc. c. Inf.
praeterquam quod or nisi quod - to except the fact that ...
hoc in promptu est
hoc in aperto est - it is clear, evident.
hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius - this is as clear as daylight.
hoc facile intellegi potest
hoc per se intellegitur
hoc sua sponte apparet - that is self evident, goes without saying.
ex quo intellegitur or intellegi potest, debet
ex quo perspicuum est
inde patet, appret - from this it appears, is apparent.
apparet et exstat
exstat atque eminet - it is quite manifest.
si quaeris, si verum quaerimus - to put it exactly.
id quod maximum, gravissimum est
quod caput est - the main point.
quod maius est - what is more important.
testis est, testatur, declarat
documento, indicio est (without demonstr. pron. but cui rei documento, indicio est) - this shows, proves ...
sed hoc nihil (sane) ad rem - but this is not to the point.
aliquid () dicis (opp. nihil dicis)
est istuc quidem aliquid - there is something in what you say; you are more or less right.
audio, fateor - I admit, say on.
ain tu? - do you think so? are you in earnest?
nonne? is it not so?
quorsum haec (dicis)? - what do you mean?
male (opp. bene) narras (de) - I'm sorry to hear ...
monstra dicis, narras - it is incredible.
clarius loquere - speak up, please.
mihi crede (not crede mihi) - believe me.
per me licet - I have no objection.
rem acu tetigisti - you have hit the nail on the head.
ita prorsus existimo - that is exactly what I think.
ita res est - it is so.
res ita (aliter) se habet - the matter stands so (otherwise).
nec mirum, minime mirum (id quidem), quid mirum? - no wonder.
neque id mirum est or videri debet - there is nothing strange in that.
et recte (iure, merito)
et recte (iure) quidem
recte, iure id quidem - quite rightly.
neque immerito (iniuria)
neque id immerito (iniuria) - and rightly too.
meo (tuo, suo) iure
iusto iure - with perfect right.
iustissime, rectissime
optimo iure (cf. summo iure) - legitimately; with the fullest right.
macte virtute (esto or te esse iubeo) - good luck to you.
sed manum de tabula! - but enough!