Slides from TCP/IP - Forouzan
Chapter 4
IP Addressing
Decimal Notation
Classes
Special Addresses
A Sample Internet
Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses
Applying for IP Addresses
Private Networks
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-1
Figure 4-1 Internet address
An Internet address is made of four bytes
(32 bits) that define a hosts connection
to a network.
Class
Type
Netid Hostid
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Slides from TCP/IP - Forouzan
Figure 4-2 Decimal point notation
10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
128.11.3.31
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-3
Figure 4-3 Internet address classes
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4
Class A 0 Netid Hostid
Class B 10 Netid Hostid
Class C 110 Netid Hostid
Class D 1110 Multicast address
Class E 1111 Reserved for future use
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Slides from TCP/IP - Forouzan
Figure 4-4 Classes using decimal notation
From To
Class A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
Netid Hostid
Netid Hostid
Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
Hostid
Netid Hostid Netid
Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
Netid Hostid Netid Hostid
Class D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
Multicast Address Multicast Address
Class E 240.0.0.0
Reserved
255.255.255.255
Reserved
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-5
Table 4-1 Numbers in classes
Class Number of Networks Number of Hosts
A 27 2 = 126 224 2 = 16,777,214
B 214 = 16,384 216 2 = 65,535
C 221 = 2,097,152 28 2 = 254
D Not Applicable Not Applicable
E Not Applicable Not Applicable
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Figure 4-5 Multihomed devices
123.50.16.90 141.14.22.9
123.0.0.0 141.14.0.0
123.70.9.111 141.14.67.80
205.67.71.23
205.67.71.0
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-7
Types of addresses
Introduced at layer 2 - ex. Ethernet MAC
address
Addresses at layer 3 are IP
Packets to specific computer are unicast
Packets to groups of computers are
broadcast or multicast
4.3 deals with broadcasts
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Table 4-2 Special addresses
Special Address Netid Hostid Source or Destination
Network address Specific All 0s None
Direct broadcast address Specific All 1s Destination
Limited broadcast address All 1s All 1s Destination
Why?
This host on this network All 0s Specific Destination
Loopback address 127 Any Destination
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-9
Figure 4-6 Examples of network addresses
Netid Hostid
Specific All 0s
123.50.16.90 123.65.7.34
123.90.123.4
123.0.0.0
(a) Class A
141.14.0.0
141.14.22.8
221.45.71.64 221.45.71.126 141.14.45.9 141.14.67.64
221.45.71.20 (b) Class B
221.45.71.0
(c) Class C
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Figure 4-7 Example of direct broadcast address
Netid Hostid
Specific All 1s
221.45.71.64 221.45.71.126
221.45.71.20
221.45.71.0 R
Class C
The direct broadcast address is used by a router Destination IP address:
to send a message to every host on a local network.
221.45.71.255
Every host/router receives and processes
the packet with a direct broadcast address. Hostid: 255
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-11
Figure 4-8 Example of limited broadcast address
Netid and hostid
All 1s
Destination IP address:
255.255.255.255
221.45.71.64 221.45.71.126
221.45.71.20
221.45.71.0 R
Class C
A limited broadcast address is used by a host to send a packet
Router blocks the limited
to every host on the same network.
However, the packet is blocked by routers to confine broadcast packet
the packet to the local network.
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-12
COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 4-12
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-
Slides from TCP/IP - Forouzan
Figure 4-9 Example of this host on this network address
Netid and hostid
All 0s
Source IP address:
0.0.0.0
221.45.71.140
?.?.?.?
Bootstrap
221.45.71.0 server
Class C
A host which does not know its IPaddress uses the
IP address 0.0.0.0 as the source address and
255.255.255.255 as the destination address to send
a message to a bootstrap server.
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-13
Figure 4-10 Example of specific host on this network
Netid Hostid
All 0s Specific
Destination IP address:
0.0.0.64
221.45.71.64 221.45.71.126
221.45.71.20
221.45.71.12
221.45.71.0
Class C
This address is used by a router or host
to send a message to a specific host on the same network.
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Figure 4-11 Example of loopback address
Netid and hostid
127.X.Y.Z
Process 1 Process 2
TCP or UDP
IP
Destination address:
127.x.y.z
221.45.71.12
221.45.71.0
Class C
A packet with a loopback address
will not reach the network.
Forouzan Notes COSC 6377 - Fall 2000 4-15
Figure 4-12 Sample internet
8 8. 01. 81 .4 31
0.0.81.431
4 4. 86. 81 .4 31
129.8.0.1 129.8.45.13 ...
220.3.6.3
129.8.14.12 129.8.0.0
222.13.16.40 222.13.16.41
220.3.6.0 G G
3 2. 6.3 .0 22
222.13.16.0
1 2. 41. 81 .4 31
x.y.z.t.
220.3.6.1 R
12 .8. 81 .4 31
207.42.56.1
0.65.24.702
To the rest of the Internet
207.42.56.2
R
124.0.0.0 124.100.33.77
124.42.5.45 124.4.51.66
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