CE2306 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS

V SEMESTER
E-LEARNING MATERIAL

BY

S.THAHIRA BANU.,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CE2306 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS L T P C
3 1 0 4
OBJECTIVE
This course covers the different types of philosophies related to Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures with emphasis on Limit State Method. The design of Basic elements such as slab,
beam, column and footing which form part of any structural system with reference to Indian
standard code of practice for Reinforced Concrete Structures and Design Aids are included. At
the end of course the student shall be in a position to design the basic elements of reinforced
concrete structures.

UNIT I METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Concept of Elastic Method, Ultimate load method and limit state method Advantages of Limit state Method
over other methods Design codes and specification Limit State philosophy as detailed in IS code Design
of flexural members and slabs by working stress method Principles of Design of Liquid retaining structures
Properties of uncracked section Calculation of thickness and reinforcement for Liquid retaining structures.

UNIT II LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

Analysis and design of one way and two way rectangular slab subjected to uniformly distributed load for
various boundary conditions and corner effects Analysis and design of singly and doubly reinforced
rectangular and flanged beams.

UNIT III LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE SHEAR & TORSION

Behaviour of RC members in bond and Anchorage Design requirements as per current code Behaviour of
RC beams in shear and torsion Design of RC members for combined bending shear and torsion.

UNIT IV LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns Braced and unbraced columns Design of short column for axial, unaxial and biaxial
bending Design of long columns.

UNIT V LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING AND DETAILING

Design of wall footing Design of axially and eccentricity loaded rectangular footing Design of combined
rectangular footing for two column only Special requirements of detailing with reference to erection process.

Total: 60
TEXT BOOKS

1. Varghese P.C., Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, Prentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi

2. Krishna Raju., Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CBS Publishers & Distributors, New
Delhi

REFERENCES

1. Jain, A.K., Limit State Design of RC Structures , Nemchand Publications, Rourkee

2. Sinha, S.N., Reinforced Concrete Design , Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New
Delhi

3. Unikrishna Pillai, S., Devadas Menon Reinforced Concrete Design , Tata MC Graw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
UNIT I METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

WORKING STRESS METHOD DESIGN

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF WORKING STRESS DESIGN

(a) General features

During the early part of 20th century, elastic theory of reinforced concrete sections outlined in chapter 2
was developed which formed the basis of the working stress or permissible stress method of design of
reinforced concrete members. In this method, the working or permissible stress in concrete and steel are
obtained applying appropriate partial safety factors to the characteristics strength of the materials. The
permissible stresses in concrete and steel are well within the linear elastic range of the materials.

The design based on the working stress method although ensures safety of the structures at working or
services loads, it does not provide a realistic estimate of the ultimate or collapse load of the structure in
contrast to the limit state method of design. The working stress method of design results in
comparatively larger and conservative sections of the structural elements with higher quantities of steel
reinforcement which results in conservative and costly design. Structural engineers have used this
method extensively during the 20th century and presently the method is incorporated as an alternative to
the limit state method in Annexure B of the recently revised Indian Standard Code Is : 456 2000 for
specific applications.

The permissible stresses in concrete under service loads for the various stress states of compressive,
flexure and bond is compiled in Table 2.1 (Table 21 of IS ; 456 2000)
The permissible stress in different types of steel reinforcement is shown in table 2.2 (Table 22 of IS 456
2000)

The permissible shear stress for various grades of concrete in beams is shown in Table 12.1 (Table 23 of
IS: 456 2000)

The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different grades is shown in Table 12.2 Table
12.2 (Table 24 of IS: 456 2000)

In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, the permissible shear stress in concrete is obtained by
multiplying the values given in Table 2.1 by factor k whose values depend upon the thickness of slab
as shown in Table 12.3 (Section 40.2.1.1. of IS; 456 2000)

Table 12.1Permissible Shear Stresses in Concrete (c N/mm2) (Table 23 of IS:456 2000)

100 As / bd Permissible shear stresses in concrete c

N/mm2
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 &
 ABOVE
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 & above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63

Note: As is that area of longitudinal tension reinforcement which continues at least one effective depth
beyond the section being considered except at supports where the full area of tension reinforcement may
be used provided the detailing conforms to 26.2.3.

Table 12.2 Maximum Shear Stress (c, max N/mm2) (Table 24 of IS: 456 2000)

Concrete grade M 15 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 & above

(c max N/mm2) 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.5

The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different grades is shown in Table 12.2 (Table 24
of IS 456 2000)

In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, the permissible shear stress in concrete is obtained by
multiplying the3 values in Table 2.1 by a factor k whose values depend upon the thickness of slab as
shown in Table 12.3 (Section 40.2.1.1. of IS 456 2000)
(b) General design procedure

In the working stress design, the cross sectional dimensions are assumed based on the basic span /
depth ratios outlined in Chapter 5 (Table 5.1 and 5.2) (Section 23.2.1. of IS: 456 2000)

The working load moments and shear forces are evaluated at critical sections and the required effective
depth is checked by using the relation:

d = M / Q.b

Where d = effective depth of section

M = working load moment
b = width of section
Q = a constant depending upon the working stresses in concrete and steel, neutral axis depth
factor (k) and lever arm coefficient (f).

For different grades of concrete and steel the value of constant Q is compiled in Table 2.3. The depth
provided should be equal to or greater than the depth computed by the relation and the area of
reinforcement required in the section to resist the moment M is computed using the relation:

Ast = ( M )
 st . j. d
The number of steel bars required is selected with due regard to the spacing of bars and cover
requirements.

After complying with flexure, the section is generally checked for resistance against shear forces by
calculating the nominal shear stress c given by v = (V / bd)

Where V = Working shear force at critical section.

The permissible shear stress in concrete (c) depends upon the percentage reinforcements in the cross
section and grade of concrete as shown in Table 12.1

If c < v suitable shear reinforcements are designed in beams at a spacing sv given by the relation;

Sv = [ 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus]

Where sv = spacing of stirrups

Asv = cross sectional area of stirrups legs

fy = Characteristics strength of stirrup reinforcement

d = effective depth

Vs = [ V c .b .d]
If v < c, nominal shear reinforcements are provided in beams are provided in beams at a spacing given
by

Sv [ 0.87 fy Ast / 0.4 b]

In case of slabs, the permissible shear stress if k is a constant depending upon the thickness of the slab.
Also in the case of slabs the nominal shear stress (v) should not exceed half the value of c max shown in
Table 12.2. In such cases the thickness of the slab is increased and the slab is redesigned.

In the case of compression members, the axial load permissible on a short column reinforced with
longitudinal bars and lateral ties is given by

P = (cc Ac + sc Asc)

Where scc = permissible stress in concrete in direct compression (Refer Table 2.1)

Ac = cross sectional area of concrete excluding the area of reinforcements.

Ssc = permissible compressive stress in reinforcement

Asc = cross sectional area of longitudinal steel bars.

DESIGN OF SLABS

1. Design example of one way slab

1. Data
 Clear span = 2.5m

Slab supported on load bearing brick walls 230mm thick

Loading: Residential floor, 2 kN/m2

Materials: M-20 grade concrete

Fe 415 HYSD bars

2. Allowable Stresses

cbc = 7 N/mm2 Q = 0.91

st = 230 N/mm2 f = 0.90

3. Depth of slab

Assuming 0.4 per cent of reinforcement in the slab, the value of Kt (Figure) Using Fe 415 HYSD
bars, is around 1.25
Hence (L/d) = (L/d)basic x Kt x Kc

= (20 x 1.25 x 1)

= 25

d = (2500 / 25) = 100mm

Adopt d = 100mm and overall depth = 130mm

4. Effective span

Effective span is the least of:

(a) Centre to centre of support = (2.5 + 0.23) = 2.73m

(b) Clear span + effective depth = (2.5 + 0.10) = 2.60m

Effective span = L = 2.60m

5. Loads

Self weight of slab = (0.13 x 25) = 3.25kN/m2

Live load on floor = 2.00kN/m2

Floor finishes = 0.75kN/m2

Total load = w = 6.00kN/m2

Considering 1 m width of the slab, the uniformly distributed load is 6 kN/m2 on an effective span
of 2.60m.
6. Bending moments and shear forces

M = (0.125 w L2) = (0.125 X 6 X 2.62) = 5.07KN.m

V = (0.5 w L) = ( 0.5 X 6 X 2.6) = 7.80Kn

7. Effective depth

d = M/ Qb = 5.07 x 106 / 0.91 x 103 = 75mm

Effective depth adopted d = 100mm, hence safe.

8. Main reinforcement

Ast = ( M / st . j .d) = (5.07 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 100) = 245mm2

Minimum reinforcement = (0.0012 x 1000) = 156mm2 < 245mm2

Spacing of 10mm diameter bars is given by

S = (1000 ast / Ast) = (1000 x 79 / 245) = 322mm

Provide 10mm diameter bars 300mm centers (Ast = 262mm2)

9. Distribution reinforcement

Ast = (0.0012 x 1000 x 130) = 156mm2

Provide 8mm diameter bars at 300mm centers (Ast = 167mm2)

10. Check for shear stress

c = (V / bd) = (7.80 x103 / 203 x 100) = 0.078 N/mm2

Assuming 50 percent of reinforcement to be bent up near supports, we have:

(100 Ast / bd) = (100 x 0.5 x 262 / 1000 x 100) = 0.131

From Table 23 (IS: 456 2000), interpolating permissible shear stress for solid slabs is:

(k . c ) = (1.30 x 0.18) = 0.234 N/mm2 > v.

Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.

11. Check for deflection control

Percentage reinforcement = p1 = (100 x 262 / 1000 x 100) = 0.262

For pt = 0.262, Kt = 1.6 (Figure 4 of IS; 456 2000)

(L/d)max = (20 x 1.6) = 32

 (L/d)provided = (2600 / 100) = 26 < 32, hence safe.

2. Design example of two way slab for residential floor using the following data:

1. Data

Size of floor 4 m by 5 m, simply supported on all the sides on load bearing walls 230mm thick
without any provision for torsion at corners. Adopt M- 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 HYSD.

2. Permissible Stresses

cbc = 7 N/mm2 Q = 0.91

st = 230 N/mm2 j = 0.90

3. Type of slab

Simply supported on all sides without any provision for torsion at corners.

Lx = 4 m
Ratio (LY / Lx) = 1.25
Ly = 5 m

4. Depth of the slab

From span / depth considerations:

Overall depth = D = (short span / 28) = (4000 / 28) = 143mm

Adopt overall depth = D = 150mm

Effective depth = d = (150 30) = 120mm

5. Effective Span

Effective span is the least of the following:

(a) Centre to center of supports = (4 + 0.23) = 4.23 m

(b) Clear span + effective depth = ( 4 + 0.12) = 4.12m

Effective span = Lxe = 4.12m

6. Loads

Self weight of slab = (0.15 x 25) = 3.75 kn/m2

Live load on floor = 2.00

Floor finishes = 0.60

 Total services load = w = 6.35 kN/m2

7. Bending Moments

Refer Table 7.1 and read out the moment coefficients for the ratio (Ly / Lx) = 1.25

x = 0.089, y = 0.057
Mx = (x w Lxc2) = (0.089 x 6.35 x 4.122) = 9.60kN.m

My= (yw Lxc2) = (0.057 x 6.35 x 4.122) = 6.14kN.m

8. Check for depth

Effective depth

D = M / Q b = 9.60 x 106 / 0.91 x 103 = 102.7mm

Effective depth for shorter span = 120mm

Effective depth for long span = (120 10) = 110mm

(Using 10mm diameters bars)

9. Reinforcements

Ast = (M / st . j .d) = (9.6 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 110) = 387mm2

Adopt 10mm diameter bars at 200mm centers (Ast = 393 mm2)

Steel for long span = (6.14 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 110) = 270mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bars at 250mm centers (Ast = 315mm2)

10. Shear and bond stresses

Shear and bond stresses in two way slabs are negligibly small and generally within safe
permissible limits. The reinforcement details are similar to that of two way slabs designed in
Chapter 7.

DESIGN OF BEAMS

1. Design of singly reinforced concrete beams; Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam
simply supported on masonry walls 300mm thick with an effective span of 5 m to support a
service load of 8 kN/m and a dead load of 4 kN/m in addition to its weight. Adopt M 20 grade
concrete and Fe 415 HYSD bars. Width of support of beams = 300mm.

1. Data

Effective Span = L = 5 m

Width of support = 300mm

 Live load = 8 KN/m
Dead load = 4 KN/m

Material: M20 grade concrete

Fe 415 HYSD bars

2. Allowable stresses

cb = 7 N/mm2 Q = 0.91

st = 230 N/mm2 j = 0.90

3. Cross sectional dimensions

Adopt width of beam = b = 300mm

Since the loading is heavy adopt

Effective depth = d = (span / 10) = (5000 / 10) = 500mm

Overall depth = D = (500 + 50) = 550mm

4. Loads

Self weight of beam = (0.3 x 0.55 x 25) =4.125kN/m

Dead load = 4.000kN/m

Live load = 8.000kN/m

Finishes = 0.975kN/m

Total load = w = 17.000kN/m

5. Bending Moment and shear forces

M = 0.125 Wl2 = (0.125 x 17 x 52) = 53 kNm

V = 0.5 w L = (0.5 x 17 x 5) = 43 Kn

6. Check for depth

d = M / Q b = 53 x 106 / 0.91 x 300 = 440mm

Effective depth provided = d = 500mm, hence adequate.

7. Main tension reinforcement

Ast = (M / st . j.d) = (53 x 106 / 230 x 0.90 x 500) = 512mm2

Provide 2 bars of 20mm diameter (Ast = 628mm2)
 8. Shear stress and reinforcement

Nominal Shear stress = v = (Vu / bd) = (43 x 103 / 300 x 500) = 0.28 N/mm2

= (100 Ast / bd) = (100 x 628 / 300 x 500) = 0.418

Refer Table (IS; 456) and read out the permissible shear stress in concrete as:

c = 0.25 N/mm2 < v

Hence shear reinforcements in the form of stirrups are required since c is nearly equal to v,
provide nominal shear reinforcements given by:

Sv = Asv . sv . d / Vs

Using 6mm diameter two legged stirrups

Sv = (2 x 28 x 0.87 x 415 / 0.4 x 300) = 168mm

Provide 6mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centre up to quarter span length from supports and
gradually increased to 300mm centre towards the centre of span.

2. Design a doubly reinforced beam: Design a doubly reinforced concrete beam for a
residential floor of a building to suit the following data:

1. Data

Effective Span = 5 m

Dead load = 8 KN/m

Live load = 12 KN/m

Width of beam = 250mm

Material: M20 grade concrete

Fe 415 HYSD bars

Effective depth = 450mm

Cover to compression steel = 50mm.

2. Permissible stresses

cb = 7 N/mm2 Q = 0.91

st = 230 N/mm2 j = 0.90

m = 13 nc = 0.284 d

3. Loads
 Self weight of beam = (0.25 x 0.5 x 25) =3.125kN/m

Dead load = 8.000kN/m

Live load = 12.000kN/m

Finishes etc. = 0.875kN/m

Total service load = w = 24.000kN/m

4. Bending Moment and shear forces

M = 0.125 Wl2 = (0.125 x 24 x 52) = 75 kNm

V = 0.5 w L = (0.5 x 24 x 5) = 60 Kn

5. Resisting Moment

Resisting moment capacity of balanced singly reinforced section is computed as;

M1 = (Q b d2) = (0.91 x 250 x 4502) x 10-6 = 46 kNm

Balance moment = M2 = (M M1) = (75 46) = 29KNm.

6. Tension reinforcement

Ast = (M1 / st . j.d) = (46 x 106 / 230 x 0.90 x 450) = 493mm2

Additional steel in tension for balanced moment M2 is:

Ast2 = (M2 / st ( d dc) = (29 x 106 / 230 x (450 50) = 315mm2

Total tension steel = Ast = ( Ast1 + Ast2) = (493 + 315) = 808 mm2

Provide 3bars of 20mm diameter (Ast = 942mm2)

7. Compression reinforcement

Asc = [m Ast2 ( d nc)

(1.5 m 1) (nc dc )

Where nc = 0.284 d = (0.284 x 450) = 127.8mm

Asc = [ 13 x 315 (450 127.8) / 1.5 x 13 1) ( 127.8 50) = 916mm2

Provide 3 bars of 20mm diameter (Asc = 942 mm2)

 8. Shear stress and reinforcement

v = (Vu / bd) = (60 x 103 / 250 x 450) = 0.53 N/mm2

= (100 Ast / bd) = (100 x942 / 250 x 450) = 0.83

Refer Table 23 (IS: 456) and read out the permissible shear stress as
c = 0.36 N/mm2 < v

Hence shear reinforcements are to be designed to resist the balance shear computed as:

Vs = [ V c b d] = [ 60 ( 0.36 x 250 x 450) 10-3] = 19.5kN

Using 6mm diameter 2 legged stirrips, spacing is:

Sv = Asv . sv . d / Vs

Sv = (2 x 28 x 230 x 450 / 19.5 x 103) = 297mm

Provide 6mm diameter two legged stirrups at 250mm centre at supports, gradually
increasing to 300mm centre towards the centre of span.

3. Design of flanged beams: Design a tee beam for an office floor using the following data.

1. Data

Effective Span = 8 m

Spacing of tee beams = 3m

Loading (office floor) = 4 KN/m

Slab thickness = 150mm

Material: M20 grade concrete

Fe 415 HYSD bars

2. Permissible stresses

cb = 7 N/mm2 Q = 0.91

st = 230 N/mm2 j = 0.90

m = 13

3. Sectional dimensions
 Effective depth = d (span / 15) = (8000 / 15) = 534mm

Adopt d = 550mm and overall depth = D = 600mm and b = 300mm

4. Loads

Self weight of beam = (0.15 x 25x 3) =11.25kN/m

Live load = (4 x 3) = 12.000kN/m

Floor finish = (0.6 x 3) = 1.80kN/m

Self weight of rib = (0.45 x 0.3 x 25) = 3.37kN/m

Plaster finishes = 1.58 kN/m

Total load = w = 30.00kN/m

5. Bending Moment and shear forces

M = 0.125 Wl2 = (0.125 x 30 x 82) = 240 kNm

V = 0.5 w L = (0.5 x 30 x 8) = 120 KN

6. Check for depth

Ast = (M / st j d) = ( (240 x 106 / (230 x 0.9 x 550) = 2108mm2

Provide 4 bars of 28mm diameter (Ast = 2464 mm2)

7. Effective flange width

Least of the following:

i) bf = [ Lo / 6 + bw + 6 Df]
= [ (8000 / 6) + 300 + (6 x 150)] = 2533mm

ii) bf = centre to centre of ribs = 3000mm

Hence bf = 2533 mm
8. Check the stresses

Let n = depth of neutral axis

(bf n2 / 2)/2 = (!3 x 2464) ( 550 n)

Solving n = 106mm

Level arm a [ d (n/3) = [550 (106 / 3)] = 514.67 mm

st = (240 x 106 / 2464 x 514.67) = 189 N/mm2 < 230N/mm2

 cb = [ (189 x 106) / (!3 x 444)] = 3.47 N/mm2 < 7 N/mm2

Hence the stresses are within safe permissible limits.

9. Shear stress and reinforcement

Maximum shear force = v = 120kN

v = (Vu / bd) = (120 x 103 / 300 x 550) = 0.72 N/mm2

= (100 Ast / b w d) = (100 x2464 / 300 x 550) = 1.49

Refer Table 23 (IS: 456) and read out the permissible shear stress as
c = 0.45 N/mm2 < v

Hence shear reinforcements are to be designed to resist the balance shear given by

Vs = [V c bw d] = [120 (0.45 x 300 x 550) 10-3] = 46kN

Using 6mm diameter 2 legged stirrups, spacing is given by

Sv = Asv . sv . d / Vs

Sv = (2 x 28 x 230 x 550 / 46 x 103) = 154 mm

Provide 6mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 150mm centre near supports and gradually
increased to 300mm towards the centre of span.

Limit State Concept:

The structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on throughout its life. It shall also
satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state.

The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structural will not become unfit for the use for
which it is intended that is, that will not reach a limit state.

Limit state of Collapse:

The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture of one or more
critical sections and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability (including the effects of sway where
appropriate) or overturning.

The resistance to Bending

Shear
Torsion and
Axial loads at every section shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section
produced by the probable most unfavorable combination of loads on one structure using the appropriate Partial
safety factors.
Limit State of Serviceability:
Deflection
Cracking
The acceptable limits of cracking would vary with the type of structure and environmental.

Characteristic and Design values and Partial Safety factors:

Characteristic value = Minimum yield stress

0.2 percent proof stress

Characteristic Load:

The term characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life of the structure.

0. L IS 875 (Part 1)
Imposed loads Is 875 (Part 2)
Wind loads IS 875 (Part 3)
Snow loads IS 875 IS 1893

Design Value:

Design Strength of Materials fd = f

m
Where,
f = Characteristic Strength of the Material
m = Partial Safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit
State being considered.

Loads:
The design load, Fd is given by
Fd = F rf

Partial Safety factor for material strength:

m 1.5 for concrete

1.15 for Steel

Maximum Strain = 0.0035

In concrete at the outermost compression fibre

Area of stress block = 0.36fck.xu

Depth of center of compressive force = 0.42xu from the extreme fibre in compression.

fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete and

xu = depth of Neutral axis.

