Hanumanth Sunkara
Name: Andres Escobar
Robert Shields
PS ID: 0123456
Course Number: 1401
Course Name: Electrical Circuit Theory Lab 1401
Day and Date of Performance: Thursday and 06/08/178
Day and Date of Submission: Monday and 6/12/17
Experiment Number: Lab Report 1
Name of the experiment Signal Generation and Oscillators
1. Purpose
This experiment is an introduction to oscillator circuits that produce sinusoidal
signals.
2. Objectives
In result of this precise experiment many things were learned including how the
lead- lag and an untuned oscillator circuit such as the Wien Bridge oscillator
behave. This experiment also gave knowledge in learning how a tuned Colpitts
oscillator is used to when producing sinusoidal signals.
3. Equipment
For this experiment, you will need the following:
Multi-meter
Function Generator/Oscilloscope
Soldering Gun/Solder
Proto-board
Resistors: 1.5K, (2) 3.3K
Potentiometer: 10K
Capacitors: 100 nF (4)
LM 741 (Operational Amplifier)
4. Introduction
In todays experiment we will work with a lead-lag network. The lead-lag network
is used to compensate for the phase and not the magnitude. It can be used to add
or reduce phases between two different frequencies.
5. Procedures
5.1.Procedure 1: Lead-Lag Network
A Lead-Lag network is a reactive voltage divider in which the voltage is divided
between the impedance Z1 (series RC) and Z2 (parallel RC) as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2. Lead-Lag Network
The frequency of oscillation is found by the equation below
eq.1
where R= R1 = R2 , C =C1 = C2.
We are now going to construct a Lead-Lag network that has a frequency of
oscillation of 1000 Hz.
1. Calculate C for R = 3.3K and fo = 1 KHz using equation 1.
Answer: 48.22 nF
2. Calculate the magnitude and phases of the impedances Z1 and Z2 for the
frequencies 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 Hz. Draw a table and
write the results in polar form with magnitude in one column and phase shift
in another column.
Xc1 = 1/(2*f*C1)
Z1 = R1 j* Xc1
Mag(Z1) = (R12 + Xc12)
Phase(Z1) = - tan-1(Xc1/R1)
Xc2 = 1/(2*f*C2)
Z2 = R2*(-j* Xc2)/(R2 j* Xc2)
Mag(Z2) = R2*Xc2/((R22 + Xc22)
Phase(Z2) = -90 (- tan-1(Xc2/R2))
Freq Xc1 Xc2 Mag(Z1) Ph(Z1) Mag(Z2) Ph(Z2)
Hz ohms ohms (ohms) (Deg.) (ohms) (Deg.)
0 inf inf inf -90 3300 0
500 6603.64 6603.64 7382.55 -63.4486 2951.962 -26.5514
1000 3301.97 3301.97 4668.298 -45.0171 2334.148 -44.9829
1500 2201.31 2201.31 3966.835 -33.7058 1831.267 -56.2942
2000 1605.98 1605.8 3689.953 -26.5787 1476.509 -63.4213
2500 1320.78 1320.78 3554.501 -21.8132 1226.22 -68.1868
-71.5548
3000 1100.65 1100.66 3478.713 -18.4452 1044.112
3. Calculate the output voltage (magnitude and phase) at the frequencies. Use
the voltage across Z2 as the output voltage. Assume an input voltage of 4 Vp-
p.
Use Z1 and Z2 obtained in step 2. Convert Z2 to Rectangular form to get its real
and imaginary parts (i.e. Re{Z2} and Im{Z2}).
