APPENDIX

Appendix A

List and Uses of Apparatus

A pipette is a narrow glass tube used for measuring liquid or for moving small amounts of

liquid from one place to another.

A pipetol is a rubbery-like material used to fill the pipette.
An iron stand is a metal rod attached to a metal base. The heavy base keeps the stand

stable, and the vertical metal rod allows for easy height adjustment of the iron ring or

clamp used to hold the substances to be heated above the Bunsen burner during heating.
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient.
Cork is an impermeable, buoyant material, a prime-subset of bark tissue that is harvested

for commercial use, used as stopper in laboratory.

A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of

laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical

shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that

has been measured.

A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory

equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization,

and combustion. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied

petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both.

Wire gauze is placed on top of the iron ring to support beakers and flasks when heating

them. A clay triangle is placed on top of the iron ring to support a crucible when it is

being heated.
Dropper is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to

transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser.

An analytical balance (often called a "lab balance") is a class of balance designed to

measure small mass in the sub-milligram range.

 Test tubes are widely used by chemists to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of solid or

liquid chemicals, especially for qualitative experiments and assays. Their round bottom

and straight sides minimize mass loss when pouring, make them easier to clean, and

allow convenient monitoring of the contents.

 Appendix B

Definition of Terms

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to

dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a solution of the solute in the

solvent
Miscible is a word used by chemists to explain why some liquids mix together well,

while others do not. Miscible liquids form homogeneous solutions, which is another way

of saying liquids that have a uniform nature.

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular

formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.

Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride

(HCl) in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses.

Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid.

 Appendix C

Computations

Phenol Water:

Run No. 1:

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 1 mL )( 0.80 )=0.84 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 1 mL )( 0.20 )=0.21 g

24+23
Average Temperature= =23.5
2

wt phenol 0.84
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=7.6018
wt phenol+wt water 10.21+.84

Run No. 2:

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 2 mL )( 0.80 )=1.68 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 2 mL )( 0.20 )=0.42 g
 54 +49
Average Temperature= =51.5
2

wt phenol 1.68
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=13.8843
wt phenol+wt water 10.42+1.68

Run No. 3

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 3 mL ) ( 0.80 )=2.52 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 3 mL ) ( 0.20 )=0.63 g

62+ 58
Average Temperature= =60
2

wt phenol 2.52
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=19.1635
wt phenol+wt water 10.63+2.52

Run No. 4:

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 4 mL )( 0.80 )=3.36 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 4 mL )( 0.20 )=0.84 g
 64+60.5
Average Temperature= =62.25
2

wt phenol 3.36
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=23.6620
wt phenol+wt water 10.84 +3.36

Run No. 5:

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 5 mL ) ( 0.80 )=4.2 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 5 mL ) ( 0.20 )=1.05 g

66+62
Average Temperatu = =64
2

wt phenol 4.2
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=27.5410
wt phenol+wt water 11.05 +4.2

Run No. 6

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 6 mL ) ( 0.80 )=5.04 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 6 mL ) ( 0.20 )=1.26 g
 67+64
Average Temperature= =65.5
2

wt phenol 5.04
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=30.9202
wt phenol+wt water 11.26 +5.04

Run No. 7

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 7 mL ) ( 0.80 )=5.88 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 7 mL ) ( 0.20 )=1.47 g

68+65
Average Temperature= =66.5
2

wt phenol 5.88
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=33.9905
wt phenol+wt wat er 11.47 +5.88

Run No. 8

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 8 mL ) ( 0.80 )=6.72 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 8 mL ) ( 0.20 )=1.68 g
 69+66.5
Average Temperature= =67.75
2

wt phenol 6.72
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=36.5217
wt phenol+wt water 11.68 +6.72

Run No. 9:

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 9 mL ) ( 0.80 )=7.56 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 9 mL ) ( 0.20 )=1.89 g

69.5+65
Average Temperature= =67.25
2

wt phenol 7.56
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=38.8689
wt phenol+wt water 11.89 +7.56

Run No. 10

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 10 mL )( 0.80 )=8.4 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 10 mL )( 0.20 )=2.1 g
 69.5+65
Average Temperature= =67.25
2