Maximum Strain in the tension reinforcement
fy + 0.002
1.15 Es (0.0037)

Where
fy = Characteristic Strength of Steel and
ES = Modulus of Elasticity of Steel.

fck
Parabolic
Curve
0.67 fck

0.67 fck / m = 0.446fck

0.0035
0.446fck 0.002
Strain

0.42xu
xu
0.36 fck xu b.

Stress block Parameters

fY
fy

fy / 1.15

Stress

0.002
Strain

Cold worked Deformed bar

fY

fy
 fy / 1.15
Stress

Steel bar with definite Yield Point

Representative Stress strain Curve for Reinforcement

0.446 fck
0.42 xu
xu
C = 0.36 fck xu max.b.
d

d- xu

b T = 0.87 fy Ast
d-0.42 xu

fy + 0.002
1.15 Es
Strain Diagram

0.0035 = fy + 0.002
xu 1.15 Es
d xu
xu = 0.0035
d xu 0.87 fy + 0.002
Es

xu = 0.0035
d xu +xu 0.87 fy + 0.002 + 0.0035
Es

xu = 0.0035
d 0.87 fy + 0.002
Es

Fe 250 xumax = 0.53

Fe 415 d
Fe 500
 fy xumax Xumax =
d
250 0.53 0.53d
415 0.48 0.48d
500 0.46 0.46d

b
0.0035

0.42 xu
xu C = 0.36 fck xu max.b.

0.87 fy Ast = T

0.87 fy + 0.002
Es

0.0035 = 0.87fy + 0.002

xumax Es
d xumax

xu max = 0.0035
d xu max 0.87 fy + 0.002
Es

xumax = 0.0035
d xumax +xumax 0.87 fy + 0.002 + 0.0035
Es

Singly Reinforced Sections

Maximum depth of Neutral Axis

0.0035 = 0.87fy + 0.002

xumax Es
d xumax

xumax = 0.0035
d xumax +xumax 0.87 fy + 0.002 + 0.0035
Es

xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055 + 0.87 fy
 Es

Mild Steel

xumax = 0.53
d

Fe 415

xumax = 0.48
d

Fe 500

xumax = 0.46
d

C=T

0.36 fck xu b = 0.37 fy Ast

Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 fck bd

Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
d 0.36 fck bd

Moment of resistance = {Total Compression or Total Tension}

Level arm
MR = 0.36 fck. Xu.b ( d 0.42 xu)
= 0.36 fck xu bd ( d 0.42 xu)
d
MR = 0.36 fck xu bd2 (1 0.42 xu )
d d

MR = 0.87 fy Ast ( d 0.42 xu)

= 0.87 fy Ast d (1 0.42 xu )
d

= 0.87 fy Ast d (1- 0.42 0.87 fy Ast

0.36 fck . bd

= 0.87 fy Ast d (1 fy Ast )

bd fck
C= T

0.36 fck xu b = 0.87 fy Ast

Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 fck b
xu = 0.87 fy Ast
d 0.36 fck . bd

MR = 0.87 fy Ast (d 0.42 xu)

= 0.87 fy Ast d (1- 0.42 xu )
d

= 0.87 fy Ast d (1- 0.42 0.87 fy Ast )

0.36 fck bd
= 0.87 fy Ast d (1- Ast fy )

Bd fck

MR = 0.36 fck xu max. b ( d 0.42 xu)

= 0.36 fck xumax bd2 (1 0.42 xu )
d
= 0.36 fck xu bd2 (1- 0.42 xumax
d d
= 0.36 fck xumax (1- 0.42 xumax) bd2
d d
= 0.36 xumax (1- xumax ) fck bd2
d d

Plimt = 41.4 fck xumax

fy d

Limiting Percentage of Steel

Plimit = 41.4 fck xumax

fy d

Fck fy
250 415 500
20 1.75 0.96 0.76
25 2.19 1.20 0.95
30 2.63 1.44 1.14

Moment of Resistance at limiting Condition

Grade of steel Xumax / d Limiting Moment of Resistance

Fe 250 0.53 0.149 fck bd2
Fe 415 0.48 0.138 fck bd2
Fe 500 0.46 0.133 fck bd2

Minimum and Maximum Percentage of Steel

Pmin = Ast x 100 = 85 %

bd fy

For Fe 250 Pmin = 0.34%

 Fe 415 Pmin = 0.20%

Fe 500 Pmin = 0.17%

UNIT II LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

A simply supported beam 250mm wide is 450mm deep to the centre of the tension reinforcement.
Determine the limiting moment of resistance of the beam section and also the limiting area of
reinforcement. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

b = 250mm M20 & Fe 415

d = 450mm

Mulim = 0.138 fck bd2

Pt lim = 41.4 fck xumax

fy d

Ast limit = 0.0957 x 250 x 450 = 1077 mm2

100
Mu = 0.36 xumax (1- 0.42 xumax ) bd2
d d
= 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) bd2 (20)
= 0.138 fck bd2
= 139.725 x 106 Nmm.

139.725 x 106 = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- Ast fy )

bd fck

139.725 x 106 = 0.87x 415 fy x450 (1- Ast 415 )

250x450x20
= 162472.5 Ast (1-1.844 x 10-4 Ast)
29.967 Ast2 = 16472.5 Ast + 139.725 x 106 = 0
5421.71 3277.86
2
 Ast = 1071.93 mm2

A singly reinforced beam 250mm wide is 400mm deep to the centre of the tensile reinforcement.
Determine the limiting moment of resistance of the beam section and also the limiting area of
reinforcement. Use M20 concrete and the 250 steel.

Solution:

Given Data:
B = 200mm
D = 400mm d
Mulim = 41.4 fck / fy xumax / d
M20 & Fe 250
b
Mu = 0.149 fck bd2
= 0.149 x20x200x4002
Mulimt = 95.36 x 106 Nmm

Plimt = 41.4 x 20 x 0.53 = 1.755%

250

Ast lim = 1.755 x 200 x 400

100

= 1404 mm2

Use 20mm # No. of Bars = 1404 = 4.47

314.16

Use 16mm # 7 Nos.

Design a R.C.C. beam to rsist an applied of 50 kNm. Assuming width is 230mm. Use M20 & Fe 415
grade.

Solution:
i) Data:
Applied moment = 50kNm
Factored moment = 1.5 x 50 = 75 kNm
Breadth is restricted to = 230mm
M20 fck = 20N/mm2
Fe 415 fy = 415 N/mm2

ii) Maximum depth of Neutral axis

xumax = 0.48
d
 xumax = 0.48d

iii) Moment of resistance

Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1 0.42 xumax) bd2 fck

d d
= 0.36 x 0.48d (1-0.42 x 0.48) 230x20 x d2
= 0.138 fck bd2
75 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 d2
d = 343.73mm
6 31
Assume d = 25 + 12 = 37 mm
D = d +d =373.73 mm
= 400mm
iv) Area of steel required

0.87 fy Ast = 0.36 fck xmax .b

Ast = 0.36 fck xumax .b

0.87 fy

= 0.36 x 20 x 177.12 x 230

0.87 x 415
= 812.38 mm2

Use 20mm # Nos = 3 Nos. Ast p = 942.48 mm2

v) Check for reinforcement:

Main reinforcement =

As = 0.85
bd fy
Ast = 0.85 bd
fy
= 0.85 x 230 x 369
415
= 173.83 mm2

Max. Reinforcement = 0.0460

= 0.04 x 230x400
= 3680 mm2
Astmim < Astp < Astmax

DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION

1.Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance (or) factored moment of resistance of RCC beam of
rectangular section 300mm wide and 400mm deep for the following.
 Ast = 6 / 16mm #
Asc = 2/ 16mm #
M20 & Fe 250 grade 2 - 16#
Effective cover = d = 33mm 367

Solution:
6 - 16#
Given Data: 33

Width b = 300mm 300

Effective cover = d = 33mm

Effective depth = 367mm

Ast = 6x / 4 (16)2 = 1206.37mm2

Asc = 2 x / 4 (16)2 = 402.12

M20 fCK = 20 N /mm2

Fe 250 fy = 250 N/mm2

ii) Maximum depth of Neutral axis:

xumax = 0.53
d

xumax = 0.53d = 0.53 x 3.67 = 194.51mm

iii) To find the fsc C.G. 1.2 P 96)

Strain = Esc = 0.0035 (xumax d)
Xumax 0.0035
= 0.0035 (194.51 33) / 194.51. Esc

E = Stress
Strain xumax
Stress = fsc = Esc Strain
= Esc
= 2X105 X 0.002906
= 581.20 N/mm2

Alternatively

0.87fy + 0.0020
Es

0.0035 = Esc
xumax xumax d

Asc fsc = 0.87 fy Ast2

Asc 0.87 fy = 0.87fy Ast2

Asc = Ast2

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Ast1 = Ast Ast2

= 1206.36 402.12

Ast1 = 804.25

G 1.1 (P-96)

0.36fck xu b = 0.87 fy Ast

Xu = 0.87 fy Ast1 = 0.87 x 415x804.25

0.36 fck .b 0.36 fck.b

Xumax = 194.51 mm

Xu xumax under reinforced section

Moment of resistance tension side steel

Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 d (1 Ast1fy

bd fck)

= 0.87 x 415x804.25x367 (1-804.25 x415

300 x 367 x20)

Mu1 = 90.41 x 106 Nmm.

Moment of resistance compression side steel 0.446 fck

Mu2 = fsc Asc (d d)

Mu2 = 0.87fy Asc (d-d) d Asc fsc

= 0.87 x 250x402.12 (400 33)

0.36 fck xu
6
= 32.098 x 10 Nmm. d d

Total Limiting Moment of Resistance

Mulim = M1 + M2
0.87 fy Ast
 = 122.51 kNm.

Doubly Reinforced Section

Find the moment of resistance of a beam 250mm x 500mm. If reinforcement with 2/12 FF in compressive
zone and 4 / 20mm # in tension each at an effective cover of 40mm. Use M20 and Fe 415 grade.

Given Data: 40mm 2 - 12#

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
500
2
Ast = 4 x / 4 (20)

= 1256.64 mm2 4 - 20#

40mm
Asc = 2 x / 4 (!2)2 = 226.195 mm2
250

M20 & Fe 415

0.87 fy Ast2 = Asc. Fsc

Esc = 0.0035 (xumax d)

Xumax
Esc = 0.8188 x 0.0035

Esc = 0.002866
fsc = Esc
= 0.002866 x 2x105
= 573.20 N/mm2 (or) 0.87fy = 361.05 N/mm

Whichever is less
0.87fy Ast2 = Asc 0.87 fy
Ast2 = Asc
Ast1 = Ast Ast2 = 1030.445 mm2

0.36fck xu.b = 0.87 fy Ast

Xu = 0.87 fy Ast1 = 206.69mm

0.36 fck b

Mulim1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 d (1- Ast1 fy

bd fck)
= 138.61 kNm

Mu2 = fsc Asc (d-d)

= 42.46 kNm

Mulim = Mu1 + Mu2

= 181.07 kNm
 Design a rectangular beam of effective span 5m superimposed load is 75 kN/m. Size of beam is
restricted to 300 x 600mm. Use M20 and Fe 415 grades.

Solution:

Given Data: l = 5m

Breadth b = 300mm

Over all depth D = 60mm

Assume d = 40mm

D = 600 40 = 560mm

Fck = 20 N/mm2 fy = 415 N/mm2

Load Calculation:

Dead Load
(0.3 x 0.6 x 1 x 25) = 4.5 kN/m
Live Load = 75 KN/m
---------------------
Total = 79.5 KN/m

Factored Load = 1.5 x 79.5 = 119.25 KN/m

Factored Moment = wl2 / 8 = 372.66 kNm.

i) Considering singly reinforced balanced section

xumax = 0.48
d

xumax = 0.48 x 560 = 268.80mm

Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax) bd2 fck

d d

= 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) bd2 fck

= 0.138 bd2 fck

= 256.66 x 106 Nmm.

Note: Mu = 372.66 kNm

Mulim = 256.66 kNm

Mulim < Mu

Design the given section as doubly reinforced section.

ii) Design of Doubly reinforced Section
xu = 0.87fy Ast1
d 0.36 fck.bd

Ast1 = 0.36 fck b xu = 1608.11 mm2

0.87 fy
Esc = 0.0035 (268.80 40)
Xumax

= 0.0035 (268.80 d)
268.80

= 0.002979

E = f /e

fsc = Esc. Esc

= 0.002979 x 2.1 x 105

fsc = 625.59 N/mm2

(or)
0.87fy = 0.87 x 415 = 361.05

Fsc = 361.05 mm2

M2 = Mu Mulim = fsc. Asc (d d)

116 x 106 = 361.05 Asc (560 40)

Asc = 617.86 mm2

Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

= 1608.11 + 617.86

= 2225.97mm2

M2 = Mu Mulim = 116 x 106 Nmm

Mulim = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast fy

Bd fck)

256.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x560 (1- Ast 415

300 x 560x20)

256.66 x 106 = 202188 (1-1.235 x 10-4)

256.66 x 106 = 202188 24.97 Ast2

24.97 Ast2 202188 + 256.66 x 106 = 0

 Ast2 8097.24 + 10.2787 x 106 = 0

-b b2 4ac
2a
8097.24 4944.74
2

Ast1 = 1576.25 mm2

A reinforced concrete beam 300mm x 600mm is to be designed for a factored moment 3.25 x 108.
Calculate the reinforcement needed. Use M20 and Fe 415. Effective cover is d = 37.5mm.

Solution

Given Data: 562.50

600mm
8
Factored Moment = 3.25 x 10 Nmm Esc

M20 & Fe 415

xumax = 0.48 300

mm
d

xumax = 0.48 x (600 37.5)

= 270mm

Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) fck bd2

d d

= 0.138 fck bd2

= 261.98 kNm.

Doubly reinforced section is required

0.0035 Esc
Mulim = 261.98 kNm d

Mu = 325 kNm xumax Xumax d

Mu2 = Mlim Mu = 63.02 kNm.

Ast1 =

0.36fck xu.b = 0.87 fy Ast

 Ast1 = 0.36 fck xumax. B = 1615.29 mm2
0.87 fy
To calculate Asc

Esc = 0.0035 (xumax d)

Xumax

Es = f / e

fsc = Es esc

= 2.1 x 105 x 0.0030139

= 632.92 (or) 0.87fy 361.05 N/mm2

fsc = 361.05 N/mm2 whichever is lesser.

Ast2 = fsc Asc / 0.87 fy

= 0.87fy Asc
0.87 fy

Ast2 = Asc

Mu2 = fsc Asc (d d)

Asc = 332.47 mm2

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Ast = 1947.76 mm2

FLANGED BEAMS

A T beam floor consists of 150mm thick R.C slab cast monolithic with 300mm wide beams. The
beams are spaced at 3.5m c/c and their effective span is 6m. If the superimposed load on the slab 5
kN/m2. Design an intermediate beam. Use M20 & Fe 250 grades.

Given data:

Thickness of R.C Slab = Df = 150mm

Width of web (beam) bw = 300mm
Spacing = 3.5 m c/c
Span = l = 6m
Superimposed load = 5KN/m2
On slab
M20 & Fe 415 3.5m c/c
 6m

300mm
Note:

Overall depth of T beam = span

15
Breadth of web = bw = span + 80mm bf
30
D = span = 6000 = 400mm Df
15 15

Width of flange = bf = lo + bw + 6 Df
6
= 6000 + 300 + 6 x 150
6
= 2200mm
(Or)
C/c of beam 3500mm
bw
bf = 2200mm
i) Load Calculation:
Dead weight of slab = 3.75 KN/m2
Superimposed load on the slab = 5.00 KN/m2
Total Load = 8.75 kN/m2

Load /m run on the slab 8.75 x 3.5 = 30.625 KN/m

Dead weight of beam = 1.875 KN/m.

Factored Load = 32.5 x 1.5 = 48.75 kN/m

Factored moment = Mu = wl2 / 8

= 48.75 x 62
8
= 219.38 kNm.
Assume
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d (1-Ast fy
bd fck)
 219.38 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast x 360 (1- Ast x 415
2200 x 360 x 2)
= 129978 (1-0.000026 Ast)

= 129978 Ast 3.38 Ast2

3.38 Ast2 129978 Ast + 219.38 x 106 = 0

Ast2 38455.03 Ast + 64905325.44 = 0

-b b2 4ac
2a

= 38455.03 38455.032 4 x 64905325.44

2

= 38455.03 34916.59
2
ii) Check the depth of Neutral axis:
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
d 0.36 fck bf

xu = 0.87 x 415 x 1769.22

0.36 x 20 x 2200
= 40.33mm

iii) Determination of number of bar:

Ast = 1769.22mm2
Using 25mm # bar
No. of bar = 1769.22
/ 4 (25)2

= 3.60 say 4 Nos.

iv) Check for reinforcement:

Minimum reinft.

As = 0.85
bw d fy

As = 0.85 bw d
Fy
= 0.85 x 300 x 360
415
= 221.21 mm2

Astmin < Astprovided < Astmax.

Calculate the amount of steel required in a T beam to develop a moment of resistance of 300 kNm at
working loads. The dimensions of beams are given in figure. Use M20 & Fe 415 grade.
750mm
 100mm

500mm
470mm

Mu = 300 x 1.5 = 450kNm 70mm

1. Neutral axis lies within the flange 200mm

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast fy

Bfd fck)

450 x 106 = 0.87 x 415Ast x 500 (1- Ast x 415

750 x 500 x 20)

Ast = 2985. 47mm2

Check the depth of Neutral axis:

xu = 0.87 fy Ast
d 0.36 x 20 x 750

= 199.61mm.

Xu > Df

Hence our assumption is wrong.

Neutral axis lies outside the flange:

Df = 100 = 0.20
d 500

Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) fck bd2

d d

+ 0.45fck (bf bw) Df (d - Df )

2
xumax = 0.48
d

xumax = 0.48 x 500 = 240mm

Mulim = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) 20 x 200 x 5002

+ 0.45 x 20 (750 200) 100 (500 100 / 2)

Mulim = 3.58 x 108 Nmm.

Mu > Mulim
But Mu = 4.5 x 108 Nmm

Design as doubly reinforced Section

Find Ast

Mulim = 0.87fy Ast1 d (1- Ast1 fy )

bd fck

Ast1 = 2482mm2

Find Ast 2

Mu Mulim = fsc Asc (d-d)

Ast2 = Asc = 592.59mm2

Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Asc = Ast2

Find Number of bars

Check reinforcement

Min As = 0.85
bwd fy

Max 0.04 bwD.

Depth of NA

0.36 fck xu . bw + 0.446 fck (bf bw)Yt

= 0.87 fy Ast

Yt = (0.15xu + 0.65 Df)

Corners of the slab are not Held down

(2 Way slab)

Design a two way slab for a room 5.5m x 4m clear in size, if the superimposed load is 5kN/m2. Use M20 & Fe
415 grade.
300mm

4m

5.50m
L = 5.5 = 1.375 < 2 Two way Slab
B 4

Design Data:

M20 fck 20 N/mm2

Fe 415 fy 415 N/mm2

xumax = 0.48
d

xumax = 0.48d

Estimation of thickness of slab:

Span = 4000 = 3.5 X 0.8

D D

D = 142.86mm

40mm/m Span = 40 x 4 = 160mm

Overall depth = 1/30 x short span

= 1/30 x 4000
= 133.33mm

Provide overall thick of Slab = 140mm

Assuming an effective cover = 20mm

Effective depth = 120mm

Effective Span

Shorter Span lx

a) 4 + 0.3 = 4.3m
b) 4 + 0.12 = 4.12m

lx = 4.12m

Longer span (ly)

a) 5.5 + 0.3 = 5.8m

b) 5.5 + 0.12 = 5.62m

ly = 5.62m
Load Calculation:

Dead weight of slab = 3.5 kN/m2

(0.14 x 25)

Superimposed load = 5.0 kN/m2

---------------
8.5 kN/m2

Load / m run = 8.5 kN/m

Factored load = Wu = 1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN/m.

Maximum B.M along shorter span

Mx = dx w/ x2

Maximum B.M along longer span

My = y w/x2
0.0966 0.099

1.3 1.36 1.4

ly = 5.62 = 1.36 x 0.093 0.099
lx 4.12 y 0.055 0.051
0.093 ?

x = 0.0966 0.006

y = 0.0526
1.3 1.3 1.4
0.0066 = ?
0.1 0.06

0.0526 0.05
6
0.004
0.055 = ?
0.1 0.04
Mx = x w/x2
0.004
= 0.0966 x 12.75 x 4.122
1.3 1.36 1.4
= 20.91 kNm 6

My = y w/x2

= 0.0526 x 12.75 x 4.122

= 11.38 kNm.

