CASE I:partally immerged

Trail 1 2 3 4 5
1 Total Wight on 50 100 120 150 170
arm(G)
2 Depth of 49 69 76 85 90
water(Y)mm
3 F, practical ,N 0.763 1.577 1.92 2.45 2.796
4 F,Theoretical,(N) 0.825 1.63 1.983 2.482 2.781
5 Defiance 0.063 0.056 0.06 0.037 0.014
between row
3&4
6 Depth of center 32.65 46 50.65 56.67 60
of Pressure, mm

CASE II: fully immerged

Trail 1 2 3 4 5
1 Total Wight on 220 270 300 320 370
arm(G)
2 Depth of 106 120 127.5 132 146
water(Y)mm
3 F, practical ,N 3.71 4.66 5.216 5.585 6.518
4 F,Theoretical,(N) 3.84 4.81 5.322 5.63 6.593
5 defiance between 0.14 0.15 0.106 0.045 0.075
row 3&4
6 Depth of center 70.87 81.91 88.24 92.16 104.67
of Pressure, mm
Sample of calculation

Case I:
Fp=MGL/Ycp
Ycp=a+b-y/3

F theoretical=0.5*&w*b*y^2=

Ycp=(2/3)y=

Case II:

Fp=MGL/Ycp
Ycp=a+(d/2)+(d^2/12(y-d/2))

F theoretical=&w*(y-d/2)*d*b =

Ycp=(y-d/2)+d^2/12(y-d/2)=
Introduction
As stated in the Hydrostatic Pressure lab procedure1, the objective of the lab is to
determine the magnitude of a hydrostatic force on a plane surface and the location of
this force. Associating height of water, a balance pan, and a counterweight with the
Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus will achieve this. Furthermore, these values will be
determined by experimentation and corresponding equations. Determination of
hydrostatic forces is applicable to bodies submerged in a fluid. As stated in
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics2, These forces develop on the surface of the body
and are a result of the fluid itself. Hydrostatic forces are dependent upon the specific
weight of the fluid, the total area, and depth of the centroid of the body, which is
reflected in the equation. Knowledge of the magnitude and location of such forces is
crucial to the design of bodies such as ships, dams and similar hydraulic systems. The
location of the hydrostatic forces found by determining the coordinates, which
together are referred to as the center of pressure. The greater the depth of submergence
of the body in the fluid, the closer the center of pressure is to the resultant hydrostatic
force. Hydrostatic pressure is a major factor considered by design engineers when
determining the safety and effectiveness of submerged body applications.

objectives
of this study are (a) to determine and analyze the relationships
of hydrostatic force and center of pressure with respect to the height
of the water in the pressure system chamber,(b) to confirm that these
 Apparatus:
Center of pressure apparatus (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Center of pressure apparatus

Equipment:
TQ H11 Center of Pressure Apparatus (SN: A0390/10)
Weights in any increment
Water
Procedures:
1. If necessary measure the dimensions a, b and d of the quadrant, and the
distance between the pivot and the weight hanger L. Lightly apply wetting agent
to reduce surface tension effects.
2. Insert the quadrant into the tank locating the balance arm on the knife-edges.
Adjust the counter-balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal, as indicated
on the datum level indicator.
3. Add all the weights supplied to the weight carrier. Fill the tank with water until
the balance beam tips lifting the weights then drain out a small quantity of water
to bring the balance arm horizontal, do not level the balance arm by adjustment
of the counter balance weight or the datum setting of the balance arm will be lost.
Record the water level shown on the scale. Fine adjustment of the water level may
be achieved by over-filling and slowly draining, using the drain cock.
4. Remove one or more weights from the weight carrier and level the balance arm
by draining out more of the water. When the arm is level record the depth of
immersion shown on the scale on the quadrant.
5. Repeat reading for reducing masses on the weight carrier.
 Discussion
Q1)
no relation between static force and viscosity because we dealing with static
farce but the viscosity is related with dynamic force .
Q2)
A)

B)
The center of pressure is the point where the total sum of a pressure field acts on a body, causing a force to act
through that point. The total force vector acting at the center of pressure is the value of the integrated vectorial
pressure field. The resultant force and center of pressure location produce equivalent force and moment on the body
as the original pressure field. Pressure fields occur in both static and dynamic fluid mechanics. Specification of the
center of pressure, the reference point from which the center of pressure is referenced, and the associated force
vector allows the moment generated about any point to be computed by a translation from the reference point to the
desired new point. It is common for the center of pressure to be located on the body, but in fluid flows it is possible for
the pressure field to exert a moment on the body of such magnitude that the center of pressure is located outside the
body.
Q3)
Q4)
If the apparatus is not sitting level The moment calculations will yield inaccurate results. A
leveling device on or near the testing apparatus would aid in ensuring the moment balance is
accurate.
Q5
we neglect with offset on the inclined surface of torrid because there is no
vertical distance between it and the pivot .

Conclusion
In summing the moments about the pivot of the apparatus, the buoyant force is neglected. As
seen in the apparatus setup in Figure 2, the fluid resides inside the torus. The presence of
buoyancy comes from the air outside of the torus. Because the density of air is a mere fraction
of that of the material of the torus and the fluid it contains, it can be neglected in the hydrostatic
force calculations.
The weight of the torus can also be neglected. Because the center of the curvature of the torus is
at the location of the pivot, it is negated. The weight of the torus was not included in the
calculations because the device was calibrated with ballast water so as to begin the experiment
with a net moment of zero about the pivot.

It was noted that a large discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values
occurred. This is most likely due to errors in measurement of the height of the fluid inside of the
torus. Another possible cause could be that the apparatus was not sitting level on the counter
where the experiment was performed. If the apparatus is not sitting level, the moment
calculations will yield inaccurate results. A leveling device on or near the testing apparatus
would aid in ensuring the moment balance is accurate.
Another source of error would be the use of the accepted density of water, 1000kg/m3, for the
theoretical calculation of the hydrostatic force. This accepted value is the density of sea water at
4oC. The water used in this experiment was tap water at approximately 23C. However, if the
actual density of the tap water was used, the theoretical calculations would not differ greatly
enough to compensate for the magnitude of the error.
REFERENCES.

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rdEdition

William S. Janna (1993)
A Manual for the Mechanics of Fluids Laboratory
William S. Janna (2008)

engel,Y.A.,&Cimbala,J. M. (2014).In Fluid mechanic Fundamentals and

Applications
Humphreys ,A.S.(1991).Center of Pressure Gates for Irrigation. Applied
Engineering in Agriculture.
Lane, P.A.,& Griffiths, D.V.(2000).Assessment of Stability of Slopes
under Drawdown Conditions. Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering.
CASE I

Chart Title
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

CASE II

Chart Title
7

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7