PyroSim User Manual

2017
PyroSim User Manual
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
PyroSim User Manual.............................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iv
Figures................................................................................................................................ viii
Disclaimer............................................................................................................................ xii
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. xiii
Chapter 1. Getting Started......................................................................................................1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
Download and Install .............................................................................................................. 1
Some Modeling Suggestions ................................................................................................... 2
Using a Different FDS Executable ............................................................................................ 4
Additional FDS and Smokeview Documentation ...................................................................... 4
Contact Us .............................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2. PyroSim Basics ......................................................................................................5
PyroSim Interface ................................................................................................................... 5
Navigation View ..................................................................................................................... 5
3D View .................................................................................................................................. 6
2D View ................................................................................................................................ 10
Record View ......................................................................................................................... 10
Snapshots of Display ............................................................................................................. 11
Preferences .......................................................................................................................... 11
Units..................................................................................................................................... 14
Color Schemes ...................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 3. Views .................................................................................................................. 16
Managing Views ................................................................................................................... 16
Viewpoints ........................................................................................................................... 17
Section Boxes ....................................................................................................................... 18
Smokeview Interoperability .................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 4. Working with Files ............................................................................................... 21
Creating a New PyroSim Model ............................................................................................ 21
Saving a PyroSim Model ....................................................................................................... 21
Open a Saved PyroSim Model ............................................................................................... 21
Preventing Changes to a Model ............................................................................................ 21
Importing FDS Models .......................................................................................................... 22
Exporting FDS Models ........................................................................................................... 22
Importing CAD files ............................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 5. Meshes ............................................................................................................... 31
Working with Meshes ........................................................................................................... 31
Uniform Meshes ................................................................................................................... 31
Nonuniform Meshes ............................................................................................................. 32
Using Multiple Meshes ......................................................................................................... 33
Additional Mesh Actions ....................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 6. Materials ............................................................................................................ 38
Solid Materials...................................................................................................................... 38
Liquid Fuels .......................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 7. Surfaces .............................................................................................................. 41

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Reserved Surfaces ................................................................................................................ 41

Surface Types ....................................................................................................................... 42
Adding Textures to Surfaces ................................................................................................. 48
Chapter 8. Geometry (Basic Concepts) .................................................................................. 49
Obstructions ......................................................................................................................... 49
Holes .................................................................................................................................... 52
Vents .................................................................................................................................... 53
Groups ................................................................................................................................. 54
Floors ................................................................................................................................... 56
Adding a Background Image to a Floor .................................................................................. 58
Chapter 9. Drawing in PyroSim ............................................................................................. 60
Drawing/Editing Tool Overview ............................................................................................ 60
Snapping .............................................................................................................................. 62
Precise Keyboard Entry ......................................................................................................... 65
2D versus 3D Drawing ........................................................................................................... 66
Obstruction Drawing Tools ................................................................................................... 69
Hole Drawing Tools............................................................................................................... 74
Vent Tool .............................................................................................................................. 74
Solution Mesh Tool ............................................................................................................... 75
Mesh Splitter Tool ................................................................................................................ 76
Device Tool ........................................................................................................................... 77
Planar Slice Tool ................................................................................................................... 78
HVAC Node Tool ................................................................................................................... 79
HVAC Duct Tool .................................................................................................................... 80
Other Drawing Tools ............................................................................................................. 80
Editing Objects ..................................................................................................................... 81
Transforming Objects ........................................................................................................... 82
Painting Obstructions and Vents ........................................................................................... 85
Measuring Length/Distance .................................................................................................. 86
Chapter 10. Creating Complex Geometry .............................................................................. 88
Curved Walls ........................................................................................................................ 88
Trusses ................................................................................................................................. 91
Roofs .................................................................................................................................... 92
Stairs .................................................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 11. Working with Geometry Objects ........................................................................ 95
Selection .............................................................................................................................. 95
Context Menus ..................................................................................................................... 95
Undo/Redo ........................................................................................................................... 95
Copy/Paste ........................................................................................................................... 95
Double-Click to Edit .............................................................................................................. 96
Translate and Copy Dialog .................................................................................................... 96
Mirror and Copy Dialog......................................................................................................... 96
Scale and Copy Dialog ........................................................................................................... 97
Rotate and Copy Dialog ........................................................................................................ 98
Object Visibility..................................................................................................................... 99
Chapter 12. Species ............................................................................................................ 100
Primitive Species .................................................................................................................100
Lumped Species ...................................................................................................................101

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 13. Reactions ........................................................................................................ 102

Mixture Fraction Combustion ..............................................................................................102
Custom Smoke ....................................................................................................................104
Chapter 14. Particles .......................................................................................................... 106
Massless Tracers..................................................................................................................106
Liquid Droplets ....................................................................................................................106
Solid Particles ......................................................................................................................108
Activation ............................................................................................................................108
Global Parameters ...............................................................................................................108
Particle Clouds .....................................................................................................................109
Chapter 15. Devices ........................................................................................................... 111
Aspiration Detection System................................................................................................111
Gas or Solid Phase Device ....................................................................................................112
Thermocouple .....................................................................................................................113
Flow Measurement .............................................................................................................113
Heat Release Rate Device ....................................................................................................114
Layer Zoning Device .............................................................................................................114
Path Obscuration (Beam Detector) Device ...........................................................................115
Heat Detector ......................................................................................................................115
Smoke Detector ...................................................................................................................116
Sprinkler ..............................................................................................................................116
Nozzle .................................................................................................................................118
Chapter 16. Control Logic ................................................................................................... 119
Creating Activation Controls ................................................................................................119
Time-based Input ................................................................................................................121
Detector-based Input ..........................................................................................................121
Chapter 17. HVAC Systems ................................................................................................. 123
HVAC Duct ...........................................................................................................................123
HVAC Node..........................................................................................................................124
HVAC Fan ............................................................................................................................125
HVAC Filter ..........................................................................................................................125
HVAC Aircoil ........................................................................................................................126
HVAC Vents .........................................................................................................................127
Chapter 18. Output Controls............................................................................................... 128
Solid Profiles........................................................................................................................128
Slices ...................................................................................................................................128
Boundary Quantities ............................................................................................................129
Isosurfaces ..........................................................................................................................130
Plot3D Data .........................................................................................................................131
Statistics ..............................................................................................................................133
Chapter 19. Running the Simulation ................................................................................... 135
Simulation Parameters ........................................................................................................135
OpenMP Environment .........................................................................................................141
Run FDS ...............................................................................................................................142
Parallel Execution ................................................................................................................145
Cluster Execution .................................................................................................................146
Resuming a Simulation ........................................................................................................147
Chapter 20. Post-Processing ............................................................................................... 148

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 Table of Contents

Launching Smokeview .........................................................................................................148

Time History Results ............................................................................................................148
Archiving Results .................................................................................................................149
Restoring Archived Results ..................................................................................................149
Chapter 21. Managing Data Libraries .................................................................................. 151
Create and Manage Your Own Libraries ...............................................................................151
Use the Library Provided with PyroSim ................................................................................151
Import a Material or Reaction from the FDS 4 Database ......................................................152
Chapter 22. Advanced FDS Parameters ............................................................................... 153
Additional Records Section ..................................................................................................153
Advanced Parameters..........................................................................................................154
Chapter 23. Troubleshooting .............................................................................................. 155
Floating License Server Problems .........................................................................................155
Floating License Server Too Old, Update Required ...............................................................155
Licensing/Registration Problems ..........................................................................................155
Video Display Problems .......................................................................................................155
Memory for Large Models ...................................................................................................156
Parallel Simulation (MPI) Problems ......................................................................................156
Contacting Technical Support ..............................................................................................157
Appendix A. Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files ......................................................... 159
Global Simulation Parameters .............................................................................................160
Sprinklers and Pipes.............................................................................................................161
Reactions.............................................................................................................................161
Surfaces...............................................................................................................................161
Thermally Thin Surfaces .......................................................................................................162
Where is the Surface Database? ..........................................................................................162
Appendix B. Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files ......................................................... 163
Global Simulation Parameters .............................................................................................164
Reactions.............................................................................................................................164
Surfaces...............................................................................................................................165
Particles...............................................................................................................................165
References......................................................................................................................... 167

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 Figures

Figures
Figure 2.1. Using the context menu in the Navigation View ..................................................................... 6
Figure 2.2. 3D navigation toolbar ............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2.3. Exterior view of model (PyroSim model by John McKinney) .................................................... 7
Figure 2.4. Interior view of model looking at roof and bleachers .............................................................. 8
Figure 2.5. Floors drop-down ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.6. Filter toolbar .......................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.7. Mesh filter toolbar ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2.8. Filtering mesh elements ....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.9 PyroSim preferences ............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.10 Record View Preferences .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.11. FDS Preferences ................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.12 Smokeview Preferences ...................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.13. Display Preferences ............................................................................................................ 14
Figure 3.1: Views ................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.2: Effect of a Section Box (a) section box disabled (b) section box enabled ............................... 18
Figure 3.3: Section box properties dialog ............................................................................................... 19
Figure 4.1: CAD import dialog ................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 4.2. STL Import Options dialog .................................................................................................... 27
Figure 5.1. Defining properties of the new mesh ................................................................................... 32
Figure 5.2. Defining properties of the nonuniform mesh ........................................................................ 33
Figure 5.3. 3D display of first and second mesh ..................................................................................... 33
Figure 5.4. Correct and incorrect mesh alignment ................................................................................. 36
Figure 7.1. The Edit Surfaces dialog ....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 7.2. Effect of normal axis on the direction of tangential velocity ................................................. 45
Figure 8.1. Conversion of a slab obstruction to FDS blocks ..................................................................... 50
Figure 8.2. Obstruction dialog ................................................................................................................ 50
Figure 8.3. A slab obstruction with a hole cut from it ............................................................................. 52
Figure 8.4. Hole Properties dialog .......................................................................................................... 53
Figure 8.5. Vents on a mesh boundary and obstruction ......................................................................... 53
Figure 8.6. New Vent dialog ................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 8.7. Create Group dialog ............................................................................................................. 55
Figure 8.8. Dragging objects to a new group in the Navigation View ...................................................... 55
Figure 8.9. The Change Group dialog ..................................................................................................... 56
Figure 8.10. The Group drop-down ........................................................................................................ 56
Figure 8.11: Floor clipping (a) shows all floors (b) shows a single floor ................................................... 56
Figure 8.12. Manage Floors dialog ......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 8.13. New Floor dialog ................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 8.14. Display of background image .............................................................................................. 59

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 Figures

Figure 9.1. Drawing/Editing toolbar ....................................................................................................... 60

Figure 9.2. Pinning a drawing/editing tool ............................................................................................. 61
Figure 9.3. The quick action menu for the wall tool ............................................................................... 62
Figure 9.4. Snap indicator ...................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 9.5. Sketch grid ........................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 9.6. Polar constraint at an angle of 45 degrees ............................................................................ 64
Figure 9.7. Locked constraint ................................................................................................................. 65
Figure 9.8. Tool editor window .............................................................................................................. 66
Figure 9.9. Precise keyboard entry ......................................................................................................... 66
Figure 9.10. Slabs in different planes aligned in the 2D View.................................................................. 67
Figure 9.11. Vent and devices attached to a wall ................................................................................... 68
Figure 9.12. Objects stacked in the 3D View .......................................................................................... 68
Figure 9.13. Improper vs proper hole drawing in the 3D view ................................................................ 69
Figure 9.14. Snapping to another plane in the 3D View .......................................................................... 69
Figure 9.15. Tool properties dialog for obstructions ............................................................................... 70
Figure 9.16. A polygonal slab obstruction .............................................................................................. 71
Figure 9.17. A wall obstruction .............................................................................................................. 72
Figure 9.18. Wall alignment options ...................................................................................................... 72
Figure 9.19. Blocks drawn with the block obstruction tool ..................................................................... 73
Figure 9.20. A room drawn with the room tool ...................................................................................... 74
Figure 9.21. A solution mesh drawn with the mesh tool ........................................................................ 75
Figure 9.22. Two types of drawn meshes ............................................................................................... 76
Figure 9.23. Meshes being split by the mesh splitter tool....................................................................... 77
Figure 9.24. A gas-phase device being drawn in the 3D View ................................................................. 78
Figure 9.25. Drawing a slice with the planar slice tool ............................................................................ 79
Figure 9.26. Using the HVAC Node drawing tool .................................................................................... 79
Figure 9.27. Drawing an HVAC Duct ....................................................................................................... 80
Figure 9.28. Editing handles on an object............................................................................................... 81
Figure 9.29. A highlighted face handle ................................................................................................... 82
Figure 9.30. Moving an object using the Move Tool ............................................................................... 83
Figure 9.31. Rotating an object with the Rotate Tool ............................................................................. 84
Figure 9.32. Mirroring an object using the Mirror Tool........................................................................... 85
Figure 9.33. An obstruction face highlighted by the paint tool ............................................................... 86
Figure 9.34. Information displayed by the measure tool ........................................................................ 87
Figure 10.1. Background image used for all curved wall examples ......................................................... 88
Figure 10.2. Background image settings for curved wall examples ......................................................... 89
Figure 10.3. A curved wall drawn with three different segment lengths ................................................. 89
Figure 10.4. A curved wall drawn using individual blocks ....................................................................... 90
Figure 10.5. A curved wall drawn using the rotate technique ................................................................. 91
Figure 10.6. Trusses created using PyroSim tools ................................................................................... 92
Figure 10.7. A roof created with the slab obstruction tool ..................................................................... 93
Figure 10.8. A stairway created with the replicate tool .......................................................................... 94

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 Figures

Figure 11.1. The translate dialog ............................................................................................................ 96

Figure 11.2. The mirror dialog................................................................................................................ 97
Figure 11.3. The scale dialog being used to scale an object .................................................................... 98
Figure 11.4. The rotate dialog being used to rotate an object ................................................................ 99
Figure 13.1. Reaction equation ............................................................................................................ 102
Figure 13.2. Fuel panel of the Edit Reactions dialog ............................................................................. 103
Figure 13.3. Fire Suppression panel of the Edit Reactions dialog .......................................................... 104
Figure 13.4. Byproducts panel of the Edit Reactions dialog .................................................................. 104
Figure 14.1. Particle Cloud dialog ......................................................................................................... 109
Figure 15.1. Creating an aspirator sampler .......................................................................................... 112
Figure 15.2. Creating a new sprinkler ................................................................................................... 117
Figure 16.1. The Activation Controls dialog .......................................................................................... 119
Figure 16.2. The object popup in the Activation Controls dialog ........................................................... 120
Figure 16.3. The Activation Controls dialog .......................................................................................... 121
Figure 18.1. An example of a slice plane shown in Smokeview. ............................................................ 129
Figure 18.2. An example of a boundary quantity shown in Smokeview ................................................ 130
Figure 18.3. An example of an isosurface shown in Smokeview ........................................................... 131
Figure 18.4. The Plot3D Data dialog ..................................................................................................... 132
Figure 18.5. A velocity Plot3D data shown in Smokeview ..................................................................... 132
Figure 18.6. An example of statistic output .......................................................................................... 133
Figure 19.1. Time tab of the simulation parameters dialog .................................................................. 135
Figure 19.2. Output tab of the simulation parameters dialog ............................................................... 136
Figure 19.3. Environment tab of the simulation parameters dialog ...................................................... 137
Figure 19.4. Init Region dialog ............................................................................................................. 138
Figure 19.5. Angled Geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialog ............................................... 139
Figure 19.6. Merging converted blocks ................................................................................................ 140
Figure 19.7. Effect of thickening on converted blocks .......................................................................... 140
Figure 19.8. Misc. tab on the simulation parameters dialog ................................................................. 141
Figure 19.9. The OpenMP Environment dialog. .................................................................................... 141
Figure 19.10. The FDS Toolbar ............................................................................................................. 142
Figure 19.11. The FDS simulation dialog............................................................................................... 143
Figure 19.12. Expand Boundary Holes dialog ....................................................................................... 144
Figure 19.13. Hole along a mesh boundary .......................................................................................... 144
Figure 19.14. Improperly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS ........................................................... 145
Figure 19.15. Properly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS ............................................................... 145
Figure 19.16. The Cluster FDS Parameters dialog ................................................................................. 147
Figure 20.1. Time History Results ......................................................................................................... 148
Figure 20.2. Archive FDS Results dialog ................................................................................................ 149
Figure 20.3. Restore Archived Results dialog ........................................................................................ 150
Figure 21.1. Creating a library of materials .......................................................................................... 151
Figure 22.1. Additional Records Section ............................................................................................... 153
Figure 22.2. Additional Fields ............................................................................................................... 154

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 Figures

Figure A.1. Example import warnings .................................................................................................. 160

Figure B.1. Example import warnings................................................................................................... 163

xi
 Disclaimer

Disclaimer
Thunderhead Engineering makes no warranty, expressed or implied, to users of PyroSim, and accepts no
responsibility for its use. Users of PyroSim assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining
the appropriateness of its use in any particular application, for any conclusions drawn from the results of
its use, and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools.

Users are warned that PyroSim is intended for use only by those competent in the fields of
fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, combustion, and heat transfer, and is intended only to
supplement the informed judgment of the qualified user. The software package is a
computer model that may or may not have predictive capability when applied to a specific
set of factual circumstances. Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to
erroneous conclusions with regard to fire safety. All results should be evaluated by an
informed user.

Throughout this document, the mention of computer hardware or commercial software does not
constitute endorsement by Thunderhead Engineering, nor does it indicate that the products are
necessarily those best suited for the intended purpose.

xii
 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements
We thank Kevin McGrattan, Simo Hostikka, Randall McDermott, Jason Floyd, Craig Weinschenk,
Kristopher Overholt, and Glenn Forney in the Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology and the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. They are the
primary authors of the Fire Dynamics Simulator and Smokeview, without which PyroSim would not exist.
They have been gracious in their responses to our many questions.

We would like to gratefully acknowledge the RJA Group for their collaboration with Thunderhead
engineering in the development of PyroSim. Feedback and testing from the engineers at RJA has
improved the usability and quality of PyroSim.

Development of PyroSim was originally supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants
DMI-0232401 and DMI-0349759. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
National Science Foundation.

xiii
 Getting Started

Chapter 1. Getting Started

Introduction
PyroSim is a graphical user interface for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). FDS models can predict
smoke, temperature, carbon monoxide, and other substances during fires. The results of these
simulations are used to ensure the safety of buildings before construction, evaluate safety options of
existing buildings, reconstruct fires for post-accident investigation, and assist in firefighter training.

FDS is a powerful fire simulator which was developed at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST). FDS simulates fire scenarios using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) optimized for
low-speed, thermally-driven flow. This approach is very flexible and can be applied to fires ranging from
stove-tops to oil storage tanks. It can also model situations that do not include a fire, such as ventilation
in buildings. FDS and the Smokeview visualization program are both closely integrated into PyroSim.

The PyroSim interface provides immediate input feedback and ensures the correct format for the FDS
input file. Some highlights include:

Import CAD files to create and manage complex models.

High-level 2D and 3D geometry drawing tools.
Integrated parallel processing.
Flexible unit system that supports working in either metric or English units.
Tools to manage multiple meshes.
Multiple language translations.
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems integrated into the CFD simulation.
Import of existing FDS models.
Integrated post-processing.

In summary, PyroSim helps you quickly and reliably build complex fire models.

Download and Install

The current version of PyroSim is available on the web at http://www.pyrosim.com. The Support page
allows you to sign up for a free trial version, purchase the software, and download the installer. This
page also provides instructions for installation, activation, moving to a different computer, and floating
licenses. There is no functional difference between the trial version of PyroSim and the full version.

When installing PyroSim, the installer will either upgrade an existing version or install PyroSim to a new
location. This behavior is based on the version. In the case of minor updates (e.g. upgrading from
PyroSim 2015.1 to PyroSim 2015.2), the installer will remove the older version and replace it with the
new version. When installing a major update (e.g. PyroSim 2013 to PyroSim 2015), the older version will
not be modified and the newer version will be installed to a different folder.

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 Getting Started

Administrator privileges are required to install PyroSim. This is necessary because the installer adds
processes to the operating system for license management and parallel FDS simulation.

Some Modeling Suggestions

In this section we make some suggestions that can help speed your model development. The big issues
most users will face are: selecting a mesh, defining your geometry, selecting a reaction, and defining the
correct boundary conditions. We will broadly discuss each of those topics, but before you start thinking
about them please:

Take the time to work through the examples. On the PyroSim Tutorials page
(http://www.thunderheadeng.com/pyrosim/tutorials/) we provide a series of examples that
guide you through increasingly complex fire modeling concepts. It is worth your time to work
through these examples.
Remember to start small. When developing a new model, dont just rush in and make the final
model. Use small models to make sure you understand the details. For example, test your
sprinklers on a small model first. If you are using controls, practice on a simple case.

1. Selecting a mesh
The analyst will always need to balance solution time and accuracy. Reducing the mesh size by a factor
of 2, will result in approximately a factor of 16 more computation time (a factor of 8 due to the number
of cells and an additional factor of 2 due to reduced step size).

Two criteria will control the applicable mesh size:

Resolving the flow field.

Resolving the geometry.

For fire plumes, an initial mesh size estimate can be obtained as a fraction of the characteristic fire
diameter ( ), see Chapter 6 of the Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 3:
Validation. You can download a calculator from the PyroSim Resources web page. Initial calculations
should be done with a coarse mesh (maybe 5), but a mesh size study must be employed to analyze
the suitability of the mesh (maybe 20).

An example of a convergence study for jet fans (no fire) can be found in the series of posts Modeling Jet
Fans found on the PyroSim Tutorials web page. Here the solution was compared with experimental data.

In some problems the mesh resolution must be selected to adequately represent the geometry. An
example where geometry controlled the mesh size is the modeling of a wood crib where each stick had
a small diameter (see Modeling Fire, Part 4 Combustion with HRR, Ignition, and Burn Away on the
PyroSim Support page).

2. Reactions
By default, no reaction is specified, a reaction is only needed if there will be a fire in the simulation. In
FDS, a reaction defines not only the fuel and the products but also the Heat of Combustion. Once the

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 Getting Started

heat of combustion and the desired HRR is known, FDS calculates the fuel mass flow rate from the
surface.

For most situations, it is sufficient to use the Simple Chemistry model, where a single fuel species is
composed of C, H, O, and N that reacts with oxygen (air) to form the product species consisting of H2O,
CO2, Soot, N2, and CO. The user specifies the chemical formula of the fuel along with the yields of CO
and Soot, and the volume fraction of hydrogen in the soot, XH. A limited number of reactions are
included in FDS and can be added from the library.

See Chapter 12 of the FDS User Guide for a more detailed discussion of combustion. The PyroSim web
site provides Combustion and Fuel Composition calculators
(http://www.thunderheadeng.com/pyrosim/resources/).

3. Parallel Processing
Parallel processing can speed the solution. In general, our experience indicates that running on multiple
cores on the same computer offers the most significant improvement. Using multiple computers in a
cluster can make it possible to solve larger problems, but the communication delays between computers
tend to cancel the speed improvement of parallel processing.

The good news is that that standard installation of PyroSim includes support for parallel processing on
the same computer. All the user must do is define multiple meshes and then select Run FDS Parallel.

PyroSim includes tools to manage multiple meshes. One effective strategy is to first define a single mesh
that spans the entire model. Then use the PyroSim mesh splitting tool to create multiple meshes. You
can then change the resolution of selected meshes using the Refine Mesh option and all the meshes will
automatically stay correctly aligned.

4. FDS Snaps to the Mesh

All geometry in FDS is defined at the mesh resolution. Even if you input the geometry of an obstruction
or vent to lie between cell corner points, when FDS runs the solution, all the geometry will be snapped
to the grid.

If you are drawing your own geometry in PyroSim, you can select the Snap to Model Grids option that
will ensure that your geometry matches the grid. If you are using imported CAD geometry, you can
select the Thicken option during import that will prevent the imported geometry from being defined as
a 2D face.

5. Numerical Instabilities are Usually Model Problems

In our experience, numerical instabilities that may occur during the solution are the result of an error in
the model, not an error in FDS. The numerical instability typically arises due to either a pressure increase
(or decrease) in a mesh. If you see this error, add a pressure sensor to your model and see what is
happening to the pressures. Problems typically occur because of how boundary conditions have been
defined.

Some common problems with boundary conditions include:

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 Getting Started

Lack of an open vent on the boundary. One typical case is that a fire heats the air in a room but
there is no open vent, so the heated air expands and increases the pressure in the room which
eventually causes an instability. The solution is to make sure all rooms have open vents.
Imbalance on the flow conditions. This often occurs if the user specifies velocity boundary
conditions on both supply and exhaust vents in a room. If there is a fire in the room, the density
of the hot exhaust air is less than that of the ambient supply air, so velocity conditions result in
accumulation of mass in the room with a corresponding increase in the pressure. The solution is
to specify the velocity flow on the supply, but define the exhaust as an open vent (or vice versa).
The open vent will accommodate changes in density.
Flow boundary conditions into a closed space. This is more likely to occur when CAD data is
used to import geometry. If a supply is defined on a mesh boundary, it can intersect both the
model (as intended), but there can also be cells outside the model that are included in the
supply. The solution is to make sure there are open vents on the boundaries outside a model.

Using a Different FDS Executable

Each PyroSim release comes bundled with FDS. A particular PyroSim release is designed and tested
against the bundled version of FDS. You can use PyroSim to run any version of FDS, however PyroSim
will generate the input file based on the bundled version of FDS and it is important to understand
differences in input format between the FDS versions before changing PyroSim's FDS version.

To change the version of FDS used by PyroSim:

1. Download and install a new version of FDS from NIST.

2. On the File menu, click Preferences.
3. Click on the appropriate Folder icon in the FDS Execution section to select the executable you
want PyroSim to use.
4. Click OK to close the Preferences dialog.

Additional FDS and Smokeview Documentation

In preparing this manual, we have liberally used descriptions from the FDS User's Guide (McGrattan, et
al., 2015). Links to the FDS Users Guide, the FDS Technical Reference, and the Smokeview Users Guide
are included in PyroSim on the Help menu. You can also download documentation, executables, and
verification and validation examples at: http://firemodels.github.io/fds-smv/ .

Contact Us
Thunderhead Engineering
403 Poyntz Avenue, Suite B
Manhattan, KS 66502-6081
USA

Sales Information: [email protected]

Product Support: [email protected]
Phone: +1.785.770.8511

4
 PyroSim Basics

Chapter 2. PyroSim Basics

PyroSim Interface
PyroSim provides four editors for your fire model: the 3D View, 2D View, Navigation View, and the
Record View. These all represent your current model. If an object is added, removed, or selected in one
view, the other views will simultaneously reflect the change. Each view is briefly described below.

Navigation View: This view lists many of the important records in the model. It allows you to
organize your model geometry into groups such as room or sofa. Locating and modifying records
is often faster and easier in this view.
3D View: This view shows a 3D representation of your current fire model. You can explore the
model using different view controls. You can also control the appearance of the model with
options like smooth shading, textures, and object outlines. Geometric features can also be
changed.
2D View: This view is useful for quickly sketching geometry such as walls and furniture. You can
choose from three viewing planes and perform many useful geometric manipulations.
Record View: This view gives a preview of the FDS input file that will be generated for the
simulation. It also provides a way to add custom records that will not be processed by PyroSim,
but will be sent to FDS.

