MuAN PRacaENT SIZE (em) ler 8 Stes Wanes in Rock, Rock Mass Damage, and Fragmentation 10 19 20 ‘he owoling wae 40% and the epcing Chapter 9 Contour Blasting 8.1 Introduction Alter rock blsting operation it completed th remaining rock mas isis tena part of structure that iexpecad to remain stable or alung time, The requced ftand-up time, Le, the time the rotk ma eran table, depen onthe purpose fr thick the structure in intended. The strength and stability ofthe rok mas surrounding large, permanent, underground storage rooms is of major important peeve rack fall tat could badly damage people ad equipment. Rond and railway cats long step ‘mountain sies and tunnels though mountsios or underground beneath sition o under tater must be stale enough for long, sae lifetime. Abutment for Ieee bridges and ‘dams met maintain thet integrity and steels without fuse fr avery Tong samp time ‘The faitze of « major dam could mesa major catastrophe for a letge tepioy including villages and cites. In large open pit mines, the amount ofextea fork that ees to be rove for even a small acease in the slope ange uf ts hanging-wall ‘stronoenically fatge — leading to » demand for high step slopes which most remain Stable to avoid falar and col sealing In all thee cose, Blsting technique must be used mich minimizes the damage Aone in the remaining tock. The ln competent the rock mass el the mote vane has tobe taken in avoiding damage ‘Sever steps may be taken to reduce the damage cs ofthe perimeter is desired, methods looting the cha isl perimeter are usally employed This chapter reviews sorte of those methods and discuss the rock mass damage ftom a rock mechanics pint of view -! by blasting, Where contzl ‘concentration adjacent tothe 9.2 Smooth Blasting and Presplitting Alt methods of cautious blasting have ne common jective: to better distbute the explosive enengy which tabanitted into the rock aby the ation ofthe detons tion rection product gas prure on the dilile wal inorder to tedurs the 4ynamie sires, Tracturing, and back bresk ofthe remaining rock. Mint ofthese metogs have been developed inthe fd, mainly by tia andere. We wll dxcribe ne method for calculating the rock damage which ie Based on the intensity of blest vibration in the ‘jcent rock mace(Chapler 9 Contour Blasting moothatngisametiod wher the om of les adjaceat tothe plnned contour Tat the end ofthe round. with a ght shoo pr bole, wth a mal peng, and with an 5/2 vaio of 8 , "peeping, th contour charges ae fed befoce the rst of the eharee not nasearats run The rack rnnng fem ble to hele thea hat be eae Sy tic defrmatinf there os both sds beens po eck rbot loo i esting et loping of ot nn ahs 9 479% at ch basing. Thus, prespiting bem sore expen then smooth bast 1°01, Became of tha, and also beense fie teat toe ian ets, Sgoperstion in the ight shit xl, presliting i vry seldom wed vaderround den Smooth Baring i the sain nto, parialeny in nelng Imply it hasbeen shown tht the sinimur rguted nor are concen or smooth lating and repiting we fancton ofthe hale dames ame a) nthe change concentration in blograms per meter borehole, and dis Uk hole beat results in smooth blasting, the charges inthe contour should be initiated seously so that they ean cooperate fly. However, because Uh extension ofthe >etwern the holes involve the elatvely slow dyuamie motion ofthe considerable {material within the burden, he lide or ime seater in Ue Une of delona larger than might be expected. Alo, the ssltanousftng of Inge number soa holes ina tunnel baat woul ereatevecy large ground vibraions, hereon, out holes ae often discbuted over several te intervals and because the com ns are fed a che end of «long-duration tunnel blast with many time delaye, ste in tring ofthese lng dey detonators considera 83. Rock Damage in Blasting 267 9.3 Rock Damage in Blasting When an cxpasive charge detonten in hotels, the high easly gassous reaction produeta exerts high prestige on the delle malls which ts the illo wall in ‘motion outwaed, erating dynsini stew feld in the surrounding tock. The initial ‘fect in the neaby tock & a high-intensity, short duration shock wave, which qieky fecays. "The continued gas expansion Inde further motion snd sls wp an expanding Stes ie in the rock mass. Whete th fie surface lose enough to the borbolo the rock