Bacterial Wilt

management
in Tomato
Training course guide

AVRDC.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This training manual was prepared primarily from the cited

references; particularly the work of AVRDC scientists
Jaw - Fen Wang and Chili-Hung Lin.

Special thanks to the scientists of Punjab Agricultural University,

Iqbal Singh Aujla and Tarsem Singh Dhillon for information
provided through their publications.

The research work of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,

Bengaluru, shared in a training program for Bhutanese agronomists
in late 2015 has also been quoted in this manual. Heartfelt thanks are
given to the scientists Shankara Hebbar and Prabhakar for their keen
interest and enthusiasm in helping technology to reach its targeted
audience.

Advice in this manual is also based on the practical experiences of

AVRDC in its various projects in South Asia. Sincere thanks to the
team members who worked in compiling, reviewing, editing and
designing of this publication.

Additional information and images have been collected from

acknowledged websites.
 1

CONTENTS
1.Introduction

2. A framework for training

3. Bacterial wilt and its causal organism

4. Pathology of the disease

- Symptoms, identification and diagnosis
- Conditions for disease development

5. Recommendations

6. Preventive techniques
- Grafting and its advantage over traditional methods
- Selecting Scion
- Selecting Root Stock
- Raising scion and root stock
- Preparation for grafting
- Grafting methods and steps in the process
- Tube method
- Cleft (V-shaped) method

7. Healing chamber
- Construction
- Healing process

8. Suggested Session plan

9. Practical exercises

10. Communication materials

11. Quiz for pre and post test

References
 INTRODUCTION
2

India is one among the worlds largest The main control strategy has been the use of
major tomato growing countries. Tomato is best resistant varieties. However, the stability of
adapted to warm, dry environments and during BW resistance in tomato is highly affected
the hot-wet season yields are low due to poor by the pathogen density, pathogen strains,
fruit-setting caused by very high temperatures, temperature, soil moisture, and the presence
as well as many severe disease problems. of root-knot nematode.

Among diseases, bacterial wilt (BW) is usually Private seed companies, AVRDC, and national
the most damaging. In India, a study showed agricultural research systems have worked on
10 to 100 per cent incidence of BW during the the development of BW-resistant tomato
summer. [1] varieties, but there are still only a few varieties
showing stable resistance [1].
Some commercial bactericides are available in
India although they have limited effectiveness.

Plants affected by Bacterial Wilt

 2

A FRAMEWORK FOR
TRAINING:
Purpose of this training package: classes need to be conducted using infected
To provide practical technical skills and plant specimens brought from elsewhere.
support for teaching by extension workers
and community workers. Duration of the training course:
Ideally a full working day will be required with
Participants for the training course: a field visit to nearby fields for on-the-ground
Agriculture extension workers, field staff, experience. However, the time needed may
seed company staff, NGOs and community vary based on need.
development workers, who propose to train
farmers. Materials needed:
This training package includes relevant
Resource personnel: technical bulletins, pamphlets, formats and
Scientists from national and international survey sheets to be used by the trainers. This
research and extension institutes, leading seed package will help the trainees when they
companies, progressive and innovative farmers, actually go to villages for training farmers.
who can apply the principles of adult learning. Ideally the trainees should develop
complementary training packages in local
Training approaches to be used: languages as part of this training program.
The sessions should include both classroom
and field oriented hands-on sessions. Group Monitoring and Feedback mechanism:
work and case studies are integral parts of this Administering of structured surveys to the
training program. The manual has suggestions participants will enable the trainer to get mean-
and directions on how to conduct each session. ingful feedback to review the performance of
If the disease doesnt exist in the visited fields, programs.

BACTERIAL WILT AND ITS little warning. It is nearly impossible to treat,

but there are steps that can be taken to prevent
CAUSAL ORGANISM its spread.