Navigation View
The navigation view is a tree-like view on the left side of the PyroSim main window. An example of this
view in use is shown in Figure 2.1. When you right-click on an item in this view, a list of the functions
PyroSim can perform on that item is shown. To rearrange objects in the Navigation view, make a
selection and then drag the object(s) to the new location.

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 PyroSim Basics

Figure 2.1. Using the context menu in the Navigation View

3D View
Use the 3D view to rapidly obtain a visual image of the model and perform some drafting. In this view,
the user can navigate through the model in 3D and select objects. This view also provides display filters
to quickly show/hide entire categories of objects or switch between floors. In addition, any drafting that
requires objects to be snapped to faces of other objects, such as drawing a vent on an obstruction or
attaching a measuring device to a solid can be easily achieved in this view. For more information on
drafting, see Chapter 9.

Navigation/Selection
There are several tools that can be used to navigate the model and select objects. The tools for the 3D
view are found in the navigation toolbar above the 3D view as shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2. 3D navigation toolbar

Select/Manipulate Tool ( ): This general-purpose tool can be used to perform most navigation
activities.
o Selection: Left-click an object to select it. Drag the left mouse button to draw a
selection box and select all objects within the box. Double-click the left mouse button to
select and open a properties dialog for the object under the cursor. Hold ALT while
performing selection to select the hierarchical parent of the object under the cursor.
Right-click to show a context menu for selected items under the cursor.
o Panning: Drag the middle mouse button to pan the model.
o Orbiting: Drag the right mouse button to orbit the model.

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 PyroSim Basics

o Manipulating: If a single object is selected, it may show manipulation handles (blue dots
or faces). Left-click one of the handles to begin manipulation or drag the left mouse
button to perform manipulation in one gesture. For more information on manipulation,
see Editing Objects on page 81.
Orbit Tool ( ): This is another general-purpose tool that may be more familiar to existing
PyroSim users, but it is more limited than the Select/Manipulate Tool.
o Selection: This is the same as with the Select/Manipulate Tool except that a selection
box cannot be drawn.
o Orbiting: Drag any mouse button to orbit.
o Panning: Hold the SHIFT key down while dragging any mouse button to pan.
o Zooming: Hold the ALT key down while dragging any mouse button to zoom.
o Manipulating: This tool cannot perform manipulation.
Roam Tool ( ): This tool allows the user to move into the model rather than viewing it only
from the outside as shown in Figure 2.4. This tool can take some experimentation, but once
mastered, it can provide unique views of the model.
o Selection: This is the same as with the Orbit Tool.
o Looking: Drag any mouse button to look around. This pivots the camera about the
cameras location, similar to a first-person video game.
o Moving: Hold the ALT key while dragging a mouse button to move the camera up and
down along the Z axis. Hold the CTRL key while dragging a mouse button to move the
camera forward, backward, and side-to-side in the cameras XY plane.
Pan Tool ( ), Zoom Tool ( ), Zoom Box Tool ( ): These tools break out the functionality of
the above tools so that dragging any mouse button will perform the needed action.

Figure 2.3. Exterior view of model (PyroSim model by John McKinney)

7
 PyroSim Basics

Figure 2.4. Interior view of model looking at roof and bleachers

Zooming
The model can also be zoomed in and out with any of the navigation tools by using the scroll wheel.
Scrolling up zooms in and scrolling down zooms out. With all but the Roam Tool, using the scroll wheel
will zoom in on the point under the cursor. With the Roam Tool, the scroll wheel only zooms the center
of the view.

Resetting the View

At any time, the cameras view can be reset to see the entire extents of the model by clicking the Reset
View button ( ) or pressing CTRL+r. In addition, the camera can be reset to only the currently selected
objects by clicking the Reset to Visible button ( ) or pressing CTRL+e. Resetting the view also has the
effect of changing the orbit center when orbiting.

Orbiting
Orbiting is the action of spinning the camera about its focal point, which is the center of the model or
center of the selection, depending on which reset action was last performed. By default, orbit works as
if there is an invisible sphere around the model on which you click and drag the mouse to spin.
Alternatively, orbiting can be performed similarly to Smokeview by going to the View menu and
selecting, Use Smokeview-like Navigation. In this mode the camera spins about the Z axis with left and
right mouse movements and about the local X axis with up and down movements.

Filtering
There are several ways to filter the objects shown in the 3D view. Filtering can be performed with
clipping planes that are associated with floors or through filter buttons that can quickly show/hide
categories of objects.

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 PyroSim Basics

To use clipping, the user must first define floors for the model as discussed in Floors on page 56. Once
the floors are defined, a floor can be selected by using the Floor Drop-down above the 3D or 2D view as
shown in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5. Floors drop-down

Once a floor has been selected, its clipping planes will be applied to the entire scene to only show
objects within the clipping region.

Filtering can also be performed using the filter toolbar buttons as shown in Figure 2.6.
Selecting/deselecting these buttons will quickly show/hide all objects of a specific type, such as
obstructions, holes, vents, etc.

Figure 2.6. Filter toolbar

Filtering can also be applied to meshes but in a slightly different way. Instead of showing/hiding all
meshes, the user can selectively show/hide three different elements of them using the mesh filter
toolbar shown in Figure 2.7. This toolbar selectively allows viewing mesh grid lines, mesh boundaries,
and mesh outlines. Figure 2.8 shows the different mesh elements. In the figure, A shows the grid lines, B
shows the boundary, and C shows the outline.

Figure 2.7. Mesh filter toolbar

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 PyroSim Basics

A B C
Figure 2.8. Filtering mesh elements

Background images attached to floors can be quickly shown/hidden using the Show Background Image
filter button next to the floor drop-down.

2D View
The 2D view is mostly the same as the 3D view with some key differences:

The 2D view provides pre-set, orthographic views of the model. The view can be set to the top
, front , or side views.
The 2D view does not have the Orbit and Roam tools.
The Select/Manipulate tool pans the model when dragging the right mouse button rather than
orbiting.
Drafting is performed differently in the 2D View. For more information, see 2D versus 3D
Drawing on page 66.
Snapping can be performed to either the solution mesh or to a user-defined sketch grid.
When snapping to a solution mesh, the mesh grid lines are always shown, the boundary is never
shown, and only the outline of the mesh can be optionally shown.
Floor clipping is slightly different. For more information see Floors on page 56.

Record View
The Record View is shows an up-to-date display of the FDS input file currently represented by the
PyroSim model. This view is divided into two sections, the Model Records and the Additional Records.

Model Records
This read only sections allows the user to see an exact copy of the file that will be input into the FDS
simulator based on their current model. The user adjust font size of this using the Increase Font Size
and Decrease Font Size buttons at the top of the page. Other settings related to the file display can be
toggled through the Preferences. menu item.

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 PyroSim Basics

Additional Records
Due to the complexity of the FDS simulator, it is difficult to support all possible records and input files.
The Additional Records section of the Record View can be used to inject lines of text straight into the
FDS input file.

Snapshots of Display
Images of the current display can be saved to a file by opening the File menu and clicking Snapshot. The
user can specify the file name, image type (png, jpg, tif, bmp), and the resolution. A good choice for
image type is Portable Network Graphics (png).

Preferences
PyroSim preferences can be set by going to the File menu and choosing Preferences. Any changes to the
preferences will be set for the current PyroSim session and be remembered the next time PyroSim is
started. The preferences are split into several groups, including PyroSim, Record View, FDS, SMV, and
Display preferences.

PyroSim Preferences
These describe global PyroSim preferences as shown in Error! Reference source not found..

Figure 2.9 PyroSim preferences

Format FDS file for easy reading - controls the format of real numbers in the FDS input file created by
PyroSim. When this is checked, a real number is written such that if the absolute value is >= .001 and <
10000, it is written in decimal notation; otherwise, it is written in scientific notation. Max precision
controls the number of significant digits written to the input file.

Autosave - instructs PyroSim to periodically create a backup of the current model that is deleted
when the PyroSim model is closed. This backup is useful in case PyroSim crashes or the
computer loses power. The default setting enables this feature and saves every 10 minutes. In
some cases, when working with large models, this can cause unexpected delays during the save
and some users prefer to disable the feature and save manually.

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 PyroSim Basics

Create Backup on Open - controls whether PyroSim makes a backup of the PyroSim file after
successfully opening it. This backup remains on disk when the file is closed, and so it can be used
in case the main PyroSim file somehow becomes corrupted. NOTE: if this is enabled, PyroSim
files may take slightly longer to load depending on how quickly the file can be copied to backup.
Record Preview - adds a preview pane to many of the dialogs in PyroSim. This preview pane
shows the text that will be produced for the FDS input file. This can be helpful for users that
want to understand exactly how PyroSim options correspond to FDS input.
Show Splash Screen on Startup - controls whether the PyroSim splash screen is shown when
starting PyroSim.

Record View Preferences

These preferences control the visualization of the FDS input file in the Record View. They can be seen in
Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10 Record View Preferences

Font Size Change the size of the text used to display the FDS input file.
Enable Syntax Highlighting Controls whether or not PyroSim uses colors to improve
readability of the FDS input file. Disabling this option will cause the record view to update faster
and consume less memory.

FDS Preferences
These preferences define the execution of FDS within PyroSim. They can be seen in Figure 2.11.

12
 PyroSim Basics

Figure 2.11. FDS Preferences

Executable Locations - allow you to specify the FDS and Smokeview executables that are used
by PyroSim. NOTE: PyroSim is designed to work with a specific version of FDS as noted below the
executable locations. If you specify a different version, you may encounter unpredictable FDS
results or errors.
Auto-save PyroSim model before running FDS - controls whether PyroSim automatically saves
the current PyroSim file just before beginning an FDS simulation.
Run Smokeview when FDS simulation completes - indicates whether to automatically launch
Smokeview when an FDS simulation completes.

Smokeview Preferences
By default, PyroSim generates an initialization (INI) file that is used to load a Smokeview model.
Preferences pertaining to Smokeview initialization can be set here.

Figure 2.12 Smokeview Preferences

Display in CAD view Smokeview supports visualizing a model using different blockage views.
The view options include blocks that are aligned on grid lines, blocks as specified in the FDS

13
 PyroSim Basics

input file, and blocks as generated by a CAD package. When Display in CAD view is selected,
instances of Smokeview launched by PyroSim will automatically display using CAD geometry
generated by PyroSim.

Display Preferences
These preferences define advanced 2D and 3D display properties, as shown in Figure 2.13. They can be
used to improve display performance on complex models, but they tend to create problems for some
graphics cards, including crashing. For this reason, they are turned off when running in safe mode.

Figure 2.13. Display Preferences

Hardware accelerated cursor - when checked, mouse crosshairs and object editing will remain
smooth even on complex geometry that may be slow to pan or orbit. PyroSim does this by
rendering the scene into an image buffer and then rendering that buffer as a texture
underneath the crosshairs or editing geometry whenever the mouse cursor moves.
Hardware accelerated vertex buffers - when checked, this can significantly improve rendering
performance of complex geometry. PyroSim does this by storing the geometry in vertex buffers
on the graphics card. PyroSim then makes very few OpenGL calls to render the geometry.

Units
Models can be created in either English or Metric units. To select a system of units, on the View menu,
click Units, then click the desired unit. PyroSim will automatically convert your previous input values into
the unit system you select. The Record View will always display values in the appropriate FDS units,
regardless of what unit system you choose to work in.

Color Schemes
To select a Default, Black Background, White Background, or Custom color scheme, on the View menu,
click Color Scheme. The custom color scheme is defined in the PyroSim.props file in the PyroSim
installation directory (For Windows 10 look
in %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Roaming\PyroSim\PyroSim.props while some older operating systems use
C:\Program Files\PyroSim).

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 PyroSim Basics

1. To define a custom color scheme:

2. Close PyroSim
3. Edit the PyroSim.props file
4. Change the following default colors to the colors you wish:

Colors.Custom.axis=0xffff00
Colors.Custom.axis.box=0x404040
Colors.Custom.axis.text=0xffffff
Colors.Custom.background=0x0
Colors.Custom.boundary.line=0xffffff
Colors.Custom.grid=0x4d4d66
Colors.Custom.group.highlight=0xffff00
Colors.Custom.heatDetector=0xff0000
Colors.Custom.obst=0xff0000
Colors.Custom.obst.highlight=0xb2b200
Colors.Custom.origin2D=0x737373
Colors.Custom.smokeDetector=0xff00
Colors.Custom.snap.point=0xff00
Colors.Custom.snapto.grid=0x404040
Colors.Custom.snapto.points=0xc0c0c0
Colors.Custom.sprk=0xff
Colors.Custom.text=0xffffff
Colors.Custom.thcp=0xffff00
Colors.Custom.tool=0xff00
Colors.Custom.tool.guides=0x7c00

5. Save the edited PyroSim.props file

6. Restart PyroSim

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 Views

Chapter 3. Views
PyroSim provides the capability to save and recall view state from the 3D and 2D views in an object
called a View. Views can also be used to specify clipping regions that limit the amount of the model
shown in the 3D and 2D views. Views appear in the Navigation View as shown in Figure 3.1.

There can be multiple views in a model, but at any given time, there is always one active view. A new
model will always start with one default view that has no view state associated with it. State can be
added to the view as described in the sections, Viewpoints and Section Boxes.

Figure 3.1: Views

Managing Views
Views are managed in the navigation view. From there, they can be created, deleted, grouped,
rearranged, etc.

A view can be created in one of the following ways:

In the View menu, select New View.

In the navigation view, right-click the Views group and select New View.
Right-click empty space in the 2D or 3D view and select New View.

This will add a new view to the model, saving the current camera viewpoint and section box into the
new view (see the following sections to learn more about viewpoints and section boxes). The new view
will become the active view.

To delete a view, select it in the navigation view and in the Edit menu, select Delete. A view can only be
deleted if it is not active.

To activate a view, perform one of the following:

Double-click the view or the views viewpoint in the navigation view.

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 Views

Right-click a view in the navigation view and select Set Active.

Activating a view will restore all its saved state as described in the following sections.

View settings can be copied or moved between views. To copy settings, such as the viewpoint or section
box, select either in the navigation view and in the Edit menu, select Copy. To paste the settings to
another view, select the desired target view and in the Edit menu, select Paste. To move settings from
one view to another, in the navigation view, drag the setting to the desired view. 1

Viewpoints
Each view can have one viewpoint associated with it. A viewpoint includes the 2D or 3D cameras
position, orientation, zoom, and camera type (3D versus 2D). When a viewpoint is saved, the current
navigation tool is also saved with the view (Orbit, Roam, etc.). A viewpoint appears in the navigation
view as a child item of a view and is labelled Viewpoint. This can be seen in Figure 3.1 for the two
views, Inside and Section.

A viewpoint is automatically saved to newly created views. A viewpoint can also be explicitly saved in
one of the following ways:

In the View menu, select Save View. This will save the viewpoint to the active view.
Right-click empty space in the 2D or 3D view and select Save View. This will also save the
viewpoint to the active view.
Right-click a View or Viewpoint in the navigation view and select Save Viewpoint. This will save
the viewpoint to the selected view.

The scene camera can be reset to a viewpoint in one of the following ways:

Double-click the currently active view. This will reset the viewpoint to that saved with the active
view.
Double-click a viewpoint in the navigation view. If the viewpoint is not already in the active view,
that viewpoints view is activated.
Right-click a viewpoint in the navigation view and select Reset to Selected Viewpoint.
Right-click empty space in the 3D or 2D view and select Reset to Viewpoint. This will reset to the
viewpoint in the active view.
In the View menu select Reset to Viewpoint. This will also show the viewpoint stored in the
active view.

A viewpoint can be removed from a view by selecting the item, Viewpoint, in the navigation view and
deleting it.

When a view with a viewpoint is activated, the following occurs:

1
Viewpoints and section boxes can only be moved or pasted into a view if the view does not already contain a
viewpoint or section box, depending on what is being pasted.

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 Views

1. Either the 3D View or the 2D View is selected, depending which was active when the viewpoint
was saved.
2. The saved camera properties are restored.
3. The saved navigation tool is activated.

Section Boxes
A section box may also be added to a view. A section box is a convex region defined by six sides that is
used to limit the scope of visible geometry. All geometry outside the box is clipped from view. An
example of the clipping is shown in Figure 3.2.

a b
Figure 3.2: Effect of a Section Box (a) section box disabled (b) section box enabled

A section box can be created in several ways:1

Right-click a view that does not already have a section box and select Add Section Box. This will
add a section box that encompasses all visible geometry.
In the View menu select Add Section Box. This will add a section box to the active view if it does
not already have one.
Right-click in empty space in the 2D or 3D view and select Add Section Box. This will also add a
section box to the active view.
Select several geometric objects, right-click one of them, and select Create Section. If the active
view does not already have a section box, one will be added that encompasses only the
selection. If the active view already has a section box, a dialog will be shown that gives the
option of replacing the active views section box or creating a new view with the section box.

A section box is displayed as a dashed outline of the region. Each section box has a color associated with
it that is used to display both the outline of the section box and the clipped portions of solid, clipped

1
When a section box is added to the active view, the selection tool is selected so the new section box
can be quickly edited. See Navigation/Selection on page 9 for more information.

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 Views

objects as shown in Figure 3.2. In this figure, the section box is green, so any geometry that is clipped
including the walls and slab in the image are also colored green.

The scope of a section box can be edited by selecting the section box and manipulating it like any other
geometric object (see Editing Objects on page 81 for more information). Section boxes can also be
rotated and moved like other geometric items (see Transforming Objects on page 82).

The properties of a section box can be edited by either double-clicking the section box or by right-
clicking it and selecting Properties. The property dialog for a section box is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Section box properties dialog

The active section box can be disabled in the 2D or 3D view by de-selecting Enable Section Boxes in the
View menu. The display for the section box can be independently hidden from view by de-selecting
Show Section Boxes in the View menu.

A section box can also be reset to encompass the currently visible objects by performing one of the
following:

Right-click the section box to reset, and select Reset Section Box.
On the View menu, select Reset Section Box. This will reset the section box in the active view.
Right-click on empty space in the 2D or 3D view and select Reset Section Box. This will also reset
the section box in the active view.

NOTE: When viewing a section box with a specific Floor active (see Floors on page 56), the clipping
region is the union of the sides of the section box and the Z clipping planes of the floor. The top and
bottom faces of the section box are not used in this configuration.

Smokeview Interoperability
Smokeview supports the concept of viewpoints, which are similar to PyroSim views. Smokeview
viewpoints are defined by camera position, orientation, a navigation tool, and up to six axis-aligned
clipping planes. Viewpoints are stored in the Smokeview INI file.

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 Views

When PyroSim prepares an FDS simulation or exports an FDS file, it also writes a Smokeview INI file
containing viewpoints created from the PyroSim views. The INI file can also be explicitly written from
PyroSim by going to the File menu, and selecting Export->Smokeview Viewpoints. The latter is useful if
a simulation has already been run and the views are subsequently changed in PyroSim. Explicitly re-
writing the INI file allows the viewpoints to be updated for viewing in Smokeview without having to re-
write the FDS file or running the simulation.

There are some limitations to how PyroSim views are exported to the INI file:

Only views with viewpoints that were saved from the 3D View are written.
Camera roll information is not exported, which means that the Smokeview viewpoints might
not match the orientation in PyroSim perfectly. The only way to guarantee that the orientation
matches is to use the Roam tool in PyroSim to orient the camera.
Zoom information is not exported.
Only section boxes that have not been rotated are exported.
Sometimes the geometry is not visible in Smokeview from an exported viewpoint due to
incorrectly chosen near and far clipping planes in Smokeview.

In addition, if a view was saved in PyroSim with the Roam tool active, the Rotation type in Smokeview is
set to Eye centered. For all other navigation tools, the Rotation type in Smokeview is set to 2 axis.

Smokeview viewpoints may also be imported into PyroSim. This is useful if additional views have been
specified in Smokeview while viewing the results and those viewpoints should be preserved in PyroSim.
To import Smokeview viewpoints, perform the following:

1. On the File menu, select Import FDS/CAD File.

2. Choose the INI file that accompanies the SMV file that was viewed.1

After importing, a new view group is added, containing one PyroSim view for each Smokeview viewpoint
that was in the INI file.

1
Importing a Smokeview INI file also requires that the corresponding SMV file be read by PyroSim. If an SMV file
with the same name as the INI file is not found in the same file directory as the INI file, the user is asked to choose
the SMV file.

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 Working with Files

Chapter 4. Working with Files

Several files are used when performing a fire analysis using PyroSim. These include the PyroSim model
file, the FDS input file, and FDS output files. This section describes how to load and save files in the
formats supported by PyroSim.

Creating a New PyroSim Model

When PyroSim is started, it begins with an empty model. You can close the current model and create a
new empty model by opening the File menu and clicking New. PyroSim always has one (and only one)
active model.

Saving a PyroSim Model

The PyroSim model file (PSM) is stored in a binary format that represents a PyroSim model. The PyroSim
model contains all the information needed to write an FDS input file, as well as additional information
such as obstruction grouping, floor heights, background images, and textures. This format is ideal for
sharing your models with other PyroSim users.

To save a new model:

1. On the File menu, click Save.

2. Enter the file name and click the Save button.

Open a Saved PyroSim Model

PyroSim model files have a PSM extension. To open a saved model:

1. On the File menu, click Open.

2. Select the file and click the Open button.

A list of recently opened files is also available. To open recent files, on the File menu, click Recent
PyroSim Files, then click the desired file.

PyroSim has an auto-save feature which stores a copy of your current model every 10 minutes. This file
is automatically deleted if PyroSim exits normally, but if PyroSim crashes, you can recover your work by
opening the autosave file. It can be found either in the same directory as your most recent PSM file, or
in the PyroSim installation directory if your model was unsaved.

For more information about opening files saved with previous versions of PyroSim, please refer to
Chapter 23.Appendix A.

Preventing Changes to a Model

PyroSim supports write protection for a model. When write protection is enabled, users cannot modify a
model (e.g. change geometry, edit surface properties, etc). This option can be enabled with or without
password protection. If a model is write-protected, PyroSim will display notification in the application
title bar.

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 Working with Files

To add write protection to a model:

1. On the File menu, click Write Protection...

2. Click OK.

The model will now be write-protected. Since a password was not used, a password will not be required
to remove write protection.

To remove write protection from a model:

1. On the File menu, click Write Protection...

2. Click OK.

The model can now be edited. If needed, the dialog will require a password to release the lock.

Importing FDS Models

PyroSim allows you to import existing FDS input files. When you import an FDS file, PyroSim will create a
new PyroSim model from the imported file. During import, PyroSim will check for the validity of each
record. If errors are detected, you will be notified. You may then make the required corrections and
attempt to import the file again.

To import existing FDS models into PyroSim:

1. On the File menu, select Import FDS/CAD File or click the Import button on the main
toolbar.
2. Select the FDS file and click Open.

PyroSim supports file import for versions 4, 5, and 6 of FDS. For more information about opening files
compatible with version 4 or 5 of FDS, please refer to Appendix A.

Exporting FDS Models

PyroSim also allows you to explicitly export the current model to an FDS input file. You can manually edit
the file to take advantage of advanced FDS features, or to easily transfer the input file to a different
machine or special version of FDS.

To export an FDS file:

1. On the File menu, click Export, then click FDS File... or click the Export button on the main
toolbar.
2. Enter the file name and click Save.

The file exported by PyroSim will be compatible with version 6 of FDS.

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 Working with Files

Importing CAD files

PyroSim can import geometry from several CAD formats, including AutoCADs DXF (Drawing Exchange
Format), DWG, FBX, DAE, OBJ, and STL files. Each type of file provides a variety of geometry that can
either be directly represented as obstructions or as drawing guides in the PyroSim model.

DXF a basic CAD format provided by Autodesk. This format supports robust geometry types,
including 3d faces, lines, and text, but it does not support appearance information, such as
textures, lighting parameters, etc.
DWG similar to DXF, but it also has basic support for appearances, including textures. It has
only basic support for mapping textures onto objects, however, and few CAD applications can
export DWG files. Some, such as Revit, exclude material and texture information (see more
information in Importing Revit Files on page 28).
FBX provides support for 3d faces only, but it has very good support for appearance
information and texture mapping. In addition, many 3D modeling applications have built-in
support for exporting FBX files. Unfortunately, this format has no information about whether
objects are solid, so PyroSim treats them as collections of thin faces. This can cause issues if
holes are intersected with objects from these files, as smoke will be able to enter the cavity of
solid objects. With the exception of holes, though, this is still a good format for importing 3D
building models into PyroSim.
STL a basic file format that is simply a listing of triangles. There is no appearance or texture
information.

Unlike FDS import, which completely replaces the current PyroSim model, CAD import appends the data
to the current model. This facilitates the ability to import data from several CAD files into one PyroSim
model. This is useful when there is one blueprint per floor of a building or a 3D building has been split
into several sections, each in a separate file.

To import one of these files, under the File menu, select Import FDS/Cad File and select the desired
file. STL files will import as shown in Importing STL Files on page 27. For non-STL files, a step-by-step
dialog will open as shown in Figure 4.1. NOTE: CAD files store display information in objects called
Materials. These materials are converted into appearance objects and surfaces in PyroSim. They do
not correspond with the FDS definition of a material.

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 Working with Files

Figure 4.1: CAD import dialog

1. FBX Exporter: If an FBX file is being imported, this prompt will ask what software was used to
export the file. If a SimLab FBX plugin was used to create the FBX file, choose SimLab from the
drop-down box; otherwise; choose Unknown. This selection controls the default settings in the
subsequent prompts. In some cases, PyroSim is able to detect whether the file was exported
using a SimLab plugin and will select this option automatically.
2. Units: The next prompt asks the user to select the base unit in which the CAD file was created.
If the drawing was saved in a more recent file format, the prompt will default to the unit type
stored in the file. The dialog box shows the models width, depth, and height based on the
selected unit as a guide for selecting the unit.
3. Import Settings: The next prompt allows the user to control how some of the data is imported
and to correct some data that may have been written incorrectly by the files CAD exporter.
Normal Tolerance (DWG/DXF only) controls the quality of curved objects. Decreasing
this value produces higher quality objects at the expense of slower rendering speed. The
default value of 15 provides a nice balance.
NURB Gridlines (DWG/DXF only) controls the quality of NURB surfaces. Increasing this
value gives higher quality curves at the expense of slower rendering speed. The default
value of 5 provides a good balance.
Auto-correct inverted polygons some CAD files contain information about the normal
of a polygon that affects how the polygon is lit. In some cases, the normal may not
match the orientation of the polygon, which can cause the polygon to appear too dark.
Selecting this option will allow PyroSim to try to detect these cases and correct the
orientation of the polygon so it may be lit correctly. This option works well in most
models and is generally safe to leave on.
Merge identical materials some CAD exporters (namely SimLabs Revit FBX plugin) will
create a unique material (appearance) per object in the file, which may lead to hundreds
or thousands of materials that have duplicate properties. Selecting this option allows

24
 Working with Files

the materials with duplicate properties to be merged into one material, significantly
reducing the number of materials in the model with no loss of quality.
Ignore transparency color (FBX only) in FBX files, material transparency is determined
from a transparency color and factor. Some CAD exporters (SimLabs FBX plugins)
export the color incorrectly. Selecting this option will allow PyroSim to ignore the
transparency color in the FBX file and only use the transparency factor, which allows
transparency in these files to import correctly. This option should only be selected if it is
known that the file came from a SimLab plugin or there are transparency problems
without it selected (For example, objects that should be transparent are not or vice
versa).
4. Options: This prompt allows the user to specify more options for import. Before this prompt is
shown, PyroSim will attempt to discern if the CAD file contains a 2D Floorplan or a 3D Model and
will select default values for the options based on the detected type.
Lines check to import lines in the file (default=checked only for floorplans)
Faces check to import faces in the file (default=checked only for 3D models)
Move geometry to Z if checked, all imported geometry will be offset so that the
minimum Z lies in the specified Z plane (default=checked only for 2d floorplans).
Flatten so geometry lies in one plane if checked, all geometry will be scaled in the Z
dimension by a very small scale (1e-9). This is useful for floorplans that have entities
drawn in several planes. This option will flatten them all into one plane.
(default=checked only for 2d floorplans).
Add a blank rectangle to obscure lower floors if checked, a solid rectangle of the
specified color will be added to the model. This is useful to obscure geometry located on
lower floors. The imported rectangle will not become an obstruction and will be
excluded from the simulation. (default=checked only for 2d floorplans).