Check for depth

Mux = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) bd2 fck

 d d

20.91 x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48)bd2 fck

d = 100.52mm < 120mm Hence Safe

Reinforcement details: Assuming 10mm # bar,

Ast (shorter span)

Mu = 0.87fy Ast (d) (1- Ast fy

bd fck)

Mux = 20.91 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast (175) (1- Ast 415
1000 x 175 x 20)

Ast

Muy = 0.87fy Ast d (1- Ast fy

Bd fck)

11.38 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 165 (1 - Ast fy

1000 x 165 x 20)

Asty=

Spacing of reinforcement:

Shorter span:
SV = 1000 A
Ast

Longer Span

Check for Spacing 3d (or) 300mm

Hence Provide

Check for shear

VU = W lx
2

Nominal Shear Stress = = Vu

bd

100 Ast = 0.47%

Bd
Check for development length

Mx1 = M1 = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- Ast fy

Bd fck)

Ld 1.3 M1 + LO
V
Design a simply supported roof slab for a room 8m x 3.5m clear in size. If the superimposed load is
5kN/m2. Use M20 & Fe 415.
300mm

3.5m
mm

8m
i) Design Data :
M20 & Fe 415

Fck 20 N/mm2
Fe 415 415 N/mm2

Xumax = 0.48
D

Xumax = 0.48d

ii) Estimation of Slab Thickness:

d = span
BV x MF

Simply Supported 20

xu = 0.87 fy Ast d
d 0.36 fck.bd

Ast = 0.36 fck b xu

0.87 fy

= 0.36 x 20 b x 0.48 d
0.87 x 415

Ast = 0.00957 bd
 100 Ast = 100 x 0.00957 bd
bd bd

100 Ast = 0.9572

bd

M.F = 1

d = Span = 3500 = 175mm

BV x MF 20 x 1

(or) 40mm / m run = 140mm

Assuming effective cover = 25mm

D = 175 + 25 = 200mm

iii) Effective Span:

i) c/c bearing = 3.5 + 0.3 = 3.8m
ii) Clear span + d = 3.5 + 3.675m
Leff = 3.675m.

Load Calculation:

Dead weight of Slab = 5 kN/m2

(0.2 x 25)

Superimposed load = 5 kN/m2

------------------
Total = 10 KN/m2

Load / m run = 10 kN/m.

Factored load = Wu = 1.5 x 10 = 15kN/m

Factored moment = Mu = Wul2 / 8 = 15 x 3.6752 / 8

= 25.32 kNm

iv) Check for depth:

For balanced Section

Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) bd2 fck

d d

25.32 x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.48 x 0.42) 1000 d2 x 20

D = 95.78mm < 175mm

Hence Safe

v)Area of Steel reinforcement

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- Ast fy
Bd fck)

25.32 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 175 (1- Ast 415

1000 x 170 x 20)

v) Spacing of Main reinft. / m run

Using 12mm #

Sv = 1000 A
Ast

vii) Check for Spacing

i) 3d (or) 300mm

viii) Distribution bar:

Ast = 0.12 x bD
100
= 0.12 X 1000 X 200
100

ix) Spacing of distribution:

i) 5d (or) 450mm

x) Check for development length at supports;

Ld = s = 12 x 0.87 x 415
4 Tbd 4 x 1.2

= 902.625

Ld = 300.875mm
3Provide 310mm

Check for Shear

Shear Stresses in slab are within the permissible limit, shear reinforcement are not necessary.

Near support main bar is bent up at l / 7 from the face of the wall

Near intermediate beam the reinft. Is bent up at l / 7 and projected over the beam at l / 4 from the center.Check
for Shear

Vu = 15 x 3.675 = 27.5625 kN
2
Nominal Shear Stress = = Vu = 27.56 x 1000 = 0.1575 N/mm
bd 1000 x 175

100 Ast = 100 x / 4 (12)2 x 1000 / 260 = 0.25%

Bd 1000 x 175

Tc = 0.36 N/mm2

Tcmax = 2.8 N/mm2

(0.1575 N/mm2) Nominal Shear Stress

(0.36 N/mm2) Permissible Shear Stress

(2.8 N/mm2) Maximum Shear Stress.

12# @ 260mm

3500
300 Section 300

Bottom Plan
 12# @ 260mmc/c

UNIT III LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE SHEAR & TORSION

DESIGN FOR TORSION

INTRODUCTION

Torsion when encountered in reinforced concrete members usually occurs in combination with flexure shear.
Torsion in its pure form (generally associated with metal shafts) is rarely encountered in reinforced concrete.

The interactive behavior of torsion with bending moment and flexural shear in reinforced concrete beams is
fairly complex, owing to the no homogeneous, nonlinear and composite nature of the material and the presence
of cracks. For convenience in design, codes prescribe highly simplified design procedures, which reflect a
judicious blend of theoretical considerations and experimental results.

These design procedures and their bases are described in this chapter, following a brief review of the general
behavior of reinforced concrete beams under torsion.

EQUILIBRIUM TORSION AND COMPATIBILITY TORSION

Torsion may be induced in a reinforced concrete member in various ways during the process of load transfer in
a structural system. In reinforced concrete design, the terms equilibrium torsion and compatibility torsion are
commonly used to refer to two different torsion inducing situations.

In equilibrium torsion, the torsion is induced by an eccentric loading, and equilibrium conditions alone suffice
in determining the twisting moments. In compatibility torsion, the torsion is induced by the application of an
angle of twist and the resulting twisting moment depends on the torsional stiffness of the member.

In some (relatively rare) situations, axial force (tension or compression) may also be involved.

It must be clearly understood that this is merely a matter of terminology, and that it does not imply for instance,
equilibrium conditions need not be satisfied in cases of compatibility torsion.

There are some situations (such as circular beams supported on multiple columns) where both equilibrium
torsion and compatibility torsion coexist.

EQUILIBRIUM TORSION

This is associated with twisting moments that are developed in a structural member is maintain static
equilibrium with the external loads, and are independent of the torsional stiffness of the member. Such torsion
must be necessarily considered design. The magnitude of the twisting moment does not depend on the torsional
stiffness of the member, and is entirely determinable from statics alone. The member has to be designed for the
full torsion, which is transmitted by the member to the supports. More ever, the end(s) of the member should be
suitably restrained to enable the member to resist effectively the torsion induced. Typically, equilibrium torsion
is induced in beams supporting lateral over hanging projections, and is caused by the eccentricity in the loading
(Figure). Such torsion is also induced in beams curved plan and subjected to gravity loads, and in beams where
the transverse loads are eccentric with respect to the shear centre of the cross section.

Cantilevered Shell Roof

Column (a) Beam supporting a lateral

overhanging
Beam subjected
to equilibrium
torsion

T/2

Total torque = T
T/2
T/2
(c) twisting moment
Diagram

(b)free body of beam

Compatibility Torsion
T/2
This is the name given to the type of torsion induced in a structural member rotations (twists) applied at one
or more points along the length of the member. It twisting moments induced are directly dependent on the
torsional stiffness of the member. These moments are generally statically in determine and their analysis
necessarily involves (rotational) compatibility conditions; hence the name compatibility torsion. For example,
in the floor beam system has shown in figure, the flexure of the secondary beam BD results in a rotation B at
the end B. As the primary (Spandrel) beam ABC is monolithically connected with the secondary beam BD at
the joint B., compatibility at B implies an angle of twist, equal to B in the spandrel beam ABC, and a bending
moment will develop at the end b of beam BD. The bending moment will be equal to, and will act in a direction
opposite to the twisting moment, in order to satisfy static equilibrium. The magnitude of B and the twisting /
bending moment at b depends on the torsional stiffness of beam ABC and the flexural stiffness of beam BD.

The torsional stiffness of a reinforced concrete member is drastically reduced by torsional cracking. This results
in a very large increase in the angle of twist, and, in the case of compatibility torsion, a major reduction in the
induced twisting moment. For this reasons, the code (CL.40.1) permits the designer to neglect the torsional
stiffness of reinforced concrete members at the structural analysis stage itself, so that the need for detailed
design for torsion in such cases does not arise at the design stage. With reference to figure, this implies
assuming a fictitious hinge (i.e., no rotational restraint) at the end B of the beam BD, and assuming a continuous
support (spring, support, actually)at the joint D. Incidentally, this assumption helps in reducing the degree of
static indeterminacy of the structure (typically, a grid floor), thereby simplifying the problem of structural
analysis. Thus, the code states:

In general, where the torsional resistance or stiffness of members has not been taken into account in the analysis
of a structure no specific calculations for torsion will be necessary [CL40.1 of the code].

Of course, this simplification implies the acceptance of cracking and increased deformations in the torsional
member. It also means that during the first time loading, a twisting moment up to the cracking torque of the
plain concrete section develops in the member, prior to torsional cracking. In order to control the subsequent
cracking and to impart ductility to the member, it is desirable to provide a minimum torsional reinforcement,
equal to that required to resist the cracking torque. In fact one of the intentions of the minimum stirrup
reinforcement specified by the code (CL. 25.5.1.6) is to ensure some degree of control of torsional cracking of
beams due to compatibility torsion.

If, however, the designer chooses to consider compatibility torsion in analysis and design, then it is important
that a realistic estimate of torsional stiffness is made for the purpose of structural analysis, and the required
torsional reinforcement should be provided for the calculated twisting moment.

Estimation of Torsional stiffness

Observed behavior of reinforced concrete members under torsion (see also section 7.3) shows that the
torsional stiffness is little influenced by the amount of torsional reinforcement in the linear elastic phase, and
may be taken as that of the plain concrete section. However, once torsional cracking occurs, there is a drastic
reduction in the torsional stiffness. The post cracking torsional stiffness is only a small fraction (less than 10
percent) of the pre cracking stiffness, and depends on the amount of torsional reinforcement, provided in the
form of closed stirrups and longitudinal bars. Heavy torsional reinforcement can, doubt, increase the torsional
resistance (strength) to a large extent, but this can be realized only at very large angles of twist (accompanied by
very large cracks).

Hence, even with torsional reinforcement provided, in most practical situations, the maximum twisting moment
in a reinforced concrete member under compatibility torsion is the value corresponding to the torsional cracking
of the member. The cracking torque is very nearly the same as the failure strength obtained for an identical
plain concrete section.

In the usual linear elastic analysis of framed structures, the torsional stiffness kt (torque per unit twist T/ ) of a
beam of length l is expressed as

KT = GC / l

Where GC is the torsional rigidity, obtained as a product of the shear modulus G and the geometrical parameter
C of the section (Ref. 7.1). It is recommended in the Explanatory Handbook to the code (Ref.7.2) that G may be
taken as 0.4 times the c is a property of the section having the same relationship to the torsional stiffness of a
rectangular section as the polar moment of inertia has for a circular section

UNIT IV LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Axially Loaded Columns

A column forms a very important component of structure. Columns support beams which a turn support walls
and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure. The design of
a column should therefore receive great importance.
A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times its lateral
dimension. Compression members whose lengths do not exceed three times their least dimension are classified
as pedestals.

RCC columns concrete has a high compressive strength and a low tensile strength. Hence theoretically concrete
should need no reinforcement when it is subjected to compression. Reinforcements are provided in order to
reduce the size of columns. Through a column is mainly a compression member, it is liable to some moment
due to eccentricity of loads or transverse loads or due to its slenderness. Such moments may occur in any
direction and so it is necessary to provide reinforcement near all faces of column. This reinforcement forms the
longitudinal steel. In order to maintain the position of the longitudinal reinforcement and also to prevent their
buckling which may cause splitting of concrete, it is necessary to provide transverse reinforcements in the form
of lateral ties or spirals at close pitch. The transverse reinforcement also assists in confining the concrete.

Classification of columns: A column may be classified on the basis of its shape, its slenderness ratio, the
manner of loading and the type of lateral reinforcement provided. A column may have a section which may be
square, rectangle, circular or a desired polygon.

Depending on the slenderness ratio, column may be short or a long column. The slenderness ratio of a column is
the ratio of the effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension. A column whose slenderness ratio
exceeds 12 is a long column. A column whose slenderness ratio does not exceed the above limit is a short
column.

Based on the manner of loading, column may be classified into

i) Axially loaded columns

ii) Columns subjected to axial load and un axial bending
iii) Column subjected to axial and biaxial bending

Columns may also be classified based on the type of lateral reinforcement provided. On this basis, columns are
classified into
(i) Tied columns in which separate or individual ties are provided surrounding the longitudinal
reinforcement. The load on it. The object of stipulating a
(ii) Spirally reinforced columns in which helical bars are provided surrounding the longitudinal
reinforcement.

Longitudinal reinforcement (or main steel) is provided to resist compressive loads along with concrete. As per
I.S. 456 a reinforced concrete column shall have longitudinal steel reinforcement and the cross sectional area of
such reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% nor more than 6% of the cross sectional area of the column
required to transmit all the loading. The object of stipulating a minimum percentage of steel is to make
provision to prevent buckling of the column due to any accidental eccentricity of a maximum percentage of
steel is to provide reinforcement within such a limit to avoid congestion of reinforcement which would make it
very difficult to place the concrete and consolidate it. This may be best realized from the following two
examples. Consider two columns 450mm x 450mm. Reinforcement required at 0.8% of gross area = 0.8 / 100 x
4502 = 1620mm2.

This may be provided by four bars of 25mm diameter with an area of 1963mm2 (Figure a)

Reinforcement required at 6% of the gross area

= 6 x 4502 = 12150mm2
100
Even if the bigger diameter bars selected. Say 32mm. diameter bars;
We will require 16 bars of 32mm. diameter providing a total area of
804 x 16 = 12864mm2. (Figure b). The difficulty of placing concrete 4-25mm
between the 16 bars of 32mm. diameter with the overall size of (main bars
450mm x 450mm. may be quite apparent. Practically the
Maximum percentage of steel may be limited to 4 percent of the
gross area so as to ensure a good and sound concrete. (a) (b)

I.S. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS:

The I.S. 456 code has stipulated the following:

(a) The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent, of the gross
cross sectional area of the column.
(b) In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support the load, the minimum
percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to resist the direct stress and not upon
the actual area.
(c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and
six in circular columns.
(d) The bars shall not less than 12mm. in diameter.
(e) A reinforcement concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of longitudinal
reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
(f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical reinforcement and
equidistant around its inner circumference.
(g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300mm.
(h) In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into account in strength
calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of the cross sectional area
shall be provided.

Note: Pedestal is a compression member the effective length of which does not exceed three times the least
lateral dimension.

Sprial or
Helical
Reinforcement

Transverse
Reinforcement
(Links)
 Figure R.C.Columns

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

The longitudinal reinforcement should be laterally tied by transverse links to provide a restraint against outward
buckling of each of the longitudinal bars. I.S. 456 code stipulates that the diameter of longitudinal bars shall not
be less than 12mm. and that the diameter of the transverse reinforcement shall not be less than one fourth of
the diameter of the main rods and in no case less than 5mm. in diameter. The ends of transverse links should be
properly anchored. Figure (a) & (b) show how transverse reinforcement are provided in R.C. Columns.

Arrangements of transverse reinforcement I.S. recommendations

1. If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75mm. on other side, transverse reinforcement only to
go round the corner and alternate bars for the purpose of providing effective lateral supports.
2. If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding is times the diameter of the tie are
effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be tied in
one direction by open ties (see figure)
3. Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more than one row,
effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be assumed have been provided
if:
i) Transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer most rows.
ii) No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the
largest bar in the inner row (figure).
4. Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact) and each group
adequately tied with transverse reinforcement then the transverse reinforcement the compression
member as a whole may be provided on the assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bars for
the purpose of determining the pitch and the diameter of the transverse reinforcement. The diameter of
such transverse reinforcement need not, however, exceed
20mm (See the figure)

D D

D D

Ag = D2 Ag = D2

B B
D

D
D
 D

Ag = D2 Ag = BD Ag = BD

Ag = 0.785D2 Ag = 0.865D2

Ag = 0.823D2

< 75mm < 48w

(a) (b)

Individual
Groups

Transverse
Reinforcement

>3 Diameter

(a)

SPACING OF TRANSVERSE LINKS:

This shall not exceed the least of the following

(a) The least lateral dimension of the column

(b) Sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcement rod in the column.
(c) Forty eight times the diameter of the transverse reinforcement.
DIAMETER OF TRANSVERSE LINKS;

The diameter of the transverse links shall not be less than

(i) One fourth the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.

(ii) 5mm

COVER:

The minimum cover to column reinforcement equals 40mm or diameter of bar whichever is greater.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF A COLUMN:

The effective length of a column is not necessarily its actual length. It depends on the degree of fixity of the
ends of the columns. The table on page gives the effective length corresponding to the unsupported length l of
the column from floor to floor or between properly restrained supports.

SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS:

A column will be considered as short when the ratio of the effective length to its least lateral dimension is less
than or equal to 12. When this ratio is exceeds the column will be considered as a long column.

SLENDERNESS LIMITS FOR COLUMNS:

The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the latest lateral dimension of the
column.

If in any given plane, one end of a column is unstrained, its unsupported length I, shall not exceed (100b2
D)

Where, b = width of that cross section, and

D = depth of the cross section measured in the plane under consideration.

MINIMUM ECCENTRICTY:

All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to,

Unsupported length of column + Lateral dimension , subject to a minimum of 20mm where

500 30

bi-axial bending is considered, it is sufficient to ensure that eccentricity exceeds the minimum about an axis.

Note: In case the minimum eccentricity requirements govern, bending about one axis alone at a time should be
considered. Bending simultaneously about both axes should not be considered, i.e. this should not be regarded
as a case of bi-axial bending.

Effective Length of Compression Members [I.S. 456]

Degree of end restraint of compressive member Theoretical Recommended

 Value of Value of
effective effective
length length
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at both ends. (i.e. 0.50 l 0.65 l
both ends are fixed)
Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained against rotation at one 0.70 l 0.80 l
end (i.e., fixed at one end and hinged at the other end.)
Effectively held in position at both ends but not restrained against rotation 1.00 l 1.00 l
(i.e., both ends are hinged)
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and 1.00 l 1.20 l
other restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and - 1.50 l
the other partially restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position at one end, but not restrained against rotation, 2.00 l 2.00 l
and at the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end but not 2.00 l 2.00 l
held in position nor restrained against rotation at the other end (i.e., fixed at
one end and free at the other end.)

AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMNS;

The ultimate compressive load for an axially loaded short column is determined on the following assumptions.

i) The maximum compressive strain in concrete is 0.002.

ii) Strain in concrete is equal to strain in steel
iii) Stress strain relation for steel is the same in compression or tension.

For an absolutely axially loaded short column, at ultimate stage, the ultimate compressive load is resisted partly
by concrete and partly by steel. Thus, at ultimate stage,

Ultimate load = PU = PUC + PUS

Where, PUC = Ultimate load concrete = 0.45fck AC

PUS = Ultimate load on steel = 0.75 fy Asc

AC = Area of concrete

ASC = Area of longitudinal Steel

This relation is applicable for the ideal condition of axial loading. In the practical conditions the loading is
never absolutely axial and there will always be some eccentricity which cannot be avoided. Hence we may
consider the possibility of a minimum eccentricity of 0.05 times the lateral dimension and assume a 11%
reduction in the ultimate strength of the column.

On this basis, the ultimate load for an axially loaded short column is taken as,

PU = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Let Ag = Gross sectional area of the column.

Ag = Ac + Asc

P = 0.40 fCK (Ag Asc) + 0.67 fy Asc

P = 0.40 fck Ag + (0.67 fY 0.40 fck) Asc

If P = percentage of steel provided = Asc x 100

Ag
Then, Pu = 0.40 fck (Ag P / 100 Ag) + 0.67 fy p / 100 Ag

Pu = 0.40 fck + P/ 100 (0.67 fy 0.40 fck)

Ag

Problem 1: A short column R.C.C column 400mmx 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If
the effective length of the column is 2.25m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and
Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

Size of the column: 400mm x 400mm

L = 2.25m

Minimum eccentricity is greater than the following:

i) L + b = 2250 + 400 = 4.50 + 13.33 = 17.83mm

500 30 50 30
ii) 20mm

emin = 20mm
0.05b = 0.05 x 400 = 20mm
emin has not exceed 0.05b

Gross area of the section = Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000mm2

Area of Steel = Asc = 8 x 201 = 1608mm2
Area of concrete = Ac = 160000 1608 = 158392mm2
Since emin has not exceed 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by,

Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Pu = 0.40 x 20 x 158392 + 0.67 x 415 x 1608
= 1267136 + 447104 = 1714240N = 1714.24kN

Problem 2: A short column 450mm x 450mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm diameter. The effective
length of the column is 2.75m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe
250 steel.
 Solution:
Size of the column; 450mm x 450mm, l = 2.75m
Minimum eccentricity is the greater of the following:

i) L + b = 2750 + 450 = 5.50 + 15 = 20.50mm

500 30 50 30

ii) 20mm

emin = 20.50mm

0.05b = 0.05 x 450 = 22.50mm

emin< 0.05b

Gross area of the section = Ag = 450 x 450 = 202500mm2

Area of steel = Asc = 8 x 314 = 2512mm2

Area of concrete = Ac = 202500 2512 = 199988mm2

Since e< 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by,

Pu = 0.40fck Ac + 0.6 fy Asc

= 0.40 x 20 x 199988 + 0.67 x 250 x 2512

= 1599904 + 420760 = 2020664 N = 2020.664 kN

Problem 3: A reinforced concrete short column 400mm x400mm has to carry an axial load of 1200kN.
Find the area of steel required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:
Gross Area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000mm2
Area of Steel = Asc

Area of concrete = Ac = (160000 Asc)mm2

Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy = 1800 x 103

= 0.40 x 20 (160000 Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc = 1800 x 103

= 128000 8 Asc + 278.05 Asc = 1800 x 103

270.05 Asc = 52000

Asc = 1926mm2.

