SKILL 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS SKILL 5: COORDINATE CONNECTORS
- A sentence in English must have at least one subject A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a
and one verb verb
- The first thing you should do as (while) you read a
When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you
sentence is to find the subject and the verb
must connect the two clauses correctly
SKILL 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
,and ,but ,so ,or
- Do not think that Prepositional phrase is the subject
- You have to use these connectors with a comma (,)
- A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is between the clauses to correctly join
called an object of preposition
S + V ,Coordinate connector + S + V
Noun: He, It, They
Pronoun: Jose, CBA, Markers SKILL 6: ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTOR
Adverb: describe a verb, an adjective, and another
- If a word is an object of preposition, it is not the
adverb
subject
At, in, of, to, by, behind, on, throughout, during, after, Why verb subject complement? A: adverb clause
with, through, beside, along, across, from, about, under
TIME CAUSE CONDITION CONTRAST
SKILL 3: PRESENT PARTICIPLE After Because If Although
As Since Whether Even though
- A present participle is the ing form of the verb Before Though
- The present participle can be part of the verb or an Since While
adjective Until
When
- It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some while
form of the verb be
- It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some S + V + Adverb connector + S + V
form of the verb be Adverb connector + S + V + , + S + V
SKILL 4: PAST PARTICIPLE SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
- A past participle often ends is ed, but there are also - A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun
many irregular past participles
- It can be used in a sentence as an object of a verb, or
For many verbs, including ed verbs, the simple past an object of preposition
and the past participle are the same and can be easily
confused - Object of a verb: if it follows a verb
- Object of preposition: if it follows a preposition
The ed form of the verb can be the simple past, the
past participle of a verb, or an adjective Noun: Subject, Direct object, and Object of preposition
- What, when, where, why, how.
- The past participle is the form of the verb that appears
- Whether, if
with have or be
- That
- The past participle is an adjective when it is not
accompanied by some form of the verb be or have S + V + Noun clause connector + S + V
SKILL 8: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBUJECTS - S + (Prepositional phrase) + V
- A noun clause connector is not just a connector, it can - When a prepositional phrase comes between the
also be the subject of the clause at the same time subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with
the subject
- Who, what, which
SKILL 12: AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF
- S + V + Noun clause connector/subject + V
QUANTITY
SKILL9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
- When the subject is an expression of quantity such as
- An adjective clause describes a noun all, most, or some followed by the preposition of
- Because is an adjective, it is positioned directly after - The subject can be singular or plural, depending on
the noun that it describes what follows the preposition of
- Most of the meal was delicious
- Whom, which, that
- S + V + Adjective clause connector + S + V - All, most, some, half, part
- S + Adjective clause connector + S + V + V - Quantity + of + object of preposition + V
- The adjective connector can be omitted in spoken - When an expression of quantity using of is the subject,
English or in casual writing English the verb agrees with the object
SKILL 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
- An adjective clause connector can also be the subject - Certain words in English are always grammatically
of the clause at the same time singular, even though they might have plural meanings
- Who, which, that Anybody Anyone Anything
Everybody Everyone Everything
- S + V + Adjective clause connector/subject + V
Nobody No one Nothing
- S + Adjective clause connector/subject + V + V Somebody Someone Something
Each (+noun) Every (+noun)
SKILL 11: AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRAES
- If the subject of a verb is singular, then the verb must - These words are grammatically singular, so they take
be singular singular verbs
- If the subject of a verb is plural, then the verb must be SKILL 14: PARRALLEL
plural
- An s on a verb usually indicates that a verb is
singular
- An s on a noun usually indicates that the noun is
plural
- Irregular plurals: women, men, children, and people
- Sometimes Prepositional phrases can come between
the subject and the verb
- If the object of preposition is singular and the subject
is plural. If the object of preposition is plural and the
subject is singular
- The door to the rooms is locked