Choose Finish to import the file.

When PyroSim imports a CAD file, it will treat all 3D face data as obstructions and all other data (lines,
curves, etc.) as separate CAD data. If an object in the file contains both face and CAD data, the entity will
be split into two entities so that CAD data can be easily deleted or hidden after import using the CAD
filter button on the 3D/2D View toolbar (see Filtering on page 8).

An object with CAD data can be snapped to while drawing in PyroSim but is not converted to any type of
FDS geometry.

In DWG and DXF files, an entity with face data will either be treated as a single, solid obstruction with
some volume or as a collection of thin obstructions depending on the entity type in the DWG/DXF file.
These objects will be represented as FDS geometry. The following DWG/DXF entity types are treated as
solids in PyroSim:

3D Solid
Mass Element

25
 Working with Files

Mass Group
Roof
Slab4
Roof Slab
Stair
Wall4
Door
Window
Curtain Wall
Curtain Wall Unit
Curtain Wall Assembly
Structural Member

All other entities and objects from other CAD formats that contain faces are treated as collections of
thin obstructions by PyroSim. They cannot be reliably treated as solid since there is no guarantee that
their faces form a closed and non-self-intersecting shell or that this would even be desired.

Once the file is imported, PyroSim creates a hierarchy of groups and objects, such that there is one top
group, named after the file. The next levels depend on the imported file type. For non-DWG/DXF files,
the structure will mimic the node structure in the source file. For DWG/FXF files, the next level contains
a group for every layer containing geometry. Under each layer group there are one or more objects
representing the entities in the file. The following illustrates the hierarchy as it would appear in the
Navigation View:

FileName
o Layer1
Entity1
Entity2

o Layer2
Entity3
Entity4

o

If the DWG/DXF file contains a block insert and the block contains entities from multiple layers, the
block insert is split into several PyroSim objects, one for each layer of the blocks originating entities. If
all the entities in the block are from the same layer, however, there will be one resulting PyroSim object

4
While PyroSim allows the user to draw walls and slabs, it will not convert DWG/DXF wall and slab entities to
native walls and slabs, due to the complexity with which walls and slabs can be represented in the DWG/DXF file.
They will instead be represented as collections of individual faces, representing one solid object.

26
 Working with Files

that will belong to the group corresponding to the blocks entities layer rather than the block inserts
layer.

Importing STL Files

PyroSim can also import objects from STL files, which are simply listings of triangles. Usually, each STL
file represents the shell of one 3D solid object. To import an STL file, perform the following:

1. On the File menu, select Import FDS/CAD File or click the Import button on the main
toolbar.
2. Select the desired STL file and click Open.
3. Enter the import options in the STL Import Options dialog as shown in Figure 4.2.
4. Click OK to begin import.

Figure 4.2. STL Import Options dialog

In the STL Import Options dialog, the following options can be specified:

File Units the units used to store the 3D coordinates in the STL file.
Vertex weld tolerance a distance used to determine how far apart vertices must be to be
considered separate.
Resulting Geometry Type choose Obstruction to treat the resulting objects as obstructions
and Hole to treat them as holes.
Surface the surface to apply to the resulting obstructions if applicable.
Convert to solid obstructions whether to treat the resulting objects as solid obstructions. If
this is unchecked, each resulting object will be a collection of thin obstructions.

Because the STL file is simply a listing of triangles, there may be more than one object represented in
the file. PyroSim will use the vertex weld tolerance to detect triangle connectivity and determine if there
are several, disconnected sets of faces in the file. If there are, there will be one resulting PyroSim object
per connected set of faces.

27
 Working with Files

In addition, if the solid option is enabled or the objects are being treated as holes, import will only
succeed if each face set is detected as a closed shell by PyroSim.

Importing Revit Files

While PyroSim cannot directly import Autodesk Revit files (RVT), there are several ways to export the
data from Revit into a file format that PyroSim can read. Each method has advantages and
disadvantages as discussed below.

Revit to DWG (direct): The first method is to export a DWG directly from Revit, which can then
be imported into PyroSim. While simple to perform and only requires Revit, this method loses
all information about materials, including textures, due to Revits limited DWG support. To
perform the export in Revit Architecture 2014, perform the following:
1. Open the desired RVT file within Revit Architecture.
2. Click the Revit icon at the top left .
3. Select Export->CAD Formats->DWG.
4. In the DWG Export dialog, for Export, select <In session view/sheet set>.
5. For Show in list, select Views in the Model.
6. Click the Check None button, and then in the view table, select the check box for 3D
View: {3D} (Other views may be chosen, but the DWG will only contain entities
visible in the selected views).
7. Click the Next button and choose a file name for the DWG file.
8. Click OK to create the DWG.
9. Import the DWG into PyroSim.
Revit to FBX (direct): This method exports an FBX file directly from Revit, which can then be
imported into PyroSim. As with exporting a DWG, this method is simple to perform and only
requires Revit. Unfortunately, this method also loses all information about materials and
textures because Revit encrypts the material data, making it unreadable by PyroSim. To export
using Revit Architecture 2014, perform the following:
1. Open the desired RVT file within Revit Architecture.
2. Click the Revit icon at the top left .
3. Select Export->FBX.
4. Choose a file name for the FBX file.
5. Click OK to create the FBX.
6. Import the FBX into PyroSim.
Revit to FBX using third-party plugin: This method requires the use of a third party plugin, but it
generally produces good results with materials, textures, and texture coordinates well-
supported. In many cases, this is the most reliable method of reproducing the graphical
representation of the original Revit file within PyroSim. SimLab Soft is one company that
provides commercial FBX export plugins for several CAD packages, including Revit and Sketchup,
among others, and provides robust texture support. To export using a third-party plugin,
perform the following:
1. Download and install the appropriate plugin.

28
 Working with Files

2. Follow the plugins instructions to export an FBX file from Revit. If the plugin supports
embedded media, select this option before exporting. This option allows textures to be
embedded into the FBX file, making it much easier to transfer the FBX to another
computer, as only file has to be transferred.
3. If the FBX file is to be imported into PyroSim on the same computer as the one that
exported the file or the embedded media option was selected, continue to step 4;
otherwise, some additional steps may be necessary to ensure the textures can be found
when importing into PyroSim:
a) Determine the directory into which the FBX exporter saved the textures. Some
exporters may place the textures in a sub-directory of the FBX file and give it the
same name as the FBX file. Others may save the textures to a common program-
specific location. The SimLab Revit exporter, for example, saves textures for a
particular file to
C:\ProgramData\Autodesk\Revit\Addins\SimLab\FBXExporte
r\data\Imported_Textures\#
where # is a number specific to the exported file, such as 40.
b) If the folder is not already a sub-directory of the FBX file, cut this folder and
paste it in the same location as the FBX file. The pasted folder may be left as is
or renamed to be the same as the FBX file, without the .fbx extension.
c) Transfer the FBX file and the texture folder to the computer that will be
importing the FBX file into PyroSim.
4. Import the FBX file into PyroSim.
Revit to FBX to AutoCAD to DWG: This method requires both Revit and AutoCAD and does not
perform a perfect conversion, but it retains some information about materials and texture
coordinates. The steps described here use Revit Architecture 2014 and AutoCAD 2014.
1. Open the desired RVT file within Revit Architecture.
2. Click the Revit icon at the top left .
3. Select Export->FBX.
4. Specify the desired filename and click Save.
5. Open AutoCAD.
6. On the Insert tab in the ribbon, select Import.
7. Select the FBX file created by Revit.
8. The FBX Import Options dialog will appear. The following are recommended settings
for the FBX import:
a) Import section: Make sure Objects and Materials are checked. Lights and
Cameras are unused in PyroSim.
b) Assign Objects to Layers: any option may be selected, but By Material is a
useful option for PyroSim.
c) Unit Conversion: This section is somewhat misleading. While the Current
Drawing Unit is correct, the FBX file unit tends to be incorrect. No matter what
unit is displayed in the greyed-out text for FBX file units, the actual unit in the
FBX file is always FOOT. The appropriate values need to be specified to make

29
 Working with Files

the proper unit conversion. For instance, if the current drawing unit is
Millimeters, you can enter the value, 1 on the left and 304.8 on the right
because there is 1 foot per 304.8 millimeters.
d) Block: Uncheck Insert file as block.
9. Click OK to finish the import. You may receive a warning about the clip plane of the
camera.
10. Save the file as a DWG.
11. Import the DWG into PyroSim.

30
 Meshes

Chapter 5. Meshes
Working with Meshes
All FDS calculations are performed within computational meshes. Every object in the simulation (e.g.
obstructions and vents) must conform to the mesh. When an objects location doesnt exactly conform
to a mesh, the object is automatically repositioned during the simulation. Any object that extends
beyond the boundary of the physical domain is cut off at the boundary. There is no penalty for defining
objects outside of the domain, but these objects do not appear in Smokeview.

To achieve optimal simulation accuracy, it is important to use mesh cells that are approximately the
same size in all three directions.

FDS uses a Poisson solver based on Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). A side effect of this approach is that
optimal mesh divisions are constrained to the form 2u 3v 5w, where u, v and w are integers. For example,
64 = 26, 72 = 23 * 32, and 108 = 22 * 33 are good mesh dimensions. However, 37, 99 and 109 are not. In
addition, using a prime number of cells along an axis may cause undesirable results. PyroSim warns
when the number of divisions is not optimal.

Uniform Meshes
This example illustrates creating a multiple mesh model. To create the first mesh:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Meshes.

2. Click New.
3. In the Max X box, type 5.0, in the Max Y box, type 1.0, and in the Max Z box, type 1.0.
4. In the X Cells box, type 50, in the Y Cells box, type 10, and in the Z Cells box, type 10.
5. Click OK.

31
 Meshes

Figure 5.1. Defining properties of the new mesh

The 3D View will now display the resulting mesh.

Nonuniform Meshes
To create a second, nonuniform mesh:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Meshes.

2. Click New
3. In the Min X box, type 0.0, in the Min Y box, type 1.0, and in the Min Z box, type 0.0
4. In the Max X box, type 1.0, in the Max Y box, type 3.0, and in the Max Z box, type 1.0
5. In the Division method box, select Non-Uniform
6. In the table, enter the data shown in Table 5.1
7. Click OK

Table 5.1. Non-Uniform Mesh Parameters

Dir (X,Y,Z) Num Cells Size

X 10 0.1
Y 10 0.1
Y 5 0.2
Z 10 0.1

32
 Meshes

Figure 5.2. Defining properties of the nonuniform mesh

You can click (or type Ctrl + R) to reset the model. The resulting meshes are displayed below.

Figure 5.3. 3D display of first and second mesh

Using Multiple Meshes

The term multiple meshes means that the computational domain consists of more than one
rectangular mesh, usually connected, although this is not required. In each mesh, the governing

33
 Meshes

equations can be solved with a time step based on the flow speed within that particular mesh. Some
reasons for using multiple meshes include:

Multiple meshes can be simulated in multiple FDS processes via MPI, leading to faster
simulation run times than using multiple OpenMP threads in a single mesh simulation.
If the geometry of the problem has corridors such as shown in Figure 5.3, using multiple meshes
can significantly reduce the number of cells and the solution time.
Because each mesh can have different time steps, this technique can save CPU time by requiring
relatively coarse meshes to be updated only when necessary. Coarse meshes are best used in
regions where temporal and spatial gradients of key quantities are small or unimportant.

Meshes can overlap, abut, or not touch at all. In the last case, essentially two separate calculations are
performed with no communication at all between them. Obstructions and vents are entered in terms of
the overall coordinate system and need not apply to any one particular mesh. Each mesh checks the
coordinates of all the geometric entities and decides whether or not they are to be included.

As described in the FDS 6 User Guide the following rules of thumb should also be followed when setting
up a multiple mesh calculation:

Mesh Alignment
The most important rule of mesh alignment is that abutting cells ought to have the same cross
sectional area, or integral ratios, as shown in Figure 5.4.
Mesh Priority
In general, the meshes should be entered from finest to coarsest. FDS assumes that a mesh with
higher priority has precedence over a mesh with a lower priority if the two meshes abut or
overlap.
Mesh Boundaries
Avoid putting mesh boundaries where critical action is expected, especially fire. Sometimes fire
spread from mesh to mesh cannot be avoided, but if at all possible try to keep mesh interfaces
relatively free of complicating phenomena since the exchange of information across mesh
boundaries is not as accurate as cell to cell exchanges within one mesh.
Data Exchange
Information from other meshes is received only at the exterior boundary of a given mesh. This
means that a mesh that is completely embedded within another receives information at its
exterior boundary, but the larger mesh receives no information from the mesh embedded
within. Essentially, the larger, usually coarser, mesh is doing its own simulation of the scenario
and is not affected by the smaller, usually finer, mesh embedded within it. Details within the
fine mesh, especially related to fire growth and spread, may not be picked up by the coarse
mesh. In such cases, it is preferable to isolate the detailed fire behavior within one mesh, and
position coarser meshes at the exterior boundary of the fine mesh. Then the fine and coarse
meshes mutually exchange information.
Boundary Obstructions
If a planar obstruction is close to where two meshes abut, make sure that each mesh sees the

34
 Meshes

obstruction. If the obstruction is even a millimeter outside of one of the meshes, that mesh may
not account for it, in which case information is not transferred properly between meshes.
Parallel Calculation
In a parallel calculation, it is recommended that the time steps in all meshes to be the same. This
is the default setting in PyroSim and FDS 6 and provides a tighter connection between meshes.
This option is selected by the Synchronize time step for tighter connection between meshes
checkbox on the Edit Meshes dialog.
Trial and Error
Experiment with different mesh configurations using relatively coarse mesh cells to ensure that
information is being transferred properly from mesh to mesh. There are two issues of concern.
First, does it appear that the flow is being badly affected by the mesh boundary? If so, try to
move the mesh boundaries away from areas of activity. Second, is there too much of a jump in
cell size from one mesh to another? If so, consider whether the loss of information moving from
a fine to a coarse mesh is tolerable.

35
 Meshes

This is the ideal mesh

alignment.

This is allowed so long as

there are an integral
number of fine cells
abutting each coarse cell.

This is allowed, but of

questionable value.
PyroSim will warn if meshes
overlap.

This is no longer allowed in

FDS 5.1 and higher. PyroSim
will warn against this mesh
alignment.

Figure 5.4. Correct and incorrect mesh alignment

Additional Mesh Actions

To simplify working with multiple meshes, PyroSim provides the following additional mesh operations:

Split Mesh splits selected meshes at a coordinate along a single axis.

36
 Meshes

Refine Mesh makes selected meshes finer or coarser by a factor (e.g. refine a mesh by 4 to turn 1.0
meter cells into 0.25 meter cells).
Merge Meshes combines two or more meshes into a single mesh.

To use any of the above actions, select one or more meshes, right-click to open a popup menu, then
click the desired mesh action.

37
 Materials

Chapter 6. Materials
To simulate a surface made of heat-conducting solids or a fuel you must specify a material that describes
certain thermal properties and pyrolysis behavior. PyroSim offers two categories of materials: solid
materials and liquid fuels.

To create a new material, you can use the Edit Materials dialog. On the Model menu, click Edit
Materials.

Solid Materials
Examples of solid materials include brick, gypsum board, and upholstery. To create a solid material:

1. In the Edit Materials... dialog, click New...

2. In the Material Name box, type the name of the new material
3. In the Material Type box, select Solid
4. Click OK

After following these steps, a default solid material will be created. Text entered in the Description box
will not affect the simulation, but will be preserved in the FDS input file using the FYI field of the
material. Including a description of the material is recommended.

The Thermal Properties tab provides the following options:

Parameter Description
Density The materials density.
Specific Heat The materials specific heat. Specific heat can be specified as a
function of temperature.
Conductivity The materials heat conductivity. Conductivity can be specified as a
function of temperature.
Emissivity The materials emissivity. A value of 1.0 corresponds to maximum
radiation.
Absorption Coefficient This coefficient refers to the depth over which thermal radiation
can be absorbed.

The Pyrolysis tab provides options to set the heat of combustion and add reactions that will be used to
govern how the material burns. Each material can have a maximum of 10 reactions. To add a reaction,
click Add. This will open a dialog to edit the new reaction. It provides the following options:

On the Rate tab:

Parameter Description
Reference Temperature The temperature at which the material mass fraction
decreases at its highest rate.
Heating Rate The reaction rate at a given temperature.

38
 Materials

Parameter Description
Pyrolysis Range The temperature range of
A (Pre-exponential Factor) (parameter shown in equation)
E (Activation Energy) (parameter shown in equation)
Mass Fraction Exponent (parameter shown in equation)
Exponent (parameter shown in equation)
Value (parameter shown in equation)

On the Byproducts tab:

Parameter Description
Heat of Reaction Heat yield of this reaction. This must be a positive number.
Endothermic/Exothermic Specifies if the heat yield is endothermic or exothermic.
Residue The material that will be used to represent the residue. If
there is only one material defined in PyroSim, this option will
not be available.

Liquid Fuels
Examples of liquid fuels include kerosene and ethanol. To create a liquid fuel:

In the Edit Materials... dialog, click New...

In the Material Name box, type the name of the new material
In the Material Type box, select Liquid Fuel
Click OK

After following these steps, a default solid material will be created. Text entered in the Description box
will not affect the simulation, but will be preserved in the FDS input file using the FYI field of the
material. Including a description of the material is recommended.

The thermal properties tab for liquid fuels is identical to the thermal properties tab for solid fuels (see
Solid Materials).

The Pyrolysis tab provides the following parameters:

Parameter Description
Heat of Vaporization Heat yield when this liquid fuel is converted to gas. This must
be a positive number.
Endothermic/Exothermic Specifies if the heat yield is endothermic or exothermic.
Heat of Combustion The heat released when the liquid fuel combusts.
Boiling Temperature The temperature at which the liquid fuel changes to a
gaseous fuel.

39
 Materials

Parameter Description
Residue The material that will be used to represent the residue. If
there is only one material defined in PyroSim, this option will
not be available.

40
 Surfaces

Chapter 7. Surfaces
Surfaces are used to define the properties of solid objects and vents in your FDS model. The surface can
use previously defined materials in mixtures or layers. By default, all solid objects and vents are inert,
with a temperature that is fixed at the ambient temperature (set in the Simulation Parameters dialog. In
addition to defining heat conduction in a solid, surfaces can also be used to define a burner, specify the
ignition temperature for an object, give a vent a supply velocity, and set the many other properties
supported by FDS.

To create, modify, and delete surfaces, you can use the Edit Surfaces dialog. To open the surface
manager dialog, on the Model menu, click Edit Surface Properties. The dialog in Figure 7.1 shows the
dialog being used to edit an upholstery surface.

Figure 7.1. The Edit Surfaces dialog

Reserved Surfaces
There are six fundamental or reserved surface types: ADIABATIC, INERT, MIRROR, OPEN, HVAC, and
PERIODIC. These surfaces cannot be changed and are present in every analysis.

ADIABATIC
There is no net heat transfer (radiative and convective) from the gas to the solid. FDS will
compute a wall temperature so that the sum of the net convective and radiative heat flux is zero.
INERT
This surface remains fixed at the ambient temperature. Heat transfer does occur from gases to
INERT surfaces. This is the default surface in PyroSim.

41
 Surfaces

MIRROR5
This surface is used only for vents on the exterior mesh boundary. A MIRROR is a no-flux, free-
slip boundary that reverses flow. It is intended to be applied to an entire mesh boundary to
symmetrically double the size of the domain.
OPEN2
This surface is used only for vents on the exterior mesh boundary. OPEN denotes a passive
opening to the outside and is often used to model open doors and windows.
PERIODIC2
This surface is used only for vents on the exterior mesh boundary. PERIODIC boundaries can be
used to approximate an infinitely large system with the domain as a representative unit cell.
HVAC
This surface is used only for vents that are part of an HVAC system.

Surface Types
PyroSim aids the user by organizing the surface options into logical types, such as a burner to define a
simple fire or a layered surface to represent a solid, heat conducting wall. The available surface types
are described below.

Adiabatic
This surface type is identical to the built-in ADIABATIC surface type. It allows you to customize the
description, color, and texture of the adiabatic surface described in Reserved Surfaces.

Inert
This surface type is identical to the built-in INERT surface type. It allows you to customize the description,
color, and texture of the inert surface described in Reserved Surfaces.

Burner
This surface type represents a fire with a known heat release rate6 or mass (fuel) loss rate.

Parameters for burner fires are arranged in two groups: heat release and particle injection. Heat release
options:

Parameter Description
Heat Release
Heat Release Rate (HRR) The heat release rate per unit area of this burner.
Mass Loss Rate The mass loss rate per unit area of this burner.
Ramp-Up Time At the beginning of the simulation, this surface will not be
burning. This field allows you to describe how the heat
release ramps up from ambient to the specified value.

5
Vents of this type should not be toggled (deactivated or activated) during the simulation.
6
The heat release rate for a burner surface is specified per unit area. A surface with a 500 kW/m 2 heat release rate
applied to a 2.0 m2 vent would result in a 1000 kW fire.

42
 Surfaces

Parameter Description
Extinguishing Coefficient This parameter governs the suppression of the fire by water.
Thermal
Surface Temperature The surface temperature of this burner. The value TMPA
represents ambient temperature.
Convective Heat Flux The heat flux per unit area at the surface.
Net Heat Flux The net heat flux per unit area at the surface.
Ramp-Up Time This field allows you to describe how the temperature ramps
up from ambient to the specified value.
Emissivity This parameter controls how the surface radiates heat. Using
a value of 1.0 makes this surface a black body. Lower values
increase the amount of radiated heat.

Particle injection options:

Parameter Description
Emit Particles Enable this option to emit particles from the surface.
Particle Type Select a particle to emit. To create a new particle, click the
Edit Particles... button.
Number of Particles per Cell Controls the number of particles inserted per time step.
Insertion Interval The frequency at which particles are inserted at the solid
cells.
Mass Flux For particles that have mass, this option provides an
alternate way to control the number of particles inserted per
second.

Geometry options:

Parameter Description
Geometry Specify the type of geometry for solid particles that
reference the surface. Options are Default, Cartesian,
Spherical, and Cylindrical.
Length The length of the surface. Specified for both Cartesian and
cylindrical geometries.
Width The width of the surface.
Radius The total radius of the rounded surface. Defined in the place
of thickness.
Half-Thickness For Cartesian geometry, the plate is assumed symmetric
front and back, thus only the half-thickness needs specified.

43
 Surfaces

Heater/Cooler
This surface type represents a radiative heat source. The options are identical to the options for a
burner without the heat release options. If the surface temperature is less than the ambient
temperature, the surface will remove heat from the surrounding gases.

Supply
This surface represents a vent that injects air into the simulation domain. The parameters for supply
surfaces are arranged in 4 groups: air flow, temperature, species injection, and particle injection.

Air flow options:

Parameter Description
Specify Velocity Use a constant velocity to define air movement through the
vent.
Specify Volume Flux Use a constant volume flux to define air movement through
the vent.
Specify Mass Flux Use a constant mass flux to define air movement through the
vent.
Specify ... Individual Species Define air movement through the vent using a table of
species and their mass fluxes. This method requires a model
that includes extra (non-reactive) species. Flux data is
specified on the Species Injection tab.
Tangential Velocity The tangential velocity of the air flow. The first parameter is
the velocity in the x or y direction and the second parameter
is in the y or z direction, depending on the normal direction
of the vent. An example of tangential velocity is shown in
Figure 7.2.
Ramp-Up Time At the beginning of the simulation, vents with this surface
will not be blowing. This parameter controls the time it takes
to ramp the air flow up to the specified amount.
Wind Profile The default wind profile is constant (Top Hat), to model wind
conditions outdoors there are two additional options:
parabolic and atmospheric. Parabolic produces wind with a
parabolic profile whose maximum is the specified velocity.
Atmospheric produces a wind profile of the form
u=u0(z/z0)^p.
Atmospheric Profile Exponent The term p in the atmospheric profile equation. This option is
only available when atmospheric profile is selected.
Atmospheric Profile Origin The term z0 in the atmospheric profile equation. This option
is only available when atmospheric profile is selected.

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 Surfaces

Figure 7.2. Effect of normal axis on the direction of tangential velocity

The temperature of the air injected by supply vents can be controlled using the following options:

Parameter Description
Surface Temperature The surface temperature of this burner. The value TMPA
represents ambient temperature.
Convective Heat Flux The heat flux per unit area at the surface.
Net Heat Flux The net heat flux per unit area at the surface.
Ramp-Up Time This field allows you to describe how the temperature ramps
up from ambient to the specified value.
Emissivity This parameter controls how the surface radiates heat. Using
a value of 1.0 makes this surface a black body. Lower values
increase the amount of radiated heat.

The species injection options are available if the Specify Mass Flux of Individual Species option in the
Air Flow group is selected and there are extra, non-reactive species present in the simulation.

Particle injection options:

Parameter Description
Emit Particles Enable this option to emit particles from the surface.
Particle Type Select a particle to emit. To create a new particle, click the
Edit Particles... button.
Number of Particles per Cell Controls the number of particles inserted per time step.
Insertion Interval The frequency at which particles are inserted at the solid
cells.

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 Surfaces

Parameter Description
Mass Flux For particles that have mass, this option provides an
alternate way to control the number of particles inserted per
second.

Geometry options:

Parameter Description
Geometry Specify the type of geometry for solid particles that
reference the surface. Options are Default, Cartesian,
Spherical, and Cylindrical.
Length The length of the surface. Specified for both Cartesian and
cylindrical geometries.
Width The width of the surface.
Radius The total radius of the rounded surface. Defined in the place
of thickness.
Half-Thickness For Cartesian geometry, the plate is assumed symmetric
front and back, thus only the half-thickness needs specified.

Exhaust
Exhaust surfaces can be used to remove gas from the simulation domain. The specification of their air
movement parameters is identical to that of a supply surface, but instead of the velocity or flux driving
air into the domain, they are pulling air out. Exhaust surfaces do not have the option to apply injection
or geometry properties.

Layered
Layered surfaces are composed of one or more material definitions. Materials include solid and liquid
substances such as concrete, pine, and ethanol. For more information about materials and how they can
be specified in PyroSim, please refer to Chapter 6. This type of surface is ideal for walls and other objects
that are composed of real-world materials. This surface type can also be used to inject extra (non-
reactive) species into the simulation.