Provide 4 bars of 20mm and 4 bars of 16mm

Actual area of steel provided = (4 x 201) = 2060mm2

Lateral Tiles

Diameter of ties shall be not less than,

i) 5mm
ii) diameter of the larger size bar = (20) = 5mm

Provide 5mm ties.

Spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 4 16mm

i) Least lateral dimension of the column = 400mm

ii) 16 x diameter of smallest size of bar = 16 x 16 = 256mm
iii) 48 x diameter of ties = 48 x 6 = 288mm
iv) 300mm 4.20mm 6mm ties @
250mm c/c

Provide 6mm ties @ 250mm c/c. 6mm ties @

250mm
c/c

Problem 4: Find the area of steel required for a short reinforced concrete column 400mm x 425mm to
carry an axial load of 1195KkN.Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

Gross area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 425 = 170000mm2

Area of Steel = Asc

Area of concrete = Ac = (17000 Asc) mm2

Ultimate load = Pu = 1.5 x 1195 = 1792.5 x 103

Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 1792.5 x 103

270.05 Asc = 432 x 103

8 -16mm
Asc = 1599.7mm2

Provide 8 bars of 16mm diameter

Spacing of ties shall not exceed 400mm

6mm tiles@
i) Least lateral dimension of the column = 400mm 250mm c/c
ii) 16 x diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x16 = 256mm.
iii) 48 x diameter of ties = 48 x 6 = 288mm
iv) 300mm
v) Provide 6mm 2 250mm c/c
Problem 5: A reinforced concrete column is 450mm x 400mm and has to carry a factored load of 1800kN.
The unsupported length of the column is 2m. Find the area of reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete
and Fe 250 steel.

Solution:

Size of the column: 450mm x400mm

Factored Load Pu = 1800kN, L = 2m = 2000mm

Fck = 20N/mm2 fy = 250N/mm2

Let the area of Steel be Asc

Area of concrete = Ac = 450 x 400 Asc = (180000 Asc) mm2

In the direction of the longer lateral dimension,

emin = l + D = 2000 + 450 = 4 + 15 = 19mm

500 30 500 30

In the direction of the shorter lateral dimension

emin = l + D = 2000 + 400 = 4 + 13.3 = 17.3mm

500 30 500 30

But emin shall be at least 20mm

emin = 20 = 0.05 emin has not exceed 0.05

b 400 b
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 1800 x 103

Hence,

0.40 x 20 (18000 Asc) + 0.67 x 250 Asc = 1800 x103

1440 x 103 8 Asc + 167.5 Asc = 1800 x 103

159.5 Asc = 360 x 103

Asc = 2257mm2

Provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter (2512mm2).

Lateral ties

Diameter of ties shall not less than,

i) x diameter of longitudinal bars = 1.4 x 20 = 5mm

ii) 5mm
425mm
Provide 6mm ties
425mm
 i) Least lateral dimension of the column = 400mm
ii) 16 x diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x20 = 320mm.
400mm
iii) 48 x diameter of ties = 48 x 6 = 288mm
iv) 300mm
v) Provide 6mm @ 280mm c/c

6mm tiles @
8-20mm
@280mm
Problem 6: A reinforced concrete column of 2.75m effective length carries an axial load of 1600kN.c/c
Design the column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel

Solution:
Assuming that the minimum eccentricity is less than 0.05 times the lateral dimension of the column,
Ultimate load = Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Ultimate load = Pu = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400kN

Assuming 2 % steel, Asc = 0.02 Ag

Ac = 0.98 Ag

Pu = 0.40 x 20 x 0.98 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.02 Ag = 2400 x 103

7.84 Ag + 5.561 Ag = 2400 x 103

13.401 Ag = 2400 x 103

Ag = 179091.11mm2

Providing a square section

Side of the square = b = 179091.11 = 423.2mm

Provide 425mm x 425mm

Minimum eccentricity is the greater of

i) 20mm

L + b = 2750 + 450 = 5.50 + 14.17 = 19.67mm

500 30 50 30

emin = 20mm
0.05b = 0.05 x 425 = 21.25mm

Emin < 0.05b

Gross area of the column section Ag = 425 x 425 = 180625mm2
 425
8 mm tiles
Area of steel =Asc @ 300mm c/c

Area of concrete = Asc = (180625 Asc) mm2 425

Ultimate load Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 2400 x 103

1445 x 103 8 Asck + 278.05 Asc = 2400 x 103

8 25mm

270.05 Asc = 955 x 103

Asc = 3536.4mm2 8 mm tiles

@ 300mm c/c 300
2
Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter (3928mm )

Lateral ties
Diameter of lateral ties shall be not less than 300
i) 5mm
ii) x diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x 25 = 400mm
iii) 48 x diameter of the = 48 x 8 = 384mm
iv) 300mm 300
v) Provide 8mm ties @300mm fe

425
CONTINUOUS COLUMNS

Often in multistoried structures, a column continues up through a floor from one storey to another. In such a
cases the main bars of the column must be first continued up either within or outside the reinforcement of the
floor beam which frames into the column. When the main bars continue up outside the reinforcement of the
beam, it is necessary that the width of the column should be at least 80mm more than the width of the beam.
Sometimes the column sizes in plan may be smaller above the floor than below it. In such cases the main bars of
the column will have to bent inwards at the floor level, or alternatively these main bars may be stopped just
below the floor level and separate lap bars may be provided for connecting the part of the column above and
below the floor.
 SPIRALLY REINFORCED CIRCULAR COLUMNS:

These are circular columns, which are reinforced with closely and uniformly spaced spiral reinforcement
in additional to longitudinal steel. Columns of circular section are usually spirally reinforced. Sometimes
separate loops may also be provided in place of the spiral. The continuous spiral is adopted in preference to
separate loops. A column with helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars as longitudinal reinforcement.
The strength of a column with helical reinforcement satisfying the requirement given below shall be taken as
1.05 times the strength of similar member with lateral ties.

The ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be less than 0.36
[Ag / Ak 1] fck / fy

Where,Ag = Gross area of the section

Ak = area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter of the helix.

fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete,

(28 days strength of concrete)
fy = Characteristic strength of the helical reinforcement not exceeding 415 N/mm2
Pitch of helical reinforcement (I.S. 456): Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of
the helix spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and half extra turns of the
spiral bar. The pitch of the helical turns shall be not more than 75mm. nor more than one sixth of the core
diameter of the column, or less than 25 mm. nor less than three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the
helix.

Diameter of helical reinforcement: The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall not less than one fourth the
diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case than 5mm.

Pitch

D k= Core diameter

D = Column diameter

Figure (a) Figure (b)

Core diameter

Since the strength of a helically bound circular column has a strength equal to 1.05 times the strength of similar
column with lateral ties.

Ultimate strength of the column with helical reinforcement = Pu = 1.05(0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
Note: The above equation is valid provided the following condition is satisfied,

Volume of helical reinforcement 0.36 (Ag / Ak 1) fck / fy

Volume of core

Problem 7: Determine the safe axial load for a short column 400mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars
of 25mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm Use M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

Diameter of the column D = 400mm

Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 40mm

Area of longitudinal Steel = 6 x / 4 x 252 = 2945mm2

Diameter of the core = 400 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 336mm

Area of the core Ak = / 4 x 3362 = 88668mm2

Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical bars = dh = 336 8 = 328mm

Gross area of the column Ag = / 4 x 4002 = 125664mm2

Area of concrete Ac = 125664 2945 = 122719mm2

Ultimate load for the column

Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)

= 1.05 (0.4 x 20 x 122719 + 0.67 x 415 x 2945) = 1890640 N

Safe load for the column

= 1890640 / 1.50 = 1260427N = 1260.427Kn

Check for validity of the formula used

Consider one pitch length of the column
Length of helix per pitch length
= ( dh) 2 + P2
= ( x328)2 + 452 = 1031.42mm

Volume of the helix per pitch length = 50 x 1031.42 = 54571mm2

Volume of the core per pitch length = 88668 x 45 = 3990060mm2
Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core
= 51571 = 0.013.
3990060

This should be 0.36 (Ag / Ah 1) fck / fy

0.36 (125664 / 8868 1) 20 / 415

 0.007
Hence, the provision of the helical reinforcement is satisfactory.

Problem8: Determine the safe axial load for a short column 425mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of
22mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 40mm diameter.
Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.

Solution:

Diameter of the column D = 425mm

Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 40mm

Diameter of the core = 425 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 361mm

Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical bars = dh = 361 8 = 353mm

Area of longitudinal Steel Asc = 6 x 380 = 2280mm2

Gross area of the column section Ag = / 4 x 4252 = 141862.5mm2

Area of concrete Ac = 141862.5 2280 = 139582.5mm2

Area of the core Ak = / 4 x 3612 = 102353.9mm2

Ultimate load for the column

Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)

= 1.05 (0.4 x 20 x 139582.5 + 0.67 x 250 x 2280) = 1573488 N

Safe load for the column

= 1573488 / 1.50 = 1048992N = 1048.9927kN

Check for validity of the formula used

Consider one pitch length of the column
Length of helix per pitch length
= ( dh) 2 + P2
= ( x353)2 + 402 = 1110mm

Volume of the helix per pitch length = 50 x 1110 = 55500mm2

Volume of the core per pitch length = 102353.9 x 40 = 4094156mm2
Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core
= 55500 = 0.136.
4094156

This should be 0.36 (Ag / Ah 1) fck / fy

0.36 (141862.5 / 1023353.9 1) 20 / 250

0.01
Hence, the provision of the helical reinforcement is satisfactory.
Problem9: Design a circular column to carry an axial load of 1500kN. The column has an effective length
of 2.50m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

Let the diameter of he column be D.

Gross sectional area of the column = Ag = D2 / 4

Providing 2 % steel

Asc = 0.02 Ag

Area of concrete Ac = Ag 0.02 Ag = 0.98 Ag

Ultimate load Pu = 1.5 x 1500 = 2500kN

Assuming the column to be short, and the minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05 D.

Ultimate load = Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Asc + 0.67 fy Asc) = 2250 x 103 N

0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 2250 x 103 / 1.05

13.401 Ag = 2250 x 103 / 1.05

Ag = 159902.78mm2

D2 / 4 = 159902.78

Provide a diameter of 450mm for the column

Ratio of effective length to the lateral dimension of the column

= l / D = 2500 / 450 = 5.6 (less than 12)

This is a short column.

Minimum eccentricity. This is the greater of

i) 20mm

L + D = 2500 + 450 = 5 + 15= 20mm

500 30 500 30

emin = 20mm
But 0.05 D = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5mm

emin < 0.05D

Hence, the ultimate load for the column is given by

 Pu = 1.05 (o.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)

Gross area of the column section Ag = / 4 x 4502 = 159043.13mm2

Area of steel = Asc

Area of concrete = Ac = 159043.13 - Asc

Ultimate load Pu = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 (159043.13 Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc]

= 2250 x 103 N
Asc = 3223.5mm2
Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter (3927.2mm2)

Check for validity of the formula used.

Diameter of the column D = 450mm

Providing 8mm helical at a pitch of 45mm

Diameter of the core = 450 (2 x 40) + (2 x 8) = 386mm

Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical reinforcement

= 386 8 = 378mm

Length of helix per pitch length = ( x 378)2 + 452 = 1188.37mm.

Volume of helix per pitch length = 50 x 1188.37 = 59418.8mm3

Volume of the core per pitch length = / 4 x 3862 x 45 = 5265953.3 mm3

Ratio of volume of helical steel volume of the core

= 59418.8 / 5265953.3 = 0.011

This should be 0.36 (Ag / Ak 1) fck / fy

We know, Ag = 159043.13mm2

And Ak = / 4 x 3862 = 117021.18mm2

0.36(Ag / Ak 1) fck / fy

= 0.36 (159043.13 / 117021.18 -1) 20 / 415 = 0.0062

Hence the design is satisfactory.

 Problem 10: Figure shows the plan and part section of a four storeyed building of flat slab construction.
Design an interior column to the following particulars.

Height of each floor = 3.50m

Plinth height above the ground level = 0.50m

Thickness of wall = 250mm

Columns are 400mm x 400mm

Thickness of floor slabs = 150mm

Depth of foundation = 1.25m

Ignore moment transmitted to column from slab. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

For each floor

DL of slab = 25 x 0.15 = 3.75kN/m2

Floor finish = 1.00 kN//m2

Total D.L for floor = 4.75 KN / m2

DL of walls for 1 floor = 0.25 x 3.5 x 20 = 17.5 kN/m.

5m 5m
5m
3.50m 4000.15m
x 400
m Column
0.15m

3.50m
m
5m
0.15m

3.50m
m

0.15m
5m
3.50m
3.50m
Plinth Level
mm
0.5m
5m
Ground Level
1.25m
0.5m

Figure (a) Figure (b)

Load transmitted to the column at its base

DL of floor : (4.45 x 5 x 5) 4 = 475kn

DL of walls : [17.5 (5 + 5)] 3 =525kn

DL of column : 0.4 x 0.4 x 15.25x25 = 61kn

Live load from 4 floors

(30% reduction) : 0.7 [4 x 5 x 5 x 4] = 280kn

Total load of the column=Pu = 1.5 x 1341 = 2011.5 Kn

Ultimate load of the column leff = 0.65 l = 0.65 x 3.50 = 2.275m

Minimum eccentricity: This taken as the greater of the following

i) 20mm
ii) leff + b = 2275 + 400 = 17.88mm.
500 30 500 30

emin = 20mm

But 0.05 b = 0.05 x 40 = 20mm

emin has not exceed 0.05b

Hence, the ultimate load is given by

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Gross area of the column section Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000mm2

Area of steel = Asc

Area of concrete = Ac = 160000 - Asc

Ultimate load Pu = 0.4 x 20 (160000 Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc = 2011.5 x 103N

1280 X 103 8 Asc + 278.05 Asc = 2011.5 x 103

270.05 Asc = 731.5 x 103
Asc = 2709mm2

Provide 8 bars of 22mm diameter.

Lateral ties
Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than,
i) 5mm
ii) diameter of longitudinal bars = x 22 = 4.4mm
 Providing 6mm diameter ties

Spacing of lateral ties

The spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed,

i) Least lateral dimension of the column : 400mm

ii) 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars :16 x 22 = 352mm
iii) 48 x diameter of ties : 48 x 6 = 288mm

Providing 6mm ties @250mm c/c.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS BY THE USE OF CHARTS:

Charts have been made by the Bureau of Indian standards (SP 16 : 1980) for designing columns in
accordance with the equation Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc.

See charts 1, 2 and 3. In the chart, in the lower portion, Pu / Ag has been plotted against the percentage of
steel for various grades of concrete. Suppose the sectional area of the column is known, we can determine Pu
/ Ag and we can get from the chart the percentage of steel required. In the upper portion, Pu / Ag is plotted
against Pu for various values of Ag.By using the upper and the lower portions of the chart, calculations are
considerably minimized. These charts will be of great advantage in selecting sizes of columns in the
preliminary design stage of multistoried buildings.

Problem 11: Design an axially loaded short column to carry an axial load of 1650kN. Use M20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

Let us provide a column size of 400mm x450mm

Gross area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 450mm2

Ultimate load Pu = 1.5 x 1650 = 2475Kn

Pu = 2475 x 103 = 13.75 N/mm2

Ag 400 x 450
Referring to chart 2
Corresponding to PU = 13.75 N/mm2
Ag

Percentage of steel required = Pt = 2.15%

Asc = 2.15 x 400 x 450 = 3870mm2

100
Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter (3927mm2) and provide 8mm ties @ 300mm c/c.
Problem 12: A short R.C.C.column 425mm x 500mm in section carries an axial load of 1600kN. Find the
area of steel reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.

Solution:

Gross area of the column = Ag = 425 x 500mm2

Ultimate load Pu = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400kN

Pu = 2400 x 103 = 11.3N/mm2

Ag 425 x 500
Referring to chart 1
Corresponding to PU = 11.3N/mm2
Ag

Percentage of steel required = Pt = 2 %

Asc = 2 x 425 x 500 = 4250mm2

100
Provide 12 bars of 22mm diameter (4560mm2) and provide 8mm ties @ 300mm c/c.

EXERCISE
1. A short R.C.C. column 450mm X 450mm is provided with 8 bars of 18mm diameter. If the effective
length of the column is 2.50m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
steel. (2168.7kN)
2. A short R.C.C. column 475mm x 475mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 25mm diameter. The effective
length of the column is 3m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
(2431.5kN)
3. A short reinforced concrete column 450mm x 450mm has to carry an axial load of 1400kn. Find the area
of steel required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel (1778mm2)
4. A reinforced concrete column has an effective length of 2.80m. It carries an axial load of 1800kN.
Design of column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. (provide approximately 2% steel)
(450mm x 450mm Asc = 4000mm2)
5. Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 450mm in diameter reinforced with 6 bars of
25mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm. Use M20
concrete and Fe415 steel. (1447.3kN)
6. Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 450mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of
20mm diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 40mm. Use M20
concrete and Fe 250 steel. (1651.5Kn)

COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND UNAXIAL BENDING

As mentioned earlier, a compression member shall be designed for a certain minimum eccentricity of the load.
It is always necessary to ensure that a column section is designed for a moment which is not less than the
moment due to the minimum specified eccentricity.

Assumptions: The following assumptions are made

a) Plane section normal to the axis of the member remains plane after bending. This means that the strain at
any point of the cross section is directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
b) The design stress strain relationship for concrete is taken as indicated earlier.
c) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
d) The design stresses in reinforcements are derived from the strains using the stress strain relationship
given earlier.
Let us consider the following two cases.
Case (I): When the neutral lies within the section.
Figure shows the column section subjected to load and moment which produce a stress diagram such
that the neutral axis lies within the section.
The compressive stress in concrete in uniform for a distance 3/7 xu from highly compressed edge. For
the remaining part of the compressive zone the stress varies parabolic ally.

Total compressive force on concrete

Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu

This force Ccu acts at a distance of 0.42xu from the highly compressed edge. Compressive force on steel
Asc
Csu ASC (fsc fcc)

Tensile force on steel Ast Tsu = Au fst

Ultimate load on the column section

Pu = Ccu + Csu - Tsu
Pu = 0.36 fck bsu + Asc (fsc fcc) Ast fst
D/2 D/2

d N d
Ag
Ast
b

A
D

0.0035
esc
 Stress Diagram

Where fsc = stress in compression in steel Asc

fck = stress in tension in steel Ast

fcc = stress in compression concrete in the neighbor hood of Asc = 0.446 fck

Ultimate moment Mu can now be determined by taking moments about the centre line of the column.

Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 xu) + Csu (D / 2 d) + Tsu (D / 2 d)

Mu = Ccu (D /2 0.42 xu) + Csu + Tsu ( D/ 2 d)

The stresses fsc and fst may be determined as follows:

By the geometry of the strain diagram we can find the strain esc and est

In the case of mild steel

Strain at yield point = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250 = 0.0010875

Es 2 x 105
Hence for strains > 0.0010875

The stress in steel is proportional to the strain, till the stress reaches 0.80 x design yield stress i.e. 0.80 x 0.87 fy

Strain corresponding to the above stress

= 0.80 x 0.87 x 415 = 0.00144

5
2 x 10
Hence for strain less than 0.00144,
Stress = strain x Es

For strain greater than 0.00144,

The stress may be noted from the table below.

Total Strain Stress

0.00144 0.8 x 0.87 fy
 0.00154 0.2825 x 0.87 fy
0.00163 0.85 x 0.87 fy
0.00178 0.875 x 0.87 fy
0.00192 0.90 x 0.87 fy
0.00217 0.925 x 0.87 fy
0.00241 0.95 x 0.87 fy
0.00259 0.9625 x 0.87 fy
0.00276 0.975 x 0.87 fy
0.00328 0.9875 x 0.87 fy
0.00380

Problem 1: A reinforced concrete column section 250mm x 500mm is provided with reinforcements as
shown in figure. Find Pu and Mu when xu = 335mm. Use M15 concrete and Fe 250 steel.

Solution: Figures shows the strain diagram at ultimate conditions.

By the geometry of the strain diagram

esc = 285 x 0.0035 = 0.002978

335
est = 115 x 0.0035 = 0.001201
335

Since esc > 0.0010875

Ast = 2280mm2 Asc= 2280mm2
Fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250
= 217.5 N/mm2

Pu = 0.36 fck b xu + Asu (fsc fcc) Ast fst

= 0.36 x 15 x 335 + 2280 (217.5 0.446 x 15) 2280 x 217.5 250

= 452250 + 480646.8 495900 = 436996.8 N = 436.9968 kN

To find the ultimate moment 500 50

Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu = 452250 N = 452.250kN 50 esc 0.0035

Csu = Asc (fsc fsc) = 480646.8 N = 480.647kN

TU = Ast fst = 495900 N = 495.9 kN 285

est
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 d) Xu =335
115
= 452.5 (0.5 / 2 0.42 x 0.335) + (480.647 + 495.900) (0.5 / 2 0.05)kNm

Problem 2: Figure shows the section of an RCC column 250mm x 500mm. Taking Asc = Ast = 804mm2
find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 250. Take xu = 370mm.

Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagramesc = 320 x 0.0035 = 0.003027
370
est = 80 x 0.0035 = 0.00075675
 370
Since esc > 0.0010875
Ast = 804mm2 N Asc= 804mm2
fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250
= 217.5 N/mm2

Since est < 0.0010875

fst = Es est = 2 x 105 x 0.00075675 250

= 151.3 N/mm2

Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu 50

500
esc
=0.36 x 15 x 250 x 320 50 0.0035
=432000 N = 432kN

CSU = Asc (fsc fcc) 320

est
= 800 (217.5 0.446 x 15) Xu =370
80
50
= 168648 N = 168.648Kn 1

Tsu = Ast fst = 800 x 151.3 N = 121040 N = 121.04kN

Pu = Ccu + Csu Tsu = 432 + 168.648 121.040 = 479.608 kN

Ultimate moment

Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 d)

= 432 (0.5 / 2 0.42 x 0.37) + (168.648 + 121.04) (0.5 / 2 0.05)kNm

= 40.87 + 57.94kNm = 98.81kNm.

Problem 3: An RCC column section is 300mm x 500mm and is provided with steel reinforcement as
shown in figure. Taking xu= 300mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc = 250 x 0.0035 = 0.002917
300
est = 150 x 0.0035 = 0.00175
300
Since esc and est have exceed 0.00144 the stresses fst must be
Ast = 1256mm2 N Asc= 1256mm2
calculated coressponding to the strains the table given below.
For esc = 0.002917, fsc = 353 N/mm2
For est = 0.00175, fst = 314 N/mm2
Since est < 0.0010875

Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu 300

= 0.36 x 15 x 300 x 300

= 486000 N = 486kN 50
300
esc
Csu = Asc (fsc fcc) 50 0.0035
=1256 (353 0.446 x 15)

= 434965 N = 394.384 kN 250

150 est
TSU = Ast fst = 1256 x 314 200 300

= 394384 N = 394.384 Kn

Pu = Ccu + Csu Tsu = 486 + 434.965 394.384 = 526.581 kN

Ultimate moment

Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 d)

= 486 (0.5 / 2 0.42 x 0.30) + (434.965 + 394.384) (0.5 / 2 0.05) kNm

= 60.264 + 165.870kNm = 226.134 kNm.

Problem 4: An RCC column section is 450mm x 250mm and is provided with steel reinforcement as
shown in figure. Taking xu= 350mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc =300 x 0.0035 = 0.003
350
est = 50 x 0.0035 = 0.0004
350
Since esc > 0.00144; fsc = 354 N/mm2
Ast = 1256mm2 N Asc= 1256mm2
Since esc < 0.00144; fst = Es , est
= 2 x105 x 0.0004 = 80 N/mm2

Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu 250

= 0.36 x 15 x 250 x 350

= 472500 N = 472.500kN 50
350
esc
Csu = Asc (fsc fcc) 50 0.0035
=1256 (354 0.446 x 15)

= 436221 N = 436.221 kN xu = 350

150 est
TSU = Ast fst = 1256 x 80 200 300

= 100480 N = 100.480 Kn
Pu = Ccu + Csu Tsu = 472.500 + 436.221 100.480 = 808.241 kN
Ultimate moment

Mu = Ccu (D / 2 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 d)

= 472.5 (0.45 / 2 0.42 x 0.35) + (436.221 + 100.480) (0.45 / 2 0.05) kNm

= 36.855 + 93.923kNm = 130.778 kNm.

Case (ii) when the neutral axis lies outside the section.
For this case the strain diagram for the section is drawn as follows. We know when the section is subjected to a
purely axial compressive load the strain in concrete at ultimate condition at ultimate condition is uniform and
equal to 0.002.
For the case when the neutral axis is along one edge then the maximum strain in concrete is 0.0035 at the highly
compressed edge to zero at the other edge.
The strain distribution lines for these two cases intersect at a distance 3D / 7 from the highly compressed edge.
This point is taken to act as a fulcrum for the strain distribution line when the neutral axes lies outside the
section. When the neutral axis is outside the section the strain at the highly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus
0.75 times the strain at the least compressed edge. Figure shows the stress diagram for concrete. It may be noted
in the stress diagram the stress is uniform at 0.446 fck for the distance 3D / 7 from the highly compressed edge,
since in this region the strain is more than 0.002. For the remaining region the stress diagram is parabolic.

N D/2 D/2
d d

Ast Asc
 Xu = KD
Let xu = KD
Stress Diagram
Let g be the difference between the stress at the highly compressed edge and the stress at the least compressed
edge.

By the property of the parabola g = 0.446 fck [4/7 D / KD 3/7 D] 2

g = 0.446 fck (4 / 7k 3)2

Area of the stress block = 0.446 fck D g / 3 (4/7 D) = 0.446 fCK D 4/21 gD

= 0.446 fck D [1- 4/21 ( 4 / 7k 3)2]

We can find the centroid of the stress block by taking moments about the highly compressed edge. Moment
about the highly compressed edge.

= 0.446 fck D. D/2 4/21 gD [3/7D + (4/7d)]

= 0.446 fck D2 / 2 8 /49 gD2

The position of the centroid can be determined by dividing the moment of the area of the stress block. The
position of the centroid of the stress block for different values of k are given in the table below.

Table Stress Block Parameters

(Neutral axis outside the section)
K = xu / D Area of Stress Centroidal distance
 Block K1 Of stress block from the
High compressed edge Kg
1.00 0.361 fck D 0.416 D
1.05 0.374 fck D 0.432 D
1.10 0.384 fck D 0.443 D
1.20 0.399 fck D 0.458 D
1.30 0.409 fck D 0.468 D
1.40 0.417 fck D 0.475 D
1.50 0.422 fck D 0.480 D
2.00 0.435 fck D 0.491 D
2.50 0.440 fck D 0.495 D
3.00 0.442 fck D 0.497 D
4.00 0.444 fck D 0.499 D

Now the ultimate load Pu is given by

Pu = Cs + Csu + Tsu

Where, Cu = Compressive force on concrete = Area of the stress block x b = k1b

Csu = Compressive force on steel Asc = Asc(fsc fcc)

Tsu = Compressive force on steel Ast = Ast (fst fcc)

fcc = Stress in concrete in the neighbor hood of steel

Pu = Kt b + Asc (fsc fcc) + A(fst fcc)

The ultimate moment Mu can now be determined by taking moments about the centre line of the column.

Mu = Cu ( D / 2 K2) + Csu ( D / 2 d) Tsu (D /2 d) = Cu (D / 2 K2) + (cSU tSU) ( D / 2 d)

Problem 5: A reinforced concrete column section is 250mm x 250mm. It is provided with reinforcement as
shown if figure. Using M15 concrete and Fe250 steel find Pu and Mu for xu = 550mm.

Solution:

D = 500mm

3 xD= 3 X 500 = 214.3mm

7 7

Figure shows the strain diagram at ultimate condition. By the geometry of the strain diagram

500
esc = 500 x 0.002 = 0.003
335.7
Asc= 1964mm2
est = 100 x 0.002 = 0.0006 250
335.7 2
Ag = 1964mm
Since esc is greater than 0.0010875

50 50
fsc = 0.87fy = 0.87 x 250 = 217.5N/mm2

Since est is less than 0.0010875

fst = Est est = 2x 106 x 0.0006 = 120N/mm2

fsc in the neighbor hood of Asc

= 0.446 fck = 0.446 x 15 = 6.69 N/mm2

fcc in the neighbor hood of Ast is ignorable

Xu = K = 550 = 1.1
D 500

Area of the stress block

= K1 =o.384 fck D = 0.384 x 15 500 = 2880
K2 = 0.443 D = 0.443 x 500 = 221.5 mm
Cu = K1 b = 2880 x 250 = 720000 N = 720kN
Csu = Asc (fsc fcc) = 1964 (217.5 6.69) = 414031 N = 414.031kN
Tsu = Ast fst = 1964 x 120 = 235680 N = 235.680kN
Pu = Cu + Csu + Tsu = 720 + 414.031 + 235.680Kn = 1369.711 kN

Mu =Cu (D/2 K2) + (Csu Tsu) ( D/2 d) = 720(0.5/2 0.2215)

+ (414.031 235.680) (0.5/2 0.05) = 20.52 + 35.67 kNm = 56.19kNm.

Problem 6: A reinforced concrete column section is 250mm x 450mm. It is provided with reinforcement
as shown if figure. Using M15 concrete and Fe415 steel find Pu and Mu for xu = 550mm.

Solution:

Xu = 500mm

3 x D = 3 X 450 = 192.9mm
7 7
Figure shows the strain diagram at ultimate condition. By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc = 450 x 0.002 = 0.00252
500
357.1
Asc= 1256mm2
est = 150 x 0.002 = 0.00084
250
357.1 2
Ag = 1256mm
Since esc > 0.00144; fSC = 345.3 N/mm2

Since est < 0.00144; 50 50

fst = Est est = 2x 106 x 0.00084 = 168N/mm2

esc
0.002
Xu = K = 550 = 1.22 est
D 450

100
Area of the stress block
= K1 =0.401 fck D = 0.401 x 15x 450 = 2707
K2 = 0.460 D = 0.460 x 450 = 207 mm
fsc = 0.446 x 15 = 6.69N/mm2

Cu = K1 b = 2707 x 250 = 676750 N = 676.750kN

Csu = Asc (fsc fcc) = 1256 (345.3 6.69) = 425294 N = 425.294kN
Tsu = Ast fst = 1256 x 168 = 211008 N = 211.008kN
Pu = Cu + Csu + Tsu = 676.750 + 425.294 + 211.008kN = 1313.052 kN

Mu =Cu (D/2 K2) + (Csu Tsu) ( D/2 d) = 676.750(0.225 0.207)

+ (425.294 211.008) (0.225 0.05) = 12.182 + 37.500 kNm = 49.682kNm.

ULTIMATE LOAD ECCENTRICITY CURVE

For an RCC column of o given section and a given reinforcement the ultimate load Pu depends upon the
eccentricity of the load. A graph of Pu Vs e can be plotted. This plot is obtained by plotting the load against the
eccentricity corresponding to different values of xu (see figure)

Consider the load line AB, where

OA = et = a given eccentricity
P1 B
AB = OP1 represents the ultimate load at the
Eccentricity e1
Load Pu
A curve giving a relation between corresponding values of
Pu and Mu will be more useful and such a curve is called A
an interaction diagram. O e1
Eccentricity e

THE INTERACTIO DIAGRAM

R.C.C columns are generally designed for a minimum eccentricity of 20mm or 0.05D whichever is greater.
Hence we should always consider the moment due to eccentricity. For a given column, with a given amount of
steel, it is possible to get an idea about the column properties when subjected to load, moment and eccentricity.
We know the ultimate load Pu and the corresponding ultimate moment Mu depend on Xu. An interaction
diagram for a column of a given section and given reinforcement is prepared as follows.

i) Assuming different values of Xu find the corresponding values Pu and Mu.

ii) Now plot the Pu Mu diagram taking Mu along the x- axis, and Pu along the Y axis.

Figure shows the plot. The diagram obtained is an interaction diagram. Such a diagram can be used to determine
various combinations of axial load and moment of the column section can sustain. For any value of the load and
moment if the point obtained is inside the diagram, the arrangements is safe. The interaction diagram also
provides information about compression failure, tension failure and balanced failure.
If E is any point on the interaction diagram and the line OE is at with the vertical than tan represents the
eccentricity for all the combinations of load and moment corresponding to points on the line OE. The load
corresponding to E represents the ultimate strength Pue for the eccentricity e = tan.

Generally it is found convenient to generate Pu Mu interaction diagrams in a non-dimensional form.

Construction of non dimensional interaction diagrams. Design charts for combined axial compression and
bending are given in the form of interaction diagrams. In these diagrams curves for Pu versus Mu are
plotted for different values of P
bd fck bd2 fck fck
where P is the Reinforcement percentage.

In the case of purely axially loaded compression member, the points shown on the Y axis of the charts are
obtained as follows.

We know for an axially loaded member, Pu = 0.446 fck bd + pbD / 100 (fsc 0.446 fck)

Where fSC = compressive stress in steel corresponding to strain to 0.002

The quantity 0.446 fck is deduction for the concrete replaced by the reinforcement bars

Pu = 0.446 + P (fSC 0.446 fCK)

fck bD 100 fck

We may generally ignore the term 0.446 fck since it is small compared with fsc.
However as an acceptable approximation a constant value corresponding
to the concrete grade M20 has been used in the production of the
interaction diagrams. In this way, the error is ignorable small E Comp.
over the range of the various grades of concrete. Pu Failure

If the column is subjected to an axial load as well as bending moment, Balanced

the points for plotting the charts are obtained by assuming different Failure
positions of neutral axis. For each position of the neutral axis, the strain
distribution across the section of the member and the stress block Tens.
parameters are determined as explained earlier. The stresses in the Failure
reinforcement are also calculated from the know strains. Thereafter
the resultant axial force and the moment about the centroid of the Mu
section are calculated as follows.

(a) When the neutral axis lies outside the section.

For this case,
i=n
Pu = C1 fck Bd + Pi b D (fsi fci)
i=l 100

Where, C1 = Coefficient for the area of the block

Pi = Asi where Asi is the area of reinforcement in the ith row

bD
fsi = stress in the ith row of reinforcement, compression being positive and tension being negative.

fci = stress in concrete at the level of the ith row of reinforcement and
 n = number of rows of reinforcement.

i=n
The above expansion may be rearranged as Pu = C1 + Pi (fsi fci)
fck bD i=l 100 fck

Where, C1D = distance of the centroid of the concrete stress block measured from the highly compressed edge
and
Yi = distance of the centroid of the section of the ith row of reinforcement positive towards the
highly compressed edge and negative towards the least compressed edge,

Dividing both sides of the equation by fck b D2, Mu = C1 (0.5 C2)

fck bD2

= i=n
Pi (fsi fci) (yi / D)
i=l fck 100

(b) When the neutral axis lies within the section.

The stress block parameters in this case are simpler and they can be directly incorpated into the
expressions which are otherwise the same as for the earlier case.
i=n
Pu = 0.36 k + Pi (fsi fci)
i=l 100 fck

i=n
Mu = 0.36 k (0.5 0.416 K) Pi (fsi fci) (yi / D)
i=l fck 100

Where, K = Distance of neutral axis

D

An approximation is made taking fck corresponding to M20.

Use charts. Design of a column subjected to axial load and unaxial bending involves tedious calculations. Hence
to overcome the difficulties the Bureau of Indian standards has prepared interaction diagrams or charts.

Charts for rectangular sections have been given for reinforcement on two sides (charts 4 to 15) and for
reinforcements on four sides (charts 17 to 27). In the latter case the charts have been made for a section with 20
bars equally distributed on all sides. The charts have been made for three grades of steel and four values of d /
D for each case.

The dotted lines in these charts indicate the stress in the bars nearest to the tension face of the member. The line
for fst = 0 indicates that the neutral axis lies along the outermost row of reinforcement. For points lying above
this line on the chart, all the bars in the section will be in compression. The line for fst = fyd indicates that the
outermost tension reinforcement reaches the design yield strength. For points below this line, the outermost
tension reinforcement undergoes inelastic deformation while successive inner rows may reach a stress of fyd. It
should be noted that all these stress values are at the failure condition corresponding to limit state of collapse
and not at working loads.
Problem 7: Particulars of a reinforced concrete square column subjected to unaxial bending are given
below.

Size of the column 400mm x 400mm

Concrete mix: M20

Characteristic strength of reinforcement: 415N/mm2

Factored Load: 2000kN

Factored moment: 150kNm

Arrangement of reinforcement: on two sides

Determine the reinforcement for the column.

Solution: Providing 25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,

d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm

d = 52.5 = 0.13
d 400

Using the chart for d = 0.15

d
Pu = 2000 X 103 = 0.625
fckBd 20 x 400 x 400

Mu = 150 x 106 = 0.117

Fck bD 200 x 400 x 4002
2

Referring to chart P = 0.15

fck

Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.15 x 20 = 3%

Asc = 3 / 100 x 400 x 400 = 4800mm2

Problem 8: A reinforced square column 500mm x 500mm is subjected to a factored axial load 1800Kn
accompanied by a factored moment of 100kNm. Providing reinforcement on two sides determine the
reinforcement on two sides determine the reinforcement required for the column. Use M15 concrete and
Fe 250 steel.

Solution: Providing 20mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 140mm,

d = 40 + 10 = 50mm

d = 50 = 0.10
d 500
Using the chart for d = 0.10
d
Pu = 1800 X 103 = 0.48
fckBd 15 x 500 x 500

Mu = 100 x 106 = 0.053

2
Fck bD 15 x 500 x 5002

Corresponding to these P = 0.12

fck

Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.12 x 15 = 1.8 %

Asc = 1.8 / 100 x 500 x 500 = 4500mm2

Problem 9: Find the reinforced for an RCC column to the following particulars.

Size of the column 450mm x 450mm

Concrete mix: M25

Reinforcement: Fe415

Factored Load: 2500kN

Factored moment: 180kNm

Arrangement of reinforcement: on four sides

Solution: Providing 25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,

d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm

d = 52.5 = 0.12
d 450

Using the chart for d = 0.15 will be used

d
Pu = 2500 X 103 = 0.494
fckBd 25 x 450 x 450

Mu = 180 x 106 = 0.079

2
fck bD 25 x 450 x 4502

Referring to chart P = 0.10

fck
Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.10 x 25 = 2.5%
Asc = 2.5 / 100 x 450 x 450 =5062.5mm2

Problem 10: Find the reinforcement required for a 500mm x 500mm column subjected to a factored
load 1900kN accompanied by a factored moment of 115kNm. The reinforcement is provided on four
sides Use M15 concrete and Fe 250 steel.

Solution: Providing 20mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 140mm,

d = 40 + 10 = 50mm

d = 50 = 0.10
d 500

Chart for d = 0.10 will be used

d
Pu = 1900 X 103 = 0.507
fckBd 15 x 500 x 500

Mu = 115 x 106 = 0.061

2 2
Fck bD 15 x 500 x 500

Refeering to chart P = 0.12

fck

Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.12 x 15 = 1.8 %

Asc = 1.8 / 100 x 500 x 500 = 4500mm2

Problem 11: Find the reinforcement required for a circular reinforced concrete column to the following
particulars.

Diameter of the column: 450mm

Concrete mix : M25

Reinforcement : Fe415

Factored Load : 1500kN

Factored moment : 110kNm

Lateral reinforcement:

(a) Hoop reinforcement (b) Helical reinforcment

Solution: Providing 25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,

d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm
 d = 52.5 = 0.12
D 450

chart for d = 0.15 will be used

D

(a) Column with hoop reinforcement

Pu = 1500 X 103 = 0.37

fckD2 20 x 4502

Mu = 110 x 106 = 0.06

fck D3 25 x 4503

Referring to chart P = 0.09

fck

Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.09 x 20 = 1.8%

Asc = 1.8 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 =2863mm2

Provide 6 bars of 25mm diameter (2945mm2)

(b) Column with Helical reinforcement

As per code, the strength of a compression member with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of a
similar member with hoop reinforcement. Hence the given factored load and the factored moment should be
divided by 1.05 before using chart.

Pu = 0.37 = 0.352
2
fckD 1.05

Mu = 0.06 = 0.057
Fck D3 1.05

Referring to chart P = 0.085

fck

Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.085 x 20 = 1.7%

Asc = 1.7 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 =2704mm2

Provide 6 bars of 22mm diameter

Actual area of steel provided = 8 x 300 = 3040mm2

Providing 8mm diameter helical reinforcement, core diameter

= 450 2 (40 8) = 386mm

 Ag = 4502 = 1.359
Ak 3862

0.36(Ag / Ak -1) fck / fy = 0.36(1.359 1) 20 / 415 = 0.0062

Volume of helical reinforcement

Aw x x 378 = 0.01 Aw T o satisfy code reinforcement.

/4 x 3562 p p

0.01 Aw 0.36(Ag Ak 1) fck / fy

P

0.01Aw 0.0062; p 0.01 x 50 = 80.6mm say 80mm

P 0.0062
Problem 12: Find the reinforcement required for a circular column to the following particulars.

Diameter of the column: 450mm

Grade of concrete : M20

Reinforcement : Fe415

Factored Load Pu : 1200kN

Factored moment Mu : 100kNm

Solution: Providing 20mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,

d = 40 + 10 = 50mm

d = 50 = 0.11 say 0.10

D 450

(a) Column with hoop reinforcement

Pu = 1200 X 103 = 0.296

fckD2 20 x 4502

Mu = 100 x 106 = 0.055

fck D3 20 x 4503

Referring to chart = 29
Corresponding to the above data:
P = 0.085
fck

P = 0.085 x 20 = 1.7 %

Asc = 1.7 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 = 2703.7mm2

Provide 14 bars of 16mm diameter (2814mm2)

(b) Column with Helical reinforcement

Since the strength of the column with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of the column with hoop
reinforcement,

Pu = 0.296 = 0.282
fckD2 1.05

Mu = 0.055 = 0.052
fck D3 1.05

Referring to chart 29

Corresponding to the above data,

P = 0.07
fck

P = 0.07 x 20 = 1.4%

Asc = 1.4 / 100 x x 4502 / 4 =2226.6mm2

Provide 12 bars of 20mm diameter (2412mm2)

COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BI AXIAL BENDING

Columns are often subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. Biaxial bending is due to moments transmitted
by beams monolithically connected to a column in different directions. Corner columns and interior columns are
subjected to unbalanced moment transmission in perpendicular directions. The exact analysis of such columns
is very laborious and the I.S code has given the following approach.