beaks lose. In other directions, the motion sped further nthe form ofthe wel Known ground vibrsion waves, Thess aren complicated combination of clastic waves inwhich the rock reverberatas in the compressive, she, abd surface wave modes, Each mode or wave ype (P- and Reaves) has # churcteristis propagation velocily © hich ie some feetion ofthe oni velocity that i mates property of the rock mass Bach particle in the vock mas rune through » complieted,aporesatay litical ‘motion in several cytes with varying amplitude. The highest yeloeity i attained duting this motion, andthe peak pastels velocity vdeeeasse withthe distance from the charge DDarnage is areal ofthe indice strsn ¢ which, fran clstc medium inthe sine-mave sppeoximation, is given y the eqtion : 7 0) In the region close to the charge, permanent darnage brgins to our ata given critial level of particle veloity, which diferent for illerent sock mass Whether the damage affects the stand-up Lime ofthe rock contour depends onthe character of the damage, the rock structure, tha groundwater flow, and last but not lent on the vieaation ofthe damaged plaes in telation to the contour and tothe diction and Imagnitude ofthe static load "The extent of sock damage can be approximately correlated with the pesh particle velocity, which is proportions to strain ts a mesure af the damage potntiel of the ‘wave motion. Of courte, Ue surrounding rock mas contnins uno f potential weak Panes, each of whichis ale to withetand different level of pesh patil velocity. In experiments the extent of the damage sone hat been determined by a somparizon of the crack frequency before and after the blast ky using core logging or with 9 bore he periscope. In ition, the total expansion ef many sina ctcks or jotts due to the incipient bet damage ean be evaluated By extonsorelers fastened in dillon at Aifeent ditsnces fom the Bat, From the extensive studies made of structural dmage to buildings and construce tions due tothe detonation in 2 dilbole of single chagge, we know that selible Predictions of damage can be made if we know the peak particle velocity. The peak Darile velocity can be predicted using the empire! equation Ww 7 vane (03) there » i the peak posite velocity in mse, HY is the cacy weight inh and is stance iam "The constants K, 0, and 9 depend on the etractursl and elastic properties ofthe rock mass tad vary with etch particular basting site. "Typist valves for bard rock ramen are =I1T m/see,a°=07, and = 14Chepler 9. Contear Blasting ‘ation 93s valid ony fo distances that ae long in comparison with the chatge la, whee the charge ca be tested te concentrated Section 85, we described method for determining the ground vibration vloity damage effects inthe region adjacent to an extended (long) charge, The beak vibration velocity nas described by Equation 88, for arbitrary luce of 4 0 by Equation 80, fr the special esse where 3 = 2a. ‘The renting peak in cocty mas shown in Figure 811 a function of the perpendicular distance agg withthe linear charge concentration fae a parnnetet, These figures ae ced here a Figre 8.2. In the nex section, we will describe how thee Sagres ‘eed to compute the damage fone in th remaing rock adjcent to's ow of ele, 9.4 Computed Damage Zones ue 92a shows a dingram ofthe pesk patisle velocity vas a function ofthe ieula ditance to the extended tharge with the linear charge devally ax tele, for a charge 3 mong. Form tock snes which ves an neplent factne tation particle velocity within the range 70-1000 mime, the radio of the inciient facture is about 025-0.8 m around a 48 mm bole of length $m, ‘rth the special 17 tm Gusit charge that sed for smooth Lasting Sweden varges havea linear charge density of about 02 kg/m, giving a damage sone smately 0.7m. Hy contrast, a 48 mun dil ole fly leaded with ANFO. has ‘atge density of 15 kg/m and produces a sone of incipient danmge inthe sate ‘bot 1 m radies. This isthe typical dillhole and charg arrangement ged “rime blero a tunnel round ste 9.2 shows a similar calculated dingram for «charge 15 mn long in the lineat rity range typical of large open pit mining. A250 mm borehole fully Toaded any shrty explosive giving a linea chaogs density of about 15m produces in tone of radius 25 m ot more. ‘This isthe typi! dihle and charge deat used ina production