Layered surfaces have five groups of options: material layers, surface props, reaction, species injection,
and particle injection. The Material Layers group contains the following options:

Parameter Description
Thickness The thickness of this material layer.
Material Composition Within a layer (row), you can specify multiple materials
based on mass fraction. For example, to specify a layer that is
just brick, type 1.0 BRICK (assuming you have created a
material called BRICK). To specify a layer of wet brick, you
could enter 0.95 BRICK; 0.05 WATER. Each material is
separated by a semi-colon.

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 Surfaces

Parameter Description
Edit Click to specify the materials in this layer using an alternate
table UI.

The Surface Props tab contains the following options:

Parameter Description
Enable Leakage This option allows you to select two pressure zones for
leakage across the surface.
Initial Internal Temperature Starting temperature inside the solid.
Backing The backing of a surface is the boundary condition behind
the surface. The default value, Air Gap represents an air gap,
Exposed will allow the surface to transfer heat into the space
behind the wall, and Insulated prevents any heat loss from
the back of the material.
Gap Temperature The temperature of air in the air gap. This option is only
available when the Air Gap backing type is selected.
Temperature Ramp Specifies the surface temperature ramp from ambient, to the
specified surface temperature.
The reaction used to model a given surface can either be taken from the material specifications, or given
explicitly by the surface. Manually specifying the parameters will produce a surface similar to a burner.
You can edit this behavior using the reaction options:

Parameter Description
Governed by Material This surfaces reaction will be controlled by the materials
that it is constructed from.
Governed Manually Override the default reaction behavior for this surface and
specify the following parameters.
Heat Release Rate The heat release rate per unit area of this surface.
Mass Loss Rate The mass loss rate per unit area of this surface.
Ramp-Up Time This field allows you to describe how the heat release ramps
up from ambient to the specified value.
Extinguishing Coefficient This parameter governs the suppression of the fire by water.
For more information, see section 10.7 of the FDS Users
Guide.
Burn Immediately Select this option to create a surface that is initially burning.
Ignite at Select this option to create a surface that will begin burning
at a specified temperature.
Heat of Vaporization Heat yield when this fuel is converted to gas.
Allow ... burn away Surfaces of this type can be removed from the simulation
after expending all available fuel.

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 Surfaces

You can inject extra (non-reactive) species into the simulation using the species injection options. To use
these options, you must first specify species using the Edit Species dialog. You can edit the following
species options:

Parameter Description
Inject by Mass Fraction Select this option to specify species injection using mass
fractions.
Inject by Mass Flux Select this option to specify species injection using mass flux.
Species This value cannot be edited. It displays the name of one of
the species selected in the Edit Species dialog.
Mass Fraction The mass fraction of species to inject. This option is only
available if Inject by Mass Fraction is selected.
Mass Flux The mass flux of species to inject. This option is only available
if Inject by Mass Flux is selected.
Ramp-Up Type This field allows you to describe the function used to ramp
up the injection rate from zero to the specified value.
Ramp Value The time it takes to achieve the specified injection rate.

The particle injection parameters for layered surfaces are identical to those for burners.

Air Leak
Air leak surfaces can be used to create a permeable barrier between two pressure zones. The porous
option is available to allow air movement to occur across the obstructions using this surface.

Adding Textures to Surfaces

You can add textures to surfaces to increase the realism of your model. Some default textures are
provided or you can import your own. The Room Fire example demonstrates using a wood texture for a
pine floor and hanging a picture on a wall. Your textures will be automatically displayed in PyroSim; to
display textures in Smokeview, select Textures on the Show/Hide menu.

To define a texture:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Surfaces.

2. Either create or edit the surface to which you want to add a texture.
3. Click on the Texture box.
4. Either select a pre-defined texture or click the Import... button and select your own image file.
5. The image you selected will be displayed. Under the image, click the Details tab. Set the Width
and the Height values to correspond to size to be used in the PyroSim model.
6. Click OK to close the Textures dialog.

The textured surface can now be used in either obstructions or vents.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Chapter 8. Geometry (Basic Concepts)

PyroSim provides tools to help the user rapidly create and organize model geometry.

Geometry can either be created through dialogs or by using the drafting tools in the 2D or 3D views as
discussed in Chapter 9. There are typically three types of geometry that can be created in PyroSim:

Obstructions solid barriers to flow

Holes negative regions that carve holes in obstructions
Vents patches that define a sub region on an obstructions surface that can have a different
surface than the rest of the obstruction

The user can also organize the model by creating floors and groups. In addition, the user can assign
background images to floors to aid in drafting.

Obstructions
Obstructions are the fundamental geometric representation in FDS. In FDS, obstructions are rectangular,
axis-aligned solids defined by two points. Surface properties are assigned to each face of the obstruction.
In PyroSim, obstructions can take any shape, have any number of faces, and have different surfaces
applied to each face. At the time of simulation, PyroSim will automatically convert the obstructions to
axis-aligned blocks required by FDS as discussed in Angled Geometry on page 138.

FDS defines two types of obstructions:

Solid Obstructions obstructions that are at least one grid cell thick in all dimensions. FDS
allows heat transfer calculations only on these types of obstructions. In addition, only these
obstructions can have vents applied.
Thin Obstructions obstructions that have zero thickness in one dimension. These obstructions
are mainly used to prevent flow. In addition, only this type of obstruction may be a fan as
discussed in Chapter 7.

Figure 8.1 shows an example of a polygonal slab drawn in PyroSim and its conversion to blocks for use in
FDS.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

a b
Figure 8.1. Conversion of a slab obstruction to FDS blocks

Creating Obstructions
To create a new obstruction, either use an obstruction drawing tool as discussed in Chapter 9 or on the
Model menu, click New Obstruction... or New Slab.

Figure 8.2. Obstruction dialog

General
This tab of the obstruction panel presents all options other than those controlling geometry and surface
information. This includes activation events (conditions that can cause the obstruction to be added or
removed from the simulation) and miscellaneous options such as color and smoothing.

Parameter Description

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Parameter Description
Description A human-readable description for the object. This value will
not affect the result of the simulation.
Group Controls the position of the object in PyroSims tree view.
Activation Bind this object to new or existing activation control logic.
Activation control logic is used to add or remove the object
based on time or measurement conditions. To learn more
about activation events, please refer to Chapter 165.
Specify Color Override the material colors for this object.
Texture Origin
Relative to Object When textures are attached to an object, they are tiled
based on an origin point. By default, this point is the origin;
Relative to Object makes the anchor point the minimum
point of the object.
x,y,z These values offset the texture origin based on the default
texture origin. If the origin is relative to the object, leave at
zero to use the objects min point.
Obstruction Properties
Thicken When this option is selected, this object will not be reduced
to 2D faces by FDS. This is needed for obstructions to have
vents attached.
Record BNDF When this option is selected, this object is included in
boundary data output.
Permit Holes When this option is selected, holes can modify the geometry
of this object.
Allow Vents Makes it possible for this object to be the backing object for
a vent.
Removable Makes it possible for the object to be removed from the
simulation by activation events or the BURN_AWAY surface
option.
Display as Outline Changes the appearance of this object.
Bulk Density Use this option to override the amount of fuel provided by
this object.

Geometry
This tab allows you to enter the min and max coordinates of the object. For more elaborate geometry,
such as slabs, this tab may contain a table of points and extrusion options. Extrusion is the mechanism
PyroSim uses to extend 2-dimensional objects along a vector - creating a 3-dimensional object.

Surfaces
By default, all six sides of an obstruction use the INERT surface. The Surfaces tab can be used to specify
one surface to be used for all six sides of the object or assign surfaces on a per-face basis. Alternately,

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

surfaces can be painted using the Paint Tool as discussed in Painting Obstructions and Vents on page
85.

Holes
Holes are used to carve negative spaces out of obstructions. In FDS, holes are similar to obstructions in
that they are defined as axis-aligned blocks. Like obstructions in PyroSim, however, holes can be any
shape. PyroSim automatically converts them to blocks in the FDS input file.

PyroSim treats holes as first-class objects that be selected, deleted, and have other operations
performed on them similar to obstructions as discussed in 0.

In the 3D and 2D views, holes appear as transparent objects. In addition, for display purposes only,
PyroSim carves holes out of obstructions as shown in Figure 8.3. For complex holes or obstructions or
large holes that span many obstructions, this process may be fairly slow. In these cases, hole-cutting
display can be turned off by going to the View menu and deselecting Cut Holes From Obstructions.

While PyroSim will display obstructions with holes cut from them, it will NOT cut holes when creating
the FDS input file. Instead, PyroSim converts holes and whole obstructions to blocks separately. PyroSim
makes no attempt to remove obstructions that overlap holes from the FDS input file.

By default, all obstructions allow holes to be cut from them. To prevent an obstruction from allowing
holes, edit the properties of the obstruction as discussed in 0 and deselect Permit Holes.

Figure 8.3. A slab obstruction with a hole cut from it

Creating Holes
Holes can either be drawn as discussed in Chapter 9 or can be created by opening the Model menu and
clicking New Hole. This will open the Hole Properties dialog as shown in Figure 8.4.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Figure 8.4. Hole Properties dialog

Like obstructions, holes can also be activated as discussed in Chapter 165. Holes can also have a color
applied.

Vents
Vents have general usage in FDS to describe a 2D rectangular patch on the surface of a solid obstruction
or on a mesh boundary as shown in Figure 8.5. A vent may have a different surface applied to it than the
rest of the obstruction to which it is attached.

Figure 8.5. Vents on a mesh boundary and obstruction

Taken literally, a vent can be used to model components of the ventilation system in a building, like a
diffuser or a return. In these cases, the vent coordinates form a plane on a solid surface forming the
boundary of the duct. No holes need to be created through the solid; it is assumed that air is pushed out
of or sucked into duct work within the wall.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

You can also use vents as a means of applying a particular boundary condition to a rectangular patch on
a solid surface. A fire, for example, is usually created by first generating a solid obstruction and then
specifying a vent somewhere on one of the faces of the solid with the characteristics of the thermal and
combustion properties of the fuel.

There are two reserved surface types that may be applied to a vent: OPEN and MIRROR. For more
information on these types, see Chapter 7.

Creating Vents
Vents can either be drawn as discussed in Chapter 9 or be created by opening the Model menu and
clicking New Vent. This will open the New Vent dialog as shown in Figure 8.6. Like obstructions and
holes, vents can also be activated, but only if the surface is not MIRROR or OPEN. With the exception of
Fire Spread, the other properties are similar to obstructions. Fire Spread can be specified on vents using
a burner surface (Chapter 7). This option simulates a radially spreading fire at the vent. A vent can also
be given radial properties. Defining a Center Point and Radius for a vent will cause FDS to define a vent
bounded by the vents Bounding Box and the circle generated by the point radius combination.

Figure 8.6. New Vent dialog

Groups
Groups can be used to hierarchically organize the model. Groups can only be seen in the Navigation
View. The Model is the base group. Users can nest groups inside other groups, allowing the user to
work with thousands of objects in an organized way. When the user performs an action on a group, that
action will be propagated to all objects in the group.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Creating Groups
There are two ways to create a group:

Right-click the desired parent group from the Navigation View and select New Group from the
context menu. This will create a child group in the selected parent.
Click the New Group button ( ) from the main tool bar.

Both of these actions will show the Create Group dialog as shown in Figure 8.7. This dialog allows the
user to choose the parent group and name of the new group.

Figure 8.7. Create Group dialog

Adding Objects to Groups

There are several ways to add objects to a group:

For existing objects, in the Navigation View, select the objects and drag them into the desired
group as shown in Figure 8.8. Alternatively, right click them in any view and select Change
Group. In the Change Group dialog shown in Figure 8.9, select the desired group. If a new
group is desired, select New Subgroup and specify a name. If this is chosen, a new group will be
created under the specified existing group, and the selected objects will be moved to this new
group.
For newly drawn objects, in the 3D or 2D view select the desired group from the group drop-
down above the view as shown in Figure 8.10. All newly drawn objects will be added to this
group.

1 2 3

Figure 8.8. Dragging objects to a new group in the Navigation View

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Figure 8.9. The Change Group dialog

Figure 8.10. The Group drop-down

Floors
Floors are used in PyroSim to quickly apply clipping filters to the scene to only show a portion of the
model. They are also used to initialize the properties of drawing tools so that they draw at the proper Z
location.

An example of floor clipping is shown in Figure 8.11.

a b
Figure 8.11: Floor clipping (a) shows all floors (b) shows a single floor

To define the floors in a model, go to the 2D or 3D View and click the Define Floor Locations button .
This will display the Manage Floors dialog shown in Figure 8.12.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Figure 8.12. Manage Floors dialog

Floors are defined by the following properties:

Elevation the Z location at which walls and other obstructions will be drawn. This is the
location where occupants would walk on that floor.
Slab Thickness the thickness of the slab for the floor. When the active floor is changed, this
value is applied to the slab drawing tools but can be changed in the slab tools properties. This
value is used such that the top of the slab is at the elevation and the bottom is at the elevation
minus slab thickness.
Wall Height the height of the walls for floors. When the active floor is changed, this value is
applied to the wall drawing tools but can be changed in the wall tools properties. Walls are
drawn from the elevation to the elevation plus wall height.
Clip Color the color used to display clipped portions of solid geometric objects in the 3D or 2D
view. This can be seen in Figure 8.11.
Background Image an image display along with the floor that can be traced over.

To add a new floor, click the Add Floor button at the top of the Manage Floors dialog. This will show
the New Floor dialog shown in Figure 8.13. By default this dialog will assume the user wants a floor
above the previous floor using that floors slab thickness and wall height properties. In this dialog, if the
user enters a new slab thickness, the elevation will be automatically updated so the new floor does not
overlap the others unless the user enters a specific value for the elevation. In addition, unless the user
enters a specific name, a name will be automatically generated based on the elevation. Press OK to
create the new floor.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

Figure 8.13. New Floor dialog

Press OK again in the Manage Floors dialog to commit the changes.

By default, the model contains one floor at elevation 0.0 m with a slab thickness of .25 m and a wall
height of 2.75 m. Using these values leaves a distance of 3.0 m from one floor elevation to another.

Once the floors have been defined, the user can filter the display to show either a single floor or all
floors as shown in Figure 2.5. For most views, the Z clipping range for a particular floor is from the floor
elevation minus slab thickness to floor elevation plus wall height. The Z clipping range works differently
for the top camera of the 2D view, however. In this view, the clipping is from the elevation of the floor
BELOW to the elevation plus wall height of the current floor. This allows the geometry on the floor
below to be snapped to in drawing geometry for the current floor. For this to be useful, however, the
user may want to use wireframe rendering.

Adding a Background Image to a Floor

Each floor can have an associated background image. To add a background image to a floor, go to the 2D
or 3D View, select a specific floor, then click the Configure Background Image button (alternately
click the Define Floor Locations button, , and then in the Background Image column, select the Edit
button). This will display the Configure Background Image dialog shown in Figure 8.14. You will be
guided through the following steps:

1. Choose a background image file. Valid image formats are bmp, dxf, gif, jpg, png, tga, and tif.
2. Specify the Anchor Point for the image by clicking on the image. The Anchor Point is a point on
the image at which the coordinates are specified in the model coordinate system. The model
coordinates of the anchor point are not required to be at the origin.
3. Set the model scale. Select the Choose Point A button, then select the first point that will be
used to define a length. Select the Choose Point B button and select the second point to define
a length. Input the Distance between points A and B.
4. Use the sliding scale to change the image transparency.

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 Geometry (Basic Concepts)

5. If the image needs to be rotated, check the box next to Dist. A to B and enter an angle. This
specifies the angle between the positive X axis and the vector from reference point A to B. For
instance, if A->B should be aligned with the X axis, enter 0 for the angle or if A->B should be
aligned with the positive Y axis, enter 90.
6. Click OK to close the Configure Background Image dialog.

Figure 8.14. Display of background image

Now, in the 3D or 2D views, when the user displays a specific floor, the background image for that floor
will be displayed. To turn off the background images, go to the 2D or 3D View, and click the Show
Background Images button next to the floors drop-down.

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Chapter 9. Drawing in PyroSim

While not a full-fledged drafting application, PyroSim does provide useful drawing features, including
the following:

Snapping to grids, objects, and polar and orthographic constraints

Precise keyboard entry
3D and 2D drawing, each having strengths over the other
Mesh, Obstruction, Hole and Vent drawing tools
Editing tools
Transforming tools
Surface painting tools for obstructions and vents

Drawing/Editing Tool Overview

PyroSim provides several drawing and editing tools. These tools are located on the drawing toolbar at
the left side of the 3D and 2D Views as shown in Figure 9.1.

Figure 9.1. Drawing/Editing toolbar

Some of these tools allow a user to create and edit objects such as slabs and walls that are not
constrained to the FDS mesh. In these cases, PyroSim will automatically convert the shapes to mesh-
based blocks when the FDS input file is created. These blocks can be previewed by clicking the Preview
FDS Blocks button ( ) on the filter toolbar above the 3D or 2D View. For information on block
conversion, see Angled Geometry on page 138.

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Selecting a Tool
To begin drawing or editing with a tool, the user can single-click the tool from the tool bar. Once the tool
has finished drawing/editing its object, the last-used navigation tool is automatically selected.

If the user would like to create several objects with the same tool in succession, the desired tool can be
pinned by clicking the tools button twice. The button will show a green dot when pinned as shown in
Figure 9.2.

Figure 9.2. Pinning a drawing/editing tool

Every time the same tool button is clicked, the pinned state of that tool will be toggled, so clicking the
button again after pinning will disable pinning.

At any time, the current drawing/editing tool can be cancelled by pressing ESC on the keyboard. This will
also cancel pinning and will revert back to the last-used navigation tool.

Tool Modes
Most drawing/editing tools require at least two points to be specified to complete its action, such as
drawing the points for a wall or defining the extents of a box. These tools can operate in two modes:

Multi-click mode: This mode allows the user to specify each desired point by single-clicking the
left mouse button for each point. This mode also facilitates precise keyboard entry.
Click-drag mode: This mode only allows the user to specify two points. When the left mouse
button is pressed, the first point is committed. Then the mouse is dragged to the next location
while still holding the left mouse button. The button is then released to specify the second point.

Tool Properties
Each tool has a set of properties that can be modified by clicking the Tool Properties button located
at the bottom of the toolbar after selecting the desired tool. Options such as elevation, height, surface,
and color can all be edited in the Tool Properties dialog.

Quick Actions
In addition to the tool properties, each tool also has additional quick actions. To show these actions,
start the desired tool and then right-click in the 2D or 3D View. This opens a context menu with the
quick actions. Figure 9.3 shows an example of the quick action menu for the wall tool.

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Figure 9.3. The quick action menu for the wall tool

This menu allows the user to perform actions specific to the tool, such as closing a polygon, picking a
surface, setting wall alignment, accessing the tool properties, etc.

Snapping
Snapping is one way to precisely draw and edit objects. It is the process of finding some element in the
scene, such as a vertex or edge close to the cursor, and snapping the cursor to that element like a
magnet.

In PyroSim, snapping can be performed against the solution meshes, objects in the model, and
orthographic constraints. The 2D View additionally provides a sketch grid and polar (angle) constraints.
If a snap point is found, an indicator dot will appear at the snap point as shown in Figure 9.4.

Figure 9.4. Snap indicator

By default, snapping is enabled. It can be disabled by holding ALT on the keyboard while using a
drawing/editing tool.

Solution Mesh Snapping

If there are any solution meshes in the model (see Chapter 5), PyroSim can snap to them during drawing
and editing. For each mesh that is visible, PyroSim can snap to its boundary edges, boundary faces, grid
lines, and the intersections of the grid lines, depending on which mesh display filters are active as
discussed in Filtering on page 8.

Sketch Grid Snapping (2D View Only)

PyroSim also provides a user-defined drawing grid, or sketch grid, in the 2D View as shown in Figure 9.5.

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Figure 9.5. Sketch grid

When a new model is created, the sketch grid is visible and can be snapped to in the 2D view. The
default spacing for the divisions is 1 m, but can be changed by going to the View menu and clicking Set
Sketch Grid Spacing.

Once the user has created a solution mesh, PyroSim will automatically switch to solution mesh snapping
and disable sketch grid snapping. In the 2D View, PyroSim will only snap to the sketch grid or visible
solution meshes. To switch which snapping is being used, on the View menu choose Snap to Sketch Grid
or Snap to Model Grids. To disable grid snapping altogether, on the View menu choose Disable Grid
Snapping.

Modeling Hint: In FDS, the spatial resolution of the solution is defined by the solution mesh, not the
Sketch Grid. Using the solution mesh for 2D View drawing ensures that the model geometry matches
the FDS solution geometry. Some users create all model objects using mesh dimensions. While this leads
to a blocky appearance, it does represent the true solution geometry and ensures there will be no
unexpected gaps in the model.

Object Snapping
All objects displayed in the model can be snapped to when using the drawing/editing tools. There are
three basic categories of geometry that can be snapped to on objects: faces, edges, and vertices.
Objects can have any combination of types. If there are multiple types close to the cursor, PyroSim will
give vertices precedence over edges and edges precedence over faces.

Constraint Snapping
Constraints are dynamic snapping lines that are only visible when the cursor is near them. They appear
as infinite dotted lines as shown in Figure 9.6. PyroSim contains two types of constraints:

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Orthographic: These constraints allow the user to snap to a line parallel to the X, Y, or Z axis
from the last relevant point. For instance, when drawing a polygonal slab, after each point
specified, there will be three orthographic constraints extending from the last drawn point to
aid in drawing the next point.
Polar (2D View Only ): These constraints are similar to orthographic constraints, but they are
found at 15 degree increments from the current views local X axis.

Figure 9.6. Polar constraint at an angle of 45 degrees

Constraint Locking
If a constraint is currently being snapped to, that constraint can be locked by holding SHIFT on the
keyboard. While holding SHIFT, a second dotted line will extend from the cursor to the locked constraint
(the first dotted line). This is useful for lining up objects along a constraint with other objects.

For instance, in Figure 9.7, a box already exists in the model. A second slab is being drawn such that the
third point of the slab lines up with the right side of the first box. This was done as follows:

1) After the second point for the slab was clicked, the cursor was moved until the X-axis
constraint became visible.
2) SHIFT was pressed and held on the keyboard to lock the constraint.
3) The cursor was moved to a point on the right edge of the box while still holding SHIFT.

NOTE: The distance displayed in the figure is the distance from the second point to the third point on
the locked constraint and NOT from the second point to the cursor location.

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Figure 9.7. Locked constraint

Precise Keyboard Entry

While using a drawing/editing tool, a popup window may appear next to the cursor, such as in Figure 9.8.
This window shows the value used to determine the next point or value for the current tool. In this
figure the value is the Distance from the previous point along the vector from the previous point to the
current cursor location. For other tools, this value may be angle or relative offset, etc.

The value is editable if the status bar at the bottom of the 3D or 2D View indicates it is. For instance, in
the figure, the status bar says <Type to enter Distance or press TAB for alternatives>. If the user starts
typing, the popup window will be replaced with an editing window as shown in Figure 9.9. If the user
presses ENTER, the typed value will be committed. If the user presses ESC instead, the keyboard entry
will be cancelled.

Pressing TAB cycles through alternate input methods to determine the next value. For instance, pressing
TAB with the wall tool allows the user to enter a relative offset from the last point instead of a distance.
Pressing TAB a second time allows the user to enter an absolute position for the next point, and pressing
TAB a third time will cycle back to the distance input.

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 Drawing in PyroSim

Figure 9.8. Tool editor window

Figure 9.9. Precise keyboard entry

Precise keyboard entry may be easiest for some users when using the multi-click mode of drawing
rather than using the click-drag mode. Using multi-click allows both hands to be used to type as
opposed to click-drag, which requires one hand to remain on the mouse.

2D versus 3D Drawing
There are some key differences between drawing in the 2D and 3D Views. The 2D View is useful when
drawing should be restricted to one pre-defined plane. It is also useful for lining up objects along the X, Y,
or Z axes. The 3D View is useful when an object such as a vent or solid-phase device needs to be

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snapped to the face of an obstruction or vent or if the user would like to build objects by stacking them
on top of one another.

2D View Drawing
When drawing in the 2D View, the drawing will always take place in the drawing plane specified in the
tool properties, and snapping is only performed in the local X and Y dimensions. The local Z value will
remain true to the drawing plane. In addition, if a tool has some sort of height or depth property, the
tool will also remain true to that value. Figure 9.10 shows two slabs that have been drawn in the top
view, one at Z = 0 m and the other at Z = 1.5 m. While snapping was used to partially align the objects,
they both remain in the Z planes specified in their tool properties.

Figure 9.10. Slabs in different planes aligned in the 2D View

3D View Drawing
The 3D View uses snapping in all three dimensions, causing tool properties to be interpreted more
loosely. The drawing plane and depth properties for a drawn object are context-sensitive in the 3D View.
When using tools such as the slab tool, the first clicked point determines the drawing plane. If, on this
first click, another object is snapped to, the drawing plane is set at the Z location of that snap point. The
tool properties drawing plane is only used if nothing is snapped to on the first click.

This 3D snapping feature of the 3D View is useful for drawing vents on obstructions and attaching solid-
phase devices to obstructions as shown in Figure 9.11.

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Figure 9.11. Vent and devices attached to a wall

The 3D snapping feature is also useful for stacking objects, as shown in Figure 9.15. In this figure, the
drawing plane was never changed. All the objects were stacked on top of each other using snapping.

Figure 9.12. Objects stacked in the 3D View

Holes in the 3D View

While stacking can be useful for obstructions, a user must be more careful when drawing holes in the 3D
View. For instance, with the slab hole tool and block hole tool, the user will need to change the
extrusion direction to properly direct the hole into the obstruction. For instance, if the user draws a slab
obstruction in the 3D View and then draws a slab hole while snapping to the obstruction, the hole will
be stacked on top of the obstruction without cutting a hole as shown in Figure 9.13 (A). To draw this

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properly, the user would need to change the extrusion direction when drawing the hole by pressing
CTRL on the keyboard or changing it through the tools right-click menu. This will result in a proper hole
as shown in Figure 9.13 (B). This is not a problem in the 2D View since it always uses the drawing plane
set in the tool properties instead of stacking the objects.

A B
Figure 9.13. Improper vs proper hole drawing in the 3D view

Projected Drawing in the 3D View

Once the drawing plane for a tool has been established by the first click, the tool can still determine the
next points by snapping to objects in another plane. In this case, the snapped points will be projected to
the drawing plane for the current tool. A dotted line will show how the snapped point was projected to
the plane. For instance, Figure 9.14 shows a new slab being drawn in the Z = 1.5 plane. A slab below the
new slab is being snapped to determine the new slabs points.

Figure 9.14. Snapping to another plane in the 3D View

Obstruction Drawing Tools

There are four tools that can draw obstructions (for more information on obstructions, see Obstructions
on page 49).

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Slab Obstruction Tool: Used to draw the slab for a floor

Wall Obstruction Tool: Used to draw a wall
Block Obstruction Tool: Used to fill grid cells with obstructions
Room Tool: Used to draw a rectangular room

For all the obstruction tools, the tool properties dialog ( ) will appear similar to that in Figure 9.15. The
only section of the dialog that will change between these tools is the geometry, such as Z Location and
Thickness. All other properties, including name, surface, color, and obstruction flags appear in all
obstruction dialogs. These parameters control the properties that will be applied to the next drawn
obstruction.

