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When the motor speed reaches approximately 97% of nameplate RPM, the
DC field current is applied to the rotor producing Pull-in Torque and the
rotor will pull-in -step and synchronize with the rotating flux field in the
stator. The motor will run at synchronous speed and produce Synchronous
Torque.
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
= + +
=
This is exactly the same as the equation for a generator, except that the sign on the current term
has been reversed.
In order to satisfy the above circuit equation, the phasor (often regarded as the back emf of
R
the motor) must lag the terminal voltage by the load angle .
1492
Rated kVA per phase = = 497.333
3
2300
Rated Voltage/phase = V = = 1327.906
3
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
Rated current, I
1000 497.333 1000
=
= 1327 .906
=
374.524
Phasor diagram:
= 2 + ( )2 = 1515.489
1515.489 1327.906
= = = 1032.014 /
1.95
= 2 = 2 50 = 314.159
1032.014 1000
. , = = = 3285 /
314.159
3 . = 9855
Assume that a synchronous motor is driving a constant torque load. The active
power converted by the machine is constant, since the power, the voltage and the
motor speed are constant. Thus,
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
Figure 3 shows the effect of change in field excitation on the operation of the
synchronous motor. As the field current is changed, the tip of armature current
phasor I will follow the locus XX (a line perpendicular to V), while the tip of the
back emf phasor E f will follow the locus YY (a line perpendicular to I 2 .X s , where
I 2 is the in-phase component of armature current).
Suppose the synchronous motor is initially overexcited (in other words, excited
with a large field current) and is operating at point 1, as shown in Figure 3. The
corresponding armature current I 1 is leading V, and hence the input power factor is
leading. Reduction of field current causes the tip of E f phasor to move towards
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
point 2: the armature current decreases to a minimum (I 2 ) and the motor input
power factor increases to unity. Further reduction of field current causes E f to
move to point 3: The armature current increases to I 3 and the input power factor
becomes lagging.
When the synchronous motor operates with constant power input, the variation
of armature current with field current is thus a V-shaped curve, as illustrated in
Figure 4. In general, overexcitation will cause the synchronous motor to operate at
a leading power factor, while underexcitation will cause the motor to operate at a
lagging power factor. The synchronous motor thus possesses a variable-power-
factor characteristic.
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
Solution:
Sin = 0.8
tan = 0.484
(1 2 )
Since, tan = ,
1 +2
2 = 1 (1 + 2 ) tan = 208.78
Synchronous motors are used for constant speed, steady loads. High
power factor operations these motors are sometimes exclusively used for
power factor improvement. These motors find application in driving low
speed compressors, slow speed fans, pumps, ball mills, metal rolling mills
and process industries.
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
Methods of starting
(1) by using a starting motor. This motor is directly coupled to the motor. It'may
be an induction motor which can run on a synchronous speed closer to the
synchronous speed of the main motor.
(2) Starting as an induction motor. This is the most usual method in which the
motor is provided with a special damper winding on rotor poles. The stator is
switched on to supply either directly or by star delta/reduced voltage starting.
When the rotor reaches more than 95% of the synchronous speed, the dc circuit
breaker for field excitation is switched on and the field current is gradually
increased. The rotor pulls into synchronism
(A) Pull-in torque. It is the maximum constant load torque under which the motor
will pull into synchronism at the rated rotor supply voltage and rated frequency,
when the rated field current is applied
(B) Nominal pull in torque. It is the value of pull in torque at 95 percent of ,the
synchronous speed with the rated voltage and frequency applied to the stator when
the motor is running with the winding current.
(C) Pull out torque. It is the maximum sustained torque which the motor will
develop at synchronous speed for I minute with rated frequency and with rated
field current.
(D) Pull up torque. It is the minimum torque developed between standstill and .pull
in point. This torque must exceed the load torque by sufficient margin to ensure
satisfactory acceleration of the load during starting.
(E) Reluctance torque. It is fraction of the total torque with the motor operating
synchronously. It results from saliency of the poles. It is approximately 30% of the
pull-out torque.
(F) Locked rotor torque. It is the maximum torque which a synchronous motor
will-develop at rest, for any angular positions of the rotor at the rated voltage and
frequency.
Lossess
Various losses occurring in the motor are:
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Synchronous Motors Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl
Exa
mpl
es
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