JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE

VOL. 3

LIGHTING
SYSTEM

The Government of the Province of

Jakarta Capital Special Territory

In cooperation with: IFC in partnership with:

C o d e R e q u ir e m e nt s

Lighting System (LT)

LT01 Photosensor Control of Lights
LT02 Maximum Lighting Power

The calculation should be done using the calculator

available on this website
http://greenbuilding.web.id

Checklist for all code requirements lists the required

documents is also available on this website
http://greenbuilding.web.id
 JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE
VOL. 3
LIGHTING SYSTEM
table of contents

introduction 2

01 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 4

02 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 5
D E T A I L S

03 D E S I G N P R I N C I P L E S 8
UTILISING NATURAL LIGHT 8
Daylight Design 9
Daylighting Control 16
REDUCTION OF INSTALLED LIGHTING 18
USE OF EFFICIENT LAMPS & FIXTURES 20
Lamps 21
Fixture Efficiency 22
Surface Reflectance 24
Distance to Source 25
USE OF LIGHTING CONTROLS 26
LIGHTING SYSTEM

1
 Lighting System:
An Introduction
Light is a necessity for performing tasks and for creating visual comfort.
Light from the sun and sky have been the primary sources of light till
recent times. Even now, most of our lighting needs can be met by
diffused natural light (daylight) if the building is designed accordingly.
However, electric lighting cannot be avoided during hours when daylight
is not available, or in spaces without daylight access.

Lamps typically use electricity to create light, but also waste a lot of it
as heat. This decreases the efficiency of the lighting system while also
increasing the cooling load in the building. As a rule of thumb, every 3
watts of lighting energy saved results in 1 watt of cooling energy
reduction. This ratio can vary depending on the building type, design
and operation.

F I G U R E . 0 1
Output Characteristic of Typical lights waste 72% of input energy as heat. 28% of typical
Typical Lamps
cooling energy is used just for dissipating heat from lights.

Incandescent CFL Fluorescent LED

Light

Heat

5% 15% 35% 80%

LIGHTING SYSTEM

2
 Typically in Indonesian buildings, lighting forms one of the biggest
energy consumption after cooling.

F I G U R E . 0 2
Energy Consumption
Breakdown for Various 100
6%
Building Types1 13% 16% 14%
17%

Building Energy Use (%)

80 3% 14% 5% 4% 22%
15% 27%
22%
Air Conditioning 16%
60
25%

Lighting + outlet 40

65%
57% 57% 55%
47%
Elevator 20

0
Others Hotel Hospital Shopping Mall Office Building Government Office

Careful design, efficient fixtures and good controls have the potential to
reduce the total energy in Jakarta buildings by up to 10%2.

Implementation of the code requirements are expected to save lighting

as well as cooling energy, while improving the visual environment
inside the buildings.

LIGHTING SYSTEM

1
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 2009. A Study of Electricity Use in
Multiple Jakarta Buildings.
2
Energy simulation analyses done by IFC for typical Jakarta buildings, 2011.

3
 01 code requirement

R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 1 0

1 Lights in following areas should have photo

sensor control:
a. perimeter open office larger than 100 m2
and with windows
b. perimeter conference/meeting rooms
larger than 100 m2 and with windows
c. perimeter lobby/waiting rooms larger
than 100 m2 and with windows

Lighting zone to be controlled by photo

sensors should have a depth of 1.5 times
the floor to ceiling height.

2 Design interior electric lighting to not

exceed the maximum installed lighting
power for each space type per SNI 03-
6197.
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M C ODE R EQU I R EME N T

4
02 code requirement details
This code is applicable for all interior spaces that use electric lighting,
except for cases where specialized lighting is needed. Such cases
may include areas devoted for theatrical productions, television
broadcasting, audio-visual presentations and those portions of
entertainment facilities, public monuments, specialized manufacturing
facilities etc. For more exemptions, the approving government
department should be contacted.

R e q u ir e m e nt All perimeter spaces larger than 100 m2 and having windows with
1 the following function:
open offices
conference/ meeting rooms or
lobby/waiting rooms
should have perimeter lighting zones with a minimum depth of
1.5 times the floor to ceiling height. Ceiling height near the windows
More guidance on should be used for this calculation. All the permanent lighting fixtures
effective daylight within this zone (with the exception of exit and emergency lights)
design is provided in should be controlled by a photosensor. The photosensor should be
the Design Principles placed in the perimeter daylight zone and calibrated to accurately
section of this document. measure the light levels.