Tomato bacterial wilt is caused by a bacterium Bacterial wilt often happens where plants have
Ralstonia solanacearum, formerly known as been cut, injured or weakened by insects or
Pseudomonas solanacearum. The pathogen has simply by cultivation. This bacterium lives in
different races, each of them unique and each of the soil and will work its way quickly through
them attacking different plants. Tomato the roots and up the stem of the plants, pre-
bacterial wilt is mostly caused by the race 1 venting water and nutrients from reaching the
strain, which has a wide host range and can leaves causing the death of the plant.
survive in the soil for a long period of time.
Race 1 strains are highly variable in their
genotype and aggressiveness on tomato. Some
highly aggressive strains can cause severe
symptoms, even on resistant varieties.
Fortunately, such strains are not predominant.
[1]

Bacterial wilt is a devastating disease causing

tomato to wilt and die suddenly and with very
Death of plants due to BW
 3

PATHOLOGY OF THE DISEASE

Symptoms, identification and Diagnosis distinct symptom compared to other vascular
diseases like Fusarium wilt, which develop
Mature, fruit-bearing plants are affected in yellowing of leaves [1].
mid-summer. The first symptoms are wilting of
the youngest leaves, usually during the hottest After wilting, a vascular discoloration can be
part of the day. This can easily go unnoticed observed, sometimes with browning or
because the leaves stay green but eventually the maceration of the pith. A whitish bacterial mass
entire plant wilts and dies. can be seen when pressing an exposed stem
slice.
These dramatic symptoms occur when the
weather is hot (over 30 degrees C), the humidity
Bacterial Ooze test for diagnosis of the
is high and lots of rainfall has left the ground
wet. Its also more common in sandy soil with a disease:
high pH [4].
Cut a portion of an infected stem at or near
Under less conducive conditions, wilt and de- ground level, split it vertically and look for any
cline will be slower, and numerous adventitious discoloration inside. Also place the cut stem
roots often form on the lower stems. In both vertically in a glass of clear water, piercing it
cases, a brownish discoloration is present, first with a toothpick at the end to support it on the
in the vascular system, and in advanced cases, top of the glass. Look for the milky ooze
spreading into the pith and cortex. The roots running out of the cut stem end, like smoke.
will exhibit varying degrees of decay [3].
When the plant is infected, streaming will be
Recently wilted plants are greenthis is a seen from the stem.

Browning of the pith in the affected plant

Diagnosis: Uninfected vs Infected

 4

Conditions for Disease Development

Ralstonia solanacearum can overwinter in plant may be acquired by insect vectors [2].
debris or diseased plants and wild hosts. The The bacterium usually enters the plant via a
bacteria can survive for a long time in water wound. Natural wounds (created by excision
(up to 40 years at 2025 C in pure water) and of flowers, genesis of lateral roots) as well as
the bacterial population is reduced in extreme unnatural ones (by agricultural practices or
conditions ( eg. temperature, pH, salts.) [2]. nematodes and xylem-feeding bugs attack) can
A large number of R. solanacearum bacteria become entry sites.
can be shed from roots of symptomatic and After invading a susceptible host, the
non-symptomatic plants. Colonization of weeds bacterium multiplies and moves systematically
by R. solanacearum affects the degree of within the plant before bacterial wilt symptoms
carryover of inoculum. Many weeds may occur.
harbour the bacteria in the roots yet show no Wilting occurs with a high level of bacterial
symptoms [9]. population in the xylem and is partially due
Besides that, bacterial ooze (which is to vascular blockages so that water cannot
usually used as a sign for detection) on plant effectively reach the leaves.
surfaces, can enter the surrounding soil or
water, contaminating farming equipment or

Disease cycle of R. solanacearum

 5

RECOMMENDATIONS
No single control method will provide good then injected under the cover and the seedbed is
and sustainable management of the disease, so left undisturbed for three days. The cover
integrating different methods is a must. is then removed and the soil is allowed to
aerate for seven days before planting. A
properly applied fumigant penetrates the
Choose a clean field where- soil and kills most existing viable seeds and
There is no history of bacterial wilt in the pathogens.
field or in neighbouring fields.
The previous crop grown was paddy or Use of resistant tomato or eggplant
another non-host crop varieties as rootstocks can increase the
The land is flat with good drainage resistance level of the scions.
The field is free from cross-flows of water
from fields with the disease Prevent the spread of disease in the
There is no root knot nematode problem field
Remove and destroy infected plants
Suppress the pathogen in the Reduce irrigation frequency and the
infected field quantity of water applied. If flood or
Rotate with non-host crops like paddy or sprinkler irrigation is used, restrict
green manures, beans, corn, and cabbage. irrigations to every 7 to 10 days, depending
Avoid planting other Solanaceous crops on weather conditions. If the crop is drip
(potato, pepper, and eggplant) in the same irrigated, apply water every 4-5 days in cool
area. months and every 2-3 days in hot months.
Flood the field 1 to 3 weeks before planting [8]
tomato. Prevent water flowing from infected fields
If the soil has a high pH, apply lime to other field
(Calcium carbonate) @ one tonne/ha to Drain the field quickly after rain
balance the soil pH. However it may take Disinfect pruning tools either by-
two years to lower it sufficiently.[6] 1) Soaking them for at least 5 minutes in any
Allow additional spacing between plants for disinfectant solution such as household bleach,
air to circulate freely. Pine oil cleaner, Lysol or Dettol and rinse them
Plant the seedlings in raised beds to improve with clean water and allow them to air dry
drainage around the roots before use, or
Reduce root knot nematodes in the field 2) Wash with water or bleach or sterilize by
which aggravate bacterial wilt problems putting them into a flame. [10]