Figure 9.15. Tool properties dialog for obstructions

The surface and color of the next obstruction can also be set via the right-click menu for the tool.

Slab Obstruction Tool

A slab is an extruded polygonal object as shown in Figure 9.16 that can be used to draw the slab for a
floor in a building.

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Figure 9.16. A polygonal slab obstruction

The slab obstruction tool adds two additional properties to the tool dialog for obstructions:

[X,Y, or Z] Location: the drawing plane for the slab. When the active floor is changed, this is set
to the floors elevation minus the floors slab thickness.
Thickness: the thickness of the slab. When the active floor is changed, this is set to the floors
slab thickness. If this value is positive, the slab is extruded toward the camera. If it is negative
the slab is extruded away from the camera. The extrusion direction can be toggled by pressing
CTRL on the keyboard or from the tools right-click menu.

To draw the polygon vertices of the slab obstruction, perform the following:

1. Select the Slab Obstruction Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. Define the slab points using one of the two tool modes:
Use Click-drag mode to draw an axis-aligned box between two points.
Use Multi-click mode to click several points defining the polygonal boundary for the slab.
The slab will automatically close if the first point is clicked again or if the user selects
Close from the right-click menu.

Wall Obstruction Tool

The wall obstruction tool can be used to draw multi-segmented walls as shown in Figure 9.17. In this
figure, there is only one wall. The user specifies a path along the floor from which the wall is extruded
up. The wall can be aligned to the left, right, or center of the drawn path.

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Figure 9.17. A wall obstruction

The wall obstruction tool adds three properties to the tool properties dialog:

Z Location: the drawing plane for the bottom of the wall. When the active floor is changed, this
is set to the floors elevation property.
Height: the height of the wall. This must be positive. When the active floor is changed, this is set
to the floors wall height property.
Wall Thickness: the thickness of the wall.

The alignment of the wall can be controlled through the right-click menu for the tool or can be cycled by
pressing the CTRL key on the keyboard. The alignment options are shown in Figure 9.18.

Left-aligned Right-aligned Center-aligned

Figure 9.18. Wall alignment options

To draw a wall, perform the following steps:

1. Select the Wall Obstruction Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. Define the wall points using one of the two tool modes:
Use Click-drag mode to draw a single wall segment.

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Use Multi-click mode to click several points, with wall segments between each pair of
points. If the first clicked point is clicked again after drawing at least two segments or
Close is chosen from the right-click menu, the tool will draw one last segment from the
last clicked point to the first point and finish. Alternately, the wall can be ended at the
last clicked point by choosing Finish from the right-click menu.

Block Obstruction Tool

The Block Obstruction Tool can be used to quickly fill grid cells with blocks as shown in Figure 9.19 or
place a block with a single click.

Figure 9.19. Blocks drawn with the block obstruction tool

This tool adds the following properties to the tool properties dialog:

[X,Y, or Z] Location: the drawing plane. When the active floor is changed, this is set to the
floors elevation.
Height: the distance the block is extruded toward or away from the camera. When the active
floor is changed, this is set to the floors wall height property.
Size: the size of the block when there is no snap grid under the cursor.

In addition, the extrusion direction for the block can be toggled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or
through the right-click menu for the tool.

To create blocks using this tool, perform the following:

1. Select the Block Obstruction Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. If a solution mesh or sketch grid is visible, either click the desired cell to fill or click-drag the
mouse across the grid to paint blocks. The depth of the cells will not necessarily be the depth

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of a cell in the filled mesh, however. The depth is strictly controlled by the height property for
the tool.

Room Tool
The room tool can be used to draw a rectangular room using one closed wall as shown in Figure 9.20.

Figure 9.20. A room drawn with the room tool

The room tool contains the same properties as the wall obstruction tool.

To draw a room with the room tool perform the following:

1. Select the Room Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. Use Click-drag mode or Multi-click mode to draw two points defining the extents of the room.

Hole Drawing Tools

There are three tools that can draw holes (for more information on holes, see Holes on page 52).

Slab Hole Tool: Used to draw a hole in a floor slab.

Wall Hole Tool: Used to draw an opening in a wall, such as for a doorway or window.
Block Hole Tool: Used to fill grid cells with holes.

All these tools work the same as their obstruction counterparts, but they do not have the properties
specific to obstructions, such as the surface or obstruction flags.

Vent Tool
There is only one tool for drawing vents (for more information on vents, see Vents on page 53). PyroSim
only allows vents in an X, Y, or Z plane. Vents cannot currently be drawn off-axis like walls can.

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Vents also must be attached to solid obstructions (at least one grid cell thick). This is easily accomplished
by drawing the vent in the 3D View (see 2D versus 3D Drawing on page 66).

To draw a vent, perform the following:

1. Select the Vent Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. Use Click-drag Mode or Multi-click Mode to specify two points that define the extents of the
vent.
When this is performed in the 2D View, the vent will be drawn in the plane specified in
the tool properties and is view-dependent (in the top view, the vent will be drawn in the
XY plane, in the front view, the vent will be drawn in the XZ plane, etc.).
If the vent is drawn in the 3D View, the vent will be drawn in the plane containing the
two specified points. If the two points are not in an axis-aligned plane, an axis-aligned
plane will be chosen containing the first point while maximizing the area of the vent.

Solution Mesh Tool

Solution meshes can also be drawn in PyroSim with the solution mesh tool as shown in Figure 9.21.

Figure 9.21. A solution mesh drawn with the mesh tool

The solution mesh tool has the following tool properties:

[X,Y, or Z] Location: The drawing plane containing the bottom of the mesh. When the active
floor is changed, this is set to the floors elevation minus the floors slab thickness.
Height: The depth of the mesh in the current view. When the active floor is changed, this is set
to the floors wall height plus the floors slab thickness.

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Cells: Define how cells are generated as the mesh is being drawn. This can be one of two values:
fixed size, or fixed count:
o Fixed Size: each cell will have a fixed size. While drawing the mesh, the mesh boundary
will snap to integer multiples of the cell size. Figure 9.22 (A) shows a mesh drawn with
fixed cell sizes of .25 x .25 x .25 m. As can be seen, the grid has been snapped
away from the cursor the nearest multiple of .25 m.
o Fixed Count: each dimension of the drawn mesh will be evenly divided to have the
specified number of cells. Figure 9.22 (B) shows a mesh drawn with fixed counts of 10
x 10 x 10. As can be seen, the cells are stretched to match the drawn mesh
boundary.

A B
Figure 9.22. Two types of drawn meshes

To draw a solution mesh, perform the following:

1. Select the Solution Mesh Tool .

2. Use the Click-drag Mode or Multi-click Mode to draw two points defining the extents of the
mesh.

Mesh Splitter Tool

Solution meshes can be easily split into two or more sub-meshes by using the mesh splitter tool . To
split one or more meshes, perform the following:

1. Select the desired meshes to split either in the navigation view or by holding g on the keyboard
while selecting a grid in the 2D or 3D view.
2. Select the Mesh Splitter Tool .
3. Move the cursor over one of the meshes. A preview slice will show where the meshes will be
split as shown in Figure 9.23. By default the tool will choose the split axis based on the nearest
boundary edge of a selected mesh. The split axis can be explicitly set through the right-click

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menu, in the tool properties dialog, by click-dragging the left mouse button, or by pressing CTRL
on the keyboard to cycle through the options.
4. Once the desired split location can be seen, left-click the mouse to set the location.
5. Repeat steps 3) and 4) to set more split locations. The meshes can be split along any number of
axes in a single operation.
6. To perform the split, right-click in the 2D or 3D view and select Finish.
7. PyroSim will create a new mesh group for each selected mesh and place the resulting meshes in
the appropriate groups.

Figure 9.23. Meshes being split by the mesh splitter tool

Device Tool
PyroSim allows point devices to be drawn with the device tool (for more information on devices, see
Chapter 154).

The device tool has the following properties:

[X,Y, or Z] Location: The drawing plane on which to place the device. When the active floor is
changed, this is set to the floors elevation plus the floors wall height*.5.
Device Type: The type of point device to draw. This can include sprinklers, smoke detectors, gas-
phase devices, solid-phase devices, etc. Changing the device type also changes the other
properties editable in the properties dialog. For more information on properties for each device
type, see 0.

To draw a device, perform the following:

1. Select the Device Tool .

2. Click on the desired location.

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NOTE: When drawing a device in the 3D View, the devices location will snap differently depending on
whether the device is a solid-phase device, such as one that measures wall temperature, or a gas-phase
device, such as a smoke detector. If it is a solid-phase device, the devices location will snap directly to
the point under the cursor if one is found. This makes it trivial to attach a solid-phase device to an
obstruction. If the device is a gas-phase device, however, the devices location will be projected to the
plane as set in the device tool properties as shown in Figure 9.24. This makes it easy to draw devices at a
specific height above the floor. This behavior can be overridden for either type of device by selecting
Lock Z to [V] (where V is the drawing plane) or Lock Z to Snap Location in the tools right-click menu.
Lock Z to [V] is the automatic behavior for gas-phase devices and Lock Z to Snap Location is the
automatic behavior for solid-phase devices.

Figure 9.24. A gas-phase device being drawn in the 3D View

Planar Slice Tool

Planar slices, as discussed in Slices on page 128 can be drawn with the planar slice tool . To do so,
perform the following:

1. Select the Planar Slice Tool .

2. In the tool properties dialog, select the desired quantity to record on the slice, the desired plane
on which to draw the slice, and whether to include flow vectors.
3. Move the cursor to the desired slice location. A preview slice will be displayed as shown in
Figure 9.25.1 The slice plane can be changed through the right-click menu, by click-dragging the
left mouse button, or by pressing CTRL on the keyboard to cycle through the options.
4. Left-click the mouse to create the slice.

1
A planar slice can only be seen if the slice intersects a solution mesh.

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Figure 9.25. Drawing a slice with the planar slice tool

HVAC Node Tool

HVAC nodes as discussed in Chapter 17, can be drawn with the HVAC Node Tool . To do so, perform
the following:

1. Select the HVAC Node Tool .

2. In the tool properties dialog, select the desired height of the node.
3. Move the cursor to the desired slice location.
4. Left-click the mouse to create the node.

Figure 9.26. Using the HVAC Node drawing tool

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HVAC Duct Tool

PyroSim allows HVAC ducts to be drawn with the HVAC Duct Tool . To do so, perform the following:

1. Select the HVAC Duct Tool .

2. Click to select the first HVAC Node. It is best to select the nodes in the direction air will flow
through them.
3. After selecting the first node, a green line will appear from the node to the cursor, representing
the duct. Complete the duct by selecting the second node.

Figure 9.27. Drawing an HVAC Duct

Other Drawing Tools

PyroSim can also be used to draw Init Regions (page 136) with the Init Region Tool , Particle Clouds
(page 109) with the Particle Cloud Tool or the Particles at a Point Tool , and Zones with the Zone
Tool . These tools draw axis-aligned boxes, and so they behave similarly. They all have the following
drawing properties:

[X,Y, or Z] Location: The drawing plane for the tool. When the active floor is changed, this is set
to the floors elevation.
Height: The depth of the drawn box in the current view. When the active floor is changed, this
is set to the floors wall height.

To draw one of these objects, perform the following:

1. Select the appropriate tool.

2. Use Click-drag Mode or Multi-click Mode to draw two points defining the extents of the objects
box.

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Editing Objects
Nearly all geometric objects can also be graphically edited in the 3D or 2D View with the
Select/Manipulate Tool .

Editing is performed through an objects editing handles. Handles appear on an object either as a blue
dot as shown in Figure 9.28 or a face with a different color. The dots indicate a point that can be moved
in either two or three dimensions. A discolored face indicates that a face can be moved or extruded
along a line.

Figure 9.28. Editing handles on an object

To graphically edit an object, perform the following:

1. Select the Select/Manipulate Tool from the navigation toolbar.

1
2. Select one object to edit . If the object can be graphically edited, blue editing handles will
appear.
3. Hover the cursor over the desired handle. If the handle is a dot, it will turn yellow. If the handle
is a face, the entire face will turn yellow as shown in Figure 9.29.
4. Move the handle using Click-drag Mode or Multi-click Mode to specify two points defining the
movement vector.

1
Only one object can be edited at a time. Editing handles will only appear if exactly one object is selected.

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Figure 9.29. A highlighted face handle

Transforming Objects
PyroSim provides a variety of tools to transform geometry objects. With the transform tools, users can
move, rotate, and mirror objects.

Copy Mode
Each tool has an alternate mode to copy the source objects with the transform. To toggle copy mode
on/off, press the CTRL key on the keyboard. Alternately, choose Copy Mode or Move Mode from the
tools right-click menu. When using copy mode, the selected objects are copied and the copies are
transformed.

Move Tool
This tool allows the user to move selected objects to a new location as shown in Figure 9.30. To use this
tool, perform the following:

1. Select the desired objects to move from any of the views.

2. Select the Move Tool from the drawing toolbar.
3. Use Click-drag Mode or Multi-click Mode to draw two points defining the movement vector.

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Figure 9.30. Moving an object using the Move Tool

Rotate Tool
This tool allows the user to rotate selected objects as shown in Figure 9.311. To use this tool, perform
the following:

1. Select the desired objects to rotate from any of the views.

2. Select the Rotate Tool from the drawing toolbar.
3. Single-click to specify the rotation center.2
4. Single-click another point to define a reference vector from the first point to the second point.
This reference vector is what the angle is based from.
5. Single-click a third point to define the angle vector from the first point to the third point. The
selected objects will be rotated by the angle between the reference and angle vectors.

The following defines the axis about which objects are rotated for each view:

3D View: Z axis
Top View: Z axis
Front View: -Y axis
Side View: -X axis

1
Some objects, such as a solution mesh can only be rotated by 90 degree increments.
2
The rotate tool can only be performed with Multi-click Mode since it requires three reference points.

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1 2

3
Figure 9.31. Rotating an object with the Rotate Tool

Mirror Tool
The mirror tool allows objects to be mirrored across a plane as shown in Figure 9.321. To use the mirror
tool, perform the following:

1. Select the desired objects to mirror from any view.

2. Select the Mirror Tool from the drawing toolbar.
3. Use Click-drag Mode or Multi-click Mode to define two points that create a plane about which
the selected objects are mirrored.

1
Some objects, such as solution meshes, can only be mirrored about an X, Y, or Z plane.

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1 2
Figure 9.32. Mirroring an object using the Mirror Tool

Painting Obstructions and Vents

PyroSim provides tools to paint obstructions and vents with a surface and/or color. A user can also use a
picking tool to pick the surface and/or color used to draw new obstructions or vents or to perform
painting.

Paint Tool
A user can use the Paint Tool to paint the faces of obstructions and vents a specific surface and/or
color.

The Paint Tool has the following tool properties:

Apply Surface: Specifies whether to paint faces with surfaces and which surface to use.
Apply Color: Specifies whether to paint faces with a specific color and which color to use.

These painting options can also be cycled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or through the tools right-
click menu. The right-click menu also allows quick selection of a surface in the model or recently-used
color.

To paint faces with the paint tool, perform the following:

1. Select the Paint Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. Hover the cursor over the desired face to paint. If the face can be painted with the current
surface/color, the face with highlight yellow as shown in Figure 9.33.
3. Either single-click the face to paint only that face, or click-drag the left mouse button to paint all
faces the cursor moves over. Hold SHIFT on the keyboard while painting to paint all the faces of
the object rather than just one face.

NOTE: A popup window will show which surface/color is currently being painted, but unlike other popup
windows, this one is NOT editable.

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Figure 9.33. An obstruction face highlighted by the paint tool

Pick Tool
The Pick Tool can be used to pick the next color/surface to use when drawing or painting
obstructions and vents.

The Pick Tool has the following tool properties:

Pick Surface: Whether to pick the surface under the cursor

Pick Color: Whether to pick the color under the cursor.

The pick options can also be toggled by pressing CTRL on the keyboard or from the tools right-click
menu.

To use the Pick Tool, perform the following:

1. Select the Pick Tool from the drawing toolbar.

2. Hover the cursor over the object from which the color/surface should be chosen. A popup
window will show what that color/surface is.
3. Single-click the left mouse button to pick.

The chosen color/surface will then be applied to the surface or color properties for the obstruction, vent,
mesh, and paint tools.

Measuring Length/Distance
PyroSim provides a measure tool to measure distances in the model. To measure a distance, perform
the following:

1. Select the Measure Tool .

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2. Either click several points to measure the total distance along a path or click-drag to measure a
single distance between two points. As the cursor is moved, the current cursor location, total
path length, and length of the most recent segment are displayed as shown in Figure 9.34.
3. To copy the distance, right-click and from the menu, choose Copy total distance to clipboard.
This will make the total distance measurement available on the clipboard so it can be pasted
into a field or any other paste location. The text that is copied to the clipboard includes both the
full precision value and the current display length unit. For example, it might copy 3.2808399 ft
if working in the English unit system.

Figure 9.34. Information displayed by the measure tool

NOTE: When working in the 3D View, all distances are true to the 3D snapped locations of the cursor. In
the 2D Views, however, the cursor locations are projected to a single plane parallel to the view before
determining the distance. This means that in the Top View, all Z distances are ignored. In the Front View,
all Y distances are ignored. In the Side View, all X distances are ignored.

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Chapter 10. Creating Complex Geometry

This chapter provides guidance on using the geometry tools available in PyroSim to create several
geometric shapes that often appear in building models. The ability to sketch in different planes, copy,
replicate, drag, scale, and rotate objects can greatly simplify the tasks of geometry creation.

Curved Walls
While PyroSims tools do not explicitly produce curved walls, they can approximate them using any of
the following techniques:

Draw the wall using several straight wall segments.

Draw the wall using individual blocks.
Rotate a single object to produce the desired arc.

In all of the following examples, we will use a background image as a pattern to draw against. While this
is not required, it makes creating curved surfaces much easier and one of the strengths of PyroSim is
that it allows you to sketch geometry directly on top of building design images. The background image
we will be using is shown in Figure 10.1.

Figure 10.1. Background image used for all curved wall examples

For simplicity, we will assume that horizontal distance across the entire image is 50 feet, and we will
place the origin of the model at the lower-left corner of the room shown in the image. The brightness of
the image will be set to 50%. The Configure Background Image dialog shown in Figure 10.2 illustrates
these settings.

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Figure 10.2. Background image settings for curved wall examples

Using the Wall Tool

To create a curved wall section from wall segments, you can follow these steps:

1. Click the 2D View tab, and select the Draw Wall Obstruction tool.
2. Turn off grid snapping. In the View menu, click Disable Grid Snapping.
3. Position the cursor at the beginning of the curve where you want to place the first wall segment.
4. Use Multi-click Mode to click several points along the curve. More points will create a smoother
curve.
5. Right-click in the 2D View and select Finish to finish drawing the wall.

This is the fastest way to create smooth curves in PyroSim. PyroSim will convert the curved walls to
blocks before running the FDS simulation. While smaller segments will make the wall look better in
PyroSim, placement of obstructions generated for FDS depends on the resolution of your mesh. Three
different versions of a curved wall created with this technique are shown in Figure 10.3.

Figure 10.3. A curved wall drawn with three different segment lengths

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Using extremely short line segments will probably not be of any benefit unless you also use very small
mesh cells.

Using the Block Tool

To create a curved wall section from blocks, you can follow these steps:

1. Create a mesh. This example uses a 50.0 ft x 50.0 ft mesh with 1 ft mesh cells.
2. Click the 2D View tab, and select the Block Obstruction Tool .
3. Turn grid snapping on. If snapping is off: in the View menu, click Snap to Model Grid.
4. Click each cell along the curved wall to place the necessary blocks.

This technique forces you to convert the curve to blocks manually, but the advantage is you know
exactly what geometry will be generated for FDS. If you have a high resolution mesh, it may be useful to
drag the mouse and paint the curve rather than clicking individual blocks. The example curved wall is
shown in Figure 10.4.

Figure 10.4. A curved wall drawn using individual blocks

Rotating an Object
To create curved objects using the rotation technique, you must place an initial segment, then perform a
rotate-copy operation about the center point of your desired curve. This process is illustrated in the
following steps:

Click the 2D View tab, and select the Wall Obstruction Tool .

1. Turn off grid snapping. If snapping is on: in the View menu, click Disable Grid Snapping.
2. Create an initial wall segment somewhere on the curve.
3. In the Model menu, click Rotate...
4. Select the Copy mode.
5. Specify the necessary parameters for the rotation operation. In this example, the Number of
Copies is 15, the Angle is 6.0 degrees, and the Base Point is: x=32.0 feet, y=16.5 feet.
6. Click Preview to verify that the settings are correct, then click OK.

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The curve for this example is shown in Figure 10.5.

Figure 10.5. A curved wall drawn using the rotate technique

If we would have created 60 copies instead of 15 this procedure would have created a cylinder. While
complicated, the rotation approach is the most effective at creating complex symmetrical geometry.

Trusses
Trusses can be created by drawing a single truss out of slab obstructions and slab holes, then replicating
that truss as many times as needed as shown in Figure 10.6. The following steps show how to create the
trusses for an example roof.

1. Click the 2D View tab

2. On the toolbar, click the Front View button.
3. On the drawing toolbar, select the Slab Obstruction Tool .
4. On the drawing toolbar, click the Tool Properties button, and set the thickness to the desired
thickness of the truss.
5. Draw a triangle representing the outer boundary of the truss.
6. On the toolbar, select the Slab Hole Tool .
7. Draw a triangular hole in the left half of the truss.
8. Select the newly created hole.
9. Select the Mirror Tool .
10. Right click in the 2D View and select Copy Mode.
11. Draw a line from the top vertex of the outer obstruction to the center of the bottom to define
the mirror plane.
12. Select the entire truss, including the outer obstruction and two holes.
13. Open the Model menu, and click Copy/Move.
14. In the Translate dialog: select Copy, set Number of Copies to 4, set Offset to be 2.0 meters
along the Y axis, and click OK.

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Figure 10.6. Trusses created using PyroSim tools

Roofs
You can quickly add a roof to the model using the Slab Obstruction Tool . The following steps show
how to add a roof to the previous truss example.

1. Click the 2D View tab.

2. On the view toolbar, select the front view .
3. On the drawing toolbar, select the Slab Obstruction Tool .
4. Draw the profile of the roof as one polygon so that it touches the trusses. Click the top point,
then bottom point, and the top point once more to create the slab.
5. On the view toolbar, select the top view .
6. On the navigation toolbar, select the Select/Manipulate Tool .
7. Click to drag the leading edge of the slab to the opposite truss.
8. Single-click to end manipulation.
9. Repeat steps 7-9 for the back edge of the roof slab to line it up with the back of the last truss.

The resulting roof section is shown in Figure 10.7.

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Figure 10.7. A roof created with the slab obstruction tool

The extruded polygon tool can be used to create obstructions with any number of boundary points
(triangles, quads, etc).

Stairs
Users can create simple stairways by placing the initial stair, then using the translate-copy operation.
This section will present a simple example to illustrate the approach.

We will create a 10 step stairway. Each step will have a 7 inch rise (0.58 feet), and a 10 inch (0.83 feet)
run. The stairway itself will be 24 inches (2.0 feet) wide. To keep things as simple as possible, we will
construct the stairway in an empty model.

1. On the Model menu, click New Obstruction...

2. In the Obstruction Properties dialog, specify the min point as (0.0, 0.0, 0.0) and the
max point as (2.0, 0.83, 0.58).
3. On the Model menu, click Copy/Move.
4. In the Translate dialog, select Copy, set the Number of Copies to 9, set the Offset to (0.0,
0.83, 0.58), and click OK.

The stairway generated in this example is shown in Figure 10.8.

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 Creating Complex Geometry

Figure 10.8. A stairway created with the replicate tool

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 Working with Geometry Objects

Chapter 11. Working with Geometry Objects

Selection
PyroSim relies heavily on the idea of selected objects. For almost all operations, the user first selects an
object(s) and then changes the selected object(s). The Selection Tool is used to select objects.

A left mouse click on an object in any view will select it.

Holding Ctrl while clicking will toggle the item in the selection, adding previously unselected
items and removing previously selected items.
Holding Alt while clicking an object in the 3D View or the 2D View will select the entire group
that the object belongs to.
In the Navigation View, a range of objects can be selected by clicking the first object, then
holding Shift while clicking the last object.
In the 2D and 3D Views, multiple objects can be selected with the Selection Tool and a click-drag
motion to define a selection box.

Once objects have been selected, the user can modify the object using the menus.

Selection can be made in any of the views using the Selection tool. Multiple objects can be selected
using the Ctrl key or click and drag to define a box. In the Navigation View, the Shift key can be used to
select a consecutive list of objects.

Context Menus
A right-click on a selection displays a context menu. This menu includes the most common options for
working with the object. The user may also right-click on individual objects for immediate display of the
context menu.

Undo/Redo
All geometric changes to the model can be undone and redone using the Undo and Redo buttons,
as well as Ctrl+Z and Ctrl+Y, respectively.

Copy/Paste
Select an object to copy, then either use Ctrl+C or Edit->Copy to copy. Alternately, right-click on an
object to display the context menu with Copy.

Either use Ctrl+V or Edit->Paste to paste a copy of the object. Alternately, right-click on an object to
display the context menu with Paste.

Copy/Paste from Other Models

By running two instances of PyroSim, you can copy objects from one model and paste them into a
second model. If the copied objects rely on other properties, such as surfaces, that are not included in
the second model, these properties will be pasted into the model when the objects are pasted.

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 Working with Geometry Objects

Copy/Paste from Text Files

Copy/paste can also be performed to and from text files. For example the user can select an object in
PyroSim, open a text file, and paste the object. The text FDS representations of the object and
dependent properties will be pasted. Alternatively, the user can copy the text from an FDS file and paste
into PyroSim (the 3D View, 2D View, or Navigation View). The object will be added to the PyroSim model.
An error message will be received if the pasted object depends on data that is not available in the
PyroSim model. The user will then need to paste that information (such as surface properties) first
before pasting the geometric object.

Double-Click to Edit
Double-clicking on an object opens the appropriate dialog for editing the object properties.

Translate and Copy Dialog

The Translate dialog can be used to both move an object and to create copies of an object, each offset in
space. To move an object in this manner, perform the following:

1. Right click the object(s) to move.

2. From the right-click menu, select Copy/Move.
3. This will show the Translate dialog, Figure 11.1.

The Mode selects either the option to move only the selected object or to create copies of the object
and move them. The Offset parameters indicate the increment to move or offset the copies.

To preview the changes without applying them, click Preview. To apply the changes and close the dialog,
click OK. To cancel the changes instead, click Cancel.

Figure 11.1. The translate dialog

Mirror and Copy Dialog

The Mirror dialog can be used to mirror an object about a plane or planes. To mirror an object in this
manner, perform the following:

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1. Right click the object(s) to mirror.

2. From the right-click menu, select Mirror.
3. This will show the Mirror dialog as in Figure 11.2.

The Mode selects either the option to mirror only the selected object or to create a mirrored copy of the
object. The Mirror Plane(s) define planes normal to the X, Y, and Z axes about which the object will be
mirrored. The Use Center button can be used to fill the Mirror Plane data with the center coordinates of
the selected objects.

