Task 1.

2 Server and client side scripting languages

Client-side languages

Client-side scripting can be defined as the class of computer programs on the web that are
executed client-side. That is by the user's web browser, instead of server. Client-side scripts are
often embedded within an HTML or XHTML document and can be referred to as external
scripts.

Some of the client-side languages are as follows:

Action Script

Action Script is an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia

Inc. It is used primarily for the development of websites and software targeting the Adobe Flash
Player platform, used on Web pages in the form of embedded SWF files.

The language itself is open-source in that its specification is offered free of charge and both an
open source compiler and open source virtual machine are available.

An advantage of action script is that it is designed to facilitate the creation of highly complex
applications with large data sets and object-oriented, reusable code bases.

JavaScript

JavaScript is another scripting language used for client side scripting. JavaScript was developed
by Netscape in 1995 as a method for validating forms and providing interactive content to web
sites. Microsoft and Netscape introduced JavaScript support in their browsers. It's a prototype-
based, object oriented language compared to VBScript which is syntax based. Unlike VBScript
which is mainly used for active server pages, and as the Windows Script Host language,
JavaScript is used for creating interfaces for users.

It is a lightweight, interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities that

allows one to build interactivity into static HTML pages.

Some of the benefits of JavaScript are:

 Less server interaction: You can validate user input before sending the page off to the
server. This saves server traffic, which means fewer loads on your server.

Immediate feedback to the visitors: They don't have to wait for a page reload to see if
they have forgotten to enter something.

Increased interactivity: You can create interfaces that react when the user hovers over
them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.

Richer interfaces: You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-drop
components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

On the other hand its limitations are as follows:

Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been kept
for security reasons.

JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such support
available.

JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessing capabilities.

Comparison of JavaScript and ActionScript:

The key difference is the standard library. JavaScript comes with a couple of predefined
classes like browser dependent additions. ActionScript on the other hand has a fairly
large standard library with features like video streaming and is consistent over all
platforms.

ActionScript requires programmers to set a type for all objects while for JavaScript it
doesn't because one variable may be one type and then immediately set to another type.

ActionScript is more confining unlike JavaScript therefore making it easier to maintain.

That is users dont need to know difficult parts like prototypal inheritance and closures.
Typescript

Typescript is a free and open source programming language developed and maintained by
Microsoft. It is a strict superset of JavaScript, and adds optional static typing and class-based
object-oriented programming to the language. It is designed for development of large
applications and transcompiles to JavaScript.

It also supports header files which can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries,
enabling other programs to use objects defined in the header files as if they were strongly typed
TypeScript objects.

Server side languages:

Server-side scripting is a technique used in website design which involves embedding scripts in
an HTML source code which results in a user's (client's) request to the server website being
handled by a script running on the server-side before the server responds to the client's request.

The following are some examples of server side languages:

PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a
general-purpose programming language. PHP code can be simply mixed with HTML code, or it
can be used in combination with various templating engines and web frameworks. PHP code is
usually processed by a PHP interpreter, which is usually implemented as a web server's native
module or a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. After the PHP code is interpreted
and executed, the web server sends resulting output to its client, usually in form of a part of the
generated web page. For example, PHP code can generate a web page's HTML code, an image,
or some other data. PHP has also evolved to include a command-line interface (CLI) capability
and can be used in standalone graphical applications.

Php has several advantages:

Compared to other languages and especially compared to web frameworks, PHP is lower
level, less abstract, and more transparent. There is little hard work behind the scenes that
makes your code work. This can be an advantage when you want to understand in detail
what is going on in your code. PHP is much simpler, and if a program is well written its
often easier to deduce exactly what it does and how it does it.

Easy for beginners to pick up

Can be hosted nearly everywhere.

By default there is a one to one correspondence between URLs and files, making it easy
for designers, programmers, and other team members to edit and create pages. This is
especially useful on large, mostly static content sites where there are hundreds and
thousands of content pages, many one-offs and different templates, and routing
everything through a router, controllers and views would be overloading.

Scaling PHP is relatively common knowledge.

Easy to deploy: by just copying the files.

Have frameworks with a relatively easy learning curve

Documentation is excellent
 Easy to outsource development - there are many coders around the world willing to code
PHP inexpensively

If you are creating software that needs to be deployed to a wide variety of hosting
environments, PHP will work nearly everywhere.

PHP runs in separate isolated processes within Apache so it is very difficult for anyone process
to bring down the entire web server. If anything goes wrong, there is minimal effect because
PHP's state is completely reset at the beginning of each request. This ends up being more
reliable than systems that use long-lived processes that handle many requests.

ASP

Active Server Pages is also known as ASP Classic. It was Microsoft's first server-side script
engine for dynamically generated web pages. Initially released as an add-on to Internet
Information Services (IIS) via the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack, it was subsequently included as
a free component of Windows Server.

ASP.NET is used to create web pages and web technologies and is an integral part of Microsofts
.NET framework vision. As a member of the .NET framework, ASP.NET is a very valuable tool
for programmers and developers as it allows them to build dynamic, rich web sites and web
applications using compiled languages like VB and C#.

In the early days of the Web i.e. before the release of Internet Information Services (IIS) the
contents of web pages were largely static. These web pages needed to be constantly, and
manually, modified. There was an urgent need to create web sites that were dynamic and would
update automatically. Microsofts Active Server Pages (ASP) was brought to the market to meet
this need. ASP executed on the server side, with its output sent to the users web browser, thus
allowing the server to generate dynamic web pages based on the actions of the user.

Advantages of ASP.NET:

With built-in Windows authentication and per-application configuration, your

applications are safe and secured.
 It provides better performance by taking advantage of early binding, just-in-time
compilation, native optimization, and caching services right out of the box.

The ASP.NET framework is complemented by a rich toolbox and designer in the Visual
Studio integrated development environment. WYSIWYG editing, drag-and-drop server
controls, and automatic deployment are just a few of the features this powerful tool
provides.

Provides simplicity as ASP.NET makes it easy to perform common tasks, from simple
form submission and client authentication to deployment and site configuration.

The source code and HTML are together therefore ASP.NET pages are easy to maintain
and write. Also the source code is executed on the server. This provides a lot of power
and flexibility to the web pages.

All the processes are closely monitored and managed by the ASP.NET runtime, so that if
process is dead, a new process can be created in its place, which helps keep your
application constantly available to handle requests.

Java

Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and

specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to
let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), that is code that runs on one
platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another. Java applications are typically
compiled to run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. The
language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than
either of them.
Advantages:

Java program are platform independent, it can run on any PC or any operation system.

It is dynamic, simple and robust.

It is purely OOPS language having all the OOPS concept.

Disadvantages:

It takes more time to execute then C language" as it runs first on JVM (Java Virtual
Machine).

More memory consuming then other languages.