Let Pu = Ultimate load for the column

Mux = Ultimate moment about the major axis (x axis) of the section
Muy = Ultimate moment about the minor axis (y axis) of the section

As per I.S. code, The column can be designed by the following condition,

[Mux / Muy]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n 1

Where,
Mux = Ultimate moment about the x axis
Muy = Ultimate moment about the y axis
Mux1 = Uniaxial moment capacity about the x axis for the given ultimate load Pu
Muy1 = Ultimate moment capacity about the y axis for the given ultimate load Pu

n = An index related to the ratio Pu / Pz

 Where, Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

For values of Pu / Puz = 0.20 to 0.80 the values of n vary uniformly from 1.00 to 2.00

See table below. Values of n

Pu / Puz n
0.020 1.000
0.25 1.084
0.30 1.167
0.35 1.250
0.40 1.333
0.45 1.417
0.50 1.500
0.55 1.584
0.60 1.667
0.65 1.750
0.70 1.833
0.75 1.917
0.80 2.00

Note: (1) For any given percentage p of steel the values of Puz can also be determined from chart 40.

(2) For different values Pu / Puz, taking the appropriate value of n curves for the equation

(Mux / Mux1)n = 1 have been plotted in chart 41.

Problem 1: Design a short column subjected to biaxial bending to the following particulars:

Size of the column : 400mm x 400mm

Factored load Pu : 1200Kn

Factored moment Mux : 85kNm

Factored moment Muy : 45kNm

Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution: We will design the column with reinforcement distributed equally on four sides.

Let us assume a percentage of steel 1%. Let d / d = 0.15

P = 1 = 0.05
fck 20
And Pu = 1200 X 103 = 0.375
fck Bd 20 x 400 x 400

Referring to chart 22
Corresponding to P = 0.05
 fck

and Pu = 0.375, we find Mu = 0.08

2
fck bD fck bD

Mux1 = 0.08 fck b D2 = 0.08 x 20 x 400 x 4002 = 102.4 x 106 Nmm

= 102.4 kNm.

Since b = D, Muy1 = Mux1

Muy1 = 102.4 kNm

Puz = 0.45 fCK Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

Asc = 1% of Ag = 1/100 x 4002 = 1600mm2

Ac = 4002 1600 = 158400mm2

Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 158400 + 0.75 x 415 x 1600

= 1425600 + 498000 = 1923600 N = 1923.6 Kn

Pu = 1200 = 0.624
Pz 1923.6 400
Corresponding to Pu = 0.624, the value of n = 1.707
Pz 8-16mm

[Mux / Mux1]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n 400

(85 / 102.4)1.707 + (45 / 102.4)1.707

= 0.727 + 0.245 = 0.972 (less than 1)

Hence, the percentage of steel assumed is satisfactory.

Asc = 1% of Ag = 1/100 x 4002 = 1600mm2

6mm ties @
Provide 8 bars of 16mm (1608mm2) 250mm c/c

Provide also 6mm ties @ 250mm c/c

Problem 2: A reinforced concrete is 340mm x 500mm in section and is reinforced with 10 bars of 20mm
diameter, consisting of 3 bars along each short edge and the remaining 4 bars equally distributed along
the long faces with 2 bars per as shown in figure.

The column is subjected to an ultimate load Pu whose eccentricities are 80mm about the x- x axis and 60mm
about the y-y axis . Find this ultimate load. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution: This problem can be solved by trial and error only.

Area of steel Asc = 10 x 314 = 3140mm2 340

50
 Area of concrete Ac = 340 x 500 3140 = 166860mm2

Ag = 340 x 500 = 170000 Kn

Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc 500

= 0.45 x 20 x 16680 + 0.75 x 415 x 3140 N

= 2479065 N = 2479.1 Kn

Let us test a trial value of Pu equal to about 60% Puz

50
Pu = 0.60 x 2479.1 = 1475.5 kN say 1490 kN 50
50

And Pu = 1490 X 103 = 0.438

fck bD 20 x 340 x 500

d = 50 = 0.10
D 500
Percentage of steel = P= 3140 x 100 = 1.85%
170000

P = 1.85 = 0.093
fck 20
Referring to chart 21

Corresponding to P = 0.093
fck

and Pu = 0.438, Mu = 0.109

fck bD fck bD2

Mux1 = 0.109 x 20 x 340 x 5002 = 185.3 x 106 Nmm

= 102.4 kNm.

Now, d = 50 = 0.147 say 0.15

D 340

Referring to chart 22,

Corresponding to P = 0.093
fck

and Pu = 0.438
fck bd

Mu = 0.116
2
fck bD

Muy1 = 0.116 x 20 x 500 x 3402 = 134.1 x 106 Nmm

= 134.1 kNm.
 Pu = 1490 = 0.60
Pz 2479.1

Corresponding to Pu = 0.60, the value of n = 1.667

Pz

Mux = Pu ex = 1490 x 80 = 119.2kNm.

1000

Muy = 1490 x 60 = 89.4kNm

1000

[Mux / Mux1]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n

(119.2 / 185.3)1.667 + (89.4 / 134.1)1.667

= 0.48 + 0.51 = 0.99 (less than 1)

Hence, the ultimate load Pu = 1490kN is correct.

Problem 3: A short rectangular R.C.C. column carries an axial load of 1170kN accompanied by moments
Mx = 120kNm and My = 30kNm about the major and the minor axes.

Effective length about x-axis = lex = 5.25m

Effective length about y-axis = ley = 4m

Unsupported length of column about both axes = 4.75m

Design the column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Reinforcement shall be arranged equally on four sides.

Solution: We will select the column sizes so that the column will be a short column

Let D = depth of the section and b = width of the section.

lex < 12
D

D > lex
12

D > 5.25 X 103

12

D > 437.5mm
ley < 12 b > ley b > 4 x 103 = 333.3mm
b 12 12

Let us provide 350mm x 500mm.

Let 20mm bars be used at a clear cover of 40mm

Effective cover = 40 + 10 = 50mm.

Minimum eccentricity
ex min = l + D = 4750 + 500 = 26.17mm > 20mm
500 30 500 30

Ey min = l + b = 4750 + 350 = 21.17mm > 20mm

500 30 500 30

Ultimate load and moments are,

Pu = 1.5 x 1170 = 1755kN

Mux = 1.5 x 120 = 180kNm, Muy = 1.5 x 30 = 45kNm

Pu ex min = 1755 x 26.17 = 45.93 kNm < 180kNm

1000

PU ey min = 1755 x 21.17 = 37.15 kNm < 45kNm

1000
Hence for design we should take
Pu = 1755 kN, Mux = 180kNm and Muy = 45kNm

Let us provide 2% steel

P=2

Asc = 2 / 100 x 350 x 500 = 3500mm2

Ac = 350 x 500 3500 = 171500mm2

Ag = 350 x 500 = 175000mm2

Puz = o.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

= 0.45 x 20 x 171500 + 0.75 x 415 x 3500 = 2632.9 x 103 N = 2632.9Kn

P = 2 = 0.10
fck 20

Pu = 1755 X 103 = 0.50 d = 50 = 0.10

fck bD 20 x 350 x 500 D 500

Referring to chart 5, corresponding to the above data,

Mux1 = 0.116
 Fck bD2

Mux1 = 0.116 x 20 x 350 x 5002 = 203 x 106 Nmm = 203kNm

Now, b = 50 = 0.14 say 0.15

b 350

Referring to chart 6,

Corresponding to the above data,

Muy1 = 0.10
2
Fck Db

Muy1 = 0.10 x 20 x 500 x 3502 = 122.5 x 103 Nmm = 122.5kNm

Pu = 1755 = 0.67, Corresponding to Pu = 0.67

Puz 2632.9 Puz

n = 1.791

[Mux / Mux1]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n

(180 / 203)1.791 + (45 / 122.5)1.791

= 0.81 + 0.17 = 0.98 (less than l)

Hence, the percentage of steel assumed is satisfactory.

Asc = 2 / 100 x 350 x 500 = 3500mm2

350
SLENDER COMPRESSION MEMBERS

We know when the ratio of the effective length to the lateral dimension
12-20mm
Of the column section exceeds 12 the column is regarded as a long or

Slender column. Such a column is liable to buckle before it can reach the 500

ultimate strength. The buckling of a column results in the column load

becoming eccentric by where is the maximum lateral deflection. 6mm ties

Ties @
To consider this effect, the I.S. code has given the following specification. 300mm

A slender column is taken as subjected to additional moments Mx and My given by

Mx = Pu D (lex / D)2 and My = Pu b (ley / b)2

2000 2000
Where,
Pu = Ultimate axial load
lex = Effective length in respect of the major axis
ley = Effective length in respect of the minor axis
D = Depth of the cross section at right angle to the major axis,
b = width of the member

The above expression can be rearranged as

Mx = Pu eux and My = Pu ey

Where, ex = D / 2000 (lex / D)2 and ey = b / 2000 (ley / b)2

Or ex / D = 1 / 2000 (lex / D)2 and ey / D = 1 / 2000 (ley / b)2

The table below gives values of ex / D or ey / b for different values of the slenderness ratio.

Additional Eccentricity for Slender Columns

lex / D or ley / b ex / D or ey / b lex / D or ley / b ex / D or ey / b

12 0.072 25 0.313
13 0.085 30 0.450
14 0.098 35 0.613
15 0.113 40 0.800
16 0.128 45 1.013
17 0.145 50 1.250
18 0.162 55 1.513
19 0.181 60 1.800
20 0.200

The I.S. code has further specified that the moments given above may be reduced by a multiplication factor k
given by
K = Puz - Pu 1
Puz - Pb

Where, Pu = Ultimate axial load on the member

Puz = Ultimate axial load with zero eccentricity
= 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Pb = Axial load corresponding to the condition of maximum strain of 0.0035 in concrete and
tensile strain of 0.002 in outermost layer of tension steel, and is given following

For rectangular section

Pb = [k1 + k2 p / fck] fck bD

For circular section

Pb = [k1 + k2 p / fck] fck D2

Where p = percentage of steel k1 and k2 are determined from the table below.

Values of K1 and K2 for determining Pb

Table Values of K1

Section d / D
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Rectangular 0.219 0.207 0.196 0.184
Circular 0.172 0.160 0.149 0.138

Table Values of K2

Section fy N/mm2 d / D
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Rectangular 250 0.045 0.045 -0.015 -0.045
Equal reinforcement 415 0.096 0.082 0.046 -0.022
On two opposite sides 500 0.213 0.173 0.104 -0.001
Rectangular 250 0.215 0146 0.061 -0.011
Equal reinforcement 415 0424 0328 0.203 0.028
On four sides 500 0545 0.425 0.256 0.040
Circular 250 0.193 0.148 0.077 -0.020
415 0.410 0.323 0.201 0.036
500 0.543 0.443 0.291 0.056

Notes:

1. A column may be considered braced at a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is
provided by walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in plane. It should
otherwise be considered as unbraced.
2. In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads occurring in its height, the additional
moment shall be added to an initial moment equal to the sum of 0.4 Mu1 and 0.6 Mu2 is the larger end
moment and Mu1 is the smaller end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than Mu2 nor the total moment including the initial
moment be less than Mu2. For unbraced columns, the additional moment shall be added to the end
moments.
3. Unbraced compression members, at any given level to storey, subject to lateral loads are usually
constrained to deflect equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may be taken as the
average for all columns acting in the same direction.

M2 M2

Ma Mi Ma
Mi
Column bending in single curvature Column bending in single curvature
(M2 > M1) M2 > M1
Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1 and not less than Mi = 0.6 Mu2 0.4 Mu1 and not less than 0.4
0.4 Mu2 Mu2
Total design moment Total design moment
Mt = Mi + M and not less than Mu2 Mt = Mi + M and not less than Mu2

Problem 4 Design R.C.C. column to the following particulars

Ultimate axial load = 1250Kn

Ultimate moment at top about x axis = 40kNm

Ultimate moment at top about y axis = 15kNm

Ultimate moment at bottom about x axis = 25kNm

Ultimate moment at bottom about y axis = 15kNm

Unsupported length of the column = 6m

Effective length about x axis = 4.75m

Effective length about y axis = 4.50m

Width of the column = 300mm

Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Note: The column is braced and it bends in single curvature

Solution; Let the column size be 300mm x 400mm

Let us provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter distributed on four sides.

Ag = 300 x 400 = 120000mm2

Asc = 8 x 314 = 2512mm2

Ac = 120000 2512 = 117488mm2

Percentage of steel provided = P= 2512 x 100 = 2.093%

300 x 400

Leffx = 4.75 X 1000 = 11.875 < 12

D 400
 leffy = 4.5 X 1000 = 15 > 12
D 300
The column is a long column about the y axis only.

Initial moments

Mix = 0.6 Mux2 + 0.4 Mux1 = 0.6 x 40 + 0.4 x 25

= 34kNm

This is greater than 0.4 Mux2 (= 0.4 x 40 = 16kNm)

Mix = 34kNm

Miy = 0.6 Muy2 + 0.4 Muy1 = 0.6 x15 + 0.4 x 15 = 15kNm

This is greater than 0.4 Muy2 (=0.4 x 15 = 6kNm)

Miy = 15kNm

Minimum moments

ex min = lx + D = 6000 + 400= 25.33mm

500 30 500 30

Ey min = ly + b = 6000 + 300 = 22mm

500 30 500 30

Mxmin = Pu ex min = 1250 x 25.33 = 31.67 kNm

1000

My min = PU ey min = 1250 x 22 = 27.5 kNm

1000
And Mix = 34kNm
Miy = 27.5kNm

Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

= 0.45 x 20 x 117488 + 0.75 x 415 x 2512 = 1839.252 x 106N

Additional moment for bending about the y axis

My = Pu b (lyeff / b)2 k
2000
Where, k = Puz - Pu
Puz - Pb

Pb = (k1 + k2p / fck) fck Bd

d = 50 = 0.167
b 300
Referring table

For d = 50 = 0.167 k1 = 0.192 and K2 = 0.1435

b 300

Pb = (0.192 + 0.1435 x 2.093 ) 20 x 300 x 400 = 496.84kN

20

K = 1839.252 1250 = 0.439 < 1

1839.252 496.84

My = 1250 x 300 x 152 x 0.439 = 18.52 kNm

2000 1000

Mux = Mix + Mx = 34 + 0 = 34kNm

But Mux2 = 40 kNm

Mux = 40kNm

Muy = Miy + My = 15 + 18.52 = 33.52kNm > Muy2

Thus the column should be designed for the following design loads and moments

Design load Pu = 1250kN

MUX = 40KNm and My = 33.52 kNm

Check for safety for biaxial bending

i) Bending about x axis

d = 50 = 0.125, P = 2.093 = 0.104

D 400 fck 20

Pu = 1250 X 103 = 0.521

Fck Bd 20 x 300 x 400

Since d = 0.125 (between 0.10 and 0.15) we will refer to charts 21 and 22.
D

Chart d / D P/fck Pu / fck bD Mu / fck bD2

21 0.10 0.104 0.521 0.095
22 0.15 0.104 0.521 0.085
0.125 0.104 0.521 0.090
 Mux1 = 0.090 fck bD2 = 0.090 x 20 x 300 4002 = 86.4 x 106 Nmm

= 86.4 KNm

ii) Bending about y axis

d = 50 = 0.167
D 300

Since d = is between 0.15 and 0.20 we will refer to charts 22 and 23.
b

Chart d / D P/fck Pu / fck bD Mu / fck bD2

22 0.15 0.104 0.521 0.085
23 0.20 0.104 0.521 0.077
0.167 0.104 0.521 0.082

Muy1 = 0.082 fck Db2 = 0.082 x 20 x 400 x 3002 = 59.04 x 106 Nmm

= 59.04 KNm

Pu = 1250 = 0.68
Puz 1839.282

Referring table

For Pu = 0.68,
Pz

n = 1.80

[Mux / Mux1]n + [ Muy / Muy1]n

(40 / 86.4)1.80 + (33.52 / 59.04)1.80

= 0.25 + 0.36 = 0.61 (less than l)

Hence, the design is safe.

Provide also 6mm lateral ties @ 250mm c/c.

1. A short R.C.C. column 400 x 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If the effective length of
the column is 2.25m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution:

Size of the column: 400 x 400mm

Minimum eccentricity is greater than the following

i) L + b = 2250 + 400
500 30 500 30

= 4.5 + 13.33
= 17.83mm
ii) 20mm
emin = 20mm

emin has not exceed = 0.05b

= 0.05 x 400
= 20mm

Gross area of the section Ag = 400 x 400

= 16 x 104 mm2

Area of steel = 8 x / 4 (16)2 = 1608.50mm2

Area of concrete = 158391.50mm2

Since emin has not exceed 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by

Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

= 0.40 x 20 x 15839.50 + 0.67 x 415 x 1608.50

= 1714.24kN

2. A short column R.C.C. column 450 x 450mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm diameter. The effective
length of the column is 2.75m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250
Steel.
3. A reinforced concrete short column 400mm x 400mm has to carry an axial load of 1200kN. Find the
area of steel required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
4. A reinforced concrete column of 2.75m effective length carries an axial load of 1600kN. Design the
column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 400mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars
of 25mm diameter, it is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm. Use
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution: M20 & Fe 415

D = 400mm
 Asc = 6 x / 4 ( 25)2 = 2945.25mm2

Diameter of core = 400 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 336mm

320
Ultimate load for the column. 400mm
328mm
Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)

= 1.05 [ (0.4 x 20 x 122718.75) + (0.67 x 415 x 2945.25)]

= 1890.71kN

Safe load for the column = 1890.71 / 1.5 = 1260.47Kn

Check for validity for the formula used.

Consider one pitch length of the column

Volume of helical reinft. Per pitch 0.36 (Ag / Acore 1) fck / fy

Volume of core concrete per pitch

( dh2 + p2) p 0.36 ( / 4 (400)2 / ( / 4 (336)2 1) 20 / 415

/ 4 (400 2 x 40 + 2 x 8)

Length of helix per pitch length

= (dh)2 + p2

= ( x 328)2 + 452

= 1031.43mm

Volume of helix per pitch length = 1031.43 x 45 = 46414.35

Volume of the core per pitch length = 3990,083.328

Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core = 0.0116

This should be 0.36 (Ag / Acore 1) fck / fy > 0.007

Hence the provision of helical reinforcement is satisfactory.

Minimum depth of foundation

= P ( 1- sin / 1 + sin )2

P = safe bearing capacity of the soil.

 = specific weight of the soil
= Angle of repose of the soil.

UNIT V LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING AND DETAILING

Find the area depth of foundation required for a column carrying an axial load of 1250kN. The safe
bearing capacity of the soil is 120 kN/m2. The soil at the sight weights 18kN/m3 and has an angle of repose
of 30.

Load on the colum = 1250kN

Approximate weight to foundation = 125kN

(10% of column load)

Total load on the soil = 1375 kN

Area of the foundation required = 1375 / 120 = 11.46m2

Provide a foundation area of 12m2

Minimum depth of foundation

= P ( 1- sin / 1 + sin )2

= 120 ( 1- sin 30 / 1 + sin 30)2

18

= 0.74m say 0.75m

Consider 1m run of the foundation

Total upward load on the cantilever = pa / 1000 N

Maximum bending moment = pa2 / 2000 x 1000 = N/mm

Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 for the 28 days cube strength . For M20
concrete the permissible bending stress.

F = 20 = 2 / 3 N/mm2
30

Equating M.R to max. BM

E / r = f/y = M /I
M = F.I / Y = Pa2
2

- f.I = Pa2
2

f BD3 . Pa2
6 2

D2 = 3Pa2
fB

D = 3Pa2
fB

P = 100 Kn/M2
0.10
= 100 X 1000 N
1000 X 1000 mm2

= 0./N/mm2

Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 of the 28 dayys cube strength

For M20 concrete the permissible bending stress

f= 20 = 2/3 N/mm2
30

Equating M.R to max B.M

1/6 f b D2 = pa2
2

D = 6 pa2
2 f b

P = 100 KN / m2 = 100 x 1000 = 0.1 N/mm.

1000 x 1000

D = 6 X 0.1 a2
2 x 2/3 x 1000

= 0.02 a

Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 of the 28 dayys cube strength

For M20 concrete the permissible bending stress

f= 20 = 2/3 N/mm2
30

Equating M.R to max B.M

1/6 f b x D2 = pa2
2

1/6 x 2/3 x D2 = pa2

2
2 2
D = 3 x 6 pa
2x2
D = 4.5 pa2
2

D = 4.5 a p
= 4.5 a 0.1

= 2.121 a p
= 2.121 a 0.1

D = 0.6708 a P = 100 KN / m2 = 100 x 1000 = 0.1 N/mm.

1000 x 1000

Design a unreinforced concrete wall footing for a wall 450mm thick carrying a load of 300kN/m run. The
safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200KN/m2. Use M20 concrete.

Solution:

Consider one meter run of wall

Load of the wall = 300kN/m. = 300 000 N/m

Weight of the footing at 10% of load on the wall = 30 000 N/m

Total Load = 3,30,000 N/m

Area of footing for one meter run = 3,30,000

2, 20,000
= 1.65m2

Width of footing = 1.65 / 1 = 1.65m = 1650mm

Thickness of wall = 450mm

Cantilever projection of footing a = 1650 450 = 600mm.