Use resistant varieties and clean Avoid injury to roots during intercultural
operations
seedlings Remove and destroy affected plants at the
Select BW-resistant tomato varieties, which
end of the season.
have been tested locally.
Use pathogen-free seedbeds to produce
clean transplants. This can be assisted by Using bio agents or bactericides:
fumigating the seedbeds. Spray the crop with Streptocycline (0.3g/L)
2-3 times at 10 day intervals after
During fumigation the seedbed is tightly transplanting. [10]
covered with an airtight tarp or plastic. A
registered fumigant (eg: Methyl bromide) is
 6

PREVENTIVE TECHNIQUES
of rootstock and if the seeds are not available,
Grafting and its advantage over
it is suggested to use Solanum torvum as a
traditional methods rootstock, which is available locally. Solanum
sisymbriifolium also proved to be a good
Grafting is a horticultural technique whereby rootstock.
tissues from one plant are inserted into those
of another so as to join the two sets of vascular
tissues. In most cases, one plant is selected for
Raising Rootstock and scion:
Both scion and rootstock should have same
its roots and this is called the stock or rootstock.
stem thickness (diameter) at the time of
The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves,
grafting.
flowers, or fruits and is called the scion.
To ensure this, the rootstock has to be sown
Why to graft? little earlier than the tomato scion. If wild
To reduce bacterial wilt disease and other solaneceous plants like S. torvum or
diseases caused by fungal wilt, root knot S. sisymbriifolium are used, they have to sown
nematodes and death of the crop due to first as they often have low germination rates
temporary waterlogging in tomatoes. and slow growth.

Advantages of grafting: Preparation for grafting:

Management of root-borne diseases is easy A nursery of eggplant rootstocks should be
through planting of grafted seedlings. started earlier than the nursery for tomato
Plants grow healthy and can withstand initial scions.
infestations. For the nursery media prepare a mixture of
Plants can survive waterlogged condition. cocopeat and vermicompost in a 1:1 ratio.
Organic growers in particular can gain from Avoid using soil for the eggplant rootstock
grafting because growing tomatoes in soil and nursery to prevent soil borne diseases.
compost rather than in sterile media often leads Select pro trays with 50/100 holes and fill
to problems with weak roots, as a result of them with the nursery mixture.
soil-borne pathogens. Sow the eggplant seeds first.
Slowly irrigate the seedling trays with a
Selecting a Scion: watering can or mug.
This is the fruiting part of the grafted plant. When the germination of eggplant seed is
Any popular and widely grown tomato hybrid/ completed, start sowing of tomato seeds in
variety that has the desired fruit characteristics different trays in the same manner as the
can be used to produce scions for grafting. eggplant seed was sown.
Indeterminate varieties should be used in green
houses or net houses and determinate or semi The seeds for grafting need to be sown
indeterminate varieties in open fields. two weeks before typical, non-grafted
transplanting. This allows the newly grafted
Selecting Rootstock: seedlings to spend up to one week in the
Select the rootstock based on its potential for chamber followed by one week under shade
resisting the soil borne diseases. or in the greenhouse to re-acclimatize to normal
To choose the right rootstock, the first step is light conditions before they are put into the
identifying prevalent pathogens in the area. field.