F I G U R E . 0 3
Perimeter Lighting Zone
Photosensor should be in daylight zone & calibrated
that should be Controlled
by Photosensor All lights in daylight zone should be controlled by
photosensor
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M C ODE R EQU I R EME N T DE T A I L S

1.5 x d
daylight zone

5
 R e q u ir e m e nt Design interior electric lighting to not exceed the maximum installed
2 lighting power per SNI 03-6197 2011 as shown in table below. Please
note that the overall building wide lighting power (watts) should not
exceed the allowed lighting power calculated using the table below.
Trades off between individual spaces is allowed as long as the total
wattage does not exceed the requirement.

T A B L E . 0 1
Maximum Lighting Power Density

R OOM MAX I MUM L I GHT IN G R OOM M A X IM U M L IG H TIN G

FUNCT ION PO W E R ( W / M2 ) F U N C T ION P OW E R (W /M 2 )
Including Ballast Losses Including Ballast Losses

R ES I DE N C E H OS P I T A L S
Terrace 3 Emergency Room 15
Guest Room 7 Action Room 15
Dining Room 7 Recreation & 15
Working Room 7 Rehabilitation Room 10
Bedroom 7 Recovery Room
Bathroom 7 Corridor Room (Day) 8
Kitchen 7 Corridor Room (Night) 9
Garage 3 Staff Office Room 3
Restroom & Patients 10
O F F I C E Restroom 7
Receptionist Room 13
Director Room 13 S H O P / S H O W R OOM
Working Room 12 Showrooms with Large 13
Computer Room 12 Objects (For Example:
Meeting Room 12 Cars)
Drawing Room 20 Small Sale Area 10
Archives Storeroom 6 Large Sale Area 15
Active Archives Room 12 Cashier Area 15
Emergency Staircase 4 Bakery & Food Market 9
Parking Room 4 Florist 9
Book & Stationery 9
EDU C A T I O N I N S T I T U T E Store
Classroom 15 Jewelry & Watch Store 15
Library 11 Leather Goods & 15
Laboratory 13 Shoes Store
Computer Practice 12 Clothes Store 15
Room Supermarket 15
Language Laboratory 13 Toy Store 15
Room Electricity Equipments 9
Teacher Room 12 Store (TV, Radio/Tape,
Sports Room 12 Washing Machine, Etc)
Drawing Room 20 Music & Sports 9
Canteen 8 Equipment Store

H O T E L S A N D R ES T A U R A N T S I N DUS T R Y ( G E N E R A L )
Receptionist Room & 12 Warehouse 5
Cashier Menial Job 7
Lobby 12 Medium Job 15
Multipurpose Room 8 Fine Job 25
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M C ODE R EQU I R EME N T DE T A I L S

Meeting Room 10 Very Fine Job 50

Dining Room 9 Color Checking 20
Cafetaria 8
h o u s e o f w o r s hip
Bedroom 7
Corridor 5 Mosque 10
Kitchen 10 Church 13
Monastery 10

6
 Lighting code compliance calculations should be done using the
following steps:

Determine allowed lighting power:

A. Calculate space area for each space type (example office, lobby,
classrooms).
B. Determine allowed watt per square meter from table above.
C. Calculate allowed lighting power for each space type (A x B)
D. Add allowed lighting power for all spaces to get the allowed lighting
power budget.

Determine designed lighting power:

E. Determine lamp wattage for all designed lamp types.
F. Determine Fixture wattage (lamp wattage x number of lamps per
fixture).
G. Calculate Total space wattage (add all fixtures wattages for the
space).
H. Add up all space wattages in building to get the total designed
lighting power.

A spreadsheet Code requires that H (total design lighting power Watts) should be
calculator is available equal to or less than D (total allowed lighting power Watts).
on DPPB website to do
the above calculation.

L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M C ODE R EQU I R EME N T DE T A I L S

7
 03 design principles
The design principles and best practices discussed
in this section illustrate different ways of meeting
the code, and exceeding its requirements to get
additional benefits.

