January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 49 Page number 327 magenta black

Part I Circuits 327

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Section 7.1: Power in AC Circuits b. The average current supplied to a 10- resistor
connected across the voltage source.
7.1 The heating element in a soldering iron has a
resistance of 30 . Find the average power dissipated c. The average power supplied to a 1- resistor
in the soldering iron if it is connected to a voltage connected across the voltage source.
source of 117 V rms.
vS (t), V
7.2 A coffeemaker has a rated power of 1,000 W at 240
V rms. Find the resistance of the heating element. 1
7.3 A current source i(t) is connected to a 50- resistor. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t, s
Find the average power delivered to the resistor, given
that i(t) is
a. 5 cos 50t A 3

b. 5 cos(50t 45 ) A Figure P7.8

c. 5 cos 50t 2 cos(50t 0.873) A
7.9 A current source i(t) is connected to a 100- resistor.
d. 5 cos 50t 2 A Find the average power delivered to the resistor, given
7.4 Find the rms value of each of the following periodic that i(t) is:
currents: a. 4 cos 100t A
a. i(t) = cos 450t + 2 cos 450t A b. 4 cos (100t 50 ) A
b. i(t) = cos 5t + sin 5t A c. 4 cos 100t 3 cos (100t 50 ) A
c. i(t) = cos 450t + 2 A d. 4 cos 100t 3 A
d. i(t) = cos 5t + cos(5t + /3) A 7.10 Find the rms value of each of the following
e. i(t) = cos 200t + cos 400t A periodic currents:
a. i(t) = cos 377t + cos 377t A
7.5 A current of 4 A flows when a neon light
advertisement is supplied by a 110-V rms power b. i(t) = cos 2t + sin 2t A
system. The current lags the voltage by 60 . Find the c. i(t) = cos 377t + 1 A
power dissipated by the circuit and the power factor.
d. i(t) = cos 2t + cos (2t+ 135 ) A
7.6 A residential electric power monitoring system rated
for 120-V rms, 60-Hz source registers power e. i(t) = cos 2t + cos 3t A
consumption of 1.2 kW, with a power factor of 0.8.
Find Section 7.2: Complex Power
a. The rms current. 7.11 A current of 10 A rms flows when a single-phase
b. The phase angle. circuit is placed across a 220-V rms source. The
current lags the voltage by 60 . Find the power
c. The system impedance. dissipated by the circuit and the power factor.
d. The system resistance. 7.12 A single-phase circuit is placed across a 120-V
rms, 60-Hz source, with an ammeter, a voltmeter, and a
7.7 A drilling machine is driven by a single-phase
wattmeter connected. The instruments indicate 12 A,
induction machine connected to a 110-V rms supply.
120 V, and 800 W, respectively. Find
Assume that the machining operation requires 1 kW,
that the tool machine has 90 percent efficiency, and a. The power factor.
that the supply current is 14 A rms with a power factor b. The phase angle.
of 0.8. Find the AC machine efficiency.
c. The impedance.
7.8 Given the waveform of a voltage source shown in
Figure P7.8, find: d. The resistance.
a. The steady DC voltage that would cause the same 7.13 For the following numeric values, determine the
heating effect across a resistance. average power, P, the reactive power, Q, and the
 January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 50 Page number 328 magenta black

328 Chapter 7 AC Power

complex power, S, of the circuit shown in Figure L

P7.13. Note: phasor quantities are rms.
a. vS (t) = 650 cos (377t) V
iL (t) = 20 cos (377t 10 ) A
b. VS = 4600 V C
+
IL = 14.14 45 A vS(t) ~

