Introduction to Java

Lecture 5

Naveen Kumar
Java Environment

Development tools-part of java development kit (JDK)

Classes and methods-part of Java Standard Library (JSL),
also known as Application Programming Interface (API)

1. JDK:
Appletviewer ( for viewing applets)
Javac (Compiler)
Java (Interpreter)
Javah (for C header files)
Javadoc ( for creating HTML description)
Java Environment

2. Application Package Interface (API)

Contains hundreds of classes and methods grouped into several
functional packages:
Language Support Package (String, Integer, Double, etc)
Utility Packages (rand. num. gen., sys. date)
Input/Output Packages
Networking Packages (implementing networking appl. )
AWT Package (classes for painting graphics and images)
Applet Package (web page using java)
The Evolution of Java

1. Java 1.0 (96)

2. Java 1.1 (97)(Add new library, redefine applet handling and
reconfigured many features.)
3. Java 2 (98)(Second generation). Version no:1.2 (Internal
version number of java library). Also known as J2SE [ Java
2 Platform Standard Edition].
- Add swing, the collection framework, enhanced JVM etc.
4. J2SE 1.3 (2000)
5. J2SE 1.4 (2002)
6. J2SE 1.5 (2004)
7. J2SE 1.6 (2006) [1.7-(2013), in queue 1.8 (exp in 2014) ]
Comments

In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) in a

line, or
enclosed between /* and */ in one or multiple lines

When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after // in the
same line

When it sees /*, it scans for the next */ and ignores any text
between /* and */
Example

/* Traditional "Hello World!" program. */

// package pack1;
// import java.lang.System;
class A
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Save program as A.java
Java Program Structure

Package Statement
Javac command compiles the source code A.java then,
generates A.class and store it under a directory which is
called as name of the package
package statement if used must be the first statement in
a compilation unit. Its syntax is:
package packageName;
For example:
package pack1;
Import Statement

The import statements are similar to #include

statements in C and C++
In the above program, System class of java.lang package
is imported into all Java programs by default. The
syntax of import statement is as:

import fullClassName;

For example, the following import statement imports the

System class from java.lang:
import java.lang.System;
import java.lang.*;
Classes and Methods
Class declarations contain a keyword class and an identifier (Ex: A)
Class members are enclosed within braces. The syntax of defining a
class is shown below:

class A
{
// program code
}

To execute a class, it must contain a valid main method

It is the first method that automatically gets invoked when the program
executed

public static void main (String args[])

{
//instructions
}
Main method

public static void main (String args[])

{
//instructions
}
The main method must always be defined as public:
to make it publicly accessible,
static: to declare it as a class member and
void: returns no value
args[]: parameter, is an array of class String. It
provides access to command line parameters
System class

System.out.println("Hello World!");

invokes println method on object

named out variable (of type
java.io.PrintStream), which is a member
of System class.

The println method takes a String

parameter and displays it on the console
Example

/* Traditional "Hello World!" program. */

// package pack1;
// import java.lang.System;
class A
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Class definition

class A
{
int i;
char ch;

void set()
{}

int get(int b)
{}
}
Method Declarations

General format of method declaration:

Modifier return-type method-name( parameter1, , parameterN )

{
body (declarations and statements);
}
Modifierssuch as public, private, and others you will learn later.
return typethe data type of the value returned by the method, or void if
the method does not return a value.

Method body can also return values:

return expression;
Access members of a class

Class A
How to access member of class A ?
{
A a= new A();
int i; a.i;
char ch; a.ch;
a.set();
void set()
{ i=20; }
stack Heap
int get()
A i
{return i; } ch
}
Types of Methods (4 basic types )

Modifier (sometimes called a mutator)

Changes the value associated with an attribute of the object
E.g. A method like set()
Accessor
Returns the value associated with an attribute of the object
E.g. A method like Get()
Constructor
Called once when the object is created (before any other
method will be invoked)
E.g. A(int i)
Destructor
Called when the object is destroyed
E.g.~A( )
Constructor

Same name as class name

No return type (as methods)
Why we need constructors?
Initialize an object

Default cons (if we not defined)

No parameter
Ex: A()
{
}
Parameterized constructor

A(int in) A(int in, char c)

{ {
i=in; i=in;
} ch=c;
}

Created when object init

Can define any number of constructors
 Example 2: two classes

class aa2 public class aa4

{ {
public static void main(String args[])
int i;
{
char ch; aa2 obj= new aa2();
void set() int b;
{ i=20;} obj.set();
b= obj.get();
System.out.println("i="+ obj.i);
int get()
System.out.println("i="+ b);
{return i;}
} }
}

19
 Example 3: two classes uses cons.

class aa2 public class aa4

{ {
public static void main(String args[])
int i;
{
char ch; aa2 obj= new aa2(20,g);
void set() System.out.println("i="+ obj.i);
{ i=20;} System.out.println("i="+ obj.ch);
int get()
}
{return i;}
}
aa2 (int in, char c)
{
i=in; ch=c;
}
20 }
 Example 4: single class

public class aa1 public static void main(String args[])

{ {
int i; aa1 a= new aa1();
char ch; int b;
a.set();
void set()
b=a.get();
{ i=20;} System.out.println("i="+ a.i);
System.out.println("i="+ b);
int get()
{return i;} }

21
 Introduction to Applets

Java applet is a small appln. written in Java

delivered to users in the form of bytecode
user can launches Java applet from a web page
it can appear in a frame of the web page, in a
new application window, or in Sun's
AppletViewer, a stand-alone tool for testing
applets

22
 Applet Example 1

/*
<APPLET CODE="app1.class" WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=100>
</APPLET>
*/
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;

public class app1 extends Applet {

public void paint (Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello!",50,20);
}}
23
 Applet program execution

Compile
javac app1.java
Execution
appletviewer app1.java

24
 Execution through HTML file

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> A simple Program</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY> Here is the output:
<APPLET CODE="app1.class" WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=100>
</APPLET>
<BODY>
</HTML>

Store with name app1.htm

25 Execute from browser: C:\java\app1.htm