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IS 13946-2 (1994): Determination of rock stress-Code of

practice, Part 2: Using USBM type drill hole deformation
gauge [CED 48: Rock Mechanics]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B


BharthariNtiatakam
Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen
 IS 13946 (Part 2): 1994
( Reaffirmed 2005 )

vmr 2 3 q?7 zi? qq a& w?TT-@~ % f+fq fwfflwit T-2avh 'ii73

pJ

Indian Standard
DETERMINATION OF ROCK STRESS-
CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 2 USING A USBM-TYPE DRILLHOLE DEFORMATION GAUGE

UDC 624121620178 : 00676

0 BIS 1994

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

.
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

December 1994 Price Group 4

Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee, CED 48

FOREWORD /

This Indian Standard ( Part 2 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.

Vertical stress on a rock mass varies in a more predictable fashion than horizontal stress because the
former is primarily affected by the weight of overburden.

When an opening is introduced in the rock mass, the natural state of stress is disturbed locally as
the rock mass attains a new state of equilibrium. The stress around an opening resulting from
various man-made activities is termed induced stress as opposed to virgin stress or absolute stress
which describes the original, undisturbed state of stress. The natural state of stress is often termed
as in situ stress.

Underground in situ stress is sometimes sufficiently high ( relative to the rock mass strength ) to
cause rock bursting spelling, buckling, heaving, or other ground control problems. In such cases,
knowledge of the state of in situ stress is of critical importance to the design and construction of
engineering structures in a rock mass. Even in cases where the effects of stress are less dramatic,
the optimum shape, orientation and layout of under-ground structures, as well as the effectiveness
and ultimate cost of rock support systems, can be signrficantly influenced by the in situ stress.

Factors affecting the magnitudes and orientation of in situ stress include the weight of overlying and
materrals, geologic structures ( on local and regional scales ), tectonic forces within the earths crust,
residual stress and the thermal stress. The complexity of the relations between these factors and
the in situ stress usually prohibits reliable estimatron of rock stress. In addition, stress cannot be
measured directly, and therefore, rock stress determination techniques rely on the measurement of
some response ( e g. displacement, strain, deformation ) that is induced by a disturbance of the
rock mass. This measured response of rock in a stress-disturbed zone ( e g the wall of a tunnel )
is extrapolated, from the opening outwards, through a numerical model or analytical techniques;
or measurements must be made via a drillhole that extends into an undisturbed region of the rock
mass.

Several methods have been tried to arrive at a reliable means of measuring in situ stress. Each
offers different advantage and disadvantages with respect to a particular application. Rock
Mechanics Sectional Committee has covered following four methods which have got wide
acceptance:

Part I Using the hydraulic fracturing technique

Part 2 Using a USBM-type drillhole deformation gauge
Part 3 Using a CSIR - or CSIRO-type cell with 9 or 12 strain gauges
Part 4 Using flat jack technique

The test procedure is modelled on the U.S. Bureau of Mines ( USBM ) Borehole Deformation
Gauge.

Unlike methods involving applications of strain gauges to the drillhole surface, this method does
not require a dry drillhole and can be employed when holes fill with groundwater or water from the
drilling.

In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to international co-ordination
among the standards and practices prevailing in different countries in addition to relating it to the
practices in the field in this country.

The technical committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
tinal value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off
in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ). The number of
significant places retained in the rounded off values should be the same as that of the
specified values in this standard.
 IS 13946 ( Part 2 ) : 1994

Indian Standard
DETERMINATION OF ROCK STRESS -
CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 2 USING A USBM-TYPE DRILLHOLE DEFORMATION GAUGE