Hele in au open pit mining option, jams euch a these (and caleuations for other charge length, linear charge and charge arrangements relative tothe fee surface) have shown thermslves "y wef forthe design of biasing rons to aperfied itera for comtelling "age to the reiaining tock, 9.5 Blast Planning not anasual for tunnel blasters to age great cae in selecting « mall enough 2 the contour Holes, but fo fl to eomider the damaging ects ofthe charges Tcent row of holes. Charging the adjacunt rome with a heavy change rene spreading farther into the remaining rock than from the cot blasted tow 33) This hetier to optimize the charge elelations such thatthe daimage tone ‘hole in the round will not excend the damage rone from the contour hole. ‘aly be done by ue of Figure 92(2, wee the exlen of the damage tone Aifereot charge eneontatons 4 9.1 contains recommended burden for some eae Swedish explosives for rooth blasting. Fora hole diameter of 48 mm and 17 mm Gurit pipe charge, "F008 m is nocmal. From Figare 0.28), wef that this charge ol ele fetone of about 08 m. Choosing uly charged hole of ANFO (= 16 kg/m) 25. Blast Planing 269 Figure 9.2. timated peak vibration vlociy a fonction af dltance or difetenttneat hsm Sree eet id tn ep) sa inthe next row with damage zone of 15m will unfortunatly rat ina damage zone hat extends 0m further nto the rock (1.5 0.80.3 = 4m) than the damage ene ftom the contowrhole charges, Instead, the charge concentation shoal be ined fons that results in damage rone qual to that caused by the contour heles pls their bhrden 2, 0. 088=1.2 m (Figue 9.4) —sauch charge should have inthe range 118 10 1.2 kg/m. in fact, ever i his is done, the major dasnage done tothe remaining rock more thse 0-4 away from the contour is dur to the second fom ot eles The vibration velocity due to these holes drepeof les spy in tat region than that from i cottour bos Tis appazent from this example that a redustion of the damage zone canbe tained by a reduction ofthe charge concentration per iuster of borehole, "Ths ob Viously taut i increased corte for dil an blast operation, but these are balanced bythe advantage of salt roof end devresed eet for grouting and maintenance Smooth basting alco results in es overbreak which rats edaced coat for fishing the tel wall, whether by lining, by shoteeting, of by stl supports Table 92 lists a number of explosives wed for smooth blasting nd prespiting ‘oom diferent manufacturer(hapar 9 Contonr Blasting ‘sl $2 Oat O88 Ammonia dynamite 26. Blast Planing 27112 Chepter 2. Contonr Blasting 9.6 Experimental Observation of Rock Damage "tig of couse, nucesary fo corolats the computed or mensured vibration velocities ith observed damage tothe rock mess. The mast direct sethod — but also the most ‘paasive — for thi scone dling 'n « prodction blast with 250 mm boreholes, a diamacnd-dciled core sample of hat was to ecome the emaining rock was taken ont before losing the blasthele fe core hole was drilled horzanally fromthe bench face through the entice beach to bested into the rock behind. After the bls, new cone samples wer taken rom new ‘is onal diamond dil holes, drilled vey close by and pavalel wth the ld ove. {= way, the increase in crack Teequeney duo #0 the blast could be determined. The alts obtained can only be presented ina probabilistic manner. We fou that for the wk described, there was 2 50% probably of damage af a distance of 225 m from 2 nearest hole and « 5% probability for damage at « 82m distance, Damage war sidered to have occucred when the numberof cracks after the shot is measurably sster than that before the shot osk mechanic tess carried out at Swedish Detonie Research Foundation [Persson 44 Mali, 173] indicated that damage was eauted mainly inthe rock strutural discon sites ch jon, cracks, or ether weakues plane inthe ck mas. Cattle ed tense tests indicated that a permanent dase in rock sear stength actated ‘ady whe closed erack or joint was opened by an amount ofa few microns (em). ¢ damage was invisible tothe naked eye, but in the rock mass woald be mesure eta ring The bt iy fete hl wei dg by an extensometer hited into «hole dled though the edjcentrork Seton the Open Pit Mines [AC the planning stage of a open pit mine where the excavation is considered to optimize, the total slope angle i