Seminar and Project Report Format
Seminar and Project Report Format
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Acknowledgement I
Abstract II
List of Tables III
List of Figures IV
Nomenclature V
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Condensers are an integral part of our industries. Condensers are used in industrial chemical
processes, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants and other heat-exchange systems. Cooling
water or surrounding air is generally used as a cooling medium in most industries. Water-cooled
condensers are the most widely used condensers in the industries. But, water has become a
scarce commodity in many areas. Water is a natural and depleting resource. Considering the
conservation of natural resources, evaporative condensers may prove to be beneficial.
Evaporative condensers consume very less water, about 5 % of an equivalent water cooled
condenser and can be considered as an attractive alternative in areas where water availability is a
problem. An evaporative condenser uses a system of tubes which is exposed to a constant spray
of water and fan-facilitated air flow to cool and condense hot refrigerant vapors. In this type of
condenser, both air and water are used as a cooling medium. This paper highlights the
fundamental principle and working of evaporative condensers. This paper discusses about
advantages and disadvantages of evaporative condensers. A case study has also been discussed
and detailed design calculations have been made manually. Rating of evaporative condenser has
also been carried out.
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Table 3.2 Bacteria used for decolorization of reactive dyes (Cross Reference)
[2] Author Name, Title of paper , Name of Journal, (Year of publication), Page no.
M. R. Hoffmann, S. T. Martin, W. Choi and D. W. Bahemann, Environmental
applications of semiconductor Photocatalysis, Chemical Rev.(1995),71-75