Energy use in lighting is mainly dependent on:

How much does the design take utilize natural light?
How many lamps are installed to provide the required light level?
How efficient are the lamps and fixtures in converting the electricity
to usable light and delivering it at the work surface?
How long are the lights kept on?

Lighting energy can be significantly reduced by:

1. Utilizing natural light (daylight)
2. Reduction of installed lighting
3. Use of efficient lamps and fixtures
4. Use of lighting controls
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

8
 U T I L I Z I N G N A T U R A L L I G H T
( D A Y L I G H T )
The most significant and logical way of reducing lighting energy is
to use naturally available daylight as much as possible.

F I G U R E . 0 4
Electric Lighting and Daylight
Integration in a Well Ballanced
Lighting System3 100

90

Maintained 80
Light Level
70
Percent Light

Electric 60
Illumination
50
Daylight
40

30

20

10

0
07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00

Time

Daylighting used in concert with existing lighting control technologies

can save up to 50% of the energy used for lighting in offices.4

A well daylit building not just looks more vibrant and spacious but also
has been shown to increase worker productivity and health. Two recent
studies have shown that significant positive impacts of daylighting
include increased retail sales5 and higher student test scores.6

In a study, it was shown that people in windowed offices spent

significantly more time (15%) on work-related tasks than people
in interior offices without windows.7

Optimum benefits of daylighting can be achieved in two distinct steps,

daylight design and daylighting control.

D A Y L I G H T Daylight design involves designing the building envelope and layout such
DES I G N that large parts of the building have access to usable natural daylight.
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

3
Smart Energy User. Saving Dollars Through Lighting Control. 1997. (http://www.
wisdompage.com/SEUhtmDOCS/3SE11.htm)
4
LRC, 1994; Rubenstein et al., 1984; Nilsson et al., 1991; Zonneveldt et al., 1998.
5
Heschong L, Wright R, Okura S. 2001a. Daylighting impacts on Retail Sales Performance.
Conference Proceedings of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
6
Heschong L, Wright R, Okura S. 2001b. Daylighting impacts on Human Performance
in Schools. Conference Proceedings of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America.
7
Daylight and ProductivityA Field Study. (http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2002/pdfs/
panel08/06_15.pdf)

9
 A. Orientation of Windows
As the Figure 5 shows, the low sun angle in the morning and evening
is very difficult to block using horizontal shades. When the sun is higher
up in the sky during the day, horizontal shades work very well especially
in the equatorial locations such as Jakarta. Therefore, well shaded
south and north facing windows will allow diffused daylight penetration
without too much direct sun.

F I G U R E . 0 5
Sun Path Diagram
12 pm
12 pm

a Low Vertical
Shadow Angle 8 am

b High Vertical 4 pm
Shadow Angle NORTH EAST

March 21

WEST December 21 SOUTH

An example of optimum daylight design is presented in Figure 6. In

this case, although the main road is located at the west side of the site,
most of the windows are oriented to north and south. Using a system
of shading and lightshelves, these windows admit sufficient daylight
F I G U R E . 0 6 without excessive heat gain, allowing electric lights to remain shut
Faculty of Social for most part of the day. In addition, walls with high thermal mass are
and Political Science,
dominated the east and west facades to mitigate the problems of high
UIN Jakarta8
intensity solar radiation at low altitude angles.

Opaque wall
with high
termal mass

Circulation
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

8
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata

10
 B. Window/Skylight Size
Building envelope opening provide daylight but are also one of the biggest
sources of heat coming into the space, causing a significant increase in
cooling load. However, shaded daylight is still a much cooler source of
lighting as compared to other common light sources. Graph below shows
the added air conditioning load in a typical building due to various lighting
sources needed to provide 100,000 lumens of light in the space.

F I G U R E . 0 7
Air Conditioning Load for
100.000 Lumen of Light9
Incandescent

Fluorescent

Shaded Daylight

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Air Conditioning Load (tons) for 100,000 lumens of light

(light equivalent to 30-40 fluorescent lamps)

F I G U R E . 0 8 Optimizing window size for daylighting saves operational energy as well

Typical Jakarta Buildings with as capital costs, since walls are usually less expensive than glass. Many
Their Window to Wall Ratios10
global standards set a maximum threshold of window to wall area ratios
(WWR) between 25% and 50%.