To preview the changes without applying them, click Preview. To apply the changes and close the dialog,
click OK. To cancel the changes instead, click Cancel.

Figure 11.2. The mirror dialog

Scale and Copy Dialog

The Scale dialog can be used to change the size of an object. To scale an object, perform the following:

1. Right click the object(s) to scale.

2. From the right-click menu, select Scale.
3. This will show the Scale dialog as in Figure 11.3.

The Mode selects either the option to scale only the selected object or to create multiple scaled copies
of the object. The Scale values define the scale factors in the X, Y, and Z directions. The Base Point
defines the point about which the scaling will be performed. The Use Center button can be used to fill
the Base Point data with the center coordinates of the selected objects.

To preview the changes without applying them, click Preview. To apply the changes and close the dialog,
click OK. To cancel the changes instead, click Cancel.

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 Working with Geometry Objects

Figure 11.3. The scale dialog being used to scale an object

Rotate and Copy Dialog

The Rotate dialog can be used to rotate an object. To rotate an object, perform the following:

1. Right click the object(s) to rotate.

2. From the right-click menu, select Rotate
3. This will show the Rotate dialog as in Figure 11.4.

The Mode selects either the option to rotate only the selected object or to create multiple rotated
copies of the object. The Rotation values allow the user to select the axis about which the rotation will
be made and the angle is the rotation angle (counter-clockwise is positive). The Base Point defines the
point about which the rotation will be performed. The Use Center button can be used to fill the Base
Point data with the center coordinates of the selected objects.

To preview the changes without applying them, click Preview. To apply the changes and close the dialog,
click OK. To cancel the changes instead, click Cancel.

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Figure 11.4. The rotate dialog being used to rotate an object

Object Visibility
Often it is desirable to turn off the display of selected objects, for example, to hide a roof of a building in
order to visualize the interior. In any of the views, right-click on a selection to obtain the following
options:

Hide object(s) - This turns off the display of the selected object(s).
Show object(s) - This turns on the display of the selected object(s).
Filter object(s) - This turns off the display of all objects except the selection(s).
Show all objects - Turns on the display of all objects.

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Chapter 12. Species

Gas species can serve many different roles in a PyroSim model. In the simplest applications, a number of
gaseous species are implicitly defined and tracked within the simulator to model the combustion of
hydrocarbon fuels. For this type of model, the Fire Dynamics Simulator simulates and tracks three
unique species; AIR, PRODUCTS, and FUEL. These three species can consequently be used anywhere else
in the model, and their major components; OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR, NITROGEN,
CARBON MONOXIDE, and SOOT can be referenced for output data.

By default, PyroSim adds all species which have been implicitly defined by FDS to the model on startup.
These species are unique from those involved in the reaction chemistry, and will not take part in the
simple reaction chemistry if referenced. While PyroSim manually handles the logic that determines
whether or not it is necessary to include a species in the FDS input file, it is important to understand
what requires a species line be written to the output. A species referenced by any of the following will
cause it to be written:

1. The species has a non-zero Initial Mass Fraction.

2. An initialization region includes some mass fraction of the species (see Chapter 19).
3. A liquid particle referenced in the model refers to the species (see Chapter 14).
4. A supply surface referenced in the model injects the species (see Chapter 7).
5. A material referenced in the model creates the species through its pyrolysis reaction (see
Chapter 6).
6. An HVAC filter absorbs some fraction of the species (see Chapter 17).

Species can be managed by opening the Model menu and selecting Edit Species. To create a new
species, select New and choose whether the new species should be Primitive or Lumped.

Primitive Species
Primitive species can be tracked individually, or as a component of a more complex lumped species.

To edit primitive species:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Species.

2. On the Primitive tab, set the Molecular Weight (MW) of the species. You may also specify the
chemical formula for the reaction if you plan to use the species in a combustion reaction.
3. On the Vis/Dif tab, you can specify the Diffusivity (DIFFUSIVITY) or Viscosity (VISCOSITY) for the
species. These can either be fixed, or specified as ramps using the Custom option in the
respective combo boxes. You can also specify the Lennard-Jones Parameters (SIGMALJ,
EPSILONKLJ).
4. Some species need to absorb or emit thermal radiation. In this case, you may specify a Radcal
Surrogate on the Radiation tab. The species will use the absorbing properties of the specified
surrogate. It is best to use a surrogate with molecular properties similar to the custom species.

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5. To invoke the aerosol deposition model of FDS, select the Aerosol (AEROSOL) checkbox on the
Soot tab. If the deposition model is used, you must also specify Density (Solid) (DENSITY_SOLID),
Conductivity (Solid) (CONDUCTIVITY_SOLID), and Mean Diameter (MEAN_DIAMETER).
6. The Liquid tab is used to define the thermal properties of evaporating liquid droplets. Note that
these variables are only used when a particle evaporates. For more information about specifying
an evaporating liquid droplet, see Chapter 14.
7. The Gas tab is used to set parameters related to the enthalpy of the gas species. The enthalpy is
specified by a combination of Specific Heat (SPECIFIC_HEAT), Reference Temperature
(REFERENCE_TEMPERATURE), and Reference Enthalpy (REFERENCE_ENTHALPY). For more
information on how enthalpy is calculated, refer to the FDS User Manual.

Lumped Species
Species mixtures can be defined as a mixture of any number of primitive species. Because all species in
the simulation must be tracked by a transport equation, a lumped species can be used to save on
simulation time.

To create a lumped species:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Species.

2. Click New
3. Select the Lumped option.
4. Click OK

To edit the lumped species:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Species.

2. Lumped species cannot be assigned fixed values like a primitive species can. Instead, the
simulator derives this information from the combination of all the individual components of the
species. In the Lumped panel, you can specify the composition as either a Mass Fraction or a
Volume Fraction. In either case, a table of all declared Primitive Species and their fractional
composition is displayed on the panel.

When using lumped species, it is recommended that certain actions be taken to reduce the complexity
of the simulation. To save on simulation time:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Species.

2. If a primitive species is to be used only as a component of a lumped species, select that species.
3. Click the Advanced panel.
4. Add the line LUMPED_COMPONENT_ONLY = .TRUE. to the list of Additional Fields. For more
information about Advanced FDS parameters, see Chapter 21.
5. Click OK

Doing this check for all primitive species will reduce the number of transport equations solved by the
simulator, and save significant time on the simulation.

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 Reactions

Chapter 13. Reactions

This chapter provides an overview of how to specify combustion (the reaction of fuel vapor and oxygen)
using PyroSim. A more detailed discussion of this topic is provided in the Fire Dynamics Simulator Users
Guide and the Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide.

As described in the Fire Dynamics Simulator Users Guide, a common source of confusion in FDS is the
distinction between gas phase combustion and solid phase pyrolysis. The former refers to the reaction of
fuel vapor and oxygen; the latter the generation of fuel vapor at a solid or liquid surface. In an FDS fire
simulation, there is only one gaseous fuel that acts as a surrogate for all the potential fuel sources. The
reaction is defined using the Edit Reactions dialog in PyroSim.

The PyroSim interface supports only the single-step, mixing controlled combustion model to account for
the evolution of the fuel gas from its surface of origin through the combustion process. The alternative
provided in FDS6 is the finite-rate approach, where all of the individual gas species involved in the
combustion process are defined and tracked individually. This finite-rate approach is recommended only
for Direct Numerical Simulation. The mixture fraction model is the most frequently used approach.

Mixture Fraction Combustion

In FDS, there are two ways of designating a fire: the first is to specify a Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area
(HRRPUA) as part of a surface, the other is to specify a HEAT_OF_REACTION, along with other thermal
parameters, as part of a material. In both cases, the mixture fraction combustion model is used.

The heat release rate approach is the simplest way to specify a fire. All that needs to be done is create a
burner surface with the desired heat release rate (see Chapter 7). If no other reaction is specified,
propane will be used as the surrogate fuel. If a reaction is specified, that reaction will be used to
calculate the combustion products.

In the mixture fraction model, the reaction is assumed to be of the form:

Figure 13.1. Reaction equation

By including a reaction in the model, the species AIR, PRODUCTS, and the FUEL used by the reaction
become tracked species. As a result, their components, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR,
CARBON MONOXIDE, SOOT, and NITROGEN can be referenced by output data. It is important to
understand that these instances of species are not explicitly tracked, and are somewhat distinct from
other species which may share a name. For instance, adding an additional tracked OXYGEN species to a
PyroSim model will not result in more oxygen being available for the combustion model. In this case,
only the oxygen included as part of the AIR lumped species is reactive. For more information about
species, see Chapter 12.

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The user specifies the chemical formula of the fuel along with the yields of CO, soot, and H2, and the
amount of hydrogen in the soot. For completeness you can also specify the N2 content of the fuel.

To edit a reaction:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Reactions.

2. On the Fuel tab, you may enter either the number of atoms in the reaction equation, or specify
the reacting species. By default, PyroSim adds a custom species called REAC_FUEL to serve as
the default fuel Species. If the species is not one defined by FDS, then the fuel composition must
be defined as well. Note that not all of the implicitly defined species are reactive. The input for a
polyurethane reaction described in the SFPE Handbook, is shown in Figure 13.2.
3. On the Fire Suppression tab, you can enable fire suppression and then enter values for the
Critical Flame Temperature (CRITICAL_FLAME_TEMPERATURE) and the Automatic Ignition
Temperature (AUTO_IGNITION_TEMPERATURE). The panel is shown in Figure 13.3.
4. On the Byproducts tab, you can select either Specify release per unit mass oxygen (EPUMO2) or
specify heat of combustion (HEAT_OF_COMBUSTION). You can also specify the CO yield, H2
yield, and Soot yield. The values used for the polyurethane reaction are shown in Figure 13.4.

Figure 13.2. Fuel panel of the Edit Reactions dialog

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Figure 13.3. Fire Suppression panel of the Edit Reactions dialog

Figure 13.4. Byproducts panel of the Edit Reactions dialog

Custom Smoke
PyroSim supports the custom smoke features available in FDS. To create custom smoke, first define an
species with the desired mass extinction coefficient. This smoke species can then be injected into the
domain like any other species. Smoke detectors can also detect this smoke species if it is selected under
the smoke detectors model, which can be edited under Edit Smoke Detector Models... on the Devices
menu. Finally, if Smokeview should track this species as smoke, go to the FDS menu, select Simulation
Parameters..., and on the Output tab select the mass fraction quantity of the desired species from the

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Smoke Quantity drop-down box. Note that in addition to specifying the mass fraction of a species, the
mass fraction of any mixture fraction species can also be selected for smoke display, including the mass
fraction of oxygen, water vapor, and the other species specified in the gas-phase reaction.

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Chapter 14. Particles

PyroSim supports three types of particles: massless tracers, liquid droplets, and solid particles. To create
a new particle:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Particles...

2. Click New...
3. In the Particle Type box, select one of the types.
4. Click OK

Massless Tracers
Massless tracer particles can be used to track air flow within a simulation. They can be used with the
particle injection feature of the Burner, Heater/Cooler, Blower, and Layered surface types. They can
also be used in particle clouds.

By default, PyroSim provides a black, massless tracer particle called Tracer. To use a custom tracer
particle in your simulation, you can modify the parameters of this default particle to suit your needs, or
you can create a new particle. The tracer particle properties are as follows:

Parameter Description
Color The color of the tracer particle.
Duration The amount of time a droplet of this type will remain in the
simulation.
Sampling Factor Sampling factor for the particle output file. A value of -1
uses the FDS default value for this property. Set to an integer
greater than 1 to reduce the size of particle output.

Liquid Droplets
Evaporating liquid droplets can be used with sprinkler spray models and nozzles to customize the spray.
They can also be used in particle clouds and surface types that support particle injection.

To specify a liquid droplet, you must specify a species. This can be one of the predefined species
recognized in Table 11.1 of the FDS User's Guide, or any other user defined species. If the species is not
predefined, it is important to specify the liquid properties of the species.

To edit the liquid properties of the species:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Species...

2. Select the primitive species.
3. Select the Liquid tab.
4. Specify the fields below.
5. Click OK.

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Liquid Species Parameters:

Parameter Description
Specific Heat The droplet specific heat.
Density The droplet density.
Vaporization Temperature The droplet liquid boiling temperature.
Melting Temperature The droplet melting/freezing temperature.
Heat of Vaporization The droplet latent heat of vaporization.
Enthalpy of Formation The heat of formation of the gaseous species.
H-V Reference Temperature The temperature associated with the Heat of Vaporization

Properties of the liquid particles are specified in the Particle Dialog.

Liquid:

Parameter Description
Species The species that defines the thermal properties of the
particles.
Movement Defines whether the particles can move or are static, causing
them to act as obstructions to flow.

Size Distribution:

Parameter Description
Median Diameter The median volumetric diameter of each droplet.
Constant Use a constant diameter for each droplet.
Rosin-Rammler Allow each droplet to be sized according to Rosin-Rammler
distribution.
Lognormal Allow each droplet to be sized according to a lognormal
distribution.
Rosin-Rammler-Lognormal Rather than use a constant diameter for each droplet, allow
each to be sized according to a combination of Rosin-
Rammler and lognormal.
Gamma D The width of the Rosin-Rammler distribution. The larger the
value of gamma, the narrower the droplet size is distributed
about the median value.
Sigma D The width of the lognormal distribution.
Minimum Diameter Droplets smaller than the minimum diameter are assumed to
evaporate in a single time step.
Maximum Diameter Droplets larger than the maximum diameter are assumed to
break up in a single time step.

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Coloring:

Parameter Description
Default Allows FDS to select a color for this particle.
Specify Select to choose a custom particle color.
By Droplet Property Select this option to choose one or more scalar quantities
that will be used to color this particle in Smokeview.

Injection:

Parameter Description
Duration The amount of time a water droplet will remain in the
simulation.
Sampling Factor Sampling factor for the particle output file. A value of -1 uses
the FDS default value for this property. Set to an integer
greater than 1 to reduce the size of particle output.

Fuel Droplets
Liquid particles can be injected into the domain as evaporating fuel vapor that will burn according to the
combustion model specified in the active reaction. To specify a fuel particle, set the liquid particles
species to the same species as the Fuel Species for the active reaction (see Chapter 13). For instance, if
the fuel species of the active reaction is METHANE, choose METHANE for the particle species as well. If
the active reaction is using the Simple Chemistry Model option, choose the species, REAC_FUEL for
the particle species.

Solid Particles
PyroSim provides basic support for specifying solid particles. A solid particle must reference a surface,
from which it derives its thermophysical and geometric parameters. A solid particle can be used to
model various heat transfer, drag, and vegetation applications. Most of the parameters unique to solid
particles must be defined on the Advanced Panel, Chapter 22. For more information, see FDS User
Manual.

Activation
Normally, the insertion of particles into the domain is controlled by the surface or object emitting them,
such as by a fan or supply surface or a particle cloud. Alternatively, the insertion of particles can be
controlled by a device or other control logic. For more information on controls, see Chapter 16.

Global Parameters
There are two global options relating to particles in the Simulation Parameters dialog. The first option,
Droplets Disappear at Floor, can be used to prevent droplets from gathering on the floor of the

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simulation area. The default value for this option is ON. The second option, Max Particles per Mesh, can
be used to set an upper limit on the number of particles allowed in any simulation mesh.

Particle Clouds
Particle Clouds provide a way to insert particles into the simulation either in a box-shaped region or at a
specific point. Particles can either exist at the start of the FDS simulation or can be inserted periodically.
To create a particle cloud, on the Model menu, click either New Particle Cloud to create a region of
particles or New Particle Location to specify a specific point for the particles. This will show the
particle cloud dialog as in Figure 14.1.

Figure 14.1. Particle Cloud dialog

Particle clouds have the following properties:

Particle: The type of particle to insert in the volume.

Droplet Count: Controls the number of particles in the volume.

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o Density: Specifies the particle count as a volume density (NOTE: this is only available
when the geometry is a volume).
o Droplets/cell: FDS intersects the particle clouds geometry with the mesh cells in the
model. For each cell, FDS inserts the specified number of particles. The particles may
optionally be cell-centered.
o Constant: Species a constant number of particles for the region.
Insertion: How often the particles are inserted in the region.
o Insert Once: Inserts the particles once at the beginning of the simulation. Mass Per
Volume specifies the total density of the particles if the geometry is a volume. This is
independent of the particle density, which is specified per particle type.
o Insert Periodically: Inserts particles periodically during the simulation. A control may be
specified to control when the particles can be inserted. The Insertion Interval specifies
how often the particles are inserted when the control is true. Mass Per Time controls
how much mass is distributed across the inserted particles.

The geometry properties, including the size and location of the volume or the point location can be
specified on the Geometry tab.

Press OK to create the new particle cloud. It will appear as a translucent box or a point in the 3D and 2D
Views.

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Chapter 15. Devices

Devices are used to record quantities in the model or to represent more complex sensors, such as
smoke detectors, sprinklers, and thermocouples. You can make time history plots of device output in
PyroSim by opening the CHID_devc.csv file.

Devices can be moved, copied, rotated, and scaled using the tools described in Chapter 11 on page 95.
Most often, the user will simply select one or more devices, right-click to display the context menu, and
click Copy/Move. By copying a single device along a line and then copying the line in the normal
direction, it is possible to quickly define an array of devices.

When a device is defined, a trigger value (setpoint) can be created that can be used to activate other
objects. This is discussed more in Chapter 16.

In addition, the output of a device can be frozen at its current value when another control activates. This
can be used to create more complex logic, such as holding the heat release rate of a fire at its current
value when a sprinkler activates.

Aspiration Detection System

An aspiration detection system groups together a series of soot measurement devices. An aspiration
system consists of a sampling pipe network that draws air from a series of locations to a central point
where an obscuration measurement is made. To define such a system in FDS, you must provide the
sampling locations, sampling flow rates, the transport time from each sampling location, and if an alarm
output is desired, the overall obscuration setpoint.

To define the soot measurement devices:

1. On the Devices menu, click New Aspirator Sampler.

2. Enter the Name and Location of the sampler.
3. Click OK to create the sampler.

To define the aspiration detection system:

1. On the Devices menu, click New Aspirator.

2. Give the Name and select which Aspirator Samplers will be included. For each sampler, provide
the data described below.
3. Click OK to create the aspirator detector.

Supply the following information for the aspiration detection system, Figure 15.1.

Parameter Description
Aspirator Name The name of the aspiration detection system.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.

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Parameter Description
Bypass Flow Rate The flow rate of any air drawn into the system from outside
the computational domain.
Transfer Delay The transport time from the sampling location to the central
detector.
Flowrate The gas flow rate.
Location The coordinates of the aspiration detection system.
Orientation Not used.
Rotation Not used.

Figure 15.1. Creating an aspirator sampler

The output of the aspiration detection system will be the combined obscuration.

Gas or Solid Phase Device

Simple gas phase and solid phase devices can be used to measure quantities in the gas or solid phase. To
define a measurement device, on the Devices menu, click New Gas-phase Device or New Solid-phase
Device.

The device properties are:

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Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the device.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Quantity The quantity to measure.
Location The coordinates of the device.
Orientation [gas-phase only] Not used.
Normal of Solid [solid-phase only] Specifies the outward normal of the
surface on which the device is attached.
Rotation Not used.

Thermocouple
To create a thermocouple, on the Devices menu, click New Thermocouple.

The thermocouple properties are:

Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the thermocouple.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Bead Diameter The bead diameter of the thermocouple.
Emissivity The emissivity of the thermocouple.
Bead Density The material density of the bead. The default value is that for
nickel.
Bead Specific Heat The material specific heat of the bead. The default value is
that for nickel.
Location The coordinates of the device.
Orientation Not used.
Rotation Not used.

The output of the thermocouple is the temperature of the thermocouple itself, which is usually close to
the gas temperature, but not always, since radiation is included in the calculation of thermocouple
temperature.

Flow Measurement
The flow measurement device can be used to measure a flow quantity through an area. To create a flow
measuring device, on the Devices menu, click New Flow Measuring Device.

The flow measurement device properties are:

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Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the flow measuring device.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Quantity The quantity to be measured. If the selected quantity
contains the text, Wall, it will measure a solid-phase
quantity and the device should be placed against an
obstruction; otherwise, it will measure a gas-phase quantity
and should be placed in the air.
Flow Direction This is shown only for gas-phase quantities. Select the
direction for the measurement as defined by the normal to
the measurement plane.
Wall Normal This is shown only for solid-phase quantities. Either select
Auto to have this value auto-calculate or select the
obstructions normal direction at the location of the device.
Plane The axis normal to the measurement plane and the location
of that plane on the axis.
Bounds The coordinates of the area normal to the axis.

The output will be the total flow through the defined area.

Heat Release Rate Device

The heat release rate device measures the heat release rate within a volume. To define a heat release
rate device, on the Devices menu, click New Heat Release Rate Device.

The heat release rate device properties are:

Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the heat release rate device.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Bounds The coordinates of the volume within which to calculate the
heat release rate.

The output will be the total heat release rate within the volume.

Layer Zoning Device

There is often the need to estimate the location of the interface between the hot, smoke-laden upper
layer and the cooler lower layer in a burning compartment. Relatively simple fire models, often referred
to as two-zone models, compute this quantity directly, along with the average temperature of the upper
and lower layers. In a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model like FDS, there are not two distinct
zones, but rather a continuous profile of temperature. FDS uses an algorithm based on integration along

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a line to estimate the layer height and the average upper and lower layer temperatures. To define a
layer zoning device, on the Devices menu, click New Layer Zoning Device.

The layer zoning device properties are:

Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the layer zoning device.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Measure Layer Height Enables measurement of the layer height.
Measure Upper Temperature Enables measurement of the upper layer temperature.
Measure Lower Temperature Enables measurement of the lower layer temperature.
Path The coordinates of the end points of a line along which the
layer height will be calculated. The two endpoints must lie in
the same mesh.

The output will be the quantities selected.

Path Obscuration (Beam Detector) Device

A beam detector measures the total obscuration between points. To define a beam detector device, on
the Devices menu, click New Path Obscuration Device.

The path obscuration device properties are:

Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the path obscuration device.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the device to
freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Path The coordinates of the end points of a line along which the
obscuration will be calculated. The two endpoints must lie in
the same mesh.

The output will be the percent obscuration along the path.

Heat Detector
A heat detector measures the temperature at a location using a Response Time Index model. To define a
heat detector device, on the Devices menu, click New Heat Detector.

The heat detector device properties are:

Parameter Description
Device Name The name of the heat detector.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the heat

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Parameter Description
detector to freeze at its current value when the control
activates.
Link The link defines the activation temperature and the response
time index.
Location The coordinates of the device.
Orientation Not used.
Rotation Not used.

The output will be the heat detector temperature.

Smoke Detector
A smoke detector measures obscuration at a point with two characteristic fill-in or lag times. To define
a smoke detector, on the Devices menu, click New Smoke Detector.

The smoke detector device properties are:

Parameter Description
Detector Name The name of the smoke detector.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the smoke
detector to freeze at its current value when the control
activates.
Model Select the smoke detector type. You can edit the smoke
detector parameters to create a new type.
Location The coordinates of the device.
Orientation Not used.
Rotation Not used.

The output will be the percent obscuration per meter.

Sprinkler
Sprinklers can spray water or fuel into the model. To define a sprinkler:

1. On the Devices menu, click New Sprinkler. This will display the Sprinkler dialog, Figure 15.2.
2. Select the desired options and define required input parameters as described below.
3. Click OK to create the sprinkler.

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Figure 15.2. Creating a new sprinkler

The sprinkler properties are:

Parameter Description
Sprinkler Name The name of the sprinkler.
Freeze Output An input control that will cause the output of the sprinklers
link to freeze at its current value when the control activates.
Spray Model The spray model defines the particle type (water and fuel are
default options), the flow rate, and the jet stream shape.
Dry Pipe In a dry pipe sprinkler system, the normally dry sprinkler
pipes are pressurized with gas. When a sprinkler link
attached to the dry pipe activates, the pressure drops,
allowing water to flow into the pipe network. Once the pipe
is full, any activated sprinkler nozzles attached to that pipe
will begin to flow. You can create any number of dry pipes
and attach any number of sprinklers to them. Each dry pipe
simulates the time to fill the pipe with a simple time delay
parameter.
Activator By default the sprinkler is activated by a temperature link,
with a response time index. You can edit the activation
temperature and the response time index. Alternately, you
can select a more general quantity to activate the sprinkler.
By default the sprinkler is initially not active and is triggered
only once.
Location The coordinates of the sprinkler.
Orientation The components of the direction vector.
Rotation Normally not used for a sprinkler. It could be used to rotate a

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Parameter Description
spray pattern that varies with latitude (circumferentially).

Nozzle
Nozzles are very much like sprinklers, only they do not activate based on the standard RTI model. They
can be set to activate by custom control logic.

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Chapter 16. Control Logic

Objects can be set to activate or deactivate during the simulation using activation events. Activation
events are the control logic system in FDS and can be set on each geometric simulation object (e.g. walls,
holes, vents) using the Activation option in the objects Properties dialog. PyroSim supports activation
events based on time and input devices. Some uses of activation events include:

Causing a door obstruction to be removed (i.e. opened) from the simulation at a particular time,
Causing a window obstruction to be removed (i.e. break) when a heat detector triggers, and
Causing a ventilation system to activate when any of several smoke detectors activates

To open the Activation Controls dialog (shown in Figure 16.1): On the Devices menu, click Edit
Activation Controls.

Figure 16.1. The Activation Controls dialog

Creating Activation Controls

Creating controls in PyroSim takes 3 steps:

1. Select an input type (time, detector, deadband, or custom). This is the source of the signal that
will trigger the control.
2. Choose an action to perform (e.g. create an object).
3. Set specific inputs for the control based on a pattern created by steps 1 and 2.

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After selecting an input type and an action, a pattern (in sentence form) for describing the control logic
will appear in the dialog. Some key words and numbers will be drawn in blue and underlined. Any blue
text can be clicked to modify the behavior of the specific control.

Figure 16.2 shows the selector popup for objects. Objects are selected by name. To quickly find objects
in the selector popup, you can type the first few letters of the objects name.

Figure 16.2. The object popup in the Activation Controls dialog

Activation controls are stored separately from specific geometric objects. This makes it possible to bind
an object to a control after it has been created. You can use the Activation box in an objects properties
editor to bind that object to an existing activation control, or even create a new control directly. Figure
16.3 shows the activation control in the object properties dialog for a hole.

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Figure 16.3. The Activation Controls dialog

Once a control has been bound to an object (or objects) any objects linked to that control will show a
text description of the control in their properties editor. This text will be shown in blue and underlined
and can be clicked to edit the activation control. Changes made to the activation control will impact all
referencing objects.

Time-based Input
To create or remove an object at a specific time, select Time for the Input Type in the Activation
Controls dialog. When using time as the input, objects can be created at a specific time, removed at a
specific time, or be created and removed periodically throughout the simulation. To create or remove
the objects once, select Create/Activate or Remove/Deactivate under the Action to Perform. To
create/remove the object periodically, select Multiple under the Action to Perform. When performing
multiple timed events, the creation and removal and times at which they occur are specified in the table
at the bottom of the dialog. The create and remove events should alternate as time increases.