Vout = Vin * (Z2/(Z1+Z2))
Mag(Z1+Z2) = (Re{Z1}+Re{Z2})2 + (Im{Z1}+Im{Z2})2)
Phase(Z1+Z2) = tan-1((Im{Z1}+Im{Z2})/(Re{Z1}+Re{Z2}))
Mag (Vout) = Vin*Mag(Z2)/Mag(Z1+Z2)
Phase (Vout) = Phase (Z2) Phase (Z1+Z2)
Fre Re(Z Mag(Z1+
q Re{Z1} Im {Z1} 2) Im(Z2) Re(Z1+Z2) Im(Z1+Z2) Z2) Ph(Z1+Z2)
Hz ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms Ohms ohms
t a n - 1 ( ( -
(436000
- - 00 - j6606.6235)/
3301.34 j6606.6 3300 6601.34438 j6606.623 j6606.623
0 4383 235 j0 3 5 5 ) (6601.344383))
t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (352912
- 2640. j1319.5 00 + j j7944.358426)/
3300.01 j6624.8 6295 28426 5940.63954 - 7944.35
500 3 43 3 j7944.36 ) (5940.6395431))
t a n - 1
( ( -
-
- 1650. j1649.9 (245122 j4951.899214)/
j3301.9 9843 99214 4950.98439 0 + j
1000 3300 97 7 -j4951.9 4951.9) (4950.984397))
t a n - 1
( ( -
- (186298
- 1016. j1523.4 00 + j j3724.737266)/
j2201.3 2225 27266 4316.22251 - 3274.74
1500 3300 1 1 j3274.74 ) (4316.22251))
t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (156866
- 660.6 j1320.4 00 + j j2971.452462)/
j1650.9 2947 72462 3960.62947 - 2971.45
2000 3300 8 63 6 j2971.45 ) (3960.6294763))
t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (141048
- 455.6 j1138.4 00 + j j2459.212949)/
j1320.7 4095 22949 3755.64095 - 2459.21
2500 3300 9 32 3 j2459.21 ) (3755.6409532))
t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (131795
- 330.3 j990.47 00+ j j2091.132526)/
j1100.6 5442 25256 3630.35442 - 2091.13
3000 3300 6 27 3 j2091.13 ) (3630.3544227))
4. Plot a graph of frequency (x-axis) versus output voltage (y-axis).
O/p Vltg Vs Freq
1.4
1.2
Output (Volts) 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Freq (Hz)
5. Construct Circuit of Figure 2
Freq Vout Mag. Vout
Hz (Volts) ph.(Deg.)
500 868.299mV 39.12
1000 963.40mV no shift
1500 926.676mV 32.894
2000 894.34mV 46.12
2500 812.78mV 56.33
3000 745.844MV 61.23
I/P voltage set at 4 Vp-p.
Frequency Vout (p-p) Phase (Deg.)
(mV)
500 843.244mV 36
1000 942.80mV No phase shift
1500 908.31mV 29.16
2000 842.94mV 43.62
2500 771.71mV 52.2
3000 703.57mV 58.32
6. Plot a graph of frequency (x-axis) versus output voltage (y-axis) using the
obtained measured values.
7. Compare the measured curve with the calculated one. Write your
observations. The measure curved resultant was predicted as expected. It
did not deviate as much from the calculated curve. Even though the
measured curve is the one we were basing our calculated curve, but the
measured on the oscilloscope shows the best results.
8. Compare the phase shifts for all the frequencies. Describe the phase shift
at the frequency of oscillation. The phase shifts between the current and
voltage ranged from 36 degrees 60 degrees using the frequency from
500Hz 3000Hz. The higher the frequency, the more distance between the
phase shift.
9. Turn off the circuit. Do not disconnect this circuit; you will need it in
procedure 2.
7. Knowledge Evaluation
Answer the following questions and write them in your Worksheet and your
report:
1. What is the effect of varying input frequency on the output voltage of a
lead-lag network?
The output voltage of the lead-lad network increased as we increased the
frequency until 1000Hz. After a 1000Hz the output voltage of the lead-lag
network continued to drop.
2. What will happen at the output if the ratio Rb/Ra is
Greater than 2?
The output frequency will be lower
Less than 2?
The output frequency will be higher
3. To get an output frequency of 10 KHz using a Colpitts oscillator, suggest the
value of the inductor if all other components in figure 6 remain the same.
Answer :
1
fo =
2 LC
1
L= 2
(2 ) 2 * f o * C
1
L=
4 * (10 K ) 2 * 11n
2