R

c. VS = 1000 V
IL = 8.6 86 A
d. VS = 208 30 V
IL = 2.3 63 A
C = 265 mF L = 25.55 mH R = 10

Figure P7.16
iL(t)
7.17 A load impedance, ZL = 10 + j3 , is connected to
+
a source with line resistance equal to 1 , as shown in
v S(t) ~ ZL Figure P7.17. Calculate the following values:

a. The average power delivered to the load.
b. The average power absorbed by the line.
Figure P7.13
c. The apparent power supplied by the generator.
d. The power factor of the load.
7.14 For the circuit of Figure P7.13, determine the e. The power factor of line plus load.
power factor for the load and state whether it is leading
or lagging for the following conditions:
IS
a. vS (t) = 540 cos (t + 15 ) V Line
iL (t) = 20 cos (t + 47 ) A
R =1
b. vS (t) = 155 cos (t 15 ) V + VS = 2300 V ZL Load
iL (t) = 20 cos (t 22 ) A ~

c. vS (t) = 208 cos (t) V
iL (t) = 1.7 sin (t + 175 ) A Figure P7.17
d. ZL = (48 +j16) 
7.15 For the circuit of Figure P7.13, determine whether 7.18 A single-phase motor draws 220 W at a power
the load is capacitive or inductive for the circuit factor of 80 percent (lagging) when connected across a
shown if 200-V, 60-Hz source. A capacitor is connected in
parallel with the load to give a unity power factor, as
a. pf = 0.87 (leading) shown in Figure P7.18. Find the required capacitance.
b. pf = 0.42 (leading)
c. vS (t) = 42 cos (t) V I
iL (t) = 4.2 sin (t) A
d. vS (t) = 10.4 cos (t 12 ) V I1
iL (t) = 0.4 cos (t 12 ) A
R I2
7.16 The circuit shown in Figure P7.16 is to be used on
two different sources, each with the same amplitude
but at different frequencies. V C
a. Find the instantaneous real and reactive power if L
vS (t) = 120 cos 377t V (i.e., the frequency is 60 Hz).
b. Find the instantaneous real and reactive power if
vS (t) = 650 cos 314t V (i.e., the frequency is 50 Hz). Figure P7.18
January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 51 Page number 329 magenta black

Part I Circuits 329

7.19 If the circuits shown in Figure P7.19 are to be at c. What value of load impedance would permit
unity power factor, find CP and CS . maximum power transfer?
The voltage source is sinusoidal with frequency
60 Hz, and its polarity is such that the current from
CS the voltage source flows into the 10- resistor.
RL RL
+ +
VS ~ CP VS ~ 20 V

?
or +
L L

Source Load Source Load

RL = 5, XL = 5, vS(t) = 100 sin(377t) V

Figure P7.19 10

7.20 A 1,000-W electric motor is connected to a source

of 120 Vms , 60 Hz, and the result is a lagging pf of 0.8.
To correct the pf to 0.95 lagging, a capacitor is placed
in parallel with the motor. Calculate the current drawn
from the source with and without the capacitor 100 k
connected. Determine the value of the capacitor Source
required to make the correction.
7.21 The motor inside a blender can be modeled as a
resistance in series with an inductance, as shown in
Figure P7.21. j 50

a. What is the average power, PAV , dissipated in the

load?
Load
b. What is the motors power factor?
c. What value of capacitor when placed in parallel
with the motor will change the power factor to 0.9 j2 9.6
(lagging)?
Figure P7.22

7.23 For the following numerical values, determine the

average power P, the reactive power Q, and the
2 complex power S of the circuit shown in Figure P7.23.
Note: phasor quantities are rms.
a. vS (t) = 450 cos (377t) V
10 iL (t) = 50 cos(377t 0.349) A
+ b. VS = 1400 V
120 Vrms ~
IL = 5.85(/6) A

20 mH
c. VS = 500 V
IL = 19.20.8 A
d. VS = 740(/4) V
IL = 10.8(1.5) A
Wall Blender iL(t)
socket motor

Figure P7.21
vS (t) +
~
_ ZL
7.22 For the circuit shown in Figure P7.22,
a. Find the Thvenin equivalent circuit for the source.
b. Find the power dissipated by the load resistor. Figure P7.23
 January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 52 Page number 330 magenta black

