Analizar la gramatica de las frases en negrita. A que refieren?

[] an icosahedron has 20 faces, 30 edges and 12 vertices. Each face is

an isosceles triangle, each edge belongs to two faces and there are 5 faces meeting at
each vertex. The midpoints of its faces form a dual regular polyhedron, in this case a
dodecahedron, which has 12 faces (regular pentagons), 30 edges and 20 vertices (each
of them belonging to 3 faces).

Have / has (got) tener una posecion

Have / has TO + verb : Tener que hacer algo. Obligacion
Have / Has como verbo haber+ participio (-ado / -ido) . I have studied. He estudiado.
She has tried the experimient. Lo ha probado

Encontrar en este estracto ejemplos del ultimo uso de have / has.

The concept of set is one of the fundamental concepts in mathematics. The notation and terminology of
set theory is useful in every part of mathematics. So, we may say that set theory is the language of
mathematics. This subject, which originated from the works of George Boole (1815-1864) and
Georg Cantor (1845-1918) in the later part of 19th century, has had a profound influence on the
development of all branches of mathematics in the 20th century. It has helped in unifying many
disconnected ideas and thus facilitated the advancement of mathematics.

For / since
Con el present perfect (have / has + participio) hay dos adv muy utilizados: for y since.
I have studied for 20 years. = I have studied since 1996.
for: por (periodo de tiempo) since : desde (punto en el tiempo).

Cual es el objetivo del libro y para que lo utilizarias con tus alumnos?
Put the verbs in the brackets into the Present Perfect tense and read through
this extract from an advertisement about the Emerging Markets Fund. Over the past
five years, the capital returns from many emerging Asian and Latin American stock
markets (be) substantially higher than those of the developed world. For
example the market in Argentina (rise) by 793% and Mexico (increase) by 645%.
In Asia, the booming market in Thailand .... (go up) by 364%,and investors in the Philippines
(see) a return of 204%. The major developed nations (not / manage) to
make anything like such significant returns. The market in the USA (grow) by 69.8% and in
Japan, the market (fall) by 32.2% over the same period. The growth rates that these
emerging markets .. (enjoy) in recent years is little short of phenomenal. And we are firmly
convinced, much more is yet to come. Our new Emerging Markets Fund, therefore, offers you an easy
and attractive way of investing now in the world of tomorrow and its many exceptional growth
opportunities.

1.2 Write the words in brackets in the correct form of the degrees of comparison.
. We all use this method of research because it is . (interesting) the one
we followed.
. I could solve quicker than he because the equation given to me was.(easy) the
one he was given.
. The remainder in this operation of division is .. (great) than 1.
. The name of Leibnitz is .. (familiar) to us as that of Newton.
e. Laptops are . (powerful) microcomputers. We can choose either of
them.
f. A mainframe is (large) and..(expensive) a microcomputer.
g. One of the (important) reasons why computers are used so widely today is
that almost every big problem can be solved by solving a number of little problems.
h. Even the .(sophisticated) computer, no matter how good it is, must be told
what to do.
Read the passage below. There is much thinking and reasoning in maths. Students master the subject
matter not only by reading and learning, but also by proving theorems and solving problems. The
problems therefore are an important part of teaching, because they make students discuss and reason
and polish up on their own knowledge. To understand how experimental knowledge is matched with
theory and new results extracted, the students need to do their own reasoning and thinking. Some
problems raise general questions which discussion of, can do much to advance your understanding of
particular points of the theory. Such general questions ask for opinions as well as reasoning; they
obviously do not have a single, unique or completely right answer. More than that, the answers
available are sometimes misleading, demanding more reasoning and further proving. Yet, thinking your
way through them and making your own choices of opinion and then discussing other choices is part of
a good education in science and method of teaching.
Underline all ing forms in the passage.
3. Compare these sentences. a. Students need to do their own reasoning and thinking. b. Thinking your
way through them and making your own choices of opinion and then
discussing other choices is part of a good education in science.
c. The answers available are sometimes misleading, demanding more
reasoning and further proving.

Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things generally rather than specifically.
They are used when the speaker or writer does not know or doesnt have to say exactly who or what is
referred to.
POINTS AND LINES
Geometry is a very old subject. It probably began in Babylonia and Egypt. Men needed practical ways
fet, as the knowledge of the Egyptians spread to Greece, the Greeks found the ideas about geometry
very intriguing and mysterious. The Greeks began to ask Why? Why is that true?. In 300 B.C all the
known facts about Greek geometry were put into a logical sequence by Euclid. His book, called
Elements, is one of the most famous books of mathematics. In recent years, men have improved on
Euclids work.
Today geometry includes not only the shape and size of the earth and all things on it, but also the
study of relations between geometric objects. The most fundamental idea in the study of geometry is
the idea of a point and a line.
The world around us contains many physical objects from which mathematics has developed geometric
ideas. These objects can serve as models of the geometric figures.
The edge of a ruler, or an edge of this page is a model of a line. We have agreed to use the word line to
mean straight line. A geometric line is the property these models of lines have in common; it has length
but no thickness and no width; it is an idea. A particle of dust in the air or a dot on a piece of paper is a
model of a point. A point is an idea about an exact location; it has no dimensions. We usually use letters
of the alphabet to name geometric ideas. For example, we speak of the following models of point as
point A, point B and point C.

