Introduction to Databases

NoSQL Databases

Prof. Beat Signer

Department of Computer Science

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

http://www.beatsigner.com

2 December 2005
 NoSQL Databases
Recently, the term NoSQL databases has been
introduced for different non-RDBMS solutions
non-relational, horizontally scalable, distributed, ...
often ACID properties not fully guaranteed
- e.g. eventual consistency
many solutions driven by web application requirements
different classes of NoSQL solutions
- object databases (db4o, ObjectStore, Objectivity, Versant, ...)
- column stores (BigTable, HBase, ...)
- document stores (CouchDB, MongoDB, ...)
- key-value (tuple) stores (Membase, Redis, ...)
- graph databases (Neo4j, )
- XML databases (Tamino, BaseX, ...)
- ...

May 19, 2017 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2

 Column Stores
Solutions for large scale distributed storage systems
very large "tables" with billions of rows and millions of columns
petabytes of data across thousands of servers
BigTable
distributed storage solution for structured data used by Google
HBase
distributed open source database (similar to BigTable)
part of the Apache Hadoop project
use MapReduce framework for processing
- map step
master node divides problem into subproblems and delegates them to child nodes
- reduce step
master mode integrates solutions of subproblems

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 Document Stores
Data no longer stored in tables
Each record (document) might have a different format
(number and size of fields)
Apache's CoucheDB is an example of a free
and open source document-oriented database

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 Impedance Mismatch Revisited
Combination of SQL with a host language
mix of declarative and procedural programming paradigms
two completely different data models
different set of data types
Interfacing with SQL is not straightforward
data has to be converted between host language and SQL due to
the impedance mismatch
~30% of the code and effort is used for this conversion!
The problem gets even worse if we would like to use an
object-oriented host language
two approaches to deal with the problem
- object databases (object-oriented databases)
- object-relational databases

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 Impedance Mismatch Revisited ...
public float getAverageCDLength() {
float result = 0.0;
try {
Connection conn = this.openConnection();
Statement s = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet set = s.executeQuery("SELECT length FROM CD");
int i = 0;
while (set.next()) {
result += set.getInt(1);
i++;
}
return result/i;
} catch (SQLException e) {
System.out.println("Calculation of average length failed.");
return 0;
}
}

Note that it would be easier to use the SQL AVG operator

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 Object Databases
ODBMSs use the same data model as object-oriented
programming languages
no object-relational impedance mismatch (due to uniform model)
An object database combines the features of an object-
oriented language and a DBMS (language binding)
treat data as objects
- object identity
- attributes and methods
- relationships between objects
extensible type hierarchy
- inheritance, overloading and overriding as well as customised types
declarative query language

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 Persistent Programming Languages
Several approaches have been proposed to make
transient programming language objects persistent
persistence by class
- declare that a class is persistent
- all objects of a persistent class are persistent whereas objects of
non-persistent classes are transient
- not very flexible; we would like to have persistent and transient objects
from a single class
- many ODBMSs provide a mechanism to make classes persistence capable
persistence by creation
- introduce new syntax to create persistent objects
- object is either persistent or transient depending on how it was created
persistence by marking
- mark objects as persistent after creation but before the program terminates

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 Persistent Programming Languages ...
persistence by reachability
- one or more objects are explicitly declared as persistent objects (root objects)
- all the other objects are persistent if they are reachable from a root object via
a sequence of one or more references
- easy to make entire data structures persistent

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 ObjectStore Example
Persistence by reachability via specific database roots
Person ariane = new Person("Ariane Peeters")
db.createRoot("Persons", ariane);

Persistence capable classes

post-processor makes specific classes persistent capable
Persistent aware classes
can access and manipulate persistent objects (not persistent)
Three states after a persistent object has been loaded
hollow: proxy with load on demand (lazy loading)
active: loaded in memory and flag set to clean
stale: no longer valid (e.g. after a commit)

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 ObjectStore Example ...
Post processing
(1) compile all source files
javac *.java