1 SCOPE of up to 150 mm dia. The drill shall be capable

of running smoothly at about 120 rev/mm
This standard (Part 2) covers the method of while overcoring at a rate of 15-20 mm/mm.
determination of rock stress from measurement of
changes in (diameter) deformation of a drillhole during b) Drill rods and drill bits. The gauge shall be
overcoring. The elastic properties of the rock and placed in a pilot hole (38 mm dia), which
the deformation measurements are combined to shall be drilled with a single or double-tube
calculate the stresses in the plane perpendicular to core barrel approx 2 m in length. The larger
the axis of the drillhole. overcoring bit, generally 150 mm dia, may
be turned on a BQ wireline drill rod (55.6
2 TERMINOLOGY mm o.d., 46.0 mm i.d.) or on some equivalent
rod whose couplings have a large enough
For the porpose of this standard, the definitions given
internal diameter to allow free passage of the
in IS 11358 : 1987 shall apply.
gauge. Inside the 150 mm dia hole, special
stabilizers are required about every 3 m along
3 GENERAL
the drill string to minimize drilling vibrations.
3.1 For this method to be successful, the rock should The overcoring bit should be chosen carefully
not split or fracture during the overcoring process. so that the diameter of the rock core will
Thus, it is necessary to obtain cores of a length at fit closely inside the modulus chamber, which
least twice the diameter of the overcore. In cases will be used later for measuring the elastic
where the core discs (e.g. because of very high modulus of the rock core. In general, the
in situ stresses or thin bedding), modifications to the diamater of the overcore should be at least
gauge shall permit testing to continue although three to four times the diameter of the pilot
alternative means of determining the rock modulus hole.
shall be used and corrections shall be applied to
the measured diameter changes to account for the A water swivel, which connects with the drill
proximity to the base of the overcore hole. rods and permits the passage of the signal
cable.
3.2 Hole depths usually shall be less than 30 m although
measurements to depths of 70 m are made in vertical 4 Equipment for retrieving cores from the
downholes. drillhole such as: core-breaking wedge, core
shovel, and core puller.
3.3 Stress components in the plane perpendicular to
the hole may be evaluated from the results. In tests
4.2 Equipment for measuring pilot hole diameter
from ground surface using vertical drillholes, it is
changes during overcoring shall include the following:
common to assume that the vertical stress is equivalent
to that imposed by the overburden load. a) A deformation gauge suitable for measuring
3.4 In underground situations, tests in a single hole changes in the diameter of the pilot hole in
shall be conducted to determine the stresses in a one or more (usually three) orientations.
particular plane of interest. Tests from three (or more) Changes in pilot hole diameter of as little
non-parallel holes may be analysed by least squares as 1 part in 10 should be detectable. The
techniques to determine the three dimensional stress gauge should be designed so that it is held
components and the standard error associated with firmly inside the hole to prevent slippage
the determination. during the overcoring. It should also be
waterproofed and capable of detachment from
4 APPARATUS the signal cable. The USBM gauge, employs
cantilever with bonded, electric resistance
4.1 Drilling equipment shall include the following: strain gauges to measure drillhole diameter
a) A diamond drill to operate with core barrels changes ( see Fig. 1).

FE. 1 USBM DEFORMATION

GALKX

1
IS 13946 ( Part 2 ) : 1994

b) A strain indicator readout bridge and openings; the extent of this zone is generally taken
switchgear. as one diameter (0) of the opening, as indicated in
c) Placement rods for inserting the deformation Fig. 2. Four possible drilling configurations are
gauge inside the pilot hole at depths specified presented in Fig. 2. Configurations (n), (0) and (c)
for stress determination. These rods should have the advantage that the drill rig does not have
be marked to show the depth and orientation to be moved for each hole. Configuration (6) has
of the gauge sensors. converging drillholes and, thus, samples the smallest
volume of material.
4.3 Equipment for ancillary tests shall include the 5.2 Drilling, Gauge Insertion and Overcoring
following:
a) A calibration device for periodic calibration 5.2.1 Unless the stress close to a free face of rock
of the gauge sensors. is to be studied, actual overcoring of the deformation
gauge should not begin until the larger drillhole has
b) A biaxial modulus chamber with pressure gauge
penetrated beyond the influence of surface
and hand pump for the measurement of the irregularities or openings.
Youngs modulus of the large diameter cores.
5.2.2 Start the hole using the large overcorc bit and
5 PROCEDURE drill to the depth at which overcoring is to begin.
5.2.3 Remove the large core and start the pilot hole
5.1 Site Selection using a short pilot hole starter core barrel; then, extend
5.1.1 The USBM gauge shall be used to determine the pilot hole for approx 2 m. It is important that
the secondary principal stresses (the greatest and the the pilot hole remains within +14 mm of the centre
least normal stresses) in the plane perpendicular to of the overcore. Any fracture zones encountered by
the drillhole axis. Therefore, drillhole orientations the pilot hole should be avoided during placing of
may be selected to evaluate stress concentrations the instrument.
surrounding underground openings. In cases where 5.2.4 Iusert the 150 mm core barrel into the drillhole
the complete stress field is to be calculated at a given but do not comlect the drill. Thread the gauge readout
location, it is necessary to overcore three non-parallel cable through the drill chuck and special water swivel.
holes. Deformation measurements should be taken
outside the zone of influence of underground openings; 5.2.5 Conect the gauge readout cable to the readout
the extent of this zone of influence of underground box and take initial readings with the gauge outside

60

u_I
I I
I I
(a)
I!