Detector-based Input
To create or remove some objects based on a device in the model, the device must first have a setpoint
enabled. To specify a setpoint, perform the following:

1. Create a new device or open the properties for an existing device.

2. Check the box next to Enable Setpoint:
3. Enter the desired value at which the device will trip.
4. Choose the options for the detector:
Trigger only once - the detector will only trigger once at the setpoint during the entire
simulation.
Initially activated - if this is unchecked, the detector is untriggered at the start of the
simulation and will turn on when the setpoint is reached for the first time. If this is

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checked, the detector is triggered at the start and will turn off when the setpoint is
reached.
5. Click OK to close the device dialog.

Once the desired devices have been given a setpoint, they can be used as inputs to the control logic
expression. Now in the Activation Controls dialog, select Detector as the Input Type. The detector can
be used to Create/Activate or Remove/Deactivate the desired objects when the detector either
activates or deactivates. If more than one detector is to be used to activate the objects, the descriptive
sentence can be used to decide if the objects should trigger when any, all, or a certain number of the
devices activate.

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Chapter 17. HVAC Systems

In PyroSim, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems are specified as networks of ducts,
nodes, and some combination of fans, aircoils, and filters.

HVAC Duct
A duct is required for any HVAC system. At a basic level, a duct represents the joining of two HVAC
Nodes. To define an HVAC Duct:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit HVAC.

2. Click New.
3. In the Type box, select DUCT.
4. Click OK.

You can now edit the duct:

Properties

Parameter Description
Node The names of nodes on either side of the duct. A positive
velocity is described as flowing from Node 1 to Node 2.
Fixed By default, PyroSim estimates the length of the duct based
on the straight line geometry between the specified nodes. If
for any reason this is not a sufficient representation of the
model, you may explicitly specify a fixed length for the duct.
Diameter The diameter for a circular duct.
Area The total area for any non-circular duct.
Perimeter The perimeter of a non-circular duct. Used by the simulator
to compute a hydraulic diameter for predicting the flow.

Flow Model options

Parameter Description
Forward Loss The friction loss in the duct going from Node 1 to Node 2.
Reverse Loss The friction loss in the duct going from Node 2 to Node 1.
Roughness The absolute roughness of the duct material.
Flow Device The type of flow device you would like to use in the duct.
Damper A damper device sets an open/closed state for the duct.
When a damper control is TRUE it allows normal airflow.
When a damper is FALSE, the duct is closed and blocks 100%
of the duct area.

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Parameter Description
Basic Fan A basic fan represents a fan between the two nodes of the
duct. Basic fans are defined on the duct itself, rather than on
a fan object, are limited to simpler use cases.
Aircoil An aircoil represents a heat exchanger between the two
nodes of the duct.
Fan Selecting Fan as the flow device allows you to choose a
defined fan object as the airflow device between the nodes
of the duct.
Activation Specifying Activation for either a damper, a fan, or an aircoil
attaches a device to set the state of the HVAC component as
active or inactive.
Volume Flow The fixed volumetric flow rate through the duct.
Ramp up time Used to define a custom time ramp of the duct flow rising to
the Volume Flow.
Fan Selects a defined HVAC Fan object to use as the flow device.
Flow Direction Choose the direction of airflow. By default, air moves from
Node 1 to Node 2.
Aircoil Selects a defined HVAC Aircoil object to use as the flow
device.

HVAC Node
An HVAC Node represents a either a joining of two or more HVAC Ducts, or the meeting point between a
duct and the PyroSim computational model. To create an HVAC Node:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit HVAC.

2. Click New.
3. In the Type box, select NODE.
4. Click OK.

You can now edit the node.

Parameter Description
Filter Select the HVAC Filter to be used at the node.
Auto Selecting Node Type Auto tells PyroSim to predict the node
type based on its interaction with other HVAC objects.
Internal An Internal node is one connected to only ducts. An internal
node must be connected to at least two ducts.
Ambient Endpoint A node specified as an Ambient Endpoint is connected to at
least one duct and is equivalent to an OPEN surface.
Vent Endpoint If you select a node as a Vent Endpoint, you can select a vent
with surface type HVAC, and the node will be the meeting

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Parameter Description
point between the HVAC system and the rest of the PyroSim
model.
Location The 3D coordinates of the node. If the location is not
specified, the default values of 0, 0, 0 will be used by the
simulator.
In Loss The flow loss for gases entering the HVAC system.
Out Loss The flow loss for gases exiting the HVAC system.

HVAC Fan
An HVAC Fan is used to generate airflow in a HVAC network. A fan is specified between two nodes by
selecting it as the Flow Device for an HVAC Duct. Note that an HVAC Fan is a class of object, and a single
fan definition can be used by any number of ducts.

To create an HVAC Fan:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit HVAC.

2. Click New.
3. In the Type box, select FAN.
4. Click OK.

Parameter Description
Activation Attach a control logic device to the fan.
Flow Loss The loss through the fan when the fan is not operational.
Initial Ramp up time Specify either a Tanh or a t2 ramp up time to the flow rate.
Maximum Flow Rate The maximum volumetric flow rate used for the quadratic
fan model.
Maximum Pressure The maximum stall pressure of the fan used for the quadratic
fan model.
Volume Flow Rate The fixed volumetric flow of the fan.
Fan Curve Used to specify a table of pressure drops across the fan
versus the volumetric flow rates.

HVAC Filter
An HVAC Filter is used to stop gaseous species from circulating in the HVAC system. A given filter can
limit the flow of any number of valid species defined in the model. Note that an HVAC Filter is a class of
object, and a single filter definition can be referenced by any number of nodes.

To create an HVAC Filter:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit HVAC.

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2. Click New.
3. In the Type box, select FILTER.
4. Click OK.

Parameter Description
Clean Loss The flow loss across the filter at zero loading.
Loss The loss as function of the clean loss and the species
loadings/multipliers for the filter.
Loss (Custom) Specify a ramp loss table as a function of total loading.
Species The tracked species to be filtered.
Efficiency The efficiency at which the species is filtered.
Initial Loading The loading on the filter for the given species at t = 0.
Loading Multiplier A factor used for calculating the overall flow loss at the filter.

HVAC Aircoil
An HVAC Aircoil is a device that provides a heating or cooling element to an HVAC system. An aircoil is
specified between two nodes by selecting it as the Flow Device for an HVAC Duct. Note that an HVAC
Aircoil is a class of object, and a single aircoil definition can be used by any number of ducts.

To create an HVAC Aircoil:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit HVAC.

2. Click New.
3. In the Type box, select AIRCOIL.
4. Click OK.

Parameter Description
Activation Attach a control logic device to the aircoil.
Heat Exchange Rate A constant exchange rate between the aircoil and the air
across it. A negative value represents heat removal.
Ramp-Up Time Specify either a Tanh or a t2 ramp up time to the heat
exchange rate.
Coolant Specific Heat The specific heat of the working fluid.
Coolant Mass Flow Rate The mass flow rate of the working fluid.
Coolant Temperature The inlet temperature of the working fluid.
Heat Exchanger Efficiency A value from 0 to 1 representing the efficiency of the aircoil.
A value of 1 indicates the exit temperatures on both sides of
the heat exchanger will be equal.

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HVAC Vents
HVAC Vents are used to represent the junction between the HVAC system and the rest of the
computational model. See Chapter 8 for more information on using vents. To define an HVAC Vent:

1. On the Model menu, click New Vent.

2. In the Surface box, select HVAC.
3. Click the Geometry tab. Specify the appropriate 2D geometry of the vent.
4. Click the HVAC Properties tab. If you want the flow from the vent to go in a direction not
perpendicular to the vent, click Louver. Specify the values X, Y, and Z as a vector of the direction
you would like the flow to be directed.
5. Click OK.

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Chapter 18. Output Controls

In this chapter we describe the simulation output options available in PyroSim. Each of these options is
located in the Output menu.

Solid Profiles
Solid profiles measure quantities (e.g. temperature, density) as they extend into solid objects. The
output file for this measurement device will be named CHID_prof_n where CHID is the job ID and n
is the index of the solid profile. This output file contains the data necessary to create an animated 2D
chart of the quantity as it extends into the object over time. PyroSim does not currently support
displaying this output file.

To generate solid profile output, on the Output menu, click Solid Profiles. Each solid profile requires the
following parameters:

Parameter Description
ID The name of this solid profile entry.
X, Y, Z The coordinates of a point on the face that will be examined by this
solid profile.
ORIENT The direction of the face that will be examined by this solid profile. To
generate solid profile output for the top of an object, this value will
be Z+. This parameter prevents any ambiguity that might result from
a point that lies on two adjoining faces.
QUANTITY The quantity that will be measured in this solid profile.

Note
The surface to be measured must be heat-conducting. If the surface on the specified face is not heat-
conducting, FDS will issue an error and exit before running the simulation.

Slices
Slices or slice planes measure gas-phase data (e.g. pressure, velocity, temperature) on an axis-aligned
plane. This data can then be animated and displayed using Smokeview (Figure 18.1).

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Figure 18.1. An example of a slice plane shown in Smokeview.

To generate animated slice planes, on the Output menu, click Slices. Each slice plane requires the
following parameters:

Parameter Description
XYZ Plane The axis (X, Y, or Z) along which to place the slice plane.
Plane Value The value along the specified axis where the plane will be placed.
Gas Phase Quantity The quantity that this plane will measure. This list includes built-in
options such as temperature as well as dynamic options such as those
base on particles.
Use Vector? Setting this option to YES will cause FDS to generate additional flow
vector data for this slice.

Slice files may be viewed in Smokeview by selecting Load/Unload->Slice file. To view the vector
representation, select Load/Unload->Vector slices.

Boundary Quantities
Boundary quantities provide a way to visualize output quantities (e.g. temperature) on the walls of
every obstruction in the simulation. This data can be animated and visualized in Smokeview (Figure 18.2).
Since the data applies to all surfaces in the simulation, no geometric data needs to be specified.

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Figure 18.2. An example of a boundary quantity shown in Smokeview

To generate boundary quantity data, on the Output menu, click Boundary Quantities. In the Animated
Boundary Quantities dialog, you can select each quantity you would like to be available for visualization.

To view boundary data in Smokeview (e.g. wall temperature), right-click to open the menu, then select:
Load/Unload->Boundary File->WALL_TEMPERATURE.

Isosurfaces
Isosurfaces are used to plot the three dimensional contour of gas phase quantities. This data can be
animated and visualized in Smokeview (Figure 18.3).

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Figure 18.3. An example of an isosurface shown in Smokeview

To generate isosurface data, on the Output menu, click Isosurfaces. In the Animated Isosurfaces dialog,
you can select each quantity you would like to be available for visualization. Then you must enter values
at which to display that quantity in the Contour Values column. If you enter more than one contour
value, each value must be separated by the semi-colon character (;). Once you have finished typing the
value, press enter.

To view isosurface data in Smokeview, right-click to open the menu, then select: Load/Unload-
>Isosurface File->TEMPERATURE.

Plot3D Data
Plot3D is a standard file format and can be used to display 2D contours, vector plots, and isosurfaces in
Smokeview (Figure 18.5). PLOT3D output is formed of two parts: an XYZ file containing information
about the structure of the mesh, and a Q file for each output time. Each Q file contains data for up to
five quantities. Simulations with multiple meshes have XYZ and Q files for each mesh.

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Figure 18.4. The Plot3D Data dialog

PLOT3D data can be used by the Pathfinder evacuation simulation software to integrate with FDS results.
To quickly select the quantities useful in Pathfinder, including the FED calculation, click Reset... and click
Pathfinder Quantities.

Figure 18.5. A velocity Plot3D data shown in Smokeview

Enabling PLOT3D data in PyroSim will cause the XYZ file to be written. In previous versions of PyroSim, it
was possible to generate PLOT3D output without writing the XYZ file. While this offered a way to save
space in the simulation output, this sometimes led to errors when loading PLOT3D output without an

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XYZ file. Loading an old PyroSim file that includes PLOT3D output but is set not to write the XYZ file will
cause the XYZ file settings to be ignored and the file will be written anyway.

Statistics
Statistics output is an extension of the devices system. You can insert a statistics gathering device and it
will output data about the minimum, maximum, and average value of a particular quantity in one or
more mesh. This data can then be viewed in a 2D chart using PyroSim (Figure 18.6).

Figure 18.6. An example of statistic output

To generate statistics data for some region, on the Output menu, click Statistics..., then click New. Once
a quantity is selected, some combination of the following options is available depending on whether the
quantity is gas or solid-phase and what units are output by the quantity:

Parameter Description
Quantity The quantity that will be measured. This value is set when you
create the statistics entry and cannot be modified.
Mean Select this option to output the average value of the measured
quantity over time in a mesh.
Minimum Select this option to output the minimum value of the measured
quantity over time in a mesh.
Maximum Select this option to output the maximum value of the measured
quantity over time in a mesh.
Volume Mean This option is available for gas-phase quantities only. It is similar
to Mean, but each cell value is weighted according to its relative
size.
Mass Mean This option is available for gas-phase quantities only. It is similar
to Mean, but each cell value is weighted according to its relative
mass.

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Parameter Description
Volume Integral This option is available for gas-phase quantities whose units
involve m-3, such as heat release rate per unit volume.
Area Integral This option is available for gas-phase quantities whose units
involve m-2. If this option is selected, a recording area rather than
a recording volume must be defined.
Surface Integral This option is available for solid-phase quantities whose units
involve m-2, such as heat and mass fluxes.
Recording Volume This is available for gas-phase quantities as long as the Area
Integral option is not selected. This defines a volume over which
the statistics will be taken.
Recording Area This is available for gas-phase quantities if the Area Integral
option is selected. This defines an area over which the statistics
will be taken.
Recording Mesh This is available for solid-phase quantities. Select the mesh for
which you would like to output this statistical data. A proper
location will automatically be chosen for the device in the FDS
output file.

The output file for measurement devices will be named CHID_devc.csv where CHID is the job ID.

Note
When using statistics data, it is important to consider nuances of FDSs numerical solver. For instance,
the minimum statistic is sensitive to numerical errors in the solver during species transport and will
sometimes report artificially low values.

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Chapter 19. Running the Simulation

All aspects of running an FDS simulation can be performed through the PyroSim user interface, including
setting up simulation parameters, executing single- and multi-threaded simulations, running a remote
cluster simulation, and resuming previously stopped simulations.

Simulation Parameters
Before running a simulation, FDS simulation parameters should be adjusted to fit the problem. This can
include parameters such as simulation time, output quantities, environmental parameters, conversion
of angled geometry to blocks, and miscellaneous simulator values.

To edit the simulation parameters, on the FDS menu, select Simulation Parameters. This shows the
simulation parameters dialog. The parameters are split into several categories, with each category on
another tab of the dialog.

Time
All time-related values can be entered on the Time tab as shown in Figure 19.1.

Figure 19.1. Time tab of the simulation parameters dialog

Start Time: a remapping of simulation time, t=0, to a different time. This is used to format the
output time, and can be useful for recreation scenarios.
End Time: the ending simulation time.
Initial Time Step: Overrides the default time step.
Do not allow time step changes: Prevents FDS from dynamically altering the time step.
Do not allow time step to exceed initial: Prevents FDS from allowing the time step to go above
the initial time step.

Output
The Output tab provides fine-grained control of how output values are recorded.

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Figure 19.2. Output tab of the simulation parameters dialog

Enable 3D Smoke Visualization: whether to show smoke in the results. If enabled, the
visualization can be based on various species in the model.
Limit Text Output to 255 Columns: Limits how many columns are written to CSV output files.
Output File Write Intervals: Specifies intervals at which to write to various output files.

Environment
The Environment tab enables various ambient environmental properties to be set as shown in Figure
19.3

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Figure 19.3. Environment tab of the simulation parameters dialog

A unique aspect of this tab is the specification feature for gravity. Gravity, in each of the X, Y, and Z
directions, can be defined as a ramped function. This allows users to model complex behavior of gravity
in tunnel or space applications where spatial or temporal variations in direction may change the
magnitude vector. Each ramp can be set to vary as a function of either the position along the X direction,
or time.

While this tab provides control over default environmental conditions, different temperatures,
pressures, and mass fractions of species can be specified in various sub-regions of the model by using
Init Regions.

To create an init region, exit the Simulation Parameters dialog, and on the Model menu, choose New
Init Region. This opens the Initial Region dialog as shown in Figure 19.4. Specify the desired
temperature, pressure, or mass fraction of species to override in the region on the General tab and
enter the volume parameters on the Geometry tab. Press OK to create the init region.

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Figure 19.4. Init Region dialog

Simulator
The Simulator tab provides control over the simulator used in FDS. Refer to the FDS User Manual for
more information on various parameters.

Radiation
The Radiation tab provides control over radiation parameters used in FDS. Refer to the FDS User Manual
for more information on radiation parameters.

Angled Geometry
PyroSim allows obstructions and holes to be drawn that are not aligned with the solution mesh needed
by FDS. To write the FDS input file, PyroSim must convert these objects to axis-aligned blocks, first.
PyroSim will either do this automatically when the FDS input file is generated, or this can be done
manually for individual objects by right-clicking the object and selecting Convert to Blocks.

The Angled Geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialog provides default parameters that control
conversion of obstructions and holes into blocks for the FDS input file as shown in Figure 19.5.1

1
If objects are converted manually through the right-click menu, a dialog with the same conversion parameters is
shown to the user that is initialized with the values from the angled geometry tab of the simulation parameters
dialog.

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Figure 19.5. Angled Geometry tab of the simulation parameters dialog

Conversion Filtering: Controls which objects are converted into blocks.

o Rasterize only non axis-aligned objects [default]: This prevents objects that are already
axis-aligned blocks from being processed in the conversion engine.1
o Rasterize all objects: Forces all obstructions and holes, regardless of shape, to be
converted to blocks.
Grouping: Controls how resulting objects are created after being converted to blocks. This is
more relevant to manual conversion of objects to blocks.
o Group blocks into composite objects [default]: For each converted object (such as a
wall), creates one resulting object that is a composite of all the sub-blocks.
o Create an object for each block and add to a group: Creates a new PyroSim object for
each resulting block. These objects are then added to a group representing the original
object.
Block Size: Controls how large resulting blocks may be. See Figure 19.6.
o Allow resulting blocks to span multiple mesh cells [default]: Resulting adjacent blocks
with the same properties are merged into one block, vastly reducing the number of
produced blocks.
o Force blocks to be on larger than one grid cell thick: Blocks will not be merged. This
may create great numbers of blocks that will take additional memory but have the
advantage of being more easily deleted.

1
Using this option skips axis-aligned blocks, but it does not check that the boundaries of the skipped objects are
aligned with mesh cell boundaries.

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Thickening: Controls whether objects are allowed to be thin.

o Allow thin obstructions [default]: Allows objects to become thin as shown in Figure
19.7. This may be overridden for obstructions by turning on Thicken in the obstruction
properties dialog.1
o Force all obstructions to be thickened: Prevents all obstructions from becoming thin.
Merge objects with identical properties [default=true]: Allows blocks to be merged across
source objects if their resulting blocks have similar properties. For instance, if this is true and
two walls are drawn with similar properties, their converted blocks will be merged into the same
group or composite object. This can further reduce the number of resulting objects.
o Separate disjoint objects [default=true]: Prevents objects block from being merged if
their blocks do not touch.
o Ignore names while merging [default=false]: Controls whether names are considered
when determining whether objects are similar.

Figure 19.6. Merging converted blocks

Figure 19.7. Effect of thickening on converted blocks

Misc Tab
This tab allows some miscellaneous simulation and model properties to be set.

1
FDS does not allow thin obstructions to have vents attached to them.

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Figure 19.8. Misc. tab on the simulation parameters dialog

Default Surface Type: This specifies the surface to apply to mesh boundaries.
Force the Mixture Fraction Model (If Needed): This detects if an output quantity is being used,
such as by a device,

OpenMP Environment
As of FDS version 6.1, FDS added multithreading support using a library called OpenMP. OpenMP will
automatically be used to utilize multiple processing cores, if available, during the simulation procedure.
The behavior of OpenMP during an FDS simulation is not controlled by the FDS input file, but rather by
environment variables.

The OpenMP environment dialog provides a way to edit the environment variables that control OpenMP
(Figure 19.9). These settings are applied to the execution context created by PyroSim and do not alter
system environment variables.

Figure 19.9. The OpenMP Environment dialog.

The OpenMP Threads option controls the OMP_NUM_THREADS variable and limits number of threads
OpenMP is able to use. When left unchecked (default), this environment variable will not be set and
OpenMP will use a value equal to the number processors available to the operating system.

Processors manufactured by Intel support a technology named Hyper Threading. When Hyper Threading
is enabled, the operating system doubles the number of apparent processors available (e.g. a computer

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with 2 physical cores will appear to have 4 processors available). Unfortunately, this causes OpenMP to
use twice as many processors as would be ideal. For computers that use Intel's Hyper Threading
technology, the ideal setting for OpenMP Threads is the number of physical cores available on the
system (half the default value). The system Task Manager will report only 50% CPU utilization, but the
simulation should complete faster than it would if the OpenMP Threads option were left unset.

The OpenMP Stack option controls the OMP_STACKSIZE variable which controls the amount of memory
available to OpenMP threads. When left unset, OpenMP calculates a value (for example, 32-bit OpenMP
uses 256M). Because the OpenMP's calculated value tends to cause FDS to crash with a segmentation
fault, PyroSim sets this value to 16M by default. An upper bound suggested by NIST is 200M.

Run FDS
Once you have created a fire model, you can run the simulation from within PyroSim. FDS actions can be
accessed from either the FDS menu or the main toolbar, as shown in Figure 19.10. To begin a simulation:
on the FDS menu, click Run FDS... or click from the main toolbar. Simulations launched in this way
can use multiple OpenMP threads, but will not use multiple MPI processes. NOTE: By default, PyroSim
will not automatically save the current model to disk unless indicated to do so under File->Preferences...
under the FDS tab.

Figure 19.10. The FDS Toolbar

PyroSim will create a sub-directory of the current PyroSim file to store FDS input and results. So for
instance, if the PyroSim file is named C:\pyrosim_files\switchgear.psm, the results will be stored in
C:\pyrosim_files\switchgear\ . PyroSim will save a copy of the current PyroSim file into this directory,
as well as the FDS input file, a Smokeview .ini file, and a .ge1 file containing detailed geometry. The input
files will automatically be named after the PyroSim file. For the switchgear example, the files would be
switchgear.fds, switchgear.ini, and switchgear.ge1. All result files from FDS will also be stored in
this directory.

Next, the FDS Simulation dialog shown in Figure 19.11 is launched. This dialog, which shows FDS
progress and messages, can be minimized and you can continue using PyroSim (and even run additional
simulations) while a simulation is running.

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 Running the Simulation

Figure 19.11. The FDS simulation dialog

You can save the simulation log at any time by clicking Save Log. This log will be saved as a text file.

You can also run Smokeview while the simulation is in progress by clicking Run Smokeview. For details
on how to use Smokeview, please consult the Smokeview Users Guide. Smokeview will run
automatically when the simulation is finished.

Clicking Stop will cause PyroSim to create a .stop file that signals FDS to stop the simulation, but also
write out a checkpoint file that can be used to resume the simulation later. There is often a significant
delay between the time when you click the Stop button and when the simulation actually terminates.
This is because FDS checks for the stop file at the same rate that it updates the progress information.

To immediately terminate the current simulation, you can click Kill or close the dialog. You will not be
able to resume the current simulation.

NOTE: When starting a simulation or exporting an FDS file for some models, the user may receive the
following message as shown in Figure 19.12: PyroSim has detected a hole touching a mesh boundary,
which may cause cutting problems in FDS. Would you like to slightly expand these types of holes?

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Figure 19.12. Expand Boundary Holes dialog

FDS currently has an issue where it will not fully cut a hole from an obstruction if both the hole and
obstruction touch a mesh boundary at the same location. Instead, FDS leaves a thin obstruction along
the mesh boundary. Figure 19.13 shows a model in PyroSim that can lead this problem. In this model,
both the hole and the obstruction touch the bottom of the mesh, and the hole should cut all the way
through the mesh. Figure 19.14 shows this model in FDS where the hole has not been punched all the
way through the obstruction.

PyroSim detects potential cases where this might happen and prompts the user with the Expand
Boundary Holes dialog. If the user chooses to expand the hole (the Yes option), PyroSim will expand the
hole to 1/10 of a mesh cell past the mesh boundary for every side of the hole that touches a mesh
boundary. This ensures the hole is properly cut all the way through the obstruction as shown in Figure
19.15. If the user chooses not to expand these types of holes (the No option), the hole will be written
exactly as specified and may lead to the thin obstruction problem.

Figure 19.13. Hole along a mesh boundary

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Figure 19.14. Improperly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS

Figure 19.15. Properly cut hole along mesh boundary in FDS

Parallel Execution
PyroSim includes support for FDS's MPI-based multi-process execution. When running a simulation with
multiple MPI processes, all of the computation within each of the meshes can take place independently.
Assuming a simulation executes in t seconds using only one processor, the best possible performance

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improvement using n processors and n meshes is a reduction to t/n seconds1. In reality, this is not
generally possible due to communications overhead and imperfect load balancing.

To launch a simulation that uses multiple MPI processes: on the FDS menu, click Run FDS Parallel... or
click the down arrow next to the Run FDS... button ( ) and select Run FDS Parallel.

Before running a parallel simulation, you may want to take into account some guidelines:

Use at least as many meshes as available processors (or cores). If there are 4 available
processors and only two meshes, the additional two processors will not be used.
Do not overlap meshes. Since information is exchanged between meshes at the edges, it is ideal
to organize meshes in such a way that they touch, but do not overlap. It is not recommended to
embed a fine mesh within a coarse mesh in an attempt to improve localized mesh resolution.
Because information is exchanged at mesh boundaries, the outer mesh will not receive any data
from the inner mesh.
Do not allow a fire source to cross mesh boundaries. When a fire source crosses mesh
boundaries, it is not possible to maintain the same level of simulation accuracy.

For a detailed list of suggestions and information about running FDS in parallel, please consult section
6.3.2 of the FDS Users Guide.

Cluster Execution
PyroSim supports the ability to run an FDS simulation on a network cluster using MPI. This has similar
restrictions to running a parallel simulation, in that each grid is run in a separate process. The cluster
may be composed of several computers, or nodes, and each node may have any number of processors.

Cluster simulations have the following configuration requirements:

PyroSim must be installed in the exact same folder on all cluster machines. This requirement is
imposed by the way MPI's HYDRA process scheduler locates a program called pmi_proxy.exe. It
is not necessary to license PyroSim on machines that will be used only as simulation cluster
nodes.
All PyroSim installations must be the exact same version. This ensures that the same version of
FDS is used in each location.
The simulation folder where input and results are stored must be available to all cluster
machines via the same UNC path. The UNC path may not contain spaces.

To launch a cluster simulation within PyroSim, on the FDS menu, click Run FDS Cluster... or click the
down arrow next to the Run FDS... button ( ) and select Run FDS Cluster. This will launch the
Cluster FDS Parameters dialog as shown in Figure 19.16.

1
This is also referred to as a linear performance improvement, or linear speedup.

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 Running the Simulation

Figure 19.16. The Cluster FDS Parameters dialog

All nodes in the cluster can be entered in the table, along with the number of processes to launch on
each node (NOTE: these nodes will be remembered the next time a cluster simulation is run). The
Assigned Meshes column previews which FDS meshes will run on each computer, which is determined
by the order of the meshes and the order of the hosts. The FDS File Location must be in a directory that
is visible to all nodes in the cluster. Click the OK button to begin the simulation.