(2) post-process the class files to generate annotated versions of

the class files
osjcfp dest . inplace *.class

(3) run the post-processed main class

java mainClass

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 ODBMS History
First generation ODBMS
1984
- George P. Copeland and David Maier,
Making Smalltalk a Database System,
SIGMOD 1984
1986
- G-Base (Graphael, F)
1987 George P. Copeland David Maier
- GemStone (Servio Corporation, USA)
1988
- Vbase (Ontologic)
- Statice (Symbolics)

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 ODBMS History ...
Second generation ODBMS
1989
- Ontos (Ontos)
- ObjectStore (Object Design)
- Objectivity (Objectivity)
- Versant ODBMS (Versant Object Technology)
1989
- The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto

Third generation ODBMS

1990
- Orion/Itasca (Microelectronis and Computer Technology Cooperation, USA)
- O2 (Altar, F)
- Zeitgeist (Texas Instruments)

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 ODBMS History ...
Further developments
1991
- foundation of the Object Database Management Group (ODMG)
1993
- ODMG 1.0 standard
1996
- PJama (Persistent Java)
1997
- ODMG 2.0 standard
1999
- ODMG 3.0 standard
2001
- db4o (database for objects)
...
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 The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto

Malcolm Atkinson Franois Bancilhon David DeWitt Klaus Dittrich

Malcolm Atkinson, Franois Bancilhon,

David DeWitt, Klaus Dittrich,
David Maier and Stanley Zdonik,
The Object-Oriented Database
System Manifesto, 1989

David Maier Stanley Zdonik

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 The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto ...
The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto by
Atkinson et al. was an attemp to define object-oriented
databases
defines 13 mandatory features that an
object-oriented database system must have
- 8 object-oriented system features
- 5 DBMS features
optional features
- multiple inheritance, type checking, versions, ...
open features
- points where the designer can make a number of choices

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 The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto ...
Object-oriented system features
complex objects
- complex objects built from simple ones by constructors (e.g. set, tuple and list)
- constructors must be orthogonal
object identity
- two objects can be identical (same object) or equal (same value)
encapsulation
- distinction between interface (public) and implementation (private)
types and classes
- type defines common features of a set of objects
- class as a container for objects of the same type
type and class hierarchies
overriding, overloading and late binding

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 The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto ...
computational completeness
- should be possible to express any computable function using the DML
extensibility
- set of predefined types
- no difference in usage of system and user-defined types

DBMS features
persistence
- orthogonal persistence (persistence capability does not depend on the type)
secondary storage management
- index management, data clustering, data buffering, access path selection and
query optimisation
concurrency
- atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability (ACID)
- serialisability of operations

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 The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto ...
recovery
- in case of hardware or software failures, the system should recover
ad hoc query facility
- high-level declarative query language

The OODBMS Manifesto lead to discussion and

reactions from the RDBMS community
Third-Generation Database System Manifesto, Stonebraker et al.
The Third Manifesto, Darwen and Date
Issues not addressed in the manifesto
database evolution
constraints
object roles
...
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 Object Data Management Group (ODMG)
Object Database Management
Group (ODMG) was founded in 1991
by Rick Cattel
standardisation body including all major
ODBMS vendors
Defines a standard to increase the porta-
bility accross different ODBMS products Rick Cattell

Object Model
Object Definition Language (ODL)
Object Query Language (OQL)
language bindings
- C++, Smalltalk and Java bindings

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 ODMG Object Model
ODMG object model is based on the OMG object model
Basic modelling primitives
object: unique identifier
literal: no identifier
An object's state is defined by the values it carries for a
set of properties (attributes or relationships)
An object's behaviour is defined by the set of operations
that can be executed
Objects and literals are categorised by their type
(common properties and common behaviour)

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 Object Definition Language (ODL) Example
hasPrerequisites

Course Employee Salary

isPrerequisiteFor
hasSessions

StudentI Assistant Professor

isSessionOf
attends leads teaches
Student
Session
isAttendedBy one-to-one
one-to-many
isLeadBy
many-to-many

Lecture Exercise is-a

extends

isTaughtBy
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 ODL Example ...
module Education {
exception SessionFull{};
...