Approx. 30% Window to Wall Ratio Approx. 70% Window to Wall Ratio
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

9
Horn, Abby Vogen. Energy Center of Wisconsin. Daylighting Design light every
building using the sky. (http://www.daylighting.org/usgbc2008presentation.pdf)
10
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

11
 Even a high performance insulating low-e double glazed glass
(R-0.5 Km2/W) has similar thermal performance as a standard
uninsulated brick wall (R-0.4 Km2/W). However, thermal transfer
from a window is much higher than that of a wall as direct
radiation through the glass can be more than 90% of the total heat
gain from a window.

The Building Envelope The code emphasizes that design and location of windows and skylights
section of this user guide should be planned such that a large portion of the building receives
has more guidelines on sufficient daylight, without causing a big increase in cooling load and
figuring out the appropriate visual discomfort.
Window to Wall Area ratio.

F I G U R E . 0 9
Daylight Penetration
Relationship to
Window Configuration
WINDOW
Size
Location
d Configuration

1.5 x d
daylight zone

The referred standard SNI 03-2396 provides some design guidelines

for well daylit buildings. Additional guidance including recommended
daylight factors are presented in Table 1, 2, and 3 of this standard.

C. Glass Properties
Visible transmittance (VT) indicates the percentage of visible light that
the glass allows to pass through. Increasing visible transmittance also
typically increases the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glass,
thus allowing more solar heat to come in to the space. Therefore, the
VT and SHGC of the glass should both be considered while selecting a
glass product. A suitable glass selection for large buildings in Jakarta
should have a high visible transmittance and a low SHGC.
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

D. Glass Shading
Daylighting has a dynamic nature because of the location of the sun
and clouds in the sky and configuration of the window or skylight.
As a result, the amount and direction of daylight in a space can vary
significantly. Since direct sunlight is not desirable in most buildings, the
most logical design approach is to shade the windows such that they
direct sun is blocked from coming in for most part of the year. Generally

12
 speaking, exterior shades save more cooling energy than interior
shades, as they stop solar heat from entering the conditioned space.

Interior shades (blinds, roller shades) are efficient for stopping glare,
but the tendency of most occupants is to leave the shades closed even
when the glare is not present. This causes usable daylight to be blocked
as well, and often lights are turned on despite it being quite bright
outdoors.

If Horizontal blinds are used for glare control, they can be positioned in
such a manner that they bounce off light on to the ceiling of the space.

F I G U R E . 1 0
Horizontal Blinds for
Redirecting Light

Source: Jatmika Suryabrata

More guidance on An efficient way of blocking direct sun while allowing usable daylight in
window shading the space is through the use of light shelves. Light shelves are interior
is provided in the horizontal shades of reflective material that are placed.
Building Envelope
section of the user guide. As shown in the example below, light shelves on north and south
windows can block direct sunlight and reflect it deeper into the space,
thus producing a brighter environment without the glare.

F I G U R E . 1 1
South and North Light
Shelves in a Classroom11
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

11
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

13
 F I G U R E . 1 2
If light shelf is used,
the daylight penetration
could be 2d

1.5d

2d

F I G U R E . 1 3
Efficient Integrated Daylight
and Electric Lighting System12

Note that the perimeter

lighting is off due to sufficient
daylight level

An effective way to distribute light is to bring it in high in the space so

that it illuminates and bounces off the ceiling. A good design practice
that builds on this principle is to divide the window into two parts
vertically, using a mullion or a light shelf. The upper daylight window
uses a glass with higher visible transmittance, whereas the lower
vision window has lower visible transmittance and solar heat gain
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

coefficient. Both windows have their separate shades. When glare and
direct sun control is needed, the lower shades could be closed and
upper ones left open. In some cases, fixed angle blinds could be used
for the upper shades. Alternatively, depending on solar angles, the
daylight window could be used without any shades.

12
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

14
 F I G U R E . 1 4
Window Design Options
for Daylight

(effectiveness is higher for the

windows on the right)

E. High Head Heights

Daylight penetration is closely linked to the head height of the window.
As a rule of thumb, usable daylight is able to reach inside the space at
a depth of 1.5 times the head height of the window. On the other hand,
glass below 80 cm does not typically contribute to usable daylight and
should be avoided as much as possible.