D = Diamter of mine opening.

FIG. 2 DKILLHOLE
COWIWJRA~ON

2
 IS 13946 ( Part 2 ) : 1994

the hole. Gauge calibration information is normally 011 site within 24 h of overcoring. This applies
supplied by the manufacturer. However, direct methods particularly to rock cores which deteriorate with time.
of periodically checking the calibration are available. Place the rock core inside the modulus chamber so
5.2.6 Using the placement rods, insert the gauge that the actual measurement point is opposite the
middle of the chamber. Orient the gauge sensors in
through the drill rods and into the pilot hole. Orient
the gauge so that one cantilever pair lies in a known the same directions as during the overcoring. Usually,
marks are left on the walls of the pilot hole by the
plane (using a spirit level in horizontal holes or an
buttons of the gauge so that resetting at the correct
orientation device on the placement rod in vertical
position and orientation is simplified. If biaxial testing
holes). The difference in the rradings should fall
within l/2 to 314 of the maximum different range is not to be done soon after overcoring the core
should be wrapped and sealed in heavy plastic to
of the cantilevers. If the difference is too small, remove
the gauge and add shims to the cantilever contact prevent drying.
pistons. If the difference is too large, remove shims.
5.3.2 Apply radial pressure to the rock core using
With proper shimming the gauge should fit firmly
the hydraulic hand pump. Record drillhole diameter
into the pilot hole without being forced. The cantilever
changes at various increments of applied pressure.
tips should be placed at least 150 mm, and preferably
Calculate secant values of the biaxial elastic modulus
22.5 mm, past the base of the larger drillhole. This
from plots of applied pressure IXVSIISdrillhole diameter
shall ensure that the presence of the larger hole does
changes using the unloading curves.
not significantly affect the in sihl stress field at the
point of measurement. If possible, biaxial test pressures should be selected
5.2.7 Take up excess slack in the gauge cable and such that biaxial test deformation magnitudes are
connect the drill stem to the drill. Turn on the drilling comparable to the overcoring deformation magnitudes.
water and allowapprox 10 min to elapse before over- However, this is not always possible because the
coring. This allows the gauge to reach temperature biaxial test does not confine the ends of the core
equilibrium. and failure. can occur at relatively low biaxial pressures.
Triaxial core testing procedures that minimize the
5.2.8 Start the overcoring with chuck speeds of approx effects of elastic nonlinearity may be used to determine
120 rev/min and a penetration rate of around 20 mm/ anisotropic elastic parameters.
min. The water pressure should not fluctuate and
should be maintained as low as possible but should 6 CALCULATIONS
be sufficient to allow good clearing of the cuttings.
Record the gauge readings on all cantilever axes at 6.1 Calculatiom of in situ stresses iwolve varying
every 10 or 20 mm of penetration. A typical field degrees of complexity depending on whether
data sheet may be used as Amiex A. stresses are two- or three - dimensional in character
and depending on the degree of elastic aI;isotropy
5.2.9 Overcoring should proceed until the overcoring present.
bit had passed over the cantilever tips and beyond,
for a distance of at least 150 mm and preferably 225 6.2 Where the stress along the drillholc axis is zero
mm. The total length of overcore is thus 300-450 (that is stress conditions such as might occur close
mm (approx 2-3 times the diameter of the overcore to the ground surface or close to the wall of an
hole). In any case, the overcore should be long enough opening), the deformation or change in diameter (v)
to obtain gauge readings which do not change with of the pilot hole shall be given by the equation:

1cos
further overcoring.
NOIX -A secondary diamond drillhole may be made in the
u + (P+Q)+2(P-Q) 2 8 . . . . (1)
vicinity of test hole to locate test zone of 300-4.50 mm length
iutact rock and to avoid fracture zones, thus time of test can [
bc saved substantially.
where P and Q are the applied major and minor
5.2.10 Upon completion of overcoring, disconnect secondary principal stresses in the plane perpendicular
the drill stem from the drill. Using the placement to the axis of the hole, d is the diameter of the pilot
rods, retrieve the gauge and remove the drill stem hole and 8 is the angle between the direction of P,
and the core barrel from the hole. Carefully determine the major secondary principal stress, and the direction
the orientation of the core. Then use the core breaker, of U, the measured deformation. In the case of USBM-
core shovel or core puller to remove the ovcrcore. type gauge which has three sensor axes, U,, Uz and
U3 spaced 60 apart in a counterclockwise direction
5.3 Measurement or Rock Modulus (looking into the drillhole), the major and minor
5.3.1 The overcore should be, tested inside the biaxial principal stresses and their orientations are given by
modulus chamber as soon as convenient, preferably the equations:

p=-- UJ,+ uz+UJ + - (Ut - UJ' t (U2 - UJ t (U, - U,)Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:.. (2)
6d 2
IS 13946 ( Part 2 ) : 1994