Fields where solanaceous crops (tomatoes, As germination varies with the variety, sowing
potatoes, and peppers) have often been grown time may be altered to grow different cultivars
have recurring problems such as bacterial wilt, to the same size. In many cases, rootstock
verticillium wilt and root-knot nematodes. varieties take two to five days longer to
Disease resistant eggplants are the best source germinate than the scion.
 7

Before getting into the grafting process, the Steps

healing chamber should be constructed and
kept ready so that the grafted seedlings can be i. Initially, cut the cycle valve tube into
protected in the chamber without much delay. 1.5-2 mm long pieces at an angle.

Grafting methods and steps in the ii. Cut the rootstock under the cotyledons at
process: a 30-45 degree or sharper angle. Cutting the
Tomato seedlings are almost always grafted rootstock above the cotyledons is not advised
using the tube grafting method in commercial as axillary buds may grow out when vigorous
propagation. rootstocks are used.

Tube Grafting Method (Method 1) iii. Prepare the scion with matching stem width
cut in the same angle at about 5-10 mm below
Tube Grafting or Japanese Top-Grafting is car- the cotyledons.
ried out when the plants are very small and the
rootstock and scion can be held together with a iv. Place one tube a half way down on top of the
1.52 mm tube. This is also called the Japanese cut end of the scion.
Grafting Method. The diameter of the scion
and rootstock must be matching. The advan- v. Insert the scion and grafting tube onto
tages of this method of grafting is: the rootstock so that the cut surfaces align
perfectly.
Very good graft union
Seedlings produced in a short period Transplanting and care of grafted
More seedlings can be produced as it requires seedlings in the open field
only local materials. The tube need not be taken off as the growing
stem applies pressure on it so that it breaks off
The disadvantage is: on its own.
The height of the rootstock above the soil is Plant the grafted plant so that the graft union
short, so earthing up of the seedlings in the field remains at least 2.5 cm above the soil. This will
is not possible as the soil will touch the scion prevent root formation from the scion.
Suckers usually develop from the rootstock
Materials after grafting and become obvious 6-8 days
Scion seedlings at a two-true-leaf stage. Target after grafting. These suckers should be removed
diameter of the grafting site is 1.5 mm. as soon as they emerge.
Rootstock seedlings at the same leaf stage. Staking of the grafted plants is essential as the
Target diameter of grafting site is 1.5 mm. earthing up is not possible because of the need
Razor blade (used for shaving) works best for to avoid soil contact above the grafted joint to
this grafting method. assure protection from soil borne diseases.
Grafting tubes/Cycle valve tubes.
Scissors to cut the valve tubes to the desired Tips for success:
length. For proper healing to take place, the vascular
tissue in the rootstock and scion must align
so that their tissues can easily grow together,
forming a strong union for water and nutrient
uptake. An essential component for grafting
success is to use rootstock and scion plants
that have similar stem diameters. Grafting
should take place when the plants are not water
stressed. Early in the morning or just after dark
are excellent times to graft as transpiration has
typically slowed down. Grafting should be
https://goo.gl/UGNKYP
8
 9

done indoors or under some sort of shading. If vi. Insert the trimmed scion into the vertical slit
daytime grafting is essential due to timing and of the rootstock.
labour concerns, move the plants to a shady
area in the morning before transpiration in- vii. Secure the graft with a clip.
creases to prevent unwanted water stress dur-
ing the process. Tips:
Selecting matching sizes of scion and root-
Cleft (v-shaped) grafting method (Method 2) stock is important in this grafting procedure.
Trimming leaves from the scion seedling can
This technique can be easily practised. This be beneficial as this can reduce water loss in
grafting method also has some amount of grafted seedlings. The trimming can be done
flexibility in terms of matching the size of the two to three days before grafting process.
scion and rootstock. As the rootstock shoots will Grafting clips should also be selected accord-
be completely removed, this method has less ing to the stem size. Clips that are too big can-
chance of developing rootstock shoots in the not hold the grafted union and clips that are too
field. small apply too much pressure and may deform
the union.
Materials
Scion seedlings at a two or three-true leaf
stage. HEALING CHAMBER
Rootstock seedlings at a two or three-true leaf
stage. The purpose of the healing chamber is to
Razor (shaving) blade works the best for this protect the scion from water stress. This can
grafting method. be accomplished by slowing the transpiration
Grafting clips. Size needs to be selected for streamthe movement of water from inside the
matching seedlings. plant tissue into the atmosphere. The best way
to do this is to increase the humidity, decrease
Steps light and temperature.