2
Net upward pressure P = 300kN = 181.82 kN/m2
1.65 X 1

Depth of footing
 D = 3 X Pa2
fxB
= 3 x 0.18182 x 6002
20/30 x 1
= 541.37mm say 550mm
P = 181.82KN/m2
= 181.82 x 1000N
1000 X 1000
= 0.18182.

2. A square column 500 x 500mm carries an axial load of 1500kN. Design the column and a square
footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 225kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415
steel.

Solution:

Design of the column

Load on the column = W = 1500Kn

Factored load Pu = 1.5 x 1500 = 2250kN

Overall area of the column section = 500 x 500 = 2,50,000mm2

Area of steel = Asc . mm2

Ac = 250000 Asc

Area of concrete Ac = 2,50,000 - Asc

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

2250 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x (2,50,000 Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc

2250 x 103 = 2 x 106 = 2 x 106 8 Asc + 278.05 Asc

Asc = 925.75mm2

Using 20mm #

No. of bar = 925.75

/ 4(20)2
= 2.95 Nos. say 4 Nos.

The diameter of the lateral ties shall be not less than

a) diameter to the longitudinal bars = 20/4 = 5mm.
b) 6mm

Provide 6mm # bars.

Pitch of lateral ties

i) 500mm
ii) 16 x 20 = 320mm
 iii) 48 x 6 = 288mm

Provide 6mm # ties @ 280mm c/c.

Design of the foundation:

Load on the column = 1500kN

Approximate weight of the footing at 10% of column load = 150kN

Total = 1650kN

Area of the footing = 1660 Load

225 SBC
= 7.33m2

Size of the footing = 2.71m.

Provide 2.75m x 2.75m 2.75

Net upward pressure intensity = p = 1500 x 103

0.5
1.75 x 2.75
0.5
2.75
= 198.35 kN/m2

Depth from B.M consideration

BM = 198.35KN/m2 x 2.75m x 1.1252 / 2

1125
= 345.17kNm

Mu = 345.17 x 1.5 = 517.75

517.75 x 106 = 0.138 fck bd2

= 0.138 x 20 x 500 d2

d = 612.52mm

Providing 12mm # bars at a clear cover of 60mm

Upper layer d = 60 + 12 + 6 = 78mm

D = 613 + 78 = 691mm.

Depth may be increased by 30% to limit the shear stresses.

D = 691 x 1.3 = 898.30mm

D = 900mm

d = 900 78 = 822mm.
Depth from punching shear consideration:

Punching load = column load - Reaction on column area

= 1500 198.34 x 0.52

= 1450.42 Kn

Factored punching load = Pu = 1.5 x 1450.42

= 2175.63kN
Punching shear stress for M20 concrete = 1.8 N/mm2

Equating punching shear stress resistance to the punching load

4 x 500 x 1.8 x D = 2175.63 x 103

D = 604.34mm

Ast =

Check for shear

SF = 198.35KN/m2 x 2.75 x 0.303

= 165.28kN
303
Vu = 247.91kN

Tc = Vu
b1 d1
?
= 0.30 N/mm2 300 303 900

Ast = 18 x 113 = 2034mm2

D1 = 300 + 600 / 1125 x 30
% Ast = 2034 x 100
2144 x 383.30 d1 = 461.60 - 78
= 383.60mm
= 0.26% b1 = 2144

Tv = 0.36 N/mm2 822 = 1125

 ? 1125

Check for two way shear

D2 = 680.80mm

d2 = 602.80mm

b1 = 1322

Perimeter = 4 x 1322 = 5288mm.

V = 198.34 KN /m2 (2.752 1.3222)

= 1153.31

Vu = 1.5 x 1153.31
= 1729.97 kN

Tv = 1729.97 x 103
5288 x 602.80

= 0.54 N/mm2

Bc = short side of column section

Long side of column section

=1

K = 0.5 + pc = 1 + 0.5 = 1.50

Kc should be limited to 1 d/2 = 411

Tc = k x 0.25 fck = 1 x 0.25 20

= 1.12 N/mm2
300 900
Tv < Tc
600 = ?
1125 714
? = 380.80mm
Design a footing for the foundation of a brick wall 40cm thick and transmitting a load of 100kN/m of its length.
The bearing capacity of the soil is 60kN/m2. The unit weight of earth is 15kN/m3. Use fck = 20Mpa, fy = 250
Mpa and load factor = 1.5
40 cm tk.
 100kN/m

SBC = 60KN/m2

= 15 kN/m3

M20 & Fe 250

Load factor 1.5

Assume base of the footing to be 50 cm below the ground level.

Axial load = 100kN/m

Area of footing required = 100 / 60 = 1.67m per m length.

App. Wt. of 10% = 110 / 60

A = 1.83m

P = 110 / 2 = 55kN/m

82.5kN/m.

M = 82.5 x 0.92 / 2 = 33.41

d=M
0.148 fck b

= 33.41 x 106
0.148 x 15 x1000

= 109.73mm

d = 120mm

D = 300mm
d = 65

d = 235mm

BM = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 Ast fy

bd fck
Ast

Ld = s < available length

4 Tbd

One way shear

 Vu = pl

Tv = V/bd

Shear strength Tc

0.25l1 Clear Span

Ld
0.25l2
0.25l1
0.15l1*
60% 0.15l1* 0.15l2*
100% 20%
60% 100% 100% 60%

30%
100%
30% 30%
0.111
Effective Span L1 0.15l1 0.15l2 Effective Span L2

End Support Intermediate Support

** 0.15 l1 should not be less than Ld

Note: - Applicable to continuous beams with approximately equal spans (not differing more than 15 percent)
and subjected to predominantly U.D.L., and designed without compression steel.

Figure SIMPLIFIED CURTAILMENT RULES FOR CINTINUOUS BEAMS.

L

Minimum two bars

*

Ld / 3
100% 50%
50%
0.08 L 0.08 L
 Brick wall

In case partially restraint members 35 percent of the reinforcement shall also be provided for negative
moment at the support and fully anchored.
Not less than
Greater of 0.5 l
or Ld
Not less
than 0.5 Ast Ast 50

Ld

0.25 Ast (mim.) subject to

minimum of two bars, if
not designed as a doubly
reinforced section.

L
Ld / 3

Figure Simplified Curtailment rules for a cantilever Beam (Continued)

8.6 Edge and spandrel Beam T beam or L beams are usually designed as internal and external beams
supporting a floor slab: where part of the slab form the horizontal portions of T or L beam

as thee flange of T or L beam is parallel to the beam, transverse reinforcement extending to the length
indicated in figure shall be provided. If the quantity of such transverse reinforcement is not specially determined
by calculations it shall not be less than 60 percent of main reinforcement in the centre of the span of slab
constituting the flange.

8.7 Corners and cracked Beams Recommendations for various methods of reinforcing corners are giving
herein based on reference 6. It is to be noted that closing corners present to the major.

< Greater of
 0.5 L or Ld Bars to have the required
anchorage value on both
50
sides.
0.5Ast Ast

150
(Min
)

0.25 Ast (MIN.) subject

to minimu two bars.
Ld / 3

8.17 B Cantilever Beam Projecting From a Beam over a coumn

Figure 8.17 Simplified Curtailment Rules for a cantilever Beam

Beam 1/4 bf 1/4

X X SECTION XX
 Figure 8.18 Transverse
Reinforcement in Flange of T beam
Lx / 5 When Main Reinforcment of Slab is
parallel to Beam
Beam

As (T & B)

Lx / 5

As (T & B)

Lx Shorter Span Section Showing U Type

Bars

9.4 A Corner with two Discontinuous Ends.

Lx / 5 Lx / 5

3/8As (T & B) 3/8As (T & B)

Lx / 5
 9.4 B Corner with One Discontnuous Ends

Figure 9.4 Torsional Reinfocement in Slab

1. An RCC footing 500mm x 500mm has to support an all inclusive load of 550kN and is also
subjected to a moment of 27.5kNm. Design a footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of
the soil is 250kN per Sq.meter. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
500
 500

P = 550kN

M = 27.5kNm

SBC 250KN/m2

Approximate weight of footing 55kN

Total Load = 550 + 55 = 605kN

Pe = M

Eccentricity = M/ p = 27.5 / 605 = 0.04545 m

Area of footing = Total Load / Safe Bearing Capacity

= 605 x 103 / 350

= 2.42 m2

Size of foundation = 1.56 meter.

Provide 1.60m x 1.60m

The footing will be so provided so that centre of gravity of the column load will coincide with the centre of
gravity of the footing. The footing is placed symmetrical with respectively to the xx axis of the column.

Projection of the footing beyond the column faces will be

1600 / 2 45.45 500 / 2 = 504.55mm

45.45
800

800 x

500
Net upward pressure intensity

= 550 / 1.6 x 1.6 = 214.84 kN/m2

Depth of footing

Punching Shear Consideration

4 x 100 x 1.8 D = 550 0.52 x 214.84) 1.5

D = 206.79mm

W = 214.84 x 1.6 = 343.74 KN/m

B.M. = 343.74 X 0.5952 / 2

= 60.846 KNm

Mu= 1.5 x 60.846 = 91.269kNm

Mu = 0.36 xumax / d ( 1-0.42 xumax / d) fck bd2 500 1600

= 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) 20 x 500 d2

d = 257.20mm

D = 260 + 60 + 15 = 335mm
375
D = 450 60 10 5 = 375mm

One way shear

d

500
250
375 375
450
220.05
200

SECTION
595
.50
Plan

b1 = 1250mm

d1 = 292.38 75

= 217.38mm

Va = 214.84 x 1.6 x 0.2205

kN/m2 x m x m
= 75.80 kN

Vu = 113.69kN

v = Vu / bd = 0.42 N/mm2

c = 100 Ast / bd

Two way shear

V = 214.84 kN/m2 (1.6)2 214.84 x (0.875)

v = 578.26 x 103 < kc 0.25 fck

4 x b1 d2

= 0.55 N/mm2 < 1.12 N/mm2

500 d/2 = 187.50
b1 = 875

d1 = 296.29mm

1600
d/2
PLAN

450
171.02 200
9
200
.50 408mm
8.50

D2 = 371.29

d2 = 296.29mm

Hence Safe

Overall depth at the critical section

= 1570 (1570 400) / 1570 x 1486 = 466.11mm

Effective depth at the critical section = d = 466.11 84 = 382.11mm

Radius of the critical circle section = 300 + 1486 = 1786mm

Nominal Shear Stress at the critical section due to factored shear force.

= 1.5 x 217300 (1.8752 1.7862)

2 x 1786 x 3820.11
 = 0.08 N/mm2

This very small

28.7 COMBINED FOOTINGS

Very often a column may have to be provided near the edge of some property and it may not be possible to
extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case the load on the footing will be eccentric, and will result
in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence an alternative design would to be providing a
common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it. The column footing provided to the
two columns is called a combined footing. The shape of the combined footing in plan shall be such that the line
of action of the two column loads should pass through the centroid of the foundation plan. With such a
planning, the loads of the two columns will be evenly distributed to the soil.

Combined footings are either rectangular or trapezoidal. A rectangular combined footing is provided in the
following circumstances.

i) The width of the footing is restricted.

ii) The projection of the footing parallel to the length of the footing is restricted on one side.

A trapezoidal combined footing is provided when the projections parallel to the length of the footing is
restricted on both the sides, i.e. the trapezoidal combined footing is provided when the length of the footing
itself is restricted.

Rectangular Combined Footing.

Let A and B represent two columns carrying loads Wa and Wb respectively. Let the left column A be the
exterior column and let B be the interior column. Let the column be l apart between centers. Due to boundary
limitations, let the offset on the left side of the exterior column A be restricted to xa. Now the plan dimensions
of the footing can be fixed as follows.

Total column load = Wa + Wb = (W)

l
A Wa (W) Wb B
Xa ( x) (l x) Xb

b
 Figure

Weight of the foundation (this may be taken equal to the 10% of W approximately).

= Wf

Total load transmitted to the soil

= (W) + Wf

Area of foundation = Af = (W) + Wf

Safe Bearing Capacity of soil

Distance of centre of gravity of column loads from the axis of column A

=x = Wb x 1
(W)
Distance of C.G. of column loads from the left edge of the footing

= xa + x

In order the intensity of the soil reaction on the footing may be uniform, the condition to be satisfied is that the
C.G of the column loads (in plan) and the C.G. of the foundation plan must coincide.

To satisfy this condition.

Length of the footing = L = 2 (Xa + X )

After determining the length L of the footing the offset xb on the right side of the column B can be easily
determined.

Xb = L / 2 ( 1- X )

Since the area of the foundation is already calculated, we can determine the width b of the footing.

b = area of the foundation

L

Thus, the plan dimensions of the footing and the exact positions of the columns on the footing are established.
Net upward pressure on the footing

P = Total column load = (W)

Area of footing Af

Thickness of the footing: This is determined from punching shear and bending moment considerations.

Punching Shear consideration under column A

If D = Overall depth of the footing

Puncting load under the column A

= Load on column A soil reaction on the area of column A

= Wa p x area of column A

Factored punching load = 1.5 x actual punching load

Ultimate punching shear resistance

= perimeter of column A x D x design punching shear strength.

Equating the ultimate punching shear resistance to the factored punching load,

(Perimeter of column A ) x D x (design punching shear strength) = 1.5 [ Wa soil reaction on area of column
A]. We can find D
Punching shear consideration under the column B
As per previous case, we have the relation

(Perimeter of column B ) x D x (design punching shear strength) = 1.5 [ Wb soil reaction on area of column
A].
We can find D
Generally we find the depth of footing required will be greater.

From B.M. consideration.

B.M. consideration

Let Wus = 1.5 Wa and Wub = 1.5 Wb be the factored columns loads. Uniform upward pressure intensity.

A Wua Wub
Pu = Wua + Wub B
Af Xa l xb

Net upward reaction per unit length of the footing

= w = pu b

B.M. under the column A

Net upward Reaction per unit Run = w = Pub
= Mua = + wxa2
2
B.M. under the column B S1
S4
+
= Mub = + wxb2 +
-
2 -
S2
Maximum hogging moment will occur at a S.F. Diagram S3
Section between the columns, where the
Shear force is zero at a distance x from the X = Wu
Left edge. w
Mub
Equating the S,F, to zero, we get, Mub O2
+
+
Wx = Wua -
X = Wua
W Mu, max

Max. hogging B.M. B.M. Diagram

= Mu max = wx2 - Wua (x xa)

2

Where, X = Wua
This B.M will be generally the greatest B.M. for the footing. Mu lim

Using M20 concrete Fe 415 steel

Equating Mu lim to Mu max

0.138 fck bd2 = Mu max

D = Mu max
0.138 fck

Assuming suitable diameter of bars and providing a clear cover of 60mm

We can find the overall depth. The overall depth so determined may be increased bt 30% to 40% to limit the
shear stresses, and to reduce the steel area of economy consideration.

Reinforcement from B.M. Consideration.

For the bending moment Mumax and Mua and Mub the reinforcement required are determined.

The moment Mua and sometimes the moment Mub

A B
Ast max
May be so small, that the reinforcement required O1 O2

May work out to be very small. In such cases a minimum

Of 0.12% of gross sectional area may be provided when

Fe 415 steel is used and 0.15% of gross sectional area

As11 As12
May be provided when Fe 250 steel is used.
Figure: Theoretical Positions of reinforcement

Shear Analysis. Now we should determine the shear force at all critical sections.

S.F. at the left edge

S.F. just on L.H.S. of column A = S4 = + wxa

S.F. just on R.H.S. of column A = S2 = + wxa - Wua

S.F. just on R.H.S. of column B = S3= + wxb

S.F. just on L.H.S. of column B = S1 = + wxb + Wub

These shear forces are named as S1, S2, S3 and S4 in the order of their magnitudes.

Nominal shear stresses due to the above shear forces are given by

1 = S1 , 2 = S2 , 3 = S3 and 4 = S4 ,
bd bd bd bd

Critical Section for shear

In the cantilevering parts, the critical section for shear should be considered at a distance of effective depth from
the face of the column.

In part of the footing between the two columns the critical section for shear is at a distance of effective depth
from the column face ar at the point of contra flexure whichever is closer to the column.
A Lesser of d or distance to B
Point of contra - flexure
C C C C

C C C C

Figure Critical Sections for shear

Let c = permissible nominal shear stress. In the zones where the nominal shear stress is less than c nominal
eight legged stirrups will be provided at a nominal spacing of 300mm centers. Where the nominal shear
stresses are greater than c 10 or 12- legged stirrups may be provided. Sufficient longitudinal steel shall also be
provided to support the stirrups. To support eight legged stirrups at least five longitudinal bars are needed at
the top and at the bottom. See figure.

T o support 1 2- legged stirrups at least 7 longitudinal bars are needed at the top and the bottom. See figure.

Disposition of top and bottom longitudinal bars: The following points may be noted while deciding the
provision and disposition of the longitudinal reinforcement.

Disposition of top barsThe top bars which have been determined for the maximum hogging bending moment
may be provided between outer face of one column to outer face of the other column. Beyond this region as
much longitudinal steel as may be needed to support the stirrups may be provided.
 (a)SECTION SHOWING 12 STIRRUPS

(b)SECTION SHOWING 8 STIRRUPS

Bottom bars under the column A

The bottom bars under the column A shall be extended into the interior of the footing to the greater of the
following distances:

i) 30 diameters from the outer face of column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of the
column for tor steel.
ii) Upto the point of contra flexural.
iii) 30 diameters from the outer face of column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of
the column for tor steel.
iv) Upto the point of contra flexural.

W ua W ub
A B
Xa l Xb

lc
lc

lc lc

Nominal 8 legged
Stirrups
Nominal 8
12 legged
Tor Steel
legged 12 legged
ottom bars under the column B

The bottom bars under the column B shall be extended into the interior of the footing for the greater of the
following distances:

i) 30 diameters from the outer face of the column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of
the column for tor steel.
ii) Upto the point of contra flexure.

A O1

M.S.bar
30 d or upto the
point of contr
flexure whichever is
greater

Transverse bending: The footing has also a tendency to bend in a transverse direction. However, such bending
is likely to occur for a certain region in the neighborhood of each column. For design purpose it may be
assumed that such transverse bending will occur for a distance equal to the effective depth measured from the
face of the column.

Consider a strip of unit width bending in a transverse direction.

Maximum transverse bending moment per unit width

= M= Pu f2 / 2

Where Pu upward pressure intensity and = f = Maximum transverse projection. Now we can calculate the
transverse steel required for this bending moment. The transverse steel is placed over the bottom longitudinal
bars in the zone of transverse bending.
 Transverse Bending

Aa

A
B

45 45

Transverse reinforcement

Figure Region of transverse bending.

Design 1 : Design a reinforced concrete combined rectangular footing for two columns A and B located
3.60 metres apart. The sizes of the columns are 400mm x 400mm and 600mm x 600mm and the loads on
them are 1000kN and 1500kN respectively. The projection of the footing parallel to the length of the
footing beyond the axis of the column A is limited to 590mm. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is
280kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solutions:

Total load on the two columns = 1000 + 1500 = 2500kN

Approximate weight of foundation (10% of column load) = 250kN

Total load transmitted to the soil = 2750kN

Safe bearing capacity of the soil = 280KN/m2

Area of foundation = 2750 / 280 = 0.821m2

Distance of the resultant column load from the axis of Column A

 = 1500 X 3.60 = 2.16m
2500
1000 kN 1500 kN
0.59m
2.16m 1.44m 1.31m
A B

0.4m 0.6m

1.8m A B
0.4m 0.6m

2.75m 2.75m
5.50m

Distance of the resultant column load from the left edge of the footing = 0.59 + 2.16 = 2.75m.

For the condition that the resultant of the column loads must pass through the centroid of the foundation plan,
length of the footing = L = 2 x 2.75 = 5.50m

Width of the footing = B = 9.821 / 5.50 = 1.79m say 1.80m

Figure shows the position of the two columns on the foundation plan.

Net upward pressure intensity on the footing

P = 1000 +1500 / 5.5 x 1.8 = 252.52kN/m2

Depth of the footing

i) Punching shear consideration under the Column A

Punching load = column load Reaction of soil on column area
= 1000 252.52 x 0.402 = 956.60kN = 959600 N
Factored punching load = 1.5 x 959600 = 1439400 N

Design punching shear stress = 1.80 N/mm2

Equating punching shear resistance to the factored punching load

4 x 400 x D x 1.80 = 1439400 D = 499.8mm

ii) Punching shear consideration under the column B

 Punching load = 1500 252.52 x 0.602 = 1409kN

Factored punching load = 1.5 x 1409 = 2113.5kN = 2113500N

Equating punching shear resistance to the factored punching load

4 x 600 x D x 1.80 = 2113500 D = 489.2mm

iii) B.M. Consideration

Factored load on column A = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500kN
Factored load on column B = 1.5 x 1500 = 2250kN

1500kN 2250kN

0.59m A 3.60m B 1.31m

681.818kN/m

585.03kNm
118.67kNm
O1 O2

0.11m

2 765kNm

FIGURE

Reaction of soil on the footing per meter run = 1500 + 2250 / 5.50 = 681.818kN/m

B.M. under the column A = Ma = + 681.818 x 0.592 / 2 = + 118.67 kNm.