8, = - tan-
2 WJJ - u,- uj
where the angle 8, is measured from U, to P in the
counterclockwise direction. Depending on relative
magnitudes of deformation, the range of this angle
is determined as follows:
U, > U, and (U, + U,) < 2U,, 01,is in range of O - 45
U, z U, and (U? t U,) > 2U1, ep is in range of 4S - 90
lJz c: U3 and (U, t U,) > 2UL, Opis in range of 90 - 135
U, < U? and (Uz t U,) < 2U1, 01,is in range of 13S - 180

These equations are useful in the field for providing

a rough estimate of stress levels even in the three-
dimensional case.

6.3 In the three-dimensional case, assuming conditions

of plane strain isotropic elasticity:
I- 1
d (1 - ~(1
u= (P t Q) t 2(P - Q) Cos 20 - v Ezd . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)
E
I

where
where EZ the strain in the axial direction along the D = diameter of the overcore,
drillhole. d = diameter of the pilot hole,
P = applied radial pressure, and
If an estimate of a,, the axial stress, is available (e.g. U = measured change in pilot hole diameter.
assumed superincumbent load in vertical holes from
surface) then EZ may be calculated since : In cases where the rock is anistropic, the measured
values of U along variously oriented diameters will
be seen to differ the effect of anisotropy on the
E, = -$ d (P + Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . (6) calculated stresses depends on the relative magnitude
E of elastic parameters and other considerations.

assuming p the Poissons ratio for the rock, is known 7 REPORTING OF RESULTS
or measured by conventional laboratory techniques.
The E, is applied in equation (2) to obtain more exact
values of P and Q. A further iteration may be performed 7.1 General Information
if so desired.
The report should include the following general
Each set of overcoring data contains three measurements information:
of drillhole diameter change, which are oriented with
respect to and to the vertical, plus a value for Youngs
modulus and Poissons ratio. All such data sets are
a>The locatiorls, directions and length of
drillhole.
treated statistically to yield the least squares
estimates of the stress components and their standard b> A geotechnical log of core from each drillhole
error. showing the depths of measurement with
particular attention given to geological and
Youngs modulus values shall be obtained by inserting structural characteristics of the rock at the
the biaxial chamber readings (P and U) in the following stress determination locations.
thick-walled cylinder eqiation
c) A description, illustrated with diagrams and
D 2dP photograhps of the procedure and equipment
E= . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . (7) used.
D2-d2 U

4
 IS 13946 ( Part 2 ) : 1994

7.2 Detailed Information values of U,, U, and U, orientations of U,

and measured values for Youngs modulus
The report should include the following detailed depth and Poissons ratio at the test location.
information for each measurement location:

Copies of field data sheets showing data from d) Plots and tabulations showing secondary
a) principal stress magnitudes and directions at
each successful overcoring run or plots of
the measurement locations and, if applicable,
overcoring data (that is Fig. 3) and the estimated
computer printouts of the stress ellipsoid
values of U,, Uz and US from that run.
showing magnitudes and directions of three
principal stresses along with their standard
b) Plots of radial pressure versus borehole
deviations, standard error and correlation
deformation from biaxial modulus chamber
coefficient.
tests or stress/strain curves from laboratory
strain gauged rock cores.
e) Test results showing substantial discrepancies
c>A tabulation of hole number, hole bearing, with other data and giving possible or probable
explanations of the causes.
hole inclination, depth of overcore, measured

FOR EACH CURVE

DEPTH OF OVERCORING BIT (mm)

FIG.3 TYPICAL
PLOT OF DRILL HOLE DEFORMATION vs OVERCORING POSITION

5
IS 13946 ( Part 2 ) : 1994

ANNEX A
(Clause
5.2.8)
FIELD DATA SHEET

Hole No. Date Orientation U,

Gauge No. Calibration factor U,

Gauge factor

True bearing of hole

r Depth Deformation Remarks

Gauge Hole Indicator Reading Overcore Deformation Rock

(+) Skirt Read

Zero
9 Face Bias

1"

6
 IS 13946( Part 2 ) : 1994

ANNEX B
( Foreword )

