RAMSWAROOP SINGH T I.

ANIL KUMAR
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail:[email protected]
III/II CSE III/II CSE
ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGG ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGG
PATELGUDA PATELGUDA
 Abstract

Mobile computing has been undergoing with infrared ports to allow communication
a bit of a renaissance lately. A few years ago with laptops. Then cell phones started to
it was a simple matter of finding a data- come with modems built in. The connecting
compatible mobile phone, a PC card methods of mobile computing, its
modem, and a matching cable and installing introduction, connection types, factors
it as a modem. Then people started to use affecting connections, mobile applications
PDAs as well. Cell phones started to come and its limitations are explained.
 mobile computing. Mobile Computing is an
umbrella term used to describe technologies
that enable people to access network
Introduction services any place, anytime, and anywhere.
What is mobile computing?
A view on portable devices. Ubiquitous computing and nomadic
computing are synonymous with mobile
Distinction between "wireless"
computing. Mobile computing helps users
and "mobile."
to be productive immediately by reducing
Mobile Devices
the training requirements associated with
Challenges in mobile
traditional automated data collection
computing
methods and provides a higher level of
Merits and Demerits
portability than keyboard-based systems.
Applications
Field-based users can access any
Conclusion
information available from the system at any
Bibliography
time to make critical business decisions.
This information is available at the point of
use, wherever and whenever they need it.
Portable devices like laptop and palm top
Introduction
computers give mobile users access to
diverse sources of global information
Wireless networking technology has
anywhere and at any time.
engendered a new era of computing, called
 a data source, such as an agency database server,
without a physical connection. Not all wireless
communications technologies are mobile. For
example, lasers are used in wireless data transfer
between buildings, but cannot be used in mobile
communications at this time.
Mobile simply describes a computing device that
is not restricted to a desktop. A mobile device may
be a PDA, a "smart" cell phone or Web phone, a
laptop computer, or any one of numerous other
devices that allow the user to complete computing
tasks without being tethered, or connected, to a
network. Mobile computing does not necessarily
One of the most important and highly publicized
require wireless communication. In fact, it may not
recent developments in the PC world has been the
require communication between devices at all.
introduction of the pen interface. By using a stylus
to replace the keyboard, mobile computers are
Mobile devices
turning thousands of computer illiterate people
Here we have seven
especially those involved with field-based data
different types of mobile
collection into computer users. The market
devices:
potential and breadth of application requirements
Laptop computers
for mobile computing has prompted numerous
PDAs and handheld PCs
hardware and software companies to focus their
Pagers
efforts in providing solutions to the vertical, form-
Smart phones and
oriented marketplace.
cellular phones
Task devices, such as bar code scanners
Distinction between "wireless" and "mobile."
Blue tooth
Wireless refers to the method of transferring
Bridge
information between computing devices, such as a
personal data assistant (PDA), and
 Laptops are typically used and supported in the Bluetooth:- A short-range wireless standard that
same way as desktop PCs. In fact, many specifies radio connections between devices within
organizations have replaced desktops with their a 10-meter range of each other. Bluetooth is
portable cousins, as the workforce has grown designed as a Personal Area Network (PAN, or
increasingly mobile. WPAN for "Wireless Personal Area Network")
PDAs, however, are the least planned for and technology with a wide variety of theoretical uses.
supported devices. They are undergoing rapid Bridge:- A device that connects two local-area
evolution and are being brought into organizations networks (LANs), or two segments of the same
in the same way the earliest PCs were. That is, LAN. Bridges simply forward packets from one
adventurous early adopters buy the devices for segment to another without analyzing or routing
their personal use and then ask IT departments to messages. This allows them to connect dissimilar
integrate the devices into the corporate IT networks (e.g., a bridge can connect an Ethernet
environment. and Token-Ring network).
Smart phones that allow users to access phone Challenges in mobile computing
calls, two-way radio transmissions, and paging and Wireless and mobile environments bring different
data transmissions on one device are also finding challenges to users and service providers when
applications in hospitals and other situations that compared to fixed, wired networks. Physical
have intense and constant need for time sensitive constraints become much more important, such as
communications. device weight, battery power, screen size,
Pagers that support one- and two-way text portability, quality of radio transmission, error
messaging are also used in similar situations. Third rates. Mobility brings additional uncertainties, as
party vendors most often provide support for these well as opportunities to provide new services and
devices. supplementary information to users in the
Task devices such as the parcel tracking devices locations where they find themselves.
used by Federal Express (FedEx) and the United The major challenges in mobile computing are
Parcel Service (UPS) delivery personnel are most described including: low bandwidth, high error
often bought as part of a complete system from a rate, power restrictions, security, limited
third-party vendor. Because they are frequently capabilities, disconnection and problems due to
mission-critical, most corporations support task client mobility.
devices as rigorously as desktop computers.
 Low Bandwidth communication overhead and reduce the
Wireless networks deliver lower bandwidth usable bandwidth.
than wired networks. As a result, mobile Power Limitations
applications have to be carefully designed to Mobile computers are concerned with the
control the bandwidth consumption. limited power supply, an issue that does not
Software techniques required to improve appear in distributed wired environment.
effective bandwidth usage include data Hardware improvements on batteries can
compression logging requests to combine help to lengthen the life of a charge and