i. Using a sharp clean blade, decapitate the The seedlings resulted from joining a rootstock
rootstock seedling with a horizontal cut approx- and scion must reconnect vascular tissues so
imately at a height of 3-5cm. that water and nutrients can be supplied to the
scion from the rootstock. This process occurs
ii. The decapitated rootstock seedling without in a chamber where humidity, light and
any leaves is shown. The foliage of the root- temperature can be regulated.
stock seedling is discarded.
Construction is relatively simple and
iii. Bisect the truncated rootstock stem at its inexpensive, and selecting a proper place in
widest diameter to a depth of 4 mm. the farm to locate the chamber plays a critical
role. While the grafts are healing in the
iv. Remove the roots of the scion seedlings with chamber, they must receive 80 to 95 per cent
a horizontal cut approximately 5 mm above the humidity, minimal
cotyledons. direct sunlight and a temperature between
24o C and 30o C. The daily temperature
v. Trim the cut surface of the scion seedling to variation must remain low, as additional stress
the shape of a wedge with sides approximately can decrease grafting success. The best place for
4 mm long. (Alternatively, in the two cut a healing chamber is indoors.
process, two diagonal cuts at an angle of
65 degrees are made to separate the scion from Healing chambers can also be maintained
its roots and to form the wedge). inside a greenhouse so long as there is sufficient
 10

shading to keep the grafts from being exposed

to excessive heat inside the chamber.
A simple healing chamber consists of a frame
covered by polyethylene sheet, which keeps
the humidity level high during the healing
process. The floor of the chamber should hold
water. During the first few days after grafting,
an opaque /black polythene covering is used to
keep all light out of the chamber.

Materials required:
PVC pipes, clamps, or wooden sticks or any
other suitable material to make the frame can
also be used
Transparent polythene
Opaque/Black polythene
Wooden stick
Binder clips
Water

Construct a frame ideally using 2.5 cm

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping (or any
other available size) as illustrated in Figure. The
height of the frame should not be so low that
it touches the plants or too high to reduce the
humidity.

Cover the PVC frame with a layer of clear

plastic so that the sides and ends can be easily
pulled up to check on the grafts during healing.

Use a wooden stick at the base to make a

shallow pool of water which does not touch the
seedling tray. Then cover the chamber with black polythene
to prevent light penetration. This will help the
Healing of graft union scion to maintain its stored energy reserves
Move the tray filled with grafted plants for until healing is completed.
healing for up to 7 days.
After 24-48 hours, remove the black polythene
Pour water into the healing chamber. Keep the and allow limited indirect light until the healing
seedling tray on the wooden sticks above the process is completed. in two more days.
water. Care should be taken to ensure that the
tray should not directly touch the water as it Four days after grafting, open the transparent
will promote damping off diseases of the polythene for the seedlings to acclimatize to the
seedlings. external environment.

Use black plastic to block all available sunlight Two days after this, move the seedlings outside,
from entering the chamber until the leaves of but keep them under shade for two to three
the newly grafted transplants attain normal more days and before transplanting in the main
turgor levels and they no longer show signs of field.
moisture stress.
 11

SUGGESTED SESSION PLAN

It is best to run the training sessions close
to an infected field. If this is not possible, live
infected plant specimens need to be brought to
the classroom for demonstration.
Hands-on training in grafting with actual
seedlings is also essential. Make sure the
materials for building a healing chamber are
collected and kept ready in advance.

Topic Duration Resource person /facilitator

1 Introduction to Bacterial wilt- symptoms 60 min Pathologist/Plant protection expert
and diagnosis
2 Learning to manage the disease 60 min Pathologist/Plant protection expert/
innovative farmer
4 How to graft Tomato seedlings 90 min Agronomist/ innovative farmer/
nursery man/ grafting Expert
5 Constructing a Healing chamber 90 min Agronomist/ innovative farmer/
nursery man/ grafting Expert