http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/208537/argentina-among-worst-for-education-says-oecd-
report

Argentina among worst for education, says OECD report

Country is ranked 57 out of 64 in OECD survey of low-performing teenagers
Two out of three Argentine teenagers are classified as low performers in mathematics, according to a
new report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that ranks
Argentina 57th out of 64 countries in the subject.
The study, which was based on results from the PISA survey between 2003 and 2012, ranks Argentina,
Brazil, Peru and Colombia among the worst 10 performers in maths, science and reading.
The report also said that around 4.5 million 15-year-olds in OECD countries, equivalent to more than
one in four, fail to achieve the most basic level of proficiency in reading, mathematics and/or science.
But in other nations, especially those in Latin America, the share is often much larger.
The number of underachievers in maths a category that groups students who fail to have even a
basic understanding of fundamental mathematical concepts and operations reached 66.5 percent,
while slightly improved results were seen in Reading (53.6 percent of underperformers) and science
(50.9 percent).
The 212-page report, titled Low Performing Students: Why they fall behind and how to help them
succeed, recalled that a worrying percentage of 15-year-old students in Argentina score below the
baseline level of proficiency in the three core subjects that PISA analyzes.
Out of 637,603 Argentine students that took the exams, 264,105 scored low in all three subjects.
There is a general consensus that there is low quality of education in Argentina specifically, that
kids dont grab the necessary tools to cope with contemporary challenges, Guillermina Tiramonti, an
education expert at the Latin American School of Social Sciences (FLACSO), told the Herald.
This seems pretty clear among parents, but its even clearer for the different players in the education
sector. In other words, teachers know this school model has reached a dead end, she added.
Students lack skills
Throughout the last decade, the administrations of Nstor Kirchner (2003-2007) and Cristina
Fernndez de Kirchner (2007-2015) made a point of boosting spending on education, passing a law that
expands mandatory schooling and forcing the government to devote no less than six percent of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) in the area.
Even as the added funds help the sector, specialists argue that few efforts were put in place to improve
quality.
On one hand, enrollment has increased greatly, but on the other we continue to see very poor results,
said Tiramonti.
According to the FLACSO expert, there is no point in dismissing PISA exams for its alleged
Eurocentric bias a claim made by media pundits.
The question we should be asking ourselves is this: why is the entire region underperforming their
PISA targets? the specialist said. Since those exams evaluate skills more than contents, we might
conclude that our teenagers are not only unable to understand a set of basic instructions, but also
incapable of solving trivially simple problems.
Sociologist Cecilia Veleda, a former education coordinator at the CIPPEC think-tank, stressed that
there was also a shared responsibility between the federal and provincial governments in the results. In
1992, the schools administration and funding became a provincial responsibility, which further
increased inequalities among provinces.
Veleda quoted studies showing that education quality comes from teaching quality, suggesting the
national governments proposal to evaluate teachers should be the next move on the agenda. She
recently accepted an offer by Education Minister Esteban Bullrich to head the state-run National
Institute of Teacher Training (INFD).
Bullrich, a long-time ally of President Mauricio Macri from his days as mayor of Buenos Aires City,
has stirred controversy by proposing to tie teacher salaries to test scores a move that was harshly
criticized by teachers unions and some specialists.
Grading teachers will not solve, by itself, the problems of quality in education, Tiramonti said
yesterday. Evaluation could help us grasp where we stand, but after that we need to make up
consistent public policies. Otherwise, we would just be threatening teachers.
Widespread problem
in region
The systematically low standards of schools are a common problem for all countries in the region.
Colombia, for instance, is slightly worse off than Argentina, with more than half of its students failing
to reach an acceptable threshold of learning in reading (50.8 percent) and science (55 percent) and
almost three out of four students (73.8 percent) underperforming in maths exams.
Brazil also showed similar results, but with a slightly better performance in maths (68.3 percent). The
country joined the select group of nine countries that reduced their share of low performers in
mathematics between 2003 and 2012.
Peru was, by far, the nation with the poorest scores in Latin America, with a stunning 60 percent of
students falling below standard in reading and 68.5 percent failing their science exams the worst
in the world among the countries analyzed.
Uruguay and Chile showed moderately better results, but far from the OECD average that had 23
percent of students as low performers in mathematics, the report said.
The OECD was formed in 1960, when 18 European countries, plus the United States and Canada,
moved to create an organization dedicated to economic development. It now has 34 member countries.
When a large share of the population lacks basic skills, a countrys long-term economic growth is
severely compromised, Andreas Schleicher, OECD director of Education and Skills said yesterday.
To break the cycle of disengagement and low performance, countries can act on a number of
recommendations, including to identify low performers and design a tailored policy strategy, to reduce
inequalities in access to early education and to encourage the involvement of parents and local
communities.
The report stressed that countries as economically and culturally diverse as Brazil, Germany, Italy,
Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Tunisia and Turkey reduced their share of low performers in
mathematics between 2003 and 2012. This led the OECD to conclude that reducing the share of low
performers is possible anywhere, given the right policies and the will to implement them.
Countries and economies where the majority of 15-year-old students performs below the baseline
level of proficiency in one, two or all three subjects PISA assesses may want to consider
comprehensive education reforms, the report said.