multiple short ones, lazy write back, reduce battery weight. In addition, efficient
difference-based updates, caching, software operations can help to lower the
prefetching, usage of proxy, priority power consumption. Examples include:
scheduling, etc. shifting the processing to a fixed host,
aggressively caching and prefetching data to
High Error Rate reduce disk traffic, and transmitting less data
The network quality varies as the mobile while receiving more
computer moves across the heterogeneous
network connections. The wireless Security
environment exhibits higher error rates, Security and privacy are of specific concerns
which results in retransmission and affects in wireless communication because of the
the Quality of Service. By minimizing the ease of connecting to the wireless link
usage of wireless transmission, the data is anonymously. Common problems are
less exposed to transmission errors. In impersonation, denial of service and tapping.
addition, error correction schemes can be The main technique used is encryption. In
employed to improve performance. personal profiles of users are used to restrict
However, these schemes also add to the access to the mobile units.
Merits
Information access via a mobile device
The benefits of automating data collection is plagued by low available bandwidth,
applications with mobile computing are the poor connection maintenance, poor
reduction of hard and soft costs, security, and addressing problems.
enhancement of revenue potential, and a Unlike their wired counterparts, design
distinct competitive advantage through: of software for mobile devices must
Improving the data collection process consider resource limitation, battery
Improving data accuracy power and display size. Consequently,
Reducing paperwork new hardware and software techniques
Enforcing collection of more complete must be developed. For example,
information applications need to be highly optimized
Facilitating collection of more useful for space, in order to fit in the limited
information memory on the mobile devices.
Eliminating redundant data entry Mobility brings additional uncertainties,
Reducing administrative costs as well as opportunities to provide new
Reducing billing errors services and supplementary information
Reducing data backlog to users in the locations where they find
Improving information flow themselves. In general, most application
Allowing faster adaptation to changing software, operating systems, and
business conditions network infrastructures are intended for
Increasing responsiveness and customer more conventional environments, and so
satisfaction the mobile, wireless user has great
Providing access to previously difficulty exploiting the computational
unavailable information infrastructure as fully as he or she might.
There is an emerging consensus among
Demerits researchers that a new architecture and
dynamic infrastructure is an appropriate
The demerits of the mobile computing are
way to address this problem.
discussed as follows:
 Day by day as the standard of the mobile
computing is increasing the boons of mobile Delivery & Route Sales. With fierce competition
computing are changing to banes. Eg: The most and an increasing inventory, having timely and
deadly terrorist attack occurred on sept 11, 2001. accurate information is more important than ever.
Applications
New technical and application Government. Applications center around
developments have established that mobile assessments, inspections, and work orders. Most of
systems can be a cost-effective, efficient, these applications involve auditing some sort of
and productive solution in several different facility or process (food service, restaurant,
types of application environments. They nursing home, child care, schools, commercial and
are:- a new generation of satellites, residential buildings).
especially Low-Earth Orbit systems
(LEOS) are under development with the Healthcare. The focus in this industry has been on
Internet in mind. Companies like Teledesic automating patient records, medication dispension,
and Orbcomm are actively promoting and sample collection. A common goal is to
Internet access. leverage mobile computing in the implementation
Vertical industries where mobile technology has of positive patient identification.
already been successfully adopted include
Consumer Goods, Delivery and Route Sales, Market Research. Automating the survey process
Government, Healthcare, Market Research, has enabled these companies to get their data more
Pharmaceuticals, Transportation, and Utilities. accurately and quickly while being able to
customize their queries at will.
Consumer Goods. Typical applications include Pharmaceuticals. In addition to the reps need to
inventory, merchandising, order entry, and sales perform account management and call reporting
automation. Features found in these applications functions, the FDAs requirement for physician
usually provide access to stock and pricing signatures for all drug samples dispensed was an
information, monitor promotions, and perform added complication that was eliminated through
shelf space analysis including number of facings the use of mobile technology.
and product age. Customer detail helps reps to act
more as consultants than order takers.
 Transportation. Transforming freight Additionally, this paper shows how these
damage inspections from paper to mobile behavioral extensions serve as a powerful
computing greatly expedites the process and abstraction for practical systems.
reduces costs by providing on-line pre- In this paper, we have looked at issues
shipment inspections. This technology also related to portable devices, merits, demerits
offers a more efficient means of storing and and applications in mobile environment.
transmitting maintenance inspection reports. Because of the banes of mobile computing
In conjunction with GPS (global positioning the security level should be improved.
systems), mobile computing allows
companies to provide better customer
service by being continually aware of
exactly where any given shipment is when in
transit. Bibilography

Utilities. Eliminating the rekeying of data and Terri Watson. : Application design for
providing a means to perform on site analysis wireless computing.
are instrumental to an industry that is required Application design for wireless computing :
to perform inspections on a routine basis. M-Mail: A Case Study of Dynamic
Application Partitioning in Mobile
Computing
Conclusion Christine Julien and Gruia-Catalin Roman :
Mobile computing is rapidly becoming Active Coordination in Ad Hoc Networks
popular, and user demand for useful wireless Raymond J. Brunsting : Quality of Service
applications is increasing. Issues in Wireless Networks