Functional Java 8

This Aint Your Daddys JDK

Nick Maiorano
ThoughtFlow Solutions1 Inc.
 About me

Developer

Software
Architect

Independent
Consultant
ThoughtFlow Solutions

Functional Java 8 This Aint Your Daddys JDK 2

 Available April 2014

Functional Java 8 This Aint Your Daddys JDK 3

Functional Java 8 This Aint Your Daddys JDK 4
 Whats in Java 8?
Encoding
Encryption enhancements
Functional
libraries
Concurrency updates

Modularization
Repeating
New
annotations
Date/Time
Concurrency API
updates

Java 8
Lambdas
GC
updates
Nashorn
JavaScript
Engine
Church
Performance Collections
improvements

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 Whats in Java 8?

Functional Concurrency
libraries

Java 8
Lambdas

Church Collections

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 The rocky road to lambdas
Lambdas too difficult in late 1990s
BGGA project initiated in 2007
JSR 335 filed in late 2009
Had to fit type system
Maintain backward compatibility
Java community divided

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 The rocky road to lambdas
To be released as part of Java 7
To be released in September 2013
To be released in March 2014
Completing 7 years of work

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 Functional Programming
Rooted in lambda calculus
Hastened by death of Moores law
Programming paradigm of the times

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 Java DNA

Structured Reflective Object

Imperative Concurrent Generic
Oriented Generic
 Java DNA

Structured Reflective Object

Functional Imperative Concurrent Generic
Oriented Generic
 Organization

Java Classes

Vs.

FP Functions

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 Building blocks

Polymorphism, encapsulation,
Java inheritance, dynamic binding

Vs.

Higher-order functions, currying,

FP monads, list comprehensions

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 Algorithmic style

Imperative: define behaviour as a

Java series of steps

Vs.
Declarative: binding functions together
FP without necessarily specifying their
contents

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 State management

Java Put state and behaviour together

Vs.

FP Avoid state

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 Mutability

Java Supports mutability & immutability

Vs.

FP Emphasis on immutability

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 Design patterns

Relies on design patterns to

Java complement OOP for a higher level of
abstraction
Vs.

FP Is already a higher level abstraction

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 Concurrency

Use multi-threading, control access to

Java shared resources via locks

Vs.
Organize processing into parallel workflows
FP each dedicated to a core and avoid state,
shared resources and locks

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 Recursion

Java Supported with limitations

Vs.

FP Rudimentary

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 Expressiveness

Java Clear & verbose

Vs.

FP Concise & dense

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 Functional Java

Is a blend of imperative and object

oriented programming enhanced
with functional flavors

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 New Syntax
Lambdas
Functional interfaces
Method references
Default methods

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 Whats a lambda?

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 Anatomy of the lambda
Behavior-as-data facilitators
On-the-fly code definers
Ground-floor of FP

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 Anatomy of the lambda

Lambda blocks
(Parameter declaration) -> {Lambda body}

(Integer i) -> {System.out.println(i);};

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 Anatomy of the lambda

Lambda blocks
(Parameter declaration) -> {Lambda body}

(Integer i) -> {System.out.println(i);};

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 Anatomy of the lambda

Lambda expressions
Parameter name -> Lambda expression

(Integer i) -> {System.out.println(i);};

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 Anatomy of the lambda

Lambda expressions
Parameter name -> Lambda expression

i -> System.out.println(i);

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 Anatomy of the lambda

Lambda expressions
Parameter name -> single statement;

i -> i * 2; No return statement

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 Functional Interfaces
Lambdas are backed by interfaces
Single abstract methods
@FunctionalInterface

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 Functional Interfaces

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Calculator
{
int calculate(int x, int y);
}

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 Functional Interfaces

Calculator multiply = (x, y) -> x * y;

Calculator divide = (x, y) -> x / y;

int product = multiply.calculate(10, 20);

int quotient = divide.calculate(10, 20);
someMethod(multiply, divide);
anotherMethod((x, y) -> x ^ y);

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 Functional Interfaces
Over 40 functional interfaces in JDK 8
Rarely need to define your own
Generic and specialized

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 Functional Interfaces
Consumer<T>
Consumer
void accept(T t);

Supplier<T>
Functional Function <T, R>
Supplier Function
T get() Interfaces R apply(T t);

Predicate

Predicate<T>
boolean test(T t);

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 Method References

Calculator maxFinder = (x, y) -> Math.max(x, y);

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 Method References

Calculator maxFinder = Math::max;

Math int max(int a, int b);

Calculator int calculate(int x, int y);

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 Method References
Type Template
Static Class::method
Instance instanceVariable::method
Constructor Class::new
Super super::method
Generic constructor Class<Type>::new
Array Class[]::new

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 Anonymous classes?
Do we still need anonymous classes?
Lambdas are behavior-only no state
Only single abstract methods