PRACTICAL EXERCISES
Diagnosis of Bacterial Wilt: methods/practices that can be adopted for
effective management of the problem.
Purpose: To provide skills in identifying the
symptoms and diagnosing the disease Activities: Field visit, sharing of experiences
and group discussion
Activities: Field visit, observation and
diagnosis of symptoms Participants will form into two or three
groups of no more than 12 each, and share
Participants will divide into two mixed their experiences on how they manage the
teams of experienced and beginners. problem in their own fields and what they
Two teams will check for disease in two have observed their neighbours doing.
different plots and tag the suspected plants. One of the group members will be noting
After 15 minutes, all the members will down the points of the discussion on a
reassemble near the suspected plants and board.
conduct an ooze test to diagnose the disease. After the specified time period, the team
The trainer will demonstrate the technique leader will summarise the discussions to
with one sample and the trainees will do come up with the most effective way of
one test each with different plants. controlling the pathogen based on group
After that they will explain how they could experiences.
suspect the infected plants and then confirm
this with a test. Grafting of seedlings and post grafting
care
Managing the disease:
Purpose: To provide hands-on practice with
Purpose: To bring out the trainees existing two different methods of grafting. To deliver
knowledge and to incorporate additional the techniques/tips for a successful graft union
 12

Activities: A video on grafting will be played,

stopping at crucial points to interact with the
QUIZ (PRE AND POST-TEST)
trainees.
Bacterial wilt is a disease caused by bacterium
that results in wilting of the plants.
Hands-on-practice: The participants will then
a. Yes b. No c. Dont know
be supplied with raw materials to do grafting
by themselves, with support from the facilitator
Bacterial wilt is more rapid in hot weather and
as needed.
high humidity
a. Yes b. No c. Dont know
After learning to graft, trainees will practise the
right way of protecting newly grafted plants in
Streaming of fluid from a cut stem when placed
the healing chamber.
in clear water indicates the presence of Bacterial
wilt.
Constructing a healing chamber to a. True b. False c. No idea
protect grafted seedlings
Grafting offers protection from Bacterial wilt
Purpose: To help the participants learn how to a. Agree b. Disagree c. No idea
protect a graft union.
Grafted seedlings can be directly transplanted
Activities: Participants will make a healing into the field
chamber by themselves under the guidance of a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Disagree
the trainer.
A healing chamber initially protects the grafted
During the process, they will also discuss seedlings
the possibility of using cheaper alternative a. True b. False c. No idea
materials that may be available in their are-
as, and come up with suggestions to share Bacterial wilt can be controlled by hanging
with each other. sticky traps in the field
a. True b. False c. No idea
COMMUNICATION Resistant varieties can be grown to control the
MATERIALS disease to certain extent
a. Yes b. No c. Cant say
Hand-outs /technical manual
Management of bacterial wilt The disease does not persist in a field after
harvesting of the crop
Powerpoints on a. Yes b. No c. Dont know
Bacterial wilt symptom and diagnosis
Grafting
GLOSSARY
Videos of AVRDC BW Bacterial Wilt
Grafting R.solanacearum Ralstania solanacearum
Healing chamber g Grams
l Litres
Videos from YouTube ml Millilitres
Grafting vegetables Eg Example
Grafting Tomatoes-Healing chamber Min Minutes
m2 Square meters
Degrees C Degrees Celsius
Ha Hectare
 13

REFERENCES

1. Jaw-Fen Wang and Chih-Hung Lin. Integrated Management of Tomato Bacterial wilt.
AVRDC,The World Vegetable centre. www.avrdc.org

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralstonia_solanacearum

3. https://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/pest_nursery_programs/
plant_prob_clinic/fact_sheet_folder/bac_wilt_tomato.html

4. http://tomatodiseasehelp.com/treat-bacterial-wilt

5. https://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp728/Ralstonia/Tomato_bacterial_wilt_symptoms.
html

6. http://vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/Soil/ChangingpHinSoil.pdf

7. Tarsem Singh Dhillon. 2015. Package of practices for cultivation of vegetables. Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

8. Iqbal Singh Aujla. 2012. Protected cultivation of vegetables. Department of Vegetable

Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (India)

9. Bacterial Wilt. AVRDC the World Vegetable centre Fact Sheet. AVRDC Publication
04-611- 2004. http://203.64.245.61/web_crops/tomato/bacterial_wilt.pdf

10. http://www.iihr.res.in/faq
 AVRDC - South Asia
ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru 502 324
Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Tel: +91-40-30713755
Fax: +91-40-30713074 / 75

info-southasia(at)worldveg.org

Compiled by: PVL Bharathi

Edited by: Warwick Easdown

Contributors: M Ravishankar,
Devender Pal Kaur

Designed by: Sreeram Banda

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