F I G U R E . 1 5
Window Height and
Daylight Penetration

daylight zone

daylight zone

F. Floor Layout and Space Layout

A list of tools available Thinner floor plates which allow daylight access to most of the space
for designing and testing can save significantly on lighting energy.
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

daylighting designs is
available at Daylighting In office spaces, placing the open offices next to the perimeter
Collaborative, windows, and the private offices further back in the space allows
Daylighting Design Aids daylight access to more area. Having transparent or translucent interior
(http://www.daylighting. partitions also helps in daylight penetration.
org/designaids.php)

15
 F I G U R E . 1 6
Graphic Plan Drawing
Showing Daylighting
in Thin Vs. Thick Floor
Plate

50% Daylighting 100% Daylighting

F I G U R E . 1 7
Transparent Internal
Partitions13

Daylighting Designing a building with good daylight access is an important step,

C o ntr o l but does not guarantee energy savings. Even if the space gets ample
natural light, some occupants may not proactively switch off lights, thus
not reducing energy costs. Energy savings are only available if the lights
are switched off or dimmed. While this could be done manually, higher
energy saving is possible by using strategically placed photosensors
in the space. These sensors dim down or turn off lamps to maintain
the desired light level. The continuous dimming approach provides
more savings as compared to the stepped approach, but is also more
expensive to implement.
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

13
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

16
 F I G U R E . 1 8
Typical Light Distribution
in a Stepped Daylighting 3 rows of Luminaries with 2 Lamps each
System off @50% @100%
100 Lux

Daylight

Artificial

Total 50 Lux

0 Lux

A potential issue with most stepped daylighting controls is that the user
suddenly sees lights going off and is disturbed. With the continuous
dimming system, as the electric lights are gradually dimmed the overall
light level (electric light + daylight) is maintained. So the change is
transparent and usually not noticeable to the user. However such a
system requires dimming ballasts for the lamps, which cost more than
regular ballasts.

T A B L E . 0 2 Impact of Daylight Link Lighting System on Total Energy Saving

Impact of Daylight Link
Lighting System on Office School
Total Energy Saving
No Daylight 0.0% 0.0%
With Daylight 4.9% 3.5%

In a well daylit typical office building, continuous dimming control

can reduce lighting energy by up to 50%, whereas stepped control
can reduce it by up to 36%.

More guidance on daylighting design and control is available from

these sources:
Energy Design Resources. Your Guide to Energy Efficient Design
Practices. Daylighting Design (http://energydesignresources.com/
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

technology/daylighting-design.aspx)
Daylighting Collaborative. Light Every Building Using the Sky
(http://www.daylighting.org)

17
 R eduction of
installed lighting
The primary aim of lighting design is to provide sufficient amount of light
for the task in that space. Minimum acceptable light levels (illuminance)
are defined by standards such as in Table 1 of SNI 03 6197. Lighting
design can meet these minimum levels, but not exceed them by too
much, as it may result in increased energy use.

These illuminance requirements can be achieved with varying levels of

efficiency. With a good lighting design, it is possible to get desired light
levels with relatively low lighting power, thus saving operational energy
without compromising visual comfort.

T A B L E . 0 3 Impact of LPD (W/m2) on total energy saving

Impact of LPD (W/m2) on
Total Energy Saving14 L P D (W/m2) Office Retail Hotel Hospital Apartment School

20 -10.0%
17 0.0%
15 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -5.0%
13 4.6% 0.0%
10.8 7.3% 8.3% 7.0% 9.5% 0.0% 5.3%
8 12.9% 10.0% 15.9% 5.6% 12.2%
6 9.6%

F I G U R E . 1 9
Energy Savings through
Lighting Design Options
with Same Light Levels
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

14
IFC Energy Analysis.

18
 In Figure 19 above, computer rendering images shows an office setting
with similar light levels but significantly different LPDs. One system
uses 2x36 W fluorescent producing 14.54 W/m2 (top), while the other
uses 1x27W LED lighting consuming only 6.54W/m2 (bottom).