330 Chapter 7 AC Power

7.24 For the circuit of Figure P7.23, determine the a. The source power factor.
power factor for the load and state whether it is leading b. The current IS .
or lagging for the following conditions:
c. The apparent power delivered to the load.
a. vS (t) = 780 cos(t + 1.2) V
d. The apparent power supplied by the source.
iL (t) = 90 cos(t + /2) A
e. The power factor of the load.
b. vS (t) = 39 cos(t + /6) V
iL (t) = 12 cos(t 0.185) A
~
c. vS (t) = 104 cos(t) V IS
Line
iL (t) = 48.7 sin(t + 2.74) A
R=1
d. ZL = (12 + j8) 
+ ~
_ VS = 2300
~ ZL Load
7.25 For the circuit of Figure P7.23, determine whether
the load is capacitive or inductive for the circuit
shown if
a. pf = 0.48 (leading) Figure P7.28

b. pf = 0.17 (leading)
7.29 The load ZL in the circuit of Figure P7.28 consists
c. vS (t) = 18 cos(t) V of a 25- resistor in series with a 0.1-H inductor.
iL (t) = 1.8 sin(t) A Assuming f = 60 Hz, calculate the following.
d. vS (t) = 8.3 cos(t /6) V a. The apparent power supplied by the source.
iL (t) = 0.6 cos(t /6) A b. The apparent power delivered to the load.
7.26 Find the real and reactive power supplied by the c. The power factor of the load.
source in the circuit shown in Figure P7.26. Repeat if
7.30 The load ZL in the circuit of Figure P7.28 consists
the frequency is increased by a factor of 3.
of a 25- resistor in series with a 0.1-mF capacitor and
a 70.35-mH inductor. Assuming f = 60 Hz, calculate
1
2H 18 F the following.
a. The apparent power delivered to the load.
vS(t) = 10 cos 3t V +
~ 4 b. The real power supplied by the source.

c. The power factor of the load.
Figure P7.26
7.31 Calculate the apparent power, real power, and
reactive power for the circuit shown in Figure P7.31.
7.27 In the circuit shown in Figure P7.27, the sources Draw the power triangle. Assume f = 60 Hz.
are VS1 = 36(/3) V and VS2 = 240.644 V. Find
a. The real and imaginary current supplied by each ~
IS
source.
b. The total real power supplied.
R = 20
+ ~
~
_ VS = 50 V
8 6 j12
C = 100 F

~ ~
VS 1 +
~ j6
+
~ V
S2 Figure P7.31

7.32 Repeat Problem 7.31 for the two cases f = 50 Hz

Figure P7.27 and f = 0 Hz (DC).
7.33 A single-phase motor is connected as shown in
7.28 The load ZL in the circuit of Figure P7.28 consists Figure P7.33 to a 50-Hz network. The capacitor value
of a 25- resistor in series with a 0.1-mF capacitor. is chosen to obtain unity power factor. If V = 220 V,
Assuming f = 60 Hz, find I = 20 A, and I1 = 25 A, find the capacitor value.
January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 53 Page number 331 magenta black