of primary eoncern, From an economie point of the stasper the dope, the les waste there ito excrete, Deatnatialy it eam be that the slope should be stale unt helt shovel i ule“ thea sor shold ‘The overall maximum slope angle for an open pit mine is normally pre-determined probability calclatons based on the known cock mass seength propetea These "be deternined from diamond coro dling or from observation ofthe structural die initia in bench walla the rock mnse adjacent fo the fate pit wall dung te ly stages of the excavation, But the boundary sonditons of cours: regi the te ‘proper cantiows basting method Blasting without concern wl, inthe long ram, tesively lead the way to unstable slope due to excessive back break to der, ing ofthe tor, and to other distosbancas i the rock mse continuity. Deleioratson to groundwater fow and weathering due t temperature actution (patieslaniy ‘ough the fering point) would alo lly to contribute to potential slope Tlluces Figure 9.5 show the influence of back break oa the overall slope angle Aswome sting metod i auch thatthe Back break lattons the bench slope angle to 38" I ‘be seen that fora 15m bene hight and a specified saety berm width of 7, the ‘sim overall angle cannot exceed 42" A 30 m height final Beach would increase maximum overall lope to 46” Howes, if nore attention is paid to the blasting hood ad the back break is reduced to allow a bench face sloping {for example) 8 9.7. Coston Blasting in Open Pit Mines 278 2.3 8 Overall slope B Berm width tw) Bench slope @ Figure 0.5 shows that at lest « 55° overll slope angle can be maintained, This i, of core, only vali if the unditurbed rock ne sfcient ren For a 200 m deep open pit tine, the cov suving by increasing the overall slope only I ison the order of §1 malin dellas just for Mastng, cking, and healing the wacte rock. Coutions blasting also guaranties higher salely margin or miners an equipment When perimeter blasting ina large open pit mine using lore diameter boreholes it 1a very aldo that smooth basting can be ured to it fal potntiot beens ofthe cost sepet The ding conte ould be enormous if housants of quaremeter pit slope ‘ould be perimeter blasted with emalbdinmter Holes and special, expensive sina Gdameter charges. Large capital investments for lage bole dling equipments altcady been made ian open pt mine and, most often, thee is an oversepacity for drilling Thue, the samme hale diameter ued in the production rounds can often be nied alo for perimeter blasting. By using dock charging, decoupled charge, or explosives with ery Tow density, ie poesible to omer the change weight per hola in Ube Rint, second, and sometimes sls the third row adjncent tothe slope for preventing pt wall damagester 9. Contour Blasting 1 is alo important to mention the damage caused to pit slopes by the ground sion from the total round. tis not uncommon today to blast single round to- fa fragmented rock volume of 100,000 m* Field experiments cared eat by the lsh Detonic Research Foundetio indicate acslration lees on the ender of 0.) stances 300 to 900 m away from such round. ‘The frequency species of thse ‘ons show that most of the energy ithe Rayleigh wave is teamed fn the = repion and ata wave velocity nf 2000 nna The wavelength i 200 Pats of the pit wal, for example one bench face, can be treated ax a telatively body when affected by the ground vibration because the beach height sill sed to the wavelength. Figure $6 depts sinple safety factor ealewatin for fur of 46 mhigh crest whieh iaflrtod by diferent magnitudes of aceleration Siectin ofthe acteleration is described along the s-as ‘The normal sttese ud ticar sires slong the potential file plane ie afeted by the acederaion, and the safety factor is changed. A seen from Figure 96 9 safety lator of one (1) cea ifthe acceleration is about 028g, ‘The ast way to ave long range tion damage isto reduce the mumaber of biastholes per round. Is probaly net just to rearrange the dela. The ground vibration intra: at lege ditences ie ber of avaiable delys to choose fom ie iid. Insantancovs row byrom ‘ion should defiitely not be used. The vibration has epee time which ia about tne a the detonator time delay — this ould lend to tesonance buildup of more 9.8 Controlled Fracture Growth avid damage inthe remaining rork and lesve a