Various low cost and free design tools such as the ones listed below are
available to easily calculate light levels and lighting power density.
Lightswitch Wizard NRC (www.buildwiz.com)
Daysim NRC (www.daysim.com)
COMcheck-EZ PNW National Laboratory (www.energycodes.gov)
SPOT Architectural Energy Co. (www.archenergy.com/SPOT)

The light level requirements are usually determined for the work
surface, where the critical task is being performed (e.g. office desk,
industrial assembly line). Ambient light levels outside the critical work
surface could be lower. A typical application of this approach is to have
the office ambient lighting designed for 100-150 lux, and task lighting
provided at each desk to provide focused light at 350 lux. This approach
is sometimes referred to as a task-ambient lighting system.

F I G U R E . 2 0
Suspended 2x25W T5
fluorescent system with up
lighting to create noticeably
brighter interior and sufficient
light levels on the desktop (300
lux) with only 3.3 W/m2 LPD

F I G U R E . 2 1
Desktop lighting LED: light
output 282 lm; power = 8.7W
desktop illuminance 350 lux.
General lighting 2 x 14 W T5
wide. Power = 32W. Luminous
flux = 2400 lm. LPD = 2.5 W/m2
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

19
 Figure 22 below shows a lighting scheme that integrates daylighting
and furniture layout creating an energy efficient lighting system
with a comfortable luminous environment. Sidelight from windows
is integrated into furniture layout. The uplighting from suspended
luminaires improve significantly the luminous environment of the
space by creating brighter and more spacious interior. Window
size is optimized for providing sufficient illuminance without the
accompanying glare.

F I G U R E . 2 2
Office at Austrian
Embassy Jakarta15

Light level requirements are also related to visual comfort of the

occupants. Table 1 of SNI 03-6197 shows minimum light levels
for different space types. The mandated illuminance level has been
determined as the minimum that is needed at the work surface to
perform the task well. Any extra illuminance provided is essentially
wastage, and may cause visual discomfort through glare.

It should be noted that the desired light level can be achieved with
varying levels of energy consumption. A well designed light layout,
along with efficient lamps and fixtures uses less electricity to provide
the desired light level.

U se of efficient lamps
and fixtures
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

Another important step in optimizing lighting energy use is

selecting appropriate lamps and fixtures.

15
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

20
 L a m p Appropriate selections of light sources are important in lighting design
Effici e ncy to both create pleasant luminous environment and save energy. There
are a number of light source characteristics that should be considered
during lighting design:
Luminous efficacy: efficiency of the lamp in converting electricity to
visible light. (Lumens/watt)
Lamp life: number of hours of operation it takes for the emitted light
to depreciate to a specific level.
Color rendering index: ability of a light source to reproduce the
colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or
natural light source.
Correlated color temperature: the color appearance of light
sources. It is often designated as warm, warm white and cool
daylight.

For energy conservation, luminous efficacy is the primary criterion,

whereas the other 3 characteristics have an impact on project budget,
replacement cost and ambience. Lamps with higher luminous efficacy
use less energy. However, lamp selection should involve all the criteria
mentioned above these requirements influence lamp selection, but do not
have a direct energy impact. For example, high pressure and low pressure
sodium lamps have very high luminous efficacy but poor color rendering
index, so are not suitable for most interior applications. Most fluorescent
lamps have very good efficacy as well as color rendering index.

F I G U R E . 2 3
Luminous Efficacy
(lm/W) of Various Light
Incandescent Lamp
Sources16
Halogen Lamps

Linear Fluorescent
Lamps (T8)
Linear Fluorescent
Lamps (T5)
Compact
Fluorescent Lamps

Metal Halide Lamps

High Pressure
Sodium Lamps
Low Pressure
Sodium Lamps
High Pressure
Mercury Vapor Lamps

LED Lamps

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

Lumen/Watt

16
Energy Efficiency Best Practice Guide Lighting. (http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au)
And various sources.