Part I Circuits 331

I drop when the train is located at the half-distance

between the stations.
I1 e. Overhead line losses in the condition of a
I2 10 percent voltage drop when the train is located at
R the half-distance between the stations, assuming
V
pf = 1. (The French TGV is designed with a
C state-of-the-art power compensation system.)
L
f. The maximum distance between the two power
stations supplied in the condition of a 10 percent
voltage drop when the train is located at the
Figure P7.33 half-distance between the stations, assuming the
DC (1.5-kV) operation at one-quarter power.
7.34 Suppose that the electricity in your home has gone
out and the power company will not be able to have
you hooked up again for several days. The freezer in Overhead line
I1 I2
the basement contains several hundred dollars worth
of food that you cannot afford to let spoil. You have ~ ~
VS1 = 25 kV0 VS 2 = 25 kV0
also been experiencing very hot, humid weather and + +
~ ~
would like to keep one room air-conditioned with a
window air conditioner, as well as run the refrigerator Rail
in your kitchen. When the appliances are on, they draw I1 I2
the following currents (all values are rms):
Air conditioner: 9.6 A @ 120 V Figure P7.35
pf = 0.90 (lagging)
Freezer: 4.2 A @ 120 V 7.36 An industrial assembly hall is continuously lighted
pf = 0.87 (lagging) by one hundred 40-W mercury vapor lamps supplied
by a 120-V and 60-Hz source with a power factor of
Refrigerator: 3.5 A @ 120 V
0.65. Due to the low power factor, a 25 percent penalty
pf = 0.80 (lagging) is applied at billing. If the average price of 1 kWh is
In the worst-case scenario, how much power must an $0.01 and the capacitors average price is $50 per
emergency generator supply? millifarad, compute after how many days of operation
the penalty billing covers the price of the power factor
7.35 The French TGV high-speed train absorbs 11 MW correction capacitor. (To avoid penalty, the power
at 300 km/h (186 mi/h). The power supply module is factor must be greater than 0.85.)
shown in Figure P7.35. The module consists of two
7.37 With reference to Problem 7.36, consider that the
25-kV single-phase power stations connected at the
current in the cable network is decreasing when power
same overhead line, one at each end of the module. For
factor correction is applied. Find
the return circuits, the rail is used. However, the train
is designed to operate at a low speed also with 1.5-kV a. The capacitor value for the unity power factor.
DC in railway stations or under the old electrification b. The maximum number of additional lamps that can
lines. The natural (average) power factor in the AC be installed without changing the cable network if a
operation is 0.8 (not depending on the voltage). local compensation capacitor is used.
Assuming that the overhead line equivalent specific
resistance is 0.2 /km and that the rail resistance could 7.38 If the voltage and current given below are supplied
be neglected, find by a source to a circuit or load, determine
a. The equivalent circuit. a. The power supplied by the source which is
dissipated as heat or work in the circuit (load).
b. The locomotives current in the condition of a
10 percent voltage drop. b. The power stored in reactive components in the
circuit (load).
c. The reactive power.
c. The power factor angle and the power factor.
d. The supplied real power, overhead line losses, and
maximum distance between two power stations
VS = 70.873 V IS = 13(0.349) A
supplied in the condition of a 10 percent voltage
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332 Chapter 7 AC Power

7.39 Determine the time-averaged total power, the 7.42 A center-tapped transformer has the schematic
real power dissipated, and the reactive power stored in representation shown in Figure P7.41. The
each of the impedances in the circuit shown in primary-side voltage is stepped down to a
Figure P7.39 if secondary-side voltage Vsec by a ratio of n:1. On the
secondary side, Vsec1 = Vsec2 = 12 Vsec .
VS1 = 170/ 20 V
a. If Vprim = 2200 V and n = 11, find Vsec , Vsec1 ,
VS2 = 170/ 2 V
2 and Vsec2 .
= 377 rad/s b. What must n be if Vprim = 1100 V and we desire
|Vsec2 | to be 5 V rms?
Z1 = 0.7 
6
Z2 = 1.50.105  7.43 For the circuit shown in Figure P7.43, assume that
vg = 120 V rms. Find
Z3 = 0.3 + j0.4 
a. The total resistance seen by the voltage source.
b. The primary current.
+ Z1
_ Vs1
c. The primary power.
Z3
+ Z2
_ Vs2

Figure P7.39 1
1:4 +
7.40 If the voltage and current supplied to a circuit or
+ 16
load by a source are vg
_ v2