strong, smooth surface afer sting operation, it would be advantageous to contro the fractares. For example, seth blasting, the ideal result so have major erack taveliag inthe ditections 4 the perimtr hoes instead of going backnard Into the remaining rock. One achieving thsi to iateodce notehes ate the surface of the borehole wall ce sults in a very high stress concentration nt the cack tip when the ge premare ithe delle wal Jel and Ladegaard-Pederaen [1972] showed the existence of this fect hy model vg in PMMA. The crack paltern was obtsined by cating two sits into bras Nat was lowered into a borehole and ile with explosive (Figae 87) The bra Protetted the holes at all points except where fractures were requirdAn iil ‘ruled ia two short cracks ot each hol After techarging, appeased that mest silble energy went ito Uh extonson of he two cecks formed by shot ytd stated rail casks ners produced lca experiments to implement feactute control procedures in tunnel project. ten cared out by Thompson (1979) sn the USA. Using a gpodal toot to notch oles along mest oft length, i was poeile to conta te cracks, The eating neve designed to eit notches 6 mm dep The permatr oles in each experimental coud were londed with a specially de- ‘tring of explosives consisting of a canceteated bottom change of two sticks of rn gelatin and a eisteibuved clatnn change. The column eherge generally on of 815 am length of 0.09 g/m (400 grain) pimacord which wos supported at ser ofthe dill by a specaly designed spider tube (Figure 88). he rent was reported to be 10 t0 30% better than conventional contour Missing ss however, the average cycle time wos longer due to the extra ime required to the perimeter holes 29, Shaped Changs for Boulder ond Contowr Blasting 275 Safety Factor, Sein 30 180 270 eee9.9 Shaped Charges for Boulder and Contour Blasting charge eect has been credited to C.E. Munroe a the Station in Newport, RI In 1888, Muntos observed that if can bigh : vere detonated close 2 in one direction introduced for 2 target penetration ld War large quantity of urpl Tow price. Entepeneurs in the mining was found favertle to use Use apd charge hae notching made 1 hy Naaetijnv, Rattan, Davi and Lodtg [98] and by Bj, Holmberg, sd Oxcelon[886 — criteria isan FoR MATERIAL: HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE Re J\ woten ee J18 Chapt 9. Contoar Blasting 9.1 Crack Initiation In order to facta the crack gro na given direction and to supprem unwanted se ination around the bore 2 tending th orcol, itn pombe to wile side notches extending the rth ofthe borehole while adjusting the borehole presare to an adequate magnitude tae ideas wore deseibad by Field and Lalogand-Pederse (100), ‘The watches will {nee the btetepresute required for ra inition an tthe sre ime mele it recat fr erck station nother pats of the borate wall Figure 9.10). The he hae tb ey dep his he dil fl sed on en wank by Ouetrtony 173, the equted depth a ofthe notes tubo erimated using the eeaton runs Seis gt ie ok Ky =2-112-pyRe 4) vere Ky tensity factor and piste borehole pressure. To niin cracks ly at dhe notches, Ky mast excoed the facture tooghness Ki the materi) and ute Tess than the'neceaary crac initiation preatuteP, for borehole where ocly natura micro defects of the length a, azeavalable, From Equstion 9.4, caa be el Equation 9,9, cam b wi (8) _ P, wil probably, due to Loading times and geometrical elect, be ofthe order of to dimes highs than she una teole strength o, Using data for granite (Kye = 2 MN/m®? and P, = 16 MPa), we get = 1 eum ve granite as, aesrding to thie calculation, about fm derp aural mio defects dng the borehole wall By using nocher witha depth a = 5 mim, the quired Borehole feaute Pc an be reduced by atleast §0% for #50 mm diameter borehole 28. Shaped Charges for Boulder end Contour Blasting 276 9.9.2 Design Parameters “The charge consists ofan extended charge equipped with V'shaped metal nee ‘The charge initiated at he end. ‘The detonation wave propagates along the charg And forma a meal jt wth aveosty of several thousand meters per second (Only small prt ofthe metal inst acelerated to this high velocity jel. The mai par of the mal material forme a lug with considerably lower velocity, not contebutin, ponetatin af the target material The depth of penetration din