21
 Some of the available high efficiency lamps are listed below:
High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
One of the most efficient lamp types in use currently, they have
specialized applications due to their extreme brightness. They are
best suited for high ceiling spaces and exterior applications.
T8 fluorescent lamps
Various versions available ranging from 58W to 10W, including
the high performance variety that provides higher initial lumens in
comparison to the standard T8. Some of the low wattage systems
may not be dimmable.
T5 fluorescent lamps
T5 and T5 high output (HO) lamps offer similar or higher lumens
watt as compared to T8 lamps. Because of smaller diameter, these
lamps appear brighter and therefore need proper glare control.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
Offer about 30% lower efficiency (lumens/w) as compared to linear
fluorescent, but are well suited as replacement for incandescent
lamps in can lights and recessed fixtures.
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lamps
Because of their long life and directional nature, LED lamps are
becoming popular and feasible for some specialized applications,
such as refrigerator lights, exit signs, under cabinet lights and
task lights. If the directional nature of the light is utilized properly,
the LED fixtures can perform significantly better than linear
fluorescent fixtures.

Another criterion for lamp selection is its potential to harm the

environment after its life is over. Most fluorescent lamps, except some
low-mercury variations have high levels of mercury that can pollute
waterways and marine life. While LED lamps do not contain mercury,
they do contain semiconductors which can cause environmental
pollution. The higher lifespan of LED lamps means that less number of
LED lamps will end up in landfill as compared to fluorescents.

F ixt u r e Effectiveness of a lighting system is also determined by how well the

Effici e ncy light being produced by the lamps is distributed by the fixtures. This
efficiency is measured by Light Output Ratio (LOR), which is a ratio
between the lumen outputs from the lamp to the total lumen distributed
out of the fixtures. SNI 6197 recommends a minimum LOR of 60%.
LOR for the fixtures can sometimes be found on its packaging or on
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

the manufacturers website.

The common fixture configurations are direct, indirect and direct-

indirect. Most indirect and direct-indirect fixtures are suspended from
the ceiling. A variation of the indirect lighting fixture is a recessed
indirect fixture which can replace a typical ceiling troffer panel.

22
F I G U R E . 2 4
Lighting Fixture
Direct
Configurations
0-10%
90-100%

Semi-Direct
10-40%
60-90%

General
Diffusing 40-60%
40-60%

Semi-Indirect
40-60%
40-60%

Semi-Indirect
60-90%
10-40%

Indirect
90-100%
0-10%

Direct fixtures are usually the most efficient in lighting up the work
surfaces, as they guide most of the light directly at the work surface
without bouncing it around the room. However, such fixtures can
cause glare if not designed properly. The indirect and direct-indirect
fixtures throw some light on the ceiling as well, creating a well-lit feel
in the space. Often spaces with brightly lit ceilings are perceived to
have higher light levels than they actually do. In such situations, it may
even be possible to design the space to lower light levels and yet be
acceptable to the occupants. Recessed indirect fixtures do a good job at
diffusing the light, but are not as efficient in lighting up the ceiling.

L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

23
 F I G U R E . 2 5
Highly directional
downlight may create
gloomy visual environment
although light levels at the
desktop are very high

S u rfac e Some of the light that reaches the work surface from the lamps comes
r e fl e ctanc e after reflection from surrounding surfaces like walls and ceilings.
In a way, these surfaces act as an extension of the fixture. Higher
reflectivity of these surfaces would results in more light reaching the
work surface. The recommended reflectances of the interior surfaces
are shown in Figure 26, while Figure 27 shows the typical impact of
surface reflectances on light levels.

F I G U R E . 2 6
Ceiling 80% or more
Recommended Interior
Surface Reflectances per
IESNA Lighting Handbook

Partition 40%-70%
Wall 50%-70%

Furniture 25%-45%
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

Floor 20%-40%

24
 F I G U R E . 2 7
Darker interior surfaces causes
gloomy interior (bottom)
although the lighting systems
are exactly the same

Di s tanc e Intensity of light at a surface has a strong relationship with its distance from
t o S o u rc e the light source. According to the inverse square law, light intensity is
inversely proportional to the square of distance from source. This means
that a light fixture that is designed to provide 300 lux at the work surface
when mounted on a 3 meter high ceiling, will provide approximately 44%
higher light level (432 lux) if the fixture is suspended by 0.5 meter. Similarly
a direct suspended fixture at 3 meters height will provide almost 3 times
the illuminance as compared to a similar 5 meter high fixture. Consequently,
the suspended fixture can be used with lamps having lower light output and
less energy use. This principle can also be observed in task lights, as they
provide relatively high illuminance even with low powered lamps.