VS = 170(0.157) V IS = 130.28 A _

determine Figure P7.43

a. The power supplied by the source which is
dissipated as heat or work in the circuit (load).
b. The power stored in reactive components in the
circuit (load).
7.44 With reference to Problem 7.43 and Figure P7.43
find
c. The power factor angle and power factor.
a. The secondary current.
Section 7.3: Transformers b. The installation efficiency Pload /Psource .
7.41 A center-tapped transformer has the schematic c. The value of the load resistance which can absorb
representation shown in Figure P7.41. The the maximum power from the given source.
primary-side voltage is stepped down to two
7.45 An ideal transformer is rated to deliver 460 kVA at
secondary-side voltages. Assume that each secondary
380 V to a customer, as shown in Figure P7.45.
supplies a 5-kW resistive load and that the primary is
connected to 120 V rms. Find a. How much current can the transformer supply to
the customer?
a. The primary power.
b. If the customers load is purely resistive (i.e., if
b. The primary current.
pf = 1), what is the maximum power that the
customer can receive?
n:1
+ c. If the customers power factor is 0.8 (lagging),
+ +
~ what is the maximum usable power the customer
Vsec1
_ can receive?
~ ~
Vprim Vsec d. What is the maximum power if the pf is 0.7
+
~
Vsec2
(lagging)?
_ _ e. If the customer requires 300 kW to operate, what is
_
the minimum power factor with the given size
Figure P7.41 transformer?
January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 55 Page number 333 magenta black

Part I Circuits 333

3 1:n

Z
Customers
load
vg +

_ 8

Ideal transformer Customer 4

Figure P7.45

Figure P7.48
7.46 For the ideal transformer shown in Figure P7.46,
consider that vS (t) = 294 cos(377t) V. Find
7.49 If we knew that the transformer shown in Figure
a. Primary current. P7.49 were to deliver 50 A at 110 V rms with a certain
b. vo (t). resistive load, what would the power transfer
c. Secondary power. efficiency between source and load be?

d. The installation efficiency Pload /Psource .

~
IS 50 A
1 j0.1 VW 2:1
~ +
IL
100 2.5:1 ~
~ IW
+
+ VS
_ j20 110 V

vS(t) +

_ 25 vo(t)
_
_
Figure P7.49
Figure P7.46
7.50 A method for determining the equivalent circuit of
a transformer consists of two tests: the open-circuit test
7.47 If the transformer shown in Figure P7.47 is ideal, and the short-circuit test. The open-circuit test, shown
find the turns ratio N = 1/n that will provide in Figure P7.50(a), is usually done by applying rated
maximum power transfer to the load. voltage to the primary side of the transformer while
leaving the secondary side open. The current into the
primary side is measured, as is the power dissipated.
The short-circuit test, shown in Figure P7.50(b),
RS n:1 is performed by increasing the primary voltage until
+ rated current is going into the transformer while the
secondary side is short-circuited. The current into the
vS(t) +

_ RL vo(t)
transformer, the applied voltage, and the power
_ dissipated are measured.
The equivalent circuit of a transformer is shown
RS = 1,800 RL = 8
in Figure P7.50(c), where rw and Lw represent the
Figure P7.47 winding resistance and inductance, respectively, and rc
and Lc represent the losses in the core of the
transformer and the inductance of the core. The ideal
transformer is also included in the model.
7.48 Assume the 8- resistor is the load in the circuit With the open-circuit test, we may assume that
shown in Figure P7.48. Assume vg = 110 V rms and a IP = IS = 0. Then all the current that is measured is
variable turns ratio of 1 : n. Find directed through the parallel combination of rc and Lc .
a. The maximum power dissipated by the load. We also assume that |rc || jLc | is much greater than
rw + jLw . Using these assumptions and the
b. The maximum power absorbed from the source. open-circuit test data, we can find the resistance rc and
c. The power transfer efficiency. the inductance Lc .
 January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 56 Page number 334 magenta black

334 Chapter 7 AC Power

In the short-circuit test, we assume that Vsecondary is The transformer is a 460-kVA transformer, and the
zero, so that the voltage on the primary side of the ideal tests are performed at 60 Hz.
transformer is also zero, causing no current flow through the 7.52 A method of thermal treatment for a steel pipe is to
rc Lc parallel combination. Using this assumption with heat the pipe by the Joule effect, flowing a current
the short-circuit test data, we are able to find the resistance directly in the pipe. In most cases, a low-voltage
rw and inductance Lw . high-current transformer is used to deliver the current
Using the following test data, find the equivalent through the pipe. In this problem, we consider a
circuit of the transformer: single-phase transformer at 220 V rms, which delivers
Open-circuit test: V = 241 V 1 V. Due to the pipes resistance variation with
I = 0.95 A temperature, a secondary voltage regulation is needed
in the range of 10 percent, as shown in Figure P7.52.
P = 32 W
The voltage regulation is obtained with five different
Short-circuit test: V = 5 V slots in the primary winding (high-voltage regulation).
I = 5.25 A Assuming that the secondary coil has two turns, find
P = 26 W the number of turns for each slot.