the target materia explosive pesfonmancr, and chorge gomet fe opendent om Knee materia Interesting paramietet for linear shaped charges are the inlunce of a. Material and thickness of the V-shaped liner 1b Ange betreen the legs inthe V-shaped lines Distance (nnd of) Betmeen the charge and Uh target material 4. Detonation presute for Use explosive SveDePo has ae diferent «ype of charges (te Figure 9.1) tostady these para tncters ‘The charges wore designed sing an alumioum U-profle fil with explesiv tnd V.sbaped aluinom line. Steel SIS 1S11 was used as a target mati 9.9:3 Liner Material Aura often use in an explosive composition a6 a Feo increse the exple son energy. Aku oxide ALO, is formed inthe detonation products and conti bute tothe energy tlene throagh ite very hgh beat of formation. ‘By using aluminum ab Hiner in neat shaped charge for contour blasting, 1 possible to burn the alumina i the bot reaction produes alter the jet has ntche {he horehele wal. This bufers the boree presste, epeilly dung the ater part the creck propagation phase. The cracks can thus be propagstd longer mbich ear that the hele spacing canbe increased, leading to dreested dling cot. By choosing ductile metal with higher density (24. copper), the depth of th notches ea be eomewbat increase, Angle Between the Legs ofthe Vesheped Liner ‘The propetcs of the je ate influenced by the angle between the eps in tt Veshapad liner. The eesults from the vst carted oat with angles 70% 0", and 10) Show that the largest depth is nhievd for an angle of 0 With an angle of 79 1 fovgular notch inthe target material shows thatthe jt io unstable. With an eng It 105, a more chalow groove was achieved (Figute 911) Stand Off Between the Linear Charge andthe Target Material ‘he depth of the notch will et increase withthe stad of «beens the eet length othe jet inereases with incesing mand of. Fork very Tong stand ofthe scat injet velocity and dieston is incrented, resulting in reduced penetration280 Chapter 9. Contour Blasting os SCALED STAND OFF 1 1 2 3 Saplasne Important parameters or the explosive are A high degre of homgenity in the charge 2. A high detonation pressure ite mua yr the ets, lac PET ined exe (Bees NSP10) ‘as chosca. This explosive has a fairly high detonation pressure and good mec 89, Shaped Charges for Houle and Contowr Blasting Chasen dooity fa = 1.80 gfem® 200 to 400 m/s Detonation velocity ae Critical diameter (usstemmed) 4, = 2 mm Detonation presure (CJ), = 20. GPa Borehole Pressare for # Decoupled Charge ‘When an explosive charge detonates in Borehole, the gos presente acting at borehole wall fet fuctuatn de to the dynamic verpresuteceve tothe deton font. Attra short hile, the poesuce will stabilice at 8 quaint value whe called the foretole presure When the charge is decoupled by asng a change dlamster much smaller than diameter ofthe borehole, we have choern to approximate the peor nisly atin the hotel wall wth the quaristatichotete prewure. For the low borehole prow schieved with decoupled charges, we can regard the borchole wall axa and app mate the quasistatic borehole pressure with the constant volume explosion pressive forthe explosive. P, can be calelated frm thermacemical ealcolations Figure & shoms results fiom calculations cared outwith SveDeFo's computer program NTL DYNE, folmberg, 1977 Person {1675} has given a good rule of thumb for calealating the linear che concentration for conventional conto basting, tame inhere = i the linear charge concnteation in kg/m fr ANFO, and dis the bore diameter in meters “hia value for ANFO baboon marked in Figure 9.12 By calculating the borebole prasures for some commonly used conlour blast gent, iis een thatthe pressure intral fo contour blasting = about 70-150 MP In Figure 910, t waa shown that, for contour blating with a otehed borehole, borehole presture can be reduced to about 1/3 ofthe prenue peed when no note sr grooved into the borehole wall, 49 about 25-50 MPa Accovding to Figure 9 with NSP 74 explosive, one should then ase charge concentration of about 30 ka oreo volume presnre ‘When using Hiner shapes chage to ceate the notches and Diet the wek should inereaee the charge concentration by shout 30% to compensate for the ene rewired forthe nothing Penetration in Granite ‘rom the experimental work ad theorlcal