F I G U R E . 2 8
Suspended Lighting
System in a Typical
Open Office17
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

17
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

25
 On the other hand, inappropriate selections of luminaire combined with high
ceiling may lead to a waste of light and energy. Figure 31 shows a lighting
system that employs exactly the same luminaire and spacing for the low
ceiling lounge and the high ceiling lobby spaces. While the average light
level in the lounge is around 100 lux, the lobby only has an average of 11 lux
due to inverse square law.

F I G U R E . 2 9
Demonstration of Inverse
Square Law in a Split
Height Space18

In addition to lamp and fixture efficiency, ballast efficiency should also be

considered. For fluorescent lamps, program rapid start ballasts are usually
the most energy efficient, as they cause the least reduction in lamp life.
Instant start ballasts may be used when lights are kept on continuously for
long periods. Dimming ballasts may be used where manual dimming or
continuous daylighting dimming is desired.

U se of lighting
controls
Lighting controls are ways of switching off or dimming lamps when
they are not needed. The simplest controls comprise of multiple light
switches to control some of the lamps in fixture or some of fixtures in
a space. This level of manual control is fairly simple and inexpensive to
install. However, energy saving is totally dependent on user behavior. If
the users of the space do not switch off some of the lamps or fixtures
when not needed, energy savings will not be utilized.
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

A slight variation of this strategy is to place the multiple switches in

different locations, so that the user is not allowed to switch all the lights
on at once. An example of this strategic switching approach is in
classrooms where one of the switches controlling 1/3rd of the lights is
placed near the blackboard, where the teacher can control it.

18
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

26
 F I G U R E . 3 0
Multiple Switching (left) and
Strategic Switching (right)

In situations where the occupancy pattern of the space is consistent,

automated timer controls maybe used to switch off the lights at a
specific time. This control can be implemented in individual spaces or
as a building wide sweep through the building management system.
Typically such systems have a way of warning the occupants before
the shutoff, usually through blinking of lights. The user is allowed to
manually override the switch-off. Since this system is less dependent on
user behavior, energy savings from it are more reliable.

Frequent switching may shorten the life of fluorescent lamps and

HID lamps but not significantly affect the life of incandescent and
LED lamps.

If there are several periods during the day when the space is left
unoccupied, occupancy sensors could be used to turn the lights on and
off. Infrared (which sense motion) or dual technology (which includes
body heat sensing ultrasound) occupancy sensors could be wired to
control all or some of the lights in a space. This technique works best
if the sensor has a clear view of all the occupants in the space. Typical
applications include restrooms, storage rooms and private offices.

Dual level occupancy sensor controls is another variation used in

small spaces like private offices. It incorporates the dual level switching
and occupancy sensor technologies into a wall mounted panel and
allows multiple levels of control.

More information on this system can be found at various manufacturers

websites.19
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

More information on high efficiency lamps is available at Whole Building

Design Guides website.20

19
Dual-Circuit Switch with Occupancy/Partial-On Sensor. (http://www.lutron.com/
TechnicalDocumentLibrary/369758a.pdf)
20
Whole Building Design Guide, A Program of the National Institute of building
Sciences. Energy Efficient Lighting. (http://www.wbdg.org/resources/
efficientlighting.php)

27
 More information and guidance on lighting design and control is
available at:
ASHRAE/IESNA Standard Users Manual 2004
Daylighting and Window Design - CIBSE Lighting Guide 1999
CIBSE Code for Lighting, CIBSE 2002
Advanced Lighting Guidelines, National Buildings Institute
(NBI) 2001 (www.newbuildings.org/lighting.htm)
Daylighting Design Guidelines, Daylighting Collaborative
(http://www.daylighting.org/designguidelines.php)
Sensors and Controls - Tips for Daylighting with Windows,
LBL, 1997 (http://windows.lbl.gov/daylighting/designguide/
section8.pdf)
L I G H T I N G S Y S T E M DES I G N P R I N C I P L ES

28
Dinas Pengawasan
Dan Penertiban Bangunan
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Jalan Taman Jati Baru No. 1

Jakarta Barat
t. (62-21) 856 342
f. (62-21) 856 732

www.dppb.jakarta.go.id