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 Default Methods

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Calculator
{
int calculate(int x, int y);

default int multiply(int x, int y)

{
return x * y;
}
}

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 Default Methods
Can be overloaded
Can be static or instance based
Introduce multiple inheritance

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Functional Java 8 This Aint Your Daddys JDK 42
 Java-style functional programming
Functional Other languages support FP natively
interfaces Java supports FP through libraries

Functional
Java

Streams Collections

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 Functionalized Collections

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 Functionalized Lists

List<String> stooges =
Arrays.asList("Larry", "Moe", "Curly");

stooges.forEach(s -> System.out.println(s);

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 Functionalized Lists

List<String> stooges =
Arrays.asList("Larry", "Moe", "Curly");

stooges.forEach(System.out::println);

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 Functionalized Lists

Function<String, String> feminize =

s -> "Larry".equals(s) ? "Lara" :
"Moe".equals(s) ? "Maude" : "Shirley";

stooges.replaceAll(feminize);

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 Functionalized Lists

Predicate<String> moeRemover =
s -> Moe".equals(s);

stooges.removeIf(moeRemover);

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 Functionalized Maps

Map<Integer, List<String>> movieDb = new HashMap<>();

movieDb.computeIfAbsent(1930, k -> new LinkedList<>());

movieDb.compute(1930, (k, v) -> { v.add(Soup to nuts);

return v;});

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 Functionalized Maps

movieDb.putIfAbsent
(1930, new LinkedList<>());

movieDb.getOrDefault
(1930, new LinkedList<>());

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 Streams

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 Streams

Lambda Lambda Lambda Lambda

Stream Operation 1 Operation 2 Operation 3 Operation 4

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 Streams
Build

Peek Filter

Stream
operations

Iterate Map

Reduce

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 Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
long sum = 0;
for (long i = 1; i <= n / 2; i++)
{
if (n % i == 0)
{
sum += i;
}
}

return sum == n;
}

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 Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
return n > 0 &&
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n / 2).
filter(i -> n % i == 0).
reduce(0, (l, r) -> l + r) == n;
}

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 Streams
Declarative constructs
Can abstract any imperative for/while loop
Work best when adhering to FP principles
Easily parallelizable

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 Parallel Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
return n > 0 &&
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n / 2).
filter(i -> n % i == 0).
reduce(0, (l, r) -> l + r) == n;
}

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 Parallel Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
return n > 0 &&
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n / 2). parallel().
filter(i -> n % i == 0).
reduce(0, (l, r) -> l + r) == n;
}

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 Parallel Streams

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 Parallel Streams

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 Parallel Streams
Uses fork-join used under the hood
Thread pool sized to # cores
Order can be changed

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 Parallel Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
return n > 0 &&
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n / 2). parallel().
filter(i -> n % i == 0).
reduce(0, (l, r) -> l + r) == n;
}

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 Parallel Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
return n > 0 &&
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n / 2). parallel().
filter(i -> n % i == 0).
reduce(0, (l, r) -> l + r) == n;
}

List<Long> perfectNumbers =
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, 8192).
filter(PerfectNumberFinder::isPerfect).
collect(ArrayList<Long>::new, ArrayList<Long>::add, ArrayList<Long>::addAll);

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 Parallel Streams
private static boolean isPerfect(long n)
{
return n > 0 &&
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n / 2). parallel().
filter(i -> n % i == 0).
reduce(0, (l, r) -> l + r) == n;
}

List<Long> perfectNumbers =
LongStream.rangeClosed(1, 8192).parallel().
filter(PerfectNumberFinder::isPerfect).
collect(ArrayList<Long>::new, ArrayList<Long>::add, ArrayList<Long>::addAll);

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 Parallel Streams
Serial Parallel
Imperative Stream Stream
8,128 0 1 0
33,550,336 190 229 66
8,589,869,056 48648 59646 13383
137,438,691,328 778853 998776 203651

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 Parallelization
Must avoid side-effects and mutating state
Problems must fit the associativity property
Ex: ((a * b) * c) = (a * (b * c))
Must be enough parallelizable code
Performance not always better
Cant modify local variables (unlike for loops)

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 Streams (the good)
Allow abstraction of details
Communicate intent clearly
Concise
On-demand parallelization

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 Streams (the bad)
Loss of flexibility and control
Increased code density
Can be less efficient
On-demand parallelization

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 Final thoughts on
Java 8

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 How good is functional Java?
Java now supports functional constructs
But still OO at its core
Functional expressions a little clunky
Generics require more mental agility
Conciseness is compromised
Recursion not industrial strength

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 How good is functional Java?
FP integrated cohesively & coherently
New tools available for the masses

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 Available at Amazon April 2014

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 @ThoughtFlow_Inc

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 Questions

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