Presentation on
OSI Model & TCP/ IP Model
Presented By:
Aditya Vikram Singh
Gaurav Mehta
Laxmi Priya Budek
Shruti Kashyap
Sumit Gill
Sunit Kumar
Contents:
Introduction
Communication Architecture
Layer Architecture
OSI Model
Layers Of OSI Model
TCP/IP Model
Layers Of TCP/IP
Critique Of OSI & TCP/IP model
Comparison Of OSI & TCP/IP model
Communication Architecture
Strategy for connecting host computers and other
communicating equipment.
Defines necessary elements for data communication
between devices.
A communication architecture, therefore, defines a
standard for the communicating hosts.
A programmer formats data in a manner defined by the
communication architecture and passes it on to the
communication software.
Separating communication functions adds flexibility,
for example, we do not need to modify the entire host
software to include more communication devices.
Layer Architecture
Layer architecture simplifies the network design
and helps in troubleshooting.
It is easy to debug network applications in a
layered architecture network.
The network management is easier due to the
layered architecture.
Network layers follow a set of rules, called
protocol.
The protocol defines the format of the data being
exchanged, and the control and timing for the
handshake between layers.
Open Systems
Interconnection Model
International standard organization (ISO)
established a committee in 1977 to develop an
architecture for computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model is the result of this effort.
In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
Term open denotes the ability to connect any
two systems which conform to the reference model
and associated standards.
OSI Reference Model
The OSI model is now considered the primary
Architectural model for inter-computer
communications.
The OSI model describes how information or data
makes its way from application programmes
(such as spreadsheets) through a network
medium (such as wire) to another application
programme located on another network.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of
moving information between computers over a
network medium into SEVEN smaller and more
manageable problems .
This separation into smaller more manageable
functions is known as layering.
OSI: A Layered Network
Model
The process of breaking up the functions or tasks
of networking into layers reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above
it in the protocol specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layers
software or hardware on other computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link
and physical Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are
concerned with the flow of data from end to end
through the network.
The upper three layers of the OSI model
(application, presentation and sessionLayers 7,
6 and 5) are orientated more toward services to
the applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol
information as it moves down the layers before
network transit.
Packets
Transmissions are broken up into smaller
units or data transmissions called packets
Example
A file (might be an mp3 sound file) is divided into packets.
It does not matter what the transmission is. It could be Word
PACKET PACKET PACKET PACKET
document, a PowerPoint or an MP3
Packets and OSI
After transmission is divided into packets
extra information required to make sure it all
goes back together correctly. The OSI model
helps to look after this.
The OSI model also provides much more
information which is included with each
package.
OSI Model:
OSI in Action
A message begins at the top
application layer and moves down
the OSI layers to the bottom
physical layer.
As the message descends, each
successive OSI model layer adds
a header to it.
A header is layer-specific
information that basically
explains what functions the layer
carried out.
Conversely, at the receiving end,
headers are striped from the
message as it travels up the
corresponding layers.
OSI Layers:
The Physical Layer
Responsibility:
transmission of raw bits over a
communication channel.
Issues:
mechanical and electrical interfaces
time per bit
distances
OSI Layers:
Provides connectivity and path selection between two host
Provides Logical address
No error correction, best effort delivery.
The Data Link Layer -
Data Link Control
Responsibility:
provide an error-free communication link
Issues:
framing (dividing data into chunks)
header & trailer bits
addressing
10110110101 01100010011 10110000001
The Data Link Layer -
The MAC sublayer
Medium Access Control - needed by
mutiaccess networks.
MAC provides DLC with virtual wires on
multiaccess networks.
OSI Layers:
The Network Layer
Responsibilities:
path selection between end-systems (routing).
subnet flow control.
fragmentation & reassembly
translation between different network types.
OSI Layers:
The Transport Layer
Responsibilities:
provides virtual end-to-end links between
peer processes.
end-to-end flow control
Issues:
headers
error detection
reliable communication
OSI Layers:
The Session Layer
Responsibilities:
establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
between applications.
service location lookup
Many protocol suites do not include a session
layer.
OSI Layers:
The Presentation Layer
Responsibilities:
data encryption
data compression
data conversion
Many protocol suites do not include a
Presentation Layer.
OSI Layers:
The Application Layer
Responsibilities:
anything not provided by any of the other
layers
Issues:
application level protocols
appropriate selection of type of service
Peer-to-Peer
Communication
Connecting Networks
Repeater: physical layer
Bridge: data link layer
Router: network layer
Gateway: network layer and
above.
Repeater
Copies bits from one network to another
Does not look at any bits
Allows the extension of a network beyond
physical length limitations
REPEATER
Bridge
Copies frames from one network to another
Can operate selectively - does not copy all
frames (must look at data-link headers).
Extends the network beyond physical length
limitations.
BRIDGE
Router
Copies packets from one network to another.
Makes decisions about what route a packet
should take (looks at network headers).
ROUTER
ROUTER
Gateway
Operates as a router
Data conversions above the network layer.
Conversions:
encapsulation - use an intermediate network
translation - connect different application
protocols
encrpyption - could be done by a gateway
Examples of protocols
More on Protocols
Layer 7 application E-mail, Web browser, Directory
Layer 6 POP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS
presentation Sockets
Layer 5 session TCP
Layer 4 transport IP
Layer 3 network PPP, Ethernet, Token ring
Layer 2 data link 100baseT
Layer 1 physical
TCP/IP MODEL
OSI & TCP/IP Models
TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Application programs using the network
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
Management of end-to-end message transmission,
error detection and error correction
Network Layer (IP)
Handling of datagrams : routing and congestion
Data Link Layer
Management of cost effective and reliable data delivery,
access to physical networks
Physical Layer
Physical Media
Critique Of OSI & TCP/IP
Model:
OSI Model: TCP/IP Model:
Doesnot distinguish the concept
Bad Timing of service, interface and
protocol.
Bad Technology Model is not suited for any other
protocol.
Bad Implementation
Host-To-Network: Dummy Layer.
Bad Politics Doesnot distinguish between
physical & datalink layers.
Comparison:
OSI Model: TCP/IP Model:
Services, Interface, Services, Interfaces,
Protocols. Protocols.
Model was devised Model was devised
before the advent of keeping in view the
protocols. protocols.
Number of layers. Number of layers.
Connectionless & Connectionless &
Connection Oriented. Connection Oriented.
The OSI Reference Model
A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer
names is to use the first letter of each word in the
phrase:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
END
THANKS
