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Proc SQL

Proc SQL can be used to create new variables, merge datasets, and perform other data management tasks. It allows creating a new table with additional variables like means or merging two datasets on a common variable. One limitation is that Proc SQL can only merge up to 16 tables at a time while the normal SAS limit is 100 tables. Exercises demonstrate using Proc SQL to merge two datasets on a common ID variable.

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161 views

Proc SQL

Proc SQL can be used to create new variables, merge datasets, and perform other data management tasks. It allows creating a new table with additional variables like means or merging two datasets on a common variable. One limitation is that Proc SQL can only merge up to 16 tables at a time while the normal SAS limit is 100 tables. Exercises demonstrate using Proc SQL to merge two datasets on a common ID variable.

Uploaded by

hima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Proc SQL

Proc SQL can be used either to create new variables or to merge datasets.

Proc SQL; /* create mean of a variable */


CREATE TABLE <new dataset> AS
SELECT *, mean(<var-name>) AS <new var-name>
FROM <existing dataset>;
Quit;

Proc SQL; /* merge two datasets by a variable */


CREATE TABLE <new dataset> AS
SELECT * FROM <dataset 1>, <dataset 2>
WHERE <dataset 1>.<Var 1> = <dataset 2>.<Var 2>;
Quit;

Note: One limitation of PROC SQL is that it can merge only up to 16 tables
(datasets) at a time. The normal limit in SAS is 100. Also note that if you
use PROC SQL to merge two or more datasets, you need not sort any
dataset.

Exercise
Ex 1: Given two datasets A and B in the folder, use PROC SQL to merge
these two datasets to create a new dataset, D by a common I variable.

Comparing Proc SQL and Datastep

Function Non-SQL Base SAS PROC SQL


STATEMENT STATEMENT/CLAUSE
OPTION
Create a Table DATA CREATE TABLE
Create a table from INPUT INSERT
raw data
Add columns Assignment SELECT.as.
statement
Drop columns DROP SELECT
KEEP
Add rows OUTPUT INSERT INFO
Delete rows WHERE DELETE FROM
IF/THEN DELETE
Sorting PROC SORT ORDER BY
De-dupe records NODUPLICATE DISTINCT
Establish a LIBNAME CONNECT
connection with a DISCONNECT
RDBMS
Send a RDBMS- CONNECTION TO
specific non-query
SQL statement to a
RDBMS
Concatenating SET OUTER JOIN
Match merging MERGE/SET FROM
BY LEFT JOIN
IF in1 RIGHT JOIN
IF in2 FULL JOIN
IF in1 &in2 WHERE/ON
Rename column RENAME AS
Displaying resultant PROC PRINT SELECT
table
summarizing PROC/BY GROUP BY

10.3 SQL Examples


Using dataset FLTATTND
List all information in the table.
proc sql;
select * from trg.fltattnd;
quit;

Create a new table with empid and salary information.


proc sql;
create table new as
select empid, salary from trg.fltattnd;
quit;

SAS features work with sql


proc sql;
create table new as
select * from trg.fltattnd (drop=annivmo);
quit;

SQL Examples
Removing duplicates
Proc sql;
create table new as
select distinct jobcode from trg.flttattnd;
Quit;

Sorting using sql


Proc sql;
create table new as
select * from trg.fltattnd
order by jobcode, salary descending;
quit;

Subsetting and computing new fields

Proc sql;
create table new as
select salary, salary*0.05 as tax, hiredate format=date7. from trg.fltattnd
where salary > 10000
order by salary, hiredate descending;
quit;

(any of the data step functions can be used to create new variables except
sound, dif and lag.)

SQL Examples

Proc sql;
create table new as
select count(*) as n, round(mean(salary),0.01) format=6.2 as salarymean
from trg.fltattnd;
quit;
Proc sql;
create table new as
select jobcode, count(jobcode) as n, hiredate format=date7., salary,
max(salary) as salarymax, round(salary/(calculated salarymax)*100,0.01)
format 6.2 as salpct
from trg.fltattnd
group by jobcode;
quit;

Note: Summary functions are restricted to the SELECT and HAVING


clauses only.
All the above functions will be calculated for each jobcode group not for
each observation

SQL Examples
Proc sql;
create table new as
select jobcode, count(jobcode) as n, hiredate format=date7., salary,
max(salary) as salarymax
from trg.fltattnd
group by jobcode
having salary=calculated salarymax
order by calculated salarymax;
quit;

Proc sql;
create table new as
select lastname, case when salary >30000 then high sal when salary < 20000
thenlow salary else errorend as saltype length=8 from trg.fltattnd order
by salary;
quit;

Note: The case expression can be used to create a new variable that is a
re-categorization of the values of another variable.

10.4 String Operations


SQL includes a string-matching operator for comparisons on
character strings. Patterns are described using two special
characters:
percent (%). The % character matches any substring.
underscore (_). The _ character matches any character.
Find the names of all students whose course name includes the
substring EE.

select name
from student
where course like %EE%

SQL supports a variety of string operations such as


concatenation (using ||)
converting from upper to lower case (and vice versa)
finding string length, extracting substrings, etc.

10.5 Nested Subqueries


SQL provides a mechanism for the nesting of subqueries.
A subquery is a select-from-where expression that is nested within
another query.
A common use of subqueries is to perform tests for set membership,
set comparisons, and set cardinality.
Example :Find all customers who have both an account and a loan at the bank.

select distinct customer-name


from borrower
where customer-name in (select customer-name from depositor)

10.6 Merging Using SQL


10.6.1 Cartesian Join
A Cartesian join is when you join every row of one table to every row
of another table. You can also get one by joining every row of a table
to every row of itself.

Example. Run the following code on the dataset forsql and note the
results
proc sql;
create table matrix as select * from
(select ans as ans0001 from trg.forsql where var='0001'),
(select ans as ans0006 from trg.forsql where var='0006'),
(select ans as ans0003 from trg.forsql where var='0003')
order by ans0001, ans0006, ans0003;
quit;

Cartesian Joins allow for combining tables to self.


Ex. Find the names of all branches that have greater assets
than some branch located in Brooklyn.

Proc Sql;
select distinct T.branch-name
from branch as T, branch as S
where T.assets > S.assets and
S.branch-city = Brooklyn

10.6.3 Outer UNION


OUTER UNION is equivalent to concatenate of Base SAS. However, columns
with the same name are in separate columns in the output window .
Example- the following query expression concatenates the A and B tables
but does not overlay like-named columns shows the result.
proc sql;
title A and B: OUTER UNION';
select * from trg.a outer union select * from trg.b;
quit;

10.6.4 Merging Files with Different Names For Variables


Ex 4. There are various departments in IIT. There are two different
attendance records formats available. We are required to create a single
file having information from both the departments.

Record Layout 1 Record Layout 2


Year Year
Cno Course_num
Rnum
S1-S10 S1-S10

You are required to convert the source variables having analogous


information and copy information from these two files in a single file using
SQL.

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