class Course (extent courses) {

attribute name;
relationship Department offeredBy
inverse Department::offers;
relationship list<Session> hasSessions
inverse Session::isSessionOf;
relationship set<Course> hasPrerequisites
inverse Course::isPrerequisiteFor;
relationship set<Course> isPrerequisiteFor
inverese Course::hasPrerequisites;
};

class Salary (extent salaries) {

attribute float base;
attribute float bonus;
};

...
}

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 ODL Example ...
class Session (extent sessions) {
attribute string number;
relationship Course isSessionOf
inverse Course::hasSessions;
relationship set<Student> isAttendedBy
inverse Student::attends;
};

class Lecture extends Session (extent lectures) {

relationship Professor isTaughtBy
inverse Professor::teaches;
};

class Exercise extends Session (extent exercises) {

attribute unsigned short maxMembers;
relationship Assistant isLeadBy
inverse Assistant::leads;
};

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 ODL Example ...
interface StudentI {
attribute string name;
attribute Address address;
relationship set<Session> attends
inverse Session::isAttendeBy;
};

class Student : StudentI (extent students) {

attribute Address address;
relationship set<Session> attends
inverse Session::isAttendedBy;
};

class Employee (extent employees) {

attribute string name
attribute Salary salary;
void hire();
void fire() raises (NoSuchEmployee);
};

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 ODL Example ...
class Professor extends Employee (extent professors) {
attribute enum Type{assistant, full, ordinary} rank;
relationship worksFor
inverse Department:hasProfessors;
relationship set<Lectures> teaches
inverse Session::isTaughtBy;
};

class Assistant extends Employee : StudentI (extent assistants) {

attribute Address address;
relationship Exercise leads
inverse Exercise::isLeadBy
relationship set<Session> attends
inverse Session::isAttendedBy;
};

May 19, 2017 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 26

 Object Databases
Many ODBMS also implement a versioning mechanism
Many operations are performed by using a navigational
rather than a declarative interface
following pointers
In addition, an object query language (OQL) can be used
to retrieve objects in a declarative way
some systems (e.g. db4o) also support native queries
Faster access than RDBMS for many tasks
no join operations required
However, object databases lack a formal mathematical
foundation!

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 Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)
"Automatic" mapping of object-oriented model to
relational database
developer has to deal less with persistence-related programming
Hibernate
mapping of Java types to SQL types
generates the required SQL statements behind the scene
standalone framework
Java Persistence API (JPA)
Enterprise Java Beans Standard 3.0
use annotations to define mapping
javax.persistence package

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 Object-Relational Databases
The object-relational data model extends the relational
data model
introduces complex data types
object-oriented features
extended version of SQL to deal with the richer type system
Complex data types
new collection types including multisets and arrays
attributes can no longer just contain atomic values (1NF) but also
collections
nest and unnest operations for collection type attributes
ER concepts such as composite attributes or multivalued
attributes can be directly represented in the object-relational data
model

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 Object-Relational Databases ...
Since SQL:1999 we can define user-defined types
Type inheritance can be used for inheriting attributes of
user-defined types

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 Object vs. Object-Relational Databases
Object databases
complex datatypes
tight integration with an object-oriented programming language
(persistent programming language)
high performance
Object-relational databases
complex datatypes
powerful query languages
good protection of data from programming errors

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 Homework
Study the following chapters of the
Database System Concepts book
chapter 22
- sections 22.1-22.11
- Object-based Databases

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 Exercise 11
Transaction Management

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 References
A. Silberschatz, H. Korth and S. Sudarshan,
Database System Concepts (Sixth Edition),
McGraw-Hill, 2010
Malcolm Atkinson, Franois Bancilhon, David DeWitt,
Klaus Dittrich, David Maier and Stanley Zdonik,
The Object-Oriented Database System Manifesto, 1989
Seven Databases in Seven Weeks: A Guide to
Modern Databases and the NoSQL Movement,
Eric Redmond and Jim Wilson, Pragmatic Book-
shelf, May, 2012, ISBN-13: 978-1934356920

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Next Lecture
Course Review

2 December 2005