Both tests were made at = 377 rad/s.

+ 220 V
A W

~
Vs +

_ V 5 1

2
(a) 4 3

A W
+
~
Vs V Pipe
_ 1.2 V

(b)

rw Lw Sliding contact
+
~ ~ Figure P7.52
Ip IS

rc Lc Vsecondary
7.53 With reference to Problem 7.52, assume that the
pipes resistance is 0.0002 , the secondary resistance
_ (connections + slide contacts) is 0.00005 , and the
primary current is 28.8 A with pf = 0.91 Find
(c)
a. The plot number.
Figure P7.50
b. The secondary reactance.
7.51 Using the methods of Problem 7.50 and the c. The power transfer efficiency.
following data, find the equivalent circuit of the
7.54 A single-phase transformer used for street lighting
transformer tested:
(high-pressure sodium discharge lamps) converts 6 kV
Open-circuit test: VP = 4,600 V to 230 V (to load) with an efficiency of 0.95. Assuming
IOC = 0.7 A pf = 0.8 and the primary apparent power is 30 kVA,
P = 200 W find
Short-circuit test: P = 50 W a. The secondary current.
VP = 5.2 V b. The transformers ratio.
January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 57 Page number 335 magenta black

Part I Circuits 335

7.55 The transformer shown in Figure P7.55 has several 1 2 3 4

sets of windings on the secondary side. The windings

Z ab
have the following turns ratios: ZL
a. : N = 1/15
b. : N = 1/4
c. : N = 1/12 Figure P7.56

d. : N = 1/18
7.57 The wire that connects an antenna on your roof to
If Vprim = 120 V, find and draw the connections that will the TV set in your den is a 300- wire, as shown in
allow you to construct the following voltage sources: Figure P7.57(a). This means that the impedance seen
a. 24.670 V by the connections on your set is 300 . Your TV,
however, has a 75- impedance connection, as shown
b. 36.670 V in Figure P7.57(b). To achieve maximum power
c. 180 V transfer from the antenna to the television set, you
d. 54.67180 V place an ideal transformer between the antenna and the
TV as shown in Figure P7.57(c). What is the turns
ratio, N = 1/n, needed to obtain maximum power
transfer?
a
+
300

a'
b

(a)
75
Vprim b'
c

Antenna
c' connections
d Rear view of
television
(b)
_ 300
n:1
d'
+
Figure P7.55 Vantenna 75 Vsignal

(c)
7.56 The circuit in Figure P7.56 shows the use of ideal
Figure P7.57
transformers for impedance matching. You have a
limited choice of turns ratios among available
transformers. Suppose you can find transformers with Section 7.4: Three-Phase Power
turns ratios of 2:1, 7:2, 120:1, 3:2, and 6:1. If ZL is
475 25  and Zab must be 267 25 , find the 7.58 The magnitude of the phase voltage of a balanced
combination of transformers that will provide this three-phase wye system is 220 V rms. Express each
impedance. (You may assume that polarities are easily phase and line voltage in both polar and rectangular
reversed on these transformers.) coordinates.
 January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 58 Page number 336 magenta black

336 Chapter 7 AC Power

7.59 The phase currents in a four-wire wye-connected 7.62 For the circuit shown in Figure P7.62, find the
load are as follows: current in the neutral wire and the real power.
5
Ian = 100 A, Ibn = 12 A Icn = 82.88 A
6 ~
IR
~
Determine the current in the neutral wire. VR = 220 0
~ 10
7.60 For the circuit shown in Figure P7.60, we see that IW
~ 10
VW = 220 2 3
each voltage source has a phase difference of 2/3 in
relation to the others.
~ 10
a. Find VRW , VWB , and VBR , where IB
~
VB = 220 4 3
VRW = VR VW , VWB = VW VB , ~
IN
and VBR = VB VR .
b. Repeat part a, using the calculations