B.M. under the column B = Mb = + 681.818 x 1.312 / 2 = + 585.03 kNm.

The maximum hogging moment occurs at a section where the shear force is zero. Let this section be x metres
from the left end.

Equating the shear force to zero,

681.818x 1500 = 0

X = 2.20m

Mmax = 681.818 x 2.202 / 2 -1500 (2.20 0.59) 765kNm

Points of contra flexure

Equating of the general expression for bending moment to zero,

681.818 x2 / 2 1500 (x 0.59) = 0

Or x2 4.42 x + 2.596 = 0

Solving we get, x = 0.70m and 3.70m from the left end.

Equating Mu lim to Mmax

0.138 fck bd2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1800 d2 = 765 x 106 d = 392.4mm

Providing 16mm bars at a clear cover of 60mm

Effective cover to the centre of steel = 60 + 8 = 68mm

Overall depth = 392.4 + 68 = 452.4mm

For economic use of steel increase the depth by 40%

Overall depth = 1.40 x 452.4 = 634mm

Provide an overall depth of 650mm

Actual effective depth = d = 650 68 = 582mm

Reinforcement from B.M. Consideration

Top steel for maximum hogging moment of 765kNm

Mmax = 765 x 106 = 1.255

bd2 1800 x 5822

Percentage of steel required

Pt = 50 [ 1 - 1 4.6 / 20 x 1.255 = 0.377

415 / 20

Ast = 0.377 / 100 (1800 x 582) = 3950mm2

Provide 20 bars of 16mm (4020mm2)

Bottom steel under the column A for a sagging moment of 118.67kNm

Ma = 118.67 x 106 = 0.195

bd2 1800 x 5822

Percentage of steel required

Pt = 50 [ 1 - 1 4.6 / 20 x 0.195 = 0.350%

415 / 20
Minimum percentage of steel = 0.12%

Ast = 0.12 / 100 (1800 x 582) = 1258mm2

Provide 7 bars of 16mm (1407mm2)

Bottom steel under the column B for a sagging moment of 585.03kNm

Mb = 585.03 x 106 = 0.96

bd2 1800 x 5822

Percentage of steel required

Pt = 50 [ 1 - 1 4.6 / 20 x 0.96 = 0.283%

415 / 20

Ast = 0.283 / 100 (1800 x 582) = 2965mm2

Provide 15 bars of 16mm (3015mm2)

Shear analysis

S.F. on LHS of column A = + 681.818 X 0.59 = + 402.27kN

S.F. on RHS of column A = + 402.27- 1500 = -1097.73kN

S.F. on RHS of column B = - 681.818 X 1.31 = -893.18kN

S.F. on LHS of column B = - 893.18 +2250 = + 1356.82kN

Cantilevering Parts. The critical section for shear is taken at a distance equal to the effective depth from the face
of the column.

1500kN 2250kN

0.59m 3.60m 1.31m

681.818kN/m 1356.82kN

402.27kN
1.61m +
+

- -

893.18kN
1097.73kN
 FIGURE

Cantilevering part on the left side of Column A

Cantilever projection beyond the column face = 0.59 0.20 = 0.39m = 390mm

But, effective depth = 582mm.

Hence provide nominal 8 legged 10mm stirrups @ 300mm c/c

Cantilevering part on the right side of column B

Cantilever projection beyond the column face = 1.31 0.30 = 1.01m = 1010mm

Critical section is taken at a distance of effective depth i.e. 582mm from the column face.

Distance of the critical section from the axis of column B

= 300 + 582 = 882mm or 0.882m

S.F. at the critical section = 1.31 0.882 / 1.31 x 893.18 = 291.82kN

Nominal shear stress c = 291.82 x 1000 / 1800 x 582 = 0.28N/mm2

Percentage of steel provided = 3015 / 1800 x 582 x 100 = 0.29%

c = Design shear strength corresponding to 0.29% steel = 0.38N/mm2

Provide nominal 8 legged 10mm stirrups @300mm c/c

Footing between the two columns

Footing on the right side of column A

The critical section should be considered at the lesser of the following distances from the axis of
Column A

i) Half of column size + effective depth = 200 + 582 = 782mm = 0.782m

ii) Distance up to the point of contra flexure = 0.11m

Hence, critical section is taken at 0.11m from the axis of column A

S.F. at the critical section = 1.61 0.11 / 1.61 x 1097.73 = 1022.73

Nominal shear stress c = 1022.73 x 1000 / 1800 x 582 = 0.28N/mm2

Percentage of steel provided = 4020 / 1800 x 582 x 100 = 0.39%

Design shear strength for 0.39% steel =c = 0.43N/mm2

Shear resistance of concrete = c bd = 0.43 x 1800 x 582

= 450468N

= 450.468kN

This S.F. occurs at a distance of 450.468 / 1097.73 x 1.61 = 0.66m

From the section of zero shear

Or 1.61 0.66 = 0.95m = 950mm from the axis of column A

Net shear for which shear reinforcement is required

Vs = 1022.73 x 1000 450468 = 572262N

Spacing of 10 legged 12mm stirrups

= 0.87 x 415 (10 x 113) 582 / 572262 = 414mm

Provide 10 legged 12mm stirrups @300mm c/c

Footing on the left side of column B

The critical section should be considered at the lesser of the following distances from the axis of

Column B

i) Half of column size + effective depth = 300 + 582 = 882mm = 0.882m

ii) Distance up to the point of contra flexure = 490mm = 0.49m

Hence, critical section is taken at 0.49m from the axis of column B

S.F. at the critical section = 1.99 0.49 / 1.99 x 1356,82 = 1022.73kN

Nominal shear stress c = 1022.73 x 103 / 1800 x 582 = 0.98N/mm2

This is the same as the nominal shear stress at the other critical section on the right side of column A

Hence here also

Provide 10 legged 12mm stirrups @300mm c/c.

We know c = 0.43 N/mm2

Shear resistance of concrete = c bd = 0.43 x 1800 x 582

= 450468N

= 450.468kN

This S.F. occurs at a distance of 450.468 / 1356.82 x 1.99 = 0.66m

From the section of zero shear

Or 1.99 0.66 = 1.33m = 1330mm from the axis of column B

Disposition of longitudinal reinforcement

Top bars. Twenty bars of 16mm have been provided for the maximum hogging moment. All these twenty bars
are provided between the outer face of the column A to the outer face of the column B. Beyond this, we will
provide as many longitudinal bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.

5 16mm 20 16mm 5 16mm

Disposition of top bars

Bottom bars under the column A. 7 bars of 16mm have been provided. These bars are extended into the
interior of the footing for the greater of the following distances.

i) Up to the point of contra flexure = 110mm from the axis of column A

= 47 x 16 = 752mm from the outer face of the column A
= 752 200 = 552mm from the axis of the column A

552 6-16
7 16mm mm mm
5 18mm

FIGURE: DISPOSITION OF BOTTOM BARS UNDER THE COLUMN A

Further beyond provide as many longitudinal bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.

Bottom bars under the column B. 15 bars of 16mm have been provided. These bars are extended into the
interior of the footing for the greater of the following distances.

i) Up to the point of contra flexure = 490mm from the axis of column B

ii) 47 diameter = 47 x 16 = 752mm from the outer face of the column B
= 752 300 = 452mm from the axis of the column B. Further beyond provide as many longitudinal
bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.

6-16
5 16mm mm 490
5 16mm
Transverse reinforcement.1330

Maximum transverse projection = 1.80 0.40 / 2 = 0.70m

Net upward pressure intensity = 252.52N/m2

For a 1 m wide strip, maximum transverse bending moment

= 252.52 x 0.702 / 2 = 61.867kNm

Factored moment Mu = 61.867 x 1.5 = 92.80kNm

Providing 10mm bars, effective depth to the centre of transverse bars.

= 582 8 5 = 569mm

Mu = 92.80 x 106 = 0.287

bd 1000 x 5692

Percentage of steel required

Pt = 50 [ 1 - 1 4.6 / 20 x 0.287 = 0.08%

415 / 20

Minimum percentage of steel = 0.12%

Ast = 0.12 / 100 (1000 x 569) = 683mm2

Spacing of 10mm bars = 79 x 1000 / 683 = 115mm

Provide 10mm @ 110mm c/c.

This reinforcement is provided for a distance of effective depth of the footing, i.e. 582mm beyond each face of
the columns.
K = n neutral axis depth factor

Depth of neutral axis = kd = nd

M = modular ratio

J = lever arm

C = Compressive force in concrete

T = Tensile force in steel

M = Moment of resistance of the section.

cbc =c = compressive stress development in concrete

st = t = Tensile stress developed in steel.

M = 280 / 3 cbc

cbc
b

kd c

Kd =nd

(d kd / 3) - jd
st / m
D ( 1-k/3)= dj = jd

cbc = st
kd m/d kd

cbc = kd = k
st/m d kd 1-k

cbc = k
st/m 1-k

cbc (1 k) = st/m. k

cbc k cbc = st / m.k

cbc = st/m.k + k cbc

= k (st/m + cbc)

K = cbc
st/m + cbc

= cbc / cbc
st/m 1/cbc + cbc/cbc

K= 1
1 + st/m. 1 / cbc
M = c ( d kd / 3)

= cbc . kd . b (d kd / 3)

= cbc k bd2 ( 1 k/3)

= cbc kj bd2

M = Q bd2 Q = cbc k . j

d = M / Qb j = 1 k/3

M = Ast . st ( d- kd / 3) k= 1
1 + st / m + 1 / cbc

= Ast st + d (1- k/3)

M = Ast st j.d

Ast = M
st j d

bxa2 = M.Ast (d x)
2 Xc = [ 1

1 + st / mcbc

Xa < Xc

Mr = st Ast ( d xa / 3)

Xa > Xc

Mr = cbc . xa . b (d xa / 3)
 QUESTION BANK
PART-A
UNIT I
1. What are the advantages of limit state method over working stress and ultimate
load methods?
2. How do you find the moment of resistance of a beam section?
3. Discuss the merits of working stress method?
4. What is modular ratio? Determine the modular ratio at M20 grade concrete.
5. What do you understand by limit state of collapse?
6. Draw stress-strain curve for various grades of steel.
7. State the assumptions made in working stress method.
8. What is modular ratio? Determine the modular ratio at M25 grade concrete.
UNIT II
1. Distinguish between one way and two way slabs.
2. Explain the terms balanced, over reinforced and under reinforced
sections in bending
3. Discuss the different limit state to be considered in reinforced concrete
design?
4. Why is it necessary to provide transverse reinforcement in a one way slab?
5. What are the three basic methods using factor of safety to achieve safe
workable structures?
6. Explain maximum depth of neutral axis.
7. Find the depth of neutral axis in terms of d for a balanced section using Fe
415 steel, in limit state method.
8. What is the difference in the design of one way slab and two way slabs?

UNIT III
1. What are the types of reinforcements used to resist shear?
2. Explain the difference between primary and secondary torsion. Give two
examples each.
3. Under what circumstances are doubly reinforced beams used?
4. Reinforced concrete slab are generally safe in shear and do not require
shear reinforcement? Why?
5. What is modular ratio?
6. Mention the difference in design principles for L Beam and T Beam.
7. When shear reinforcement is necessary in a beam
8. What is bond stress? Write an expression for it.

UNIT IV
1 What is the minimum and maximum percentage of steel allowed in
R.C.Column? Explain why it is necessary to specify the minimum and
maximum percentage.
2 Give example of columns that are in practice subjected to unaxial and
biaxial bending.
3 Explain (a) Equilibrium torsion (b) Compatibility torsion
4 How do you classify a column as long?
 5 What will be minimum and maximum area of tension reinforcement in a
beam?
6 How shear reinforcement improves the strength of beam?
7 How do you classify a column as short or long?
8 Write the procedure for the design of an axially loaded short column.

Unit V

1. Sketch the placement of steel in rectangular footing with a non-central load.

2. What are the situations in which combined footings are preferred over isolated
footings?
3. Draw a neat sketch of a masonry footing.
4. What is slenderness ratio for a masonry wall? State the maximum values?
5. Compare the behavior of tied and spirally reinforced column.
6. How do you classify one-way footing and two-way footing in foundation?
7. Under what circumstances a trapezoidal footing become necessary?
PART-B
UNIT - I
1. A singly reinforced concrete beam is of width 450mm and effective depth
715mm. It is reinforced with 8Nos.20mm mild steel bars. Assuming M20
concrete, determine its moment of resistance according to the working stress
method. Determine also the stress in steel when the beam is subjected to the
above moment.
2. Determine the reinforcement for a T beam with flange width = 1500mm, web
width = 300mm, thickness of slab = 100mm, effective depth 735mm, to carry
a moment of 380kNm due to characteristic loads. Use M25 concrete and Fe
415 steel. Using Working Stress Design.
3. A singly reinforced concrete beam is of width 400mm and effective depth
615mm. It is reinforced with 8Nos.20mm mild steel bars. Assuming M25
concrete, determine its moment of resistance according to the working stress
 method. Determine also the stress in steel when the beam is subjected to the
above moment.
4. Design a rectangular slab supported on its all four edges (600mm thick) over a
classroom of size 4.8m x6.2m. Two adjacent edges of the slab are
discontinuous and the remaining two edges are continuous. A finishing
surface of cement concrete of 20mm shall be provided over the slab. The slab
shall be used as classroom. M20 grade of concrete and HYSD bars shall be
used. The unit weight of finishing surface concrete is 24KN/m3.
5. Design a rectangular beam section subjected to an ultimate moment of
120kNm. Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415. Adopt limit state method.
UNIT II
1. A rectangular beam has b=200mm, d=400mm if steel used is Fe 415 and
grade of concrete is M25. Find the steel required to carry a factored moment
of 12kNm.
2. Design of roof slab for an interior panel of size 5mx6m. Live load is
5.0KN/m2. Use M30 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
3. Design a simply supported R.C.C.SLAB for a roof of a hall 4mx10m (inside
dimensions) with 230mm walls all around. Assume a live load of 4kN/m2 and
finish 1KN/m2.Use grade 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
4. A T beam continuous over several supports has to carry a factored negative
support moment of 1000kNm. Determine the area of steel at supports if b W =
400MM, bfy =1600mm, Df = 100mm, D=610mm, d = 60mm, fck = 30N/mm2,
f = 415 N/mm2.
5. A doubly reinforced concrete beam is 250mm wide and 510mm depth the
center of tensile steel reinforcement. The compression reinforcement consists
of 4 Nos. of 18mm dia bars placed at an effective cover of 40mm from the
compression edge of the beam. The tensile reinforcement consists of 4Nos. of
20mm diameter bar. If the beam section is subjected to a BM of 85kNm,
calculate the stresses in concrete and tension steel.
6. Design a smallest concrete section of a RC beam to resist an ultimate moment
of 62kNm, assuming width 230mm, concrete grade M20 and HYSD bars of
grade Fe415.
7. A rectangular beam of width 300mm and effective depth 500mm reinforced
with 4 bars of 12mm diameter. Find the moment of resistance and stresses in
the top compression fiber of concrete and tension steel. Use concrete M20 and
steel Fe415. A dopt working stress method.
8. Design the interior span of a continuous one way slab for an office floor
continuous over tee beams spaced at 3 meters. Live load = 4kN/m, Floor
finish = 1kN/m2.Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415. Adopt limit state method.
Sketch the steel reinforcement.

UNIT III
1. A rectangular beam width b=350mm and d=550mm has a factored shear of
400kN at the critical section near the support. The steel at the tension side
of the section consists of four 32mm bars which are continued to support.
Assuming fck=25 and fy=415(N/mm2) design vertical stirrups for the
section.
2. A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a breadth of 350mm and
effective depth of 800mm. It has a factored shear of 105kN at section XX.
Assuming that fck=25, fy=415(N/mm2) and percentage of tensile steel at that
section is 0.5percent, determine the torsional moment the section can resist
if no additional reinforcement for torsion is provided. Workout the problem
according to IS456 principles of design for torsion.
3. A simply supported beam is 5m in span and carries a characteristic load at
75kN/m. If 6Nos. of 20mm bras are continued into the supports. Check the
development length at the supports assuming grade M20 concrete and
Fe415steel.
4. A rectangular RCC beam is 400x900mm in size. Assuming the use of grade
M25 concrete and Fe415 steel, determine the maximum ultimate torsional
moment at the section can take it.
(i) No torsion reinforcement is provided and
(ii) Maximum torsion reinforcement is provided.

5. A rectangular beam width b = 250mm and effective depth 500mm

reinforced with 4 bars of 20mm diameter. Determine the shear
 reinforcement required to resist a shear force of 150kN. Use concrete M20
and steel Fe415.

6. Design a rectangular beam section of width 250mm and effective depth

500mm, subjected to an ultimate moment of 160kNm, ultimate shear force
of 30kN and ultimate torsional moment of 10kNm. Use concrete M20 and
steel 415.

7. A RC beam 300x450mm in cross section in reinforced with 3 Nos. 20mm

diameter of grade Fe250, with an effective cover of 50mm. The ultimate
shear at the section of 138kn.Design the shear reinforcement (i)Using only
vertical strips without bending any bar for resisting. (ii) Bending 1 bar dia
20mm at 45 degree to resist shear at the section. Assume concrete of grade
M20.

8. A reinforced concrete beam 500mm deep and 230mm wide is reinforced

with 8Nos.20mm diameter bars at mid span to carry a UDL of 22.5kn/m
(inclusive of its own weight) over simple span of 8m. Assuming concrete
grade M20, steel grade Fe415, load factor 1.5 and width of support 230mm
(i) determine the minimum development length required for 20mm
diameter bar to develop full strength (ii) apply check for flexural
development length at support assuming all bar to continue at support (iii)
determine the minimum number of bars required at support for
development length of flexure.

UNIT IV

1. A rectangular column of effective height of 4m is subjected to a

characteristics axial load of 800kN and bending moment of 100kNm
about the major axis of the n. Design a suitable section for the column so
that the width should not exceed 400mm. Use the minimum percentage
of longitudinal steel. Assume fy=415N/mm2 and fck=20N/mm2.
2. An R.C.Column 500x400mm is subjected to an axial ultimate load of
2500kN and bent in single curvature about the minor axis with
My(top)=90knm and My(bottom)=120knm as ultimate moments. If L0=7.2m
and Le=5.75m on both axes, calculate the design moments for the
column.

3. Design the reinforcement in a spiral column of 400mm diameter

subjected to a factored load of 1500kN.The column has an supported
length of 3.4m and is braced against side way. Use M20 concrete and
Fe415 steel.

4. A column 300x400mm has an unsupported length of 3m and effective

length of 3.6m.If it is subjected to pu=1100kNm and Mu=230kNm about
the major axis, determine the longitudinal steel using fck=25N/mm2.

5. Calculate the ultimate strength in axial compression of column 400mm

in diameter and reinforced with 8Nos. of 20mm dia. of grade Fe250
when the column in helically reinforced by 8mm dia at (i) 60mm pitch,
(ii) 30mm pitch. Assume concrete of grade M20. Assume clear cover
equal to 40mm.

6. Design an axially loaded tied column 400mmx400mm pinned at both

ends with an unsupported length of 3m for carrying a factored load of
2300kN.Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

7. Design a circular column with helical reinforcement of 400mm diameter

and 4m in length to carry factored load of 1000kN.The column is hinged
at both ends. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.

8. A column 300mmx400mm has an unsupported length of 4m and fixed at

both ends. It is subjected to a factored load of 1000KN and an ultimate
moment of 200kNm about the major axis. Determine the longitudinal
reinforcement and lateral ties. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415
d=60mm.
 UNIT V
1. A rectangular column 300mmx400mm reinforced with 20mm diameter bars
carries a load of 1400kN. Design a suitable footing for the column. The safe
bearing capacity of the soil is 200kN/m2.Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.

2. Design a combined rectangular footing for two columns spaced at 5 centers.

The first column 400mmx400mm carries a load of 1200kN and the second
column 450mmx450mm carries a load of 1800kn at service state. Weight of
Soil = 20kN/m2, angle of repose=300 and safe bearing capacity of soil =
150kN/m2. Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.

3. Design a interior wall of a single storied workshop of height 5.4m surrounding

a RCC roof. The bottom of the wall rests over a foundation block. Assume
roof load equal to 45kN/m. A pier provided at a spacing of 3.6m along length
of wall.

4. Design a compound wall of height 1.8m to the top of 100mm thick coping.
Assume wind pressure is equal to 1kN/m2 and is UDL. The safe bearing
pressure of soil is 120kN/m2.

5. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of 1000kn and an imposed load of
400kn from a square column 400mmx400mm. Assuming fck=20N/mm2 and
fy=415N/mm2 and safe bearing capacity to be 200KN/m2, Design the footing.

6. Design a combined rectangular footing for two columns spaced at 500cm

centers. The first column 300mmx300mm carried load of 1000kn.and second
column 300mmx300mm carries a load of 1500kn at service state. Weight of
Soil = 20kN/m2, angle of repose=300 and safe bearing capacity of soil =
150kN/m2. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.

7. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of 1000kN and an imposed load of
400kN from a square column 400x400mm (with 16mm bars.) Assuming
 fy=415 and fck=20N/mm2 and safe bearing capacity to be 200kN/m2. Design
the footing.

8. Design a plain concrete footing for a 450mm wall carrying 300kN per meter
length. Assume grade 20 concrete and the bearing capacity of soil to be
200kN/m2.