alelations,« fines shaped ehs| veas manufacined for wee in bochles with a diameter of about 50 mia. A tha was designed with a linear charge concentration of M0 g Bofors NSP-74 per meter» to aluminum lines. Bxperimental ets showed thst, with this ype of charge it possible to cate two notches with x depth ofS iin sted and depth of 5 mn Panite. The distance between the charge and the tagget wos 22 mm52 Chapter 8. Contour Blasi rsost(anray | Notched holes 4 Comparison of Methods for Controlled Fracture Growth At the Nordzos AB Hakunge quary, eld tet was peeformed to compare three vos for cnttling fnctten. The mith ete 1 Linear shaped ehaeges 2 Mechasical notching 3. High-peasute water jet The rock was a competent granite gas with bands of amphibolite. Uniaxial om ive strength was 120 to 220 MPa, the predominant vetialjeint spacing won 2 worigontal was 18 m 'oinvestigate also it mas pas imete holes farther than noemal for ing. (See Bjarnholt tal, 1988, and Holloway et al, 1 of 80 mn were died ina 5 m bigh 20'm wide bench, The bandos ‘Sm or all experiments, but the spacing was vatid between 1-118 By neg ‘atiog cord trunkline atthe surface and NONEL downline was poesble te 2 interbole delay time of 1234.1 ms. The geometry ofthe bench ibshows ig A mechanical notching tol with two tun ton carbo ingerts wus used to breach ling The effective notching time was about tia pers morte sich depth was about 12 mm, The tool we used (oe Figute 0.18) pes x seen n ofa research tol supplied by Kennametal Corp, $ih-presmure mater jets wth » pump prossre of 36 MPa were used borehole wllsafer the hcke were dled. The wo diametrically os ose notes 89. Shaped Charges for Boulder and Contowr Blasting 28 Dax Bete Tiere delay 25 | gp. Post weet m for notched holes 5-{ 18S umole bats 9 =09 mm igure 019. Bench Mating esometry [fom Baral 198 had a dimeter of 8am. They ware incorporated into traversing caring powered by the dai tm ofthe dil ig. Threw up and Jovn pases each hale at (of7.8 m/min were required to produce notch depth nhich varied from & to 20 ets The ‘fective otching lime per bole was about 3 minutes, Water consumption was abo 1 iter poe second. The high preaare waterjet netching sem was soyplied by Atlas Capea MCT284 Chapter 9. Contour Blasting rt shaped charge or sotching [sm emboli a, 1868 A linear shaped charge was also designed to ctete the moichet. This charge creed 'mo notches 15 to 20 mm deep and removed the rockin one operation. It wp chang {th 0.38 kg of rat Composition B (605% RDX. 0% TNT) explosive per mete laa “igure 9.15 shows the charge ‘When the blasts took pace, carbon resistors were weed as pcrorsstiveanedacers ride record ofthe prssue-line history inthe borchole, "The sosors wove local ls: heeath the sting. Ia the felé tat, B85 ke Dynamex Mot 13 he Boole 190, smolsion with 53% Al) ware used asthe bottrn charge, In the cokim erge, Gust ‘mun diameter, Nabil 25 mam dismeterce the shaped charge wos used Figure 9.16 refecis the pressures bull up when the cherge detcnsted. ‘The low ‘essure of 20 MPa fromm the Gut coluum charge with its low linear deity is oer ¥ the pressure pulse of about 75 MPs fom the concentrated boty charge of 13 tg rule 150 afer about 31 ms, The authors sate that, with notched boreholes and about half the notmalcoluma tplsive charge weight, they could nvtete the hole pacing by 40% sovapared te arventona smocth wall blasting with 89 mm diameter holes ‘Thay ured the surface vughness achieved as a quality measute to jucge the sesults, Surface roushne oe seared with a laser aed distance meter equipped with an angle indicator The tape charges ware eagy to handle and gave'n gocd txt with 4s to 20 mes decy ‘The thee tmo methods had some deawbacks, Mechanical grooving with the tool 2 difclt since the tungsten carbide inet tended to bres wher te hole mascot ciently straight Te was als a diflealt problem to maintain the preferred dieetion he notches, which were about 12 tum deep. High-speed waterjet notching wee Borted to be selective in the wrong way, that i, in ofce granite gurl, = noch sxpct notch (20 mim) was achieved than i the tougher ampbibolte(S tm). ‘he ‘ugh material reasices deeper notches than the sft material. Cld-elmate war jet sting ako fomed too much ice is the notches snd inthe borehole toa 8a sa 99. Shaped Charges for