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee, CED 48

Rep-menlirrg
DR BHAWANISINC~H University of Roorkee. Roorkee

SHRIP. K. JAIN(A/WIIN& to
Dr Bhawani Singh)
ASSISTANT
RESEARCH
OFFICER IrrigationDept. Government of UP
DR R. L. CHAI~HAN Himachal PradeshState Electricity Board, Simla
CHIEFENGINEER (R&D) Irrigation Dept. Haryana
DIRECTOR (ENGG)(Altemcrte)
SHRIDADESHWAR GANGADHAR DHAYAGUIXZ Asia Foundations & Constructions L.td, Bombay
SHRIPRAKASHMAWUKAR JOSHI(Ahmre)
DR A. K. QUBE Central Minining Research Station (CSIR), Roorkee
SHRIA. K. SONI(Altemo/e)
SHRIA. GHOW Central Building Research Institute (CSIR). Roorkec
DR G. S. MEHROIRA(Alternate)
DR S. GANGOPADWYAY Geological Survey of India
SHRIS. K. ML~KHERWE
(Ahurnte)
DR M. R. GOYAL Irrigation & Power Dept. Chandigarh
SffRIKt~hfvIR (A b7mte)
SHRIB. M. RAMAGOWDA Cenlral Water PCPower Research Station, Pune
DIREWOR(Alt~mte)
DK UDAVV. KrrI.KARNI Hindustan Construction Co Ltd. Bombay
DR R. P. KULKARNI Irrigation Dept. Maharashtra
ME~IBER-SF(.R~TAR~ Central Board of Irrigation & Power. New Delhi
DIFWTOR(C) (Altmrnte)
DR M. V. NAGENDRA National Thermal Power Corya Ltd, New Delhi
SIIRID. N. NARESH(Altrrrrute)
Sm M. D. NAIR Associated Instrument Mfrs (I) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
PROFT. S. NAGAMJ (Alternnte)
SHRID. M. PANCHOLI Irrigation Dept. Govermnent of Gujarat
DR 1J. D. DA?IR (Ahmfe)
DKY. V. RhhtANA National Geophysical Research Institute. Hyderabad
PKOFT. RnMAhfURTm Indian Institute of Technology. New Delhi
DR G. V. RAO (Alter~rnte)
SHRIC. B. LAKSIILIANA RAO Kanlataka Engineering Research Station. Karnataka
SHKIA. K. RAhfAKRISHNA (Alternote)
DRV. M. SHARMA Central Soil ;U Materials Research Station, New Delhi
SHRIA. K. DHAWA~(Altenrrrte)
bfd S. F;. SFLZRhfA Engineer-in-Chiets Branch, New Delhi
CAPTS. I. S. KOIILI(Ahrrzntc)
SHRID. S. TOLIA Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
SHRIP. J. RAO (Alrmrnre)
SHRIJ. VEE;KATKAMAN. Director General, BIS (Er-officio Member)
Director (Civ Engg)

SIfRIJ. K. PRASAD
Joint Director (Civ Engg). HIS

SIfRIMAvNEETASHAR~MA
Deputy Director (Civ Engg). BIS
IS 13946( Part 2 ) : 1994
Field Testing of Rock Mass and Rock Mass Classification
Subcommittee, CED 48 : 1

CO#llWEr Representing
SHRI U. S. RAJVANSHI U. P. Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee

PROFK. B. AGAR~AL University of Roorkee, Roorkee

CHIEFENGINEER&CUMDIRECTOR Government of Punjab, Dept of Irrigation and Power
RESEARCH OFFICER
(Akrrmte)
DR A. K. DUBE Central Mining Research Station (CSIR), Dhanbad
PROFA. K. GHOSE Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
PROFV. D. CHOLJBEY
(Alternote)
SHRIB. M. RANEGOWDE Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
SHRIV. K. MEHROTRA U. P. Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRIG. S. MEHROT~ Central Buiiding Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee
SHRIU. N. SINHA(Ahmre)
SHRID. M. PANCHOLI Irrigation Department, Central Designs Organisation, Gandhinagar
SHRIU. D. DATIR(Ahmte)
DR G. V. RAO Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
DR K. K. GUPTA(Alten~~te)
RESEARCH OFFICER
(SR&P DIVISION) Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nasik
SHRIB. K. SHARMA National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
DR V. M. SHARMA Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi
DR R. B. SINGH( Altermte)
SHRIVITTALRAU Government of Haryana, Dept of Irrigation

8
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. CED 48 ( 5131 1

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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