VRW = VR 3(/6) Figure P7.62

VWB = VW 3(/6)

VBR = VB 3(/6) 7.63 A three-phase steel-treatment electric oven has a
phase resistance of 10  and is connected at
c. Compare the results of part a with the results of three-phase 380-V AC. Compute
part b.
a. The current flowing through the resistors in wye
and delta connections.
~ ~ b. The power of the oven in wye and delta
VW VR
connections.
+ + 7.64 A naval in-board synchronous generator has an

_
_
120 2 3 120 0
apparent power of 50 kVA and supplies a three-phase
network of 380 V. Compute the phase currents, the
active powers, and the reactive powers if
a. The power factor is 0.85.
120 4 3
_
+
b. The power factor is 1.
7.65 In the circuit of Figure P7.65:
~
VB vs1 = 170 cos(t) V
Figure P7.60 vs2 = 170 cos(t + 2/3) V
vs3 = 170 cos(t 2/3) V
7.61 For the three-phase circuit shown in Figure P7.61, f = 60 Hz Z1 = 0.520 
find the current in the neutral wire and the real power. Z2 = 0.350  Z3 = 1.7(90 ) 
Determine the current through Z1 , using
~ a. Loop/mesh analysis.
IR
~
VR = 110 0 V b. Node analysis.
~ 50
IW
~ j 45 c. Superposition.
VW = 110 2 3 V

_ j20
~
IB
~ ~
VB = 110 4 3 V VS1
_+

~ Z1
IN
+
_

~ ~ Z2 Z3
VS3
+_

VS2

Figure P7.61 Figure P7.65

January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 59 Page number 337 magenta black

Part I Circuits 337

7.66 Determine the current through R in the circuit of ~ ~ ~

V1 V2 V3
Figure P7.66:
v1 = 170 cos(t) V R1 R2 R3
v2 = 170 cos(t 2/3) V 1st winding 2nd winding 3rd winding
v3 = 170 cos(t + 2/3) V L1 L2 L3
f = 400 Hz R = 100 
C = 0.47 F L = 100 mH

(a)

~ ~ ~ ~
V1 ~ V1 V2 V3
V3
_+

R
+
_

L R1 R2 R3
~ C
+_

V2

L1 L2 L3
Figure P7.66

(b)
7.67 The three sources in the circuit of Figure P7.67 are
connected in wye configuration and the loads in a delta
~ ~
configuration. Determine the current through each VR, IR
impedance. + R1
vs1 = 170 cos(t) V 416 _30 ~ ~
VW, IW R2
_ L1 L2
vs2 = 170 cos(t + 2/3) V 416 210 +

vs3 = 170 cos(t 2/3) V 416 90

L3
~ ~
f = 60 Hz Z1 = 30  VB, IB
+ _ R3
Z2 = 7/2  Z3 = 0 j11 
IN

(c)
~ Z1
_+

V1 Figure P7.68
Z2
+
_

~
V3 ~
+_

V2 Z3

Figure P7.67 7.69 With reference to the motor of Problem 7.68,

a. How much power (in watts) is delivered to the
motor?
7.68 If we model each winding of a three-phase motor b. What is the motors power factor?
like the circuit shown in Figure P7.68(a) and connect c. Why is it common in industrial practice not to
the windings as shown in Figure P7.68(b), we have the connect the ground lead to motors of this type?
three-phase circuit shown in Figure P7.68(c). The
motor can be constructed so that R1 = R2 = R3 and 7.70 In general, a three-phase induction motor is
L1 = L2 = L3 , as is the usual case. If we connect the designed for wye connection operation. However, for
motor as shown in Figure P7.68(c), find the currents short-time operation, a delta connection can be used at
IR , IW , IB , and IN , assuming that the resistances are the nominal wye voltage. Find the ratio between the
40  each and each inductance is 5 mH. The frequency power delivered to the same motor in the wye and
of each of the sources is 60 Hz. delta connections.
 January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 60 Page number 338 magenta black