All input and output files will be stored in the same directory as the specified FDS file. In addition to the
standard input files, PyroSim will also copy the appropriate FDS and MPI executables into the FDS files
directory. This ensures that all nodes in the cluster use the same versions of FDS and MPI.

Resuming a Simulation
If an FDS simulation has been gracefully stopped by pressing the Stop button in the simulation dialog, it
can later be resumed. To do so, on the FDS menu, click Resume Simulation. This will cause an additional
RESTART flag to be written to the FDS input file. When FDS detects this flag it will automatically
attempt to reload the previous execution state from the hard disk and resume where it left off. If FDS is
unable to load the previous execution state, it will exit with an error.

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 Post-Processing

Chapter 20. Post-Processing

PyroSim supports post-processing in two ways:

Launching of Smokeview from within PyroSim, and

Time history plots of output data.

Launching Smokeview
Smokeview is a post-processor for FDS supplied by NIST. It allows the user to view the FDS model along
with results in 3D. The user can view animated smoke, slices, Plot3D, and various other output
quantities.

By default, if you run FDS from within PyroSim, Smokeview will be launched at the end of the FDS run.
Alternately, you can click on the FDS toolbar to launch the most recent results. You may also run
Smokeview at any time by going to the FDS menu and selecting Run Smokeview. This will prompt you to
choose a Smokeview file to open.

Time History Results

Time history results are saved for heat detectors, thermocouples, and other fire output. After running an
FDS simulation, the most recent plots can be viewed by clicking on the FDS toolbar. This will show a
plot of thermal results. Device and control results may also be viewed by by clicking the down-arrow and
selecting the desired plot. Additional plots may be shown by going to the FDS menu and choosing Plot
Time History Results. A typical heat detector plot is shown in Figure 20.1. The user can export the image
to a file.

Figure 20.1. Time History Results

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Archiving Results
After running a simulation, the results may be archived along with the FDS and PyroSim input files. To do
so, on the FDS menu, click Archive FDS Results. This will show the Archive FDS Results dialog as shown
in Figure 20.2.

Figure 20.2. Archive FDS Results dialog

The Archive name identifies the archive for later retrieval. The default name contains the name of the
model along with a date stamp. If Retain current results is checked, the current results will remain in
place and a copy will be made for the archive. If unchecked, the current results will be deleted. If
Compress to a ZIP file is checked, the archive will be stored in a compressed ZIP file. If unchecked, the
archive will be stored as a duplicate folder of the current results. Press OK to create the archive. The
archive will be stored in the directory of the current PyroSim file.

NOTE: In order for PyroSim to remember the archive for later retrieval, the PyroSim file must be saved
after creating the archive.

Restoring Archived Results

Once results have been archived, they can be later restored. To do so, on the FDS menu, click Restore
FDS Results. This will show the Restore Archived Results dialog as shown in Figure 20.3.

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Figure 20.3. Restore Archived Results dialog

The Destination directory indicates the folder where the results will be restored. By default, this is the
results directory of current PyroSim file. If Retain selected archive is checked, the selected archive will
be kept on disk. If it is unchecked, the selected archive will be deleted. The table of Available Archives
shows a record of all archives made under the current PyroSim file. Select one of these archives and
then press the OK button to restore the archive.

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 Managing Data Libraries

Chapter 21. Managing Data Libraries

Libraries of material, or other model data, can reduce errors and speed the creation of new models. The
user can import data from the library into a new model. This section describes how to manage PyroSim
libraries.

Create and Manage Your Own Libraries

You can create and manage your own libraries for data that you commonly use. A library is a single file
that can contain several categories of objects, such as Materials, Gas-phase Reactions, and Surfaces. To
manage your library:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Libraries.

2. Select the Category that you want to manage and move selected items from the Current Model
into the Library, Figure 21.1.
3. Click Save Current Library and save the library in a location and with a name that you can access
in the future.
4. Close the PyroSim Libraries dialog.

Figure 21.1. Creating a library of materials

After you have saved your library, you can load it into a new model and copy data from the library to
your model.

Use the Library Provided with PyroSim

PyroSim includes a library of reaction and material data that has been gathered from the verification
analyses provided with FDS. Each of these reactions and materials has a reference in the Description
that documents the source of the data. This library is presently quite limited. NIST is supporting the

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development of an engineering guide that will document the standard test methods used to obtain
material properties.

To import data from the PyroSim database:

1. On the Model menu, click Edit Libraries.

2. Click Load Library and open the property library.fds file that is found in the
C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2008\samples folder.
3. In the Category box, select Gas-phase Reactions and copy appropriate reactions into your
model.
4. In the Category box, select Materials and copy the appropriate materials into your model.
5. Close the PyroSim Libraries dialog.

Import a Material or Reaction from the FDS 4 Database

First, a caution. Version 4 of FDS provided a database that included several common materials and
reactions. In version 5, the FDS developers made a conscious choice to remove material and reaction
data. Many of the materials in FDS 4 were simply examples, and they were worried that users were
applying them without using their own test or lab data as validation. In this section, we describe how
to import the FDS 4 database, however, it is your responsibility to verify that this data is correct and
applicable to your simulation.

You can convert the old FDS 4 materials and reactions for use in PyroSim 2007. To import FDS 4 data:

1. On the File menu, click Import and select FDS File.

2. In the Open dialog, browse to Program Files/PyroSim 2007/fds folder and open the
database4.data file.
3. You will receive conversion warning messages depending on what is converted and what
properties are defined. Because of the change in material and reaction models between FDS 4
and FDS 6, you should review these carefully and edit the imported data appropriately for use
with FDS 6. You can save the warnings to a file for future reference.
4. Click OK to close the File Conversion Warnings dialog.
5. The imported materials and reactions are now available for use in PyroSim 2007. It is the users
responsibility to verify these values.

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Chapter 22. Advanced FDS Parameters

PyroSim tries to support FDS completely, but there are some more obscure features that might not be
found in the PyroSim user interface. For these items, PyroSim provides additional mechanisms to allow
these features through the Additional Records section of the Record View and the Advanced tab of
some dialogs.

Additional Records Section

There are times when PyroSim does not support an entire record. In this case, the record can be entered
into the Additional Records Section of the Record View as shown in Figure 22.1.

Figure 22.1. Additional Records Section

When PyroSim write the FDS input file, it copies the contents of the Additional Records Section exactly
at the beginning of the FDS file.

Because PyroSim performs no validation on text in this view, it is up to the user to ensure that the
statements are well-formed FDS statements and that they do not conflict with any records generated by
PyroSim. In addition, none of the records written in this section can be referenced by other PyroSim
objects. For instance, if a SURF record is entered in this section, it cannot be referenced by an
obstruction in the PyroSim user interface. The only way to do so would be to write the obstruction in the
Additional Records Section as well.

Some records, such as MISC, RADI, and others that occur once in the FDS input file can be entered in the
Additional Records Section even if PyroSim has generated the record already. For instance, if PyroSim
generates the record, &MISC TMPA=30.0/, you can still enter another entry for MISC in the Additional
Records Section, such as &MISC P_INF=2.0E5/. FDS will merge these MISC records together to form
&MISC P_INF=2.0E5, TMPA=30.0/.

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Advanced Parameters
Sometimes PyroSim may support a record but may not support it completely. For many of these records,
including SURF, REAC, MATL, PART, TIME, DUMP, RADI, and MISC, PyroSim provides a way to enter
additional fields. For Surfaces, Materials, Reactions, and Particles, there is an Advanced tab in the
properties dialog where these additional fields may be entered, as shown in Figure 22.2. To enter
additional fields for TIME, DUMP, RADI, and MISC, on the FDS menu choose Simulation Parameters...,
then choose the Misc. tab.

Figure 22.2. Additional Fields

When entering additional fields, you must specify the field name and the field value. These additional
fields will then be appended to the FDS record generated by PyroSim. As in the Additional Records
Section, PyroSim will write these fields to the file exactly as entered in the table, so care must be taken
by the user to make sure they are correct.

When PyroSim generates an FDS input file, some model objects may be ignored. PyroSim attempts to
use a system of dependencies to determine whether or not a PyroSim object needs to be written out to
the input file. Occasionally, this can lead to problems, especially when the Additional Records section is
in use. For some objects, this default behavior can be modified by specifying that PyroSim always write
the object to the input file, via the Always Write FDS Record checkbox in the Advanced tab.

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Chapter 23. Troubleshooting

Floating License Server Problems
The floating license server provides an administration web service that can assist with diagnosing many
floating license problems. If the license server is installed on the local machine, the license
administration server can be accessed at the following web address:

http://localhost:5054

If the license server is installed on a remote machine, replace "localhost" with the name of the remote
machine (i.e. the host name of the floating license server).

Once you have opened the Reprise License Server Administration page, you can use the Status
commands to attempt to debug the license server problem yourself, or you can send a diagnostic report
to [email protected] for assistance. To generate a diagnostic report:

1. Under RLM Administration Commands, click Diagnostics

2. Click Run Diagnostics
3. Email the generated file (rlmdiag.txt) to [email protected]

Floating License Server Too Old, Update Required

PyroSim 2017 and newer require and updated version of the Thunderhead License Manager. You can
download an updated license manager from the PyroSim download page:

http://www.thunderheadeng.com/pyrosim/download/

The license manager is often not installed on the same computer where PyroSim is running and instead
installed on a shared server. Please review the Floating License Manager Installation guide for details on
the install process.

In most cases, the newer version of the floating license manager will replace the previous version, the
LIC files will be retained throughout the update process, and PyroSim will authorize against the updated
server with no additional work.

Licensing/Registration Problems
If you experience trouble registering PyroSim, please contact <[email protected]>.

Video Display Problems

PyroSim utilizes many advanced graphics card features in order to provide accelerated display of models
in three dimensions. If you have problems with display, such as corruption of the image when you move
the mouse, go to File->Preferences and turn off the fast hardware drawing options. This will disable the
image caching and force PyroSim to always re-render the model. This should correct any display
problems at the expense of speed.

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 Troubleshooting

You can also turn off graphics acceleration by starting PyroSim in Safe Mode. Select Run, All Programs,
PyroSim, and then PyroSim (Safe Mode).

If you encounter this problem, please let us know the make/model of your video card and what video
driver you are using. That will help us improve the faster version to work on more computers.

Memory for Large Models

When running large models, it is possible that an out of memory error will be encountered. If this occurs,
you can increase the default Java heap size. In our experience, the maximum size can be specified to
approximately 70% of physical memory. By default, PyroSim will specify a java heap size of 50% of
physical memory.

To specify the memory, you can either run from a command line or change the Start Menu shortcut
properties. To run from a command line, open a command window and then go to the PyroSim
installation directory (usually C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2015). Execute PyroSim on the
command line using the -JXmx argument. In this argument, the J specifies that the command will be
passed along to the Java VM, not PyroSim. For example, pyrosim -JXmx1200m will request 1200
MB of memory.

To edit the PyroSim shortcut properties, right-click on the PyroSim icon, select the Shortcut tab, and
then edit the Target by adding a space and -JXmx1200m to the end of the Target. A typical Target will
then read C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2015\pyrosim.exe JXmx1200m.

Parallel Simulation (MPI) Problems

PyroSim Requires a Password to Run Parallel

MPI processes communicate using network protocols that are disabled by default for accounts without
passwords. In order to work, MPI must have access to a password-protected account. Users without
passwords can overcome this problem in a couple ways:

Set a password for the account.

Instruct MPI to authenticate using an alternate account.

To instruct MPI to authenticate using an alternate account (e.g. set to mpi_user on a computer named
aurora), you must issue a command using the console.

Microsoft Windows [Version 6.0.6002]

Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\>cd \Program Files\PyroSim 2015\fds

C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2015\fds>mpiexec -remove

Account and password information removed from the Registry.

C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2015\fds>mpiexec -register

account (domain\ user) [aurora\thornton]: aurora\mpi_user

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 Troubleshooting

password:
confirm password:
Password encrypted into the Registry.

To verify that MPI will function with the account information:

C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2015\fds>mpiexec -validate

SUCCESS

PyroSim Repeatedly Requests a Password

PyroSim attempts to validate the MPI configuration prior to running the simulation. If this validation fails,
PyroSim assumes it was because of a password mismatch. If you know this is not the case (e.g. you know
you entered your password correctly), PyroSim may be responding incorrectly to a different error. To
diagnose this error, please run PyroSim in safe mode. The error output should appear at the bottom of
the console window. Forward this text to <[email protected]> and the support staff
will help resolve the problem.

FDS Completes Immediately with No Output

This indicates that MPI started successfully, but the FDS executable failed to run. To gather additional
information about this error, you must run the MPI executable manually from the command prompt and
observe the error output. To run the MPI executable manually, open a console window and issue the
following commands:

Microsoft Windows [Version 6.0.6002]

Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\>cd \Program Files\PyroSim 2015\fds

C:\Program Files\PyroSim 2015\fds>fds

The subsequent output should resemble the start of a successful FDS run; however, in this case it will
probably contain error output. Copy this error output and email
<[email protected]>, the support staff will help resolve the problem.

Contacting Technical Support

The PyroSim software is available for download at: http://www.thunderheadeng.com. The same site
provides PyroSim user manuals and example problems. Please follow the examples to become familiar
with the software.

Questions and suggestions should be sent to <[email protected]> or by phone to

+1.785.770.8511.

Mail should be sent to:

Thunderhead Engineering

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403 Poyntz Ave. Suite B

Manhattan, KS 66502-6081
USA

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 Appendix A. Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files

Appendix A. Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files

Due to the differences between versions 4 and 5 of FDS, it is not always possible to automatically
convert legacy FDS input files and PyroSim 2006 PSM files to the new version. However, many
conversions are possible and in many cases PyroSim can completely convert old input files to the new
format.

PyroSim will begin the conversion process as a result of either of two actions: (1) opening a PSM file
saved with a version of PyroSim designed to work with version 4 of FDS, and (2) importing an FDS input
file designed to work with version 4 of FDS.

In many cases, PyroSim 2015 can import records intended for version 4 of FDS that PyroSim 2006 could
not. This is because PyroSim 2015 supports a broader range of FDS features than the previous version.
Examples of previously unsupported version 4 features that can now be imported include solid-phase
thermocouples and species.

The process for converting PSM files and FDS input files is identical. PyroSim first loads the data into a
form designed to work with version 4 of FDS, then applies conversion logic to produce the
corresponding data structures designed to work with version 5 of FDS. For more information about how
the data is converted from a format suitable for version 5 of FDS to version 6 of FDS, see Chapter
1.Appendix A. When PyroSim encounters a record that cannot be automatically converted, a warning
message is generated. Each warning contains information about the source of the problematic record
and the action taken. Some records are simply dropped and others are converted to default values. If a
record is encountered that cannot be converted, but contained only default values and would not have
affected the simulation, that record is dropped without issuing a warning.

Great care was taken to ensure that PyroSim generates these warnings whenever they contain
important information, but not so often that they distract from important issues. When in question,
PyroSim will err on the side of caution and generate a warning message. An example of this warning
dialog is shown in Figure A.1. If no warning dialog appears, PyroSim was able to convert the input file
without encountering any compatibility issues.

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Figure A.1. Example import warnings

In most cases, the following records can be converted with no additional input:

Geometry Data (walls, holes, triangles, etc...)

Textures
Mesh
Floors
Particles1
Smoke Detectors
Thermocouples
Heat Detectors
Boundary Quantity Output
Plot3D Data
Isosurfaces
Slices
Unsupported Records2

Global Simulation Parameters

The following items that can be set in the Simulation Parameters dialog of PyroSim 2006 are not
supported in PyroSim 2015 and will be dropped.

Under the Simulator tab, Incompressible Calculation (excludes heat)

Under the Environment tab, External Temperature

1
PyroSim 2006 did not properly support initial droplets or particle clouds. In PyroSim 2007 particle clouds are
supported and existing particles with initial droplets specified will now be handled correctly.
2
The unsupported records are copied verbatim from your previous version. Even though some of these records
may now be supported, PyroSim will not perform any automated handling.

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 Appendix A. Opening FDS v4 and PyroSim v2006 Files

Under the Particles tab, Droplet Insert Interval

Under the Particles tab, Max Particles per Second

All other simulation parameters will be converted to PyroSim 2015 without warnings.

Note
In PyroSim 2015 it is possible to specify both the particle insertion interval and the particle insertion rate
on a per particle basis. These options are available in the Edit Particles dialog, in the Injection tab.
PyroSim does not automatically apply the global data to these fields.

Sprinklers and Pipes

All correctly specified sprinkler parameters are converted without warnings. If a sprinkler has been
assigned a massless particle, however, that sprinkler will be assigned a particle with parameters from
the make file, and a warning will be issued.

For FDS 4 sprinkler make files, PyroSim has a robust built-in parser that can handle both simple and
complex spray patterns. The only requirement is that referenced make files must exist in the fds folder
in the PyroSim install directory. PyroSim 2015 ships with the make files provided by NIST for FDS 4. If a
file uses another make file, place it in this directory before importing or opening the file.

If there is a dry pipe delay greater than zero, PyroSim 2015 will create a single dry pipe with that delay
and attach it to all the sprinklers in the model. Note, however, that in PyroSim 2015 the water pressure
is specified per sprinkler rather than per pipe. Because of this, PyroSim will not convert the dry pipe
pressure specified in the pipe record, and a warning will be issued.

Reactions
To convert reaction data into a form useable by version 5 of FDS, PyroSim 2015 must reverse-engineer
the fuel molecule composition based on stoichiometric coefficients. To accomplish this, PyroSim uses
the equations given in section 4.4.2 of the users guide for version 4 of FDS. The result is then checked to
ensure that the total molecular weight is the same as the specified molecular weight. If this check
succeeds, no warning will be issued. If the test fails, PyroSim will issue a Converted stoichiometry
warning and you must manually update reaction data to ensure accurate simulation results.

Surfaces
Some surface properties are converted with no additional input or warnings, including surface names,
colors, and textures. The different surface types, however, undergo more complicated conversions. The
following describes how PyroSim 2006 surface types are converted to Surfaces and Materials in PyroSim
2015:

Inert and Adiabatic - converted directly.

Burner Fire - converted to a Burner Surface.
Fan/Wind - converted to a Supply surface if the air flow is negative, an Exhaust surface,
otherwise.
Flammable Solid of Fixed Temperature or Heat Flux - converted to a Heater/Cooler surface.

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Thermally Thick/Thin Flammable Solid - converted to a Layered Surface with one single-step
reacting Material.
Flammable Solid (Constant HRR) of Fixed Temperature or Heat Flux - converted to a burner.
Thermally Thick/Thin Flammable Solid (Constant HRR) - converted to a Layered Surface with one
non-reacting Material. The reaction is controlled at the surface.
Non-Flammable Solid of Fixed Temperature or Heat Flux - converted to a Heater/Cooler.
Thermally Thick/Thin Non-Flammable Solid - converted to a Layered Surface with one non-
reacting Material.
Liquid Fuel - converted to a Layered Surface with one Liquid Fuel Material.
Charring Fuel - converted to a Layered Surface with one layer. The layer is composed of a water
and a virgin material. The virgin material undergoes one reaction where half of it is converted to
fuel and the other half is converted to the charring material specified in the original surface. This
ratio may need to be adjusted after conversion.
Liquid Thermoplastic - converted to a Layered Surface with one Liquid Fuel Material.
Charring Thermoplastic - converted to a Layered Surface with one single-step reacting Material.

Thermally Thin Surfaces

Unlike PyroSim 2006, PyroSim 2015 requires that every layered surface specify a thickness (Delta) for
each layer and that materials specify density (Rho), specific heat, and conductivity (C). In PyroSim 2006,
there were a number of ways for thermally thin surfaces to either specify or omit these parameters.
These surfaces allowed any one or more of C, Delta, and Rho to be specified in addition to C*Delta*Rho.
PyroSim 2015 will make a best-effort calculation of missing parameters. For instance, if C*Delta*Rho is
specified along with two of the parameters, the third will be calculated; however, if more than one
parameter is missing, PyroSim will use defaults for up to two of the parameters and calculate the third
missing one. The default thickness for thermally thin surfaces is set to 1mm. In all cases where a default
number has been assumed due to a missing parameter, a warning will be shown for the parameter.

Where is the Surface Database?

PyroSim 2015 does not currently ship with a surface database, but users can still make their own. In fact,
many different objects can now be put into a database including materials and surfaces, species,
reactions, particles, and several more. As common surface descriptions and other of these object
properties become available from reliable sources in a format supported by version 5 of FDS, PyroSim
will again ship with a pre-filled database.

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 Chapter 23.Appendix B. Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files

Appendix B. Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files

Due to the differences between versions 5 and 6 of FDS, it is not always possible to automatically
convert legacy FDS input files and PyroSim 2012 PSM files to the new version. However, many
conversions are possible and in many cases PyroSim can completely convert old input files to the new
format.

PyroSim will begin the conversion process as a result of either of two actions: (1) opening a PSM file
saved with a version of PyroSim designed to work with version 5 of FDS, and (2) importing an FDS input
file designed to work with version 5 of FDS.

The process for converting PSM files and FDS input files is identical. PyroSim first loads the data into a
form designed to work with version 5 of FDS, then applies conversion logic to produce the
corresponding data structures designed to work with version 6 of FDS. When PyroSim encounters a
record that cannot be automatically converted, a warning message is generated. Each warning contains
information about the source of the problematic record and the action taken. Some records are simply
dropped and others are converted to default values. If a record is encountered that cannot be converted,
but contained only default values and would not have affected the simulation, that record is dropped
without issuing a warning.

Great care was taken to ensure that PyroSim generates these warnings whenever they contain
important information, but not so often that they distract from important issues. When in question,
PyroSim will err on the side of caution and generate a warning message. An example of this warning
dialog is shown in Figure A.1. If no warning dialog appears, PyroSim was able to convert the input file
without encountering any compatibility issues.

Figure B.1. Example import warnings

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 Chapter 23.Appendix B. Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files

In most cases, the following records can be converted with no additional input:

Geometry Data (walls, holes, triangles, etc...)

Textures
Mesh
Floors
Smoke Detectors
Thermocouples
Heat Detectors
Boundary Quantity Output
Plot3D Data
Isosurfaces
Slices
Unsupported Records1

Global Simulation Parameters

The following items that can be set in the Simulation Parameters dialog of PyroSim 2012 are not
supported in PyroSim 2015 and will be dropped.

Under the Simulator tab, Isothermal Calculation

Under the Simulator tab, Include Gas Phase Flame Extinction
Under the Simulator tab, Use Moinuddin and Li Turbulent Model
Under the Simulator tab, Specify forced coefficient
Under the Simulator tab, Specify horizontal coefficient
Under the Simulator tab, Specify verticlal coefficient
Under the Radiation tab, Use Additional Fuel Bands

All other simulation parameters will be converted to PyroSim 2015 without warnings.

Reactions
While most reaction data can be converted easily, FDS6 does add new requirements to specify a valid
reaction. Most notable is the requirement that a Fuel Species by specified by the user. This can be either
a Predefined species, a User Defined species, or a Default species. When the Default species type is
used, a generic, non-editable species called REAC_FUEL is added to the list of species. This species can
be used the same way any other species would be, but its fields cannot be edited. All reactions defined
in PyroSim 2012 or older automatically use the Default fuel type.

It should also be noted that in FDS6 based PyroSim versions, it is required that a reaction be active in
order to simulate a fire. To make this transition easier, PyroSim automatically adds a reaction called
PROPANE_REAC when converting PyroSim files that do not specify a reaction. The PROPANE_REAC
attempts to mimic the default propane reaction that is used in FDS5.

1
The unsupported records are copied verbatim from your previous version. Even though some of these records
may now be supported, PyroSim will not perform any automated handling.

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 Chapter 23.Appendix B. Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files

The following items will be dropped from the Reaction record:

Under the Fuel tab, Mass Fraction of Fuel in Burner

Under the Fuel tab, Other atoms
Under the Fuel tab, Molecular Weight
Under the Fire Suppression tab, Limiting Oxygen Index
Under the Heat Release Rate tab, Use Eddy Dissipation model for heat release rate
Under the Heat Release Rate tab, C (C_EDC)
Under the Byproducts tab, Hydrogen Fraction
Under the Soot tab, Hydrogen Fraction
Under the Soot tab, Maximum Visibility
Under the Soot tab, Mass Extinction Coefficient
Under the Fuel tab, Ambient Oxygen Mass Fraction has moved to Simulation Parameters

Surfaces
Surfaces have undergone relatively few changes in from PyroSim 2012 to PyroSim 2015. However, a
number of items are no longer supported in the new version. The following records will be dropped:

A surface of type Fan will no longer set the FDS variable POROUS = .TRUE.
Under the Surface Props tab, Porous
Under the Surface Props tab, Surface Density
Under the Air Duct tab, Enable Air Duct
Under the Air Duct tab, Duct Path
Under the Air Duct tab, Maximum Over-pressure
Under the Air Leak tab, Porous

Particles
Unlike PyroSim 2006, PyroSim 2007 requires that every layered surface specify a thickness (Delta) for
each layer and that materials specify density (Rho), specific heat, and conductivity (C). In PyroSim 2006,
there were a number of ways for thermally thin surfaces to either specify or omit these parameters.
These surfaces allowed any one or more of C, Delta, and Rho to be specified in addition to C*Delta*Rho.
PyroSim 2007 will make a best-effort calculation of missing parameters. For instance, if C*Delta*Rho is
specified along with two of the parameters, the third will be calculated; however, if more than one
parameter is missing, PyroSim will use defaults for up to two of the parameters and calculate the third
missing one. The default thickness for thermally thin surfaces is set to 1mm. In all cases where a default
number has been assumed due to a missing parameter, a warning will be shown for the parameter.

In PyroSim 2015, the interaction between particles and species has changed significantly. In PyroSim
2012, a particle could be attributed various Thermal Properties and Fuel Properties. Most of these
variables have since been moved to the species object.

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 Chapter 23.Appendix B. Opening FDS v5 and PyroSim v2012 Files

To handle converting legacy files, PyroSim 2015 generates a new species based on the Thermal / Fuel
Properties of the legacy particle. This species is then assigned under the Liquid tab of the PyroSim 2015
particle.

The following is a list of items which are applied to the generated species:

Under the Fuel tab, Melting Temperature

Under the Fuel tab, Vaporization Temperature
Under the Fuel tab, Heat of Vaporization
Under the Fuel tab, Density
Under the Fuel tab, Specific Heat

Some items are not convertible. The following are dropped from the record:

Under the Fuel tab, Initial Temperature

Under the Fuel tab, Heat of Combustion

All other items are converted properly.

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References

References
Forney, Glenn, 2015. Smokeview, A Tool for Visualizing Fire Dynamics Simulation Data Volume I: Users
Guide, Sixth Edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. NIST Special Publication 1017-1.

McGrattan, Kevin, et al. 2015. Fire Dynamics Simulator User's Guide, Sixth Edition. National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. NIST Special Publication 1019.

McGrattan, Kevin, et al. 2015. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 1:
Mathematical Model, Sixth Edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. NIST Special Publication 1018-1.

McGrattan, Kevin, et al. 2015. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 2: Verification,
Sixth Edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. NIST Special Publication 1018-2.

McGrattan, Kevin, et al. 2015. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 3: Validation,
Sixth Edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. NIST Special Publication 1018-3.

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