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=40.9796
wt phen ol+wt water 12.1+8.4

Run No. 11

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 11 mL ) ( 0.80 )=9.24 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 11 mL ) ( 0.20 )=2.31 g

69.5+65
Average Temperature= =67.25
2

wt phenol 9.24
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=42.8770
wt phenol+wt water 12.31+9.24

Run No. 12

Wt. of Phenol in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 12 mL )( 0.80 )=10.08 g

Wt. of Water in 1mL 80% phenol solution:

m=V = ( 1.05
mL )
g
( 12 mL )( 0.20 )=2.52 g
 69.5+65
Average Temperature= =67.25
2

wt phenol 10.08
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=44.6018
wt phenol+wt water 12.52+10.08

Phenol Water:

Run No. 1

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=3.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=73.0435
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +3.1

Run No. 2

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=4.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=67.2
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +4.1

Run No. 3
 1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=5.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=62.2222
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +5.1

Run No. 4

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=6.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=57.9310
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +6.1

Run No. 5

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=7.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=54.1935
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +7.1
Run No. 6

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=8.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=50.9091
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +8.1

Run No. 7

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=9.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=48
wt phenol+wt wate r 8.4+ 9.1

Run No. 8

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=10.1 g
 wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=45.4054
wt phenol+wt wate r 8.4+10.1

Run No. 9

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=11.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=43.0769
wt phenol+wt w ater 8.4+ 11.1

Run No. 10

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=12.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=40.9736
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +12.1

Run No. 11

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL
 wt of total water=13.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=39.0698
wt phe nol+ wt water 8.4+13.1

Run No. 12

1.05 g
wt of phenol= ( 10 mL ) ( 0.80 )=8.4 g
mL

105 g
wt of water = ( 10 mL ) ( 0.2 )=2.1 g
mL

wt of total water=14.1 g

wt phenol 8.4
wt phenol= x 100= x 100=37.3333
wt phenol+wt water 8.4 +14.1

43.0769
94
Composition at Critical Sol n Temperature= x 100
43.0769 10043.0769
+
94 18

12.6569
 Appendix D

Answer to Problems

1. At 30C a mixture of C6H5OH and H2O is made up containing 60% by weight H2O.

The mixture splits into two layers, the C6H5OH layer containing 70% by weight of

C6H5OH and the H2O layer containing 92% by weight of H2O. Calculate the relative

weights of the two layers.

Given:

60 %wt H2O (40 %wt C6HOH)

C6H5OH layer = 70 %wt C6H5OH;

H2O layer = 92 %wt H2O ;

Solution: Basis: 100 g soln = 60 g H2O; 40 g C6H5OH

Let X = g of C6H5OH layer; Y = g of H2O layer

40 = 0.7X+0.08Y

600.3 X
60 = 0.3X + 0.92Y Y=
0.92

0.08600.3 X
40=0.7 X +
0.92

X = 51.6129 g C6H5OH layer

Y = 48.3871 g H2O layer

2. A mixture of aniline and H2O is made up containing 30% by weight of aniline. From

figure 12-16 (Maron and Lando) determine graphically the relative weights of the two

layers which form and the proportion of the total amount of aniline present in each layer

at 40C.
Given: 30 %wt aniline

Soln: Basis 100 g solution

From graph: aniline layer = 94 %wt aniline

Water layer = 96 %wt water

Let X = g of aniline layer

Y =g of water layer

30 = 0.94X + 0.04Y

70 = 0.06X + 0.96Y

700.06 X
Y=
0.96

0.04700.06 X
30=0.94 X +
0.96

X = 28.8889 g aniline layer

Y = 71.1111 g water layer

@ aniline layer :

0.9428.8889
100 =90.8156 aniline
30

@ water layer :

0.0471.1111
100 =9.4815 aniline
30
 Appendix E

Documentation

Figure E.1 Figure E.2

Figure E.3 Figure E.4

Figure E.5 Heating of Phenol Solution Figure E.6 Preparation of Heating Setup

Figure E.7 Preparation of 80% Phenol Solution Figure E.8 Determination of Clouding Temp.
 Appendix G

Material Safety Data Sheet