338 Chapter 7 AC Power

7.71 A residential four-wire system supplies power at d. Does the company risk facing a power factor
220 V rms to the following single-phase appliances: penalty on its next bill if all the motors in the
On the first phase, there are ten 75-W bulbs. On the factory are similar to this one?
second phase, there is a 750-W vacuum cleaner with a
power factor of 0.87. On the third phase, there are ten
40-W fluorescent lamps with power factor of 0.64. W
Find R 5
+ + j6

_
_ j6
a. The current in the netural wire. 120 2 3
120 0 5
b. The real, reactive, and apparent power for each 5
phase. 120 _2 3
_
+
j6
7.72 The electric power company is concerned with the B
loading of its transformers. Since it is responsible for a
large number of customers, it must be certain that it Figure P7.72
can supply the demands of all customers. The power
companys transformers will deliver rated kVA to the
secondary load. However, if the demand increased to a
7.73 To correct the power factor problems of the motor
in Problem 7.72, the company has decided to install
point where greater than rated current were required,
capacitors as shown in Figure P7.73. Assume rms
the secondary voltage would have to drop below rated
values.
value. Also, the current would increase, and with it the
I 2R losses (due to winding resistance), possibly a. What capacitance must be installed to achieve a
causing the transformer to overheat. Unreasonable unity power factor if the line frequency is 60 Hz?
current demand could be caused, for example, by b. Repeat part a if the power factor is to be 0.85
excessively low power factors at the load. (lagging).
The customer, on the other hand, is not greatly
concerned with an inefficient power factor, provided
that sufficient power reaches the load. To make the
customer more aware of power factor considerations,
the power company may install a penalty on the
customers bill. A typical penaltypower factor chart is
shown in Table 7.3. Power factors below 0.7 are not 5 j6
permitted. A 25 percent penalty will be applied to any
billing after two consecutive months in which the
5
customers power factor has remained j6
below 0.7. C
C

Table 7.3

Power factor Penalty

0.850 and higher None 5
0.8 to 0.849 1%
0.75 to 0.799 2%
C
0.7 to 0.749 3%

Courtesy of Detroit Edison. j6

The wye-wye circuit shown in Figure P7.72 is

representative of a three-phase motor load. Assume
rms values.
Figure P7.73
a. Find the total power supplied to the motor.
b. Find the power converted to mechanical energy if
7.74 Find the apparent power and the real power
the motor is 80 percent efficient.
delivered to the load in the Y- circuit shown in Figure
c. Find the power factor. P7.74. What is the power factor? Assume rms values.
January 11, 2008 15:33 Chap07 Sheet number 61 Page number 339 magenta black

Part I Circuits 339

W IR
R
R 1200 V
+ + IW
~
~
j60 40 Fuse
1200
120120 W 40
N 40 120120 V 40
j60
+
~ 120240 40 j60
t =t1 j30
B j30

Figure P7.74

j30
7.75 The circuit shown in Figure P7.75 is a Y--Y
connected three-phase circuit. The primaries of the
transformers are wye-connected, the secondaries are 40
delta-connected, and the load is wye-connected. Find B IB
the currents IRP , IWP , IBP , IA , IB , and IC . 120120 V

Figure P7.76
IRP IA
4600 V 4: 1
10
10 7.77 For the circuit shown in Figure P7.77, find the
currents IA , IB , IC and IN , and the real power dissipated
IWP j7 j7 by the load.
460120 V 4: 1

j7
IA
2200 V
IBP
460120 V 4: 1 10 40 20
IB
IC j10
j5
Ideal
transformer

Figure P7.75 j5

7.76 A three-phase motor is modeled by the IB

20
wye-connected circuit shown in Figure P7.76. At 110120 V
t = t1 , a line fuse is blown (modeled by the switch). IC
Find the line currents IR , IW , and IB and the power 110120 V
dissipated by the motor in the following conditions:
a. t  t1 IN

b. t  t1 Figure P7.77