a aes Sonoid % , MERITORIOUS House of Education. Main Campus: 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Op3: Farsan Masjid, Karachi pr ost sasaovea, 0300/0321 £23246, e-mail: meritorious_pib@hotmaiLcom Gulshan Campus: ax Blockt3-C Gulshan-e-lqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karaeht Pr:021.34629072, 0300/0321 8232196, o-mail: [email protected] Web-waw meritorious com pk N 1X Chemistry Chapter #3 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY ON ie ? (CHEMISTRY: re (Detinition i “The branch of science that deals with the properties of matter is known as Chemistry.) psy oreo foe ( BRANCH! or.cHemistry: (Any 5) Ny Chemistry is digiced into ¥pllowing nine branches:- ) Physical Chemistry, , i) Organic Chemistr i) Phys if, i) Organic Chemistry iv) Nugiosr Chernistrye by errata cert, \, vii) Analytical Chemistry viii) Bio Ghemistry iii) Inorganic Chemistry vi) Industrial Chemistry 5 / <) Polymeric Chemistry ¥ \ “The branch of Chemistry thatdeals jth the study of principle)that ‘governing}the combination of atoms ogmolegulesg{s known as Physical Chernistry.") Organic Chemistry:- “The branch of cher - tht es with the study of hydrocarbons and 3. Inorganic Chel piety niptiy that deals with the study of all the elements: igration and their derivatives is known a5 anid compounds excep fo | Inorganic Chemistry”. | 4. Nuctear eons Ne x ( f chemistry that deals with the study of nuclei, their j he bran { “chanues, wegnes jpanied in those changes.is known as Nuclear Chemistry" | cf jal Chemistry:- a eet of nein a stew 8 ty of changed place Ihiko erronmenhand their offect on cis chemical conditions ofthe nvironmipt is known ae Environmental Chemistry WM | 5. Epvirorl 6. indifStrial Chemistry:- NSF The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of industrial processes and their conditions such as synthesis of rubber, paints, fertilizers, oll et¢ 14 Shis{is known as Industrial Chemistry”, ‘ I: Anelytical Chemistry: = ie “The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of kinds of components and determination of their values present in.a particular substances known as Anaiytical Chemistry"BR MERITORIOUS House of Education Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi 48232496, e-mail: meritorious. 17, PIB Colony, Near KM. ph: 021-04840729, 0200/0921 anit Gulshan Campus: A Block12-¢ culshan-e-nbal Opp Feder! Ura Universi, Kar mF .eom, Webseue meritorious.com-pk Bot, 1X Chem Main Campus: try:= } hs manch of chemistry that deals with the study of animal ang, fants is known as Bio Chemistry”. study SigigiAners is OF CHEMISTRY: passage of time) To study the history of ghemistny WaQave divided it into following 9. Polymeric Chemistry:~ “The branch of chemistry that deals with t known as Polymeric chemistry”. three periods: i) Greek Period GREEK PERIOD: Che Greeks were the first one,yo stafed the work in the field of che! Grock period along with his chemistry, Aristotle, one of the greatg Contemporaries explained that ever/eupstance 's made up of four basic constituents: S pair ~ ii) Fire ii Eaith * iv) Water try, ERIOD: - (600AD -'1600AD) fowing are:the scientists who workedjin the field of chemistry f Utes teh Ef te etdof a — Z muslis = Ap HAYYAN (721A. — 803A.D) istry. prepared compounds such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid etcywhich '< . fave great importance in the jabs as-well-as i the industry. © He extracted metals from their ores which was a great achievement at thet period of tie. + He gave anew era to the discoveries of chemistry and specified a direction to the field of chemistry. 2 H.com x pn Gulshan. a ana stueying ¢ but in doir |HydrochtoIn gy foi, he Gulshan Campus: A-1 Bock13-c Guishane-a Gs MERITORIOUS House of Education Main Campus: — 17,pIe cotonyN K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karach! 30010321 -8292496, e-mail: meritorious [email protected] |, Opp. Federal Urdu University. Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0324 8232195, e-mail: [email protected] Web-ww.meritorious.com.pk Ph: 02124940123, 1X Chernistry AL-RAZI (862A.D — 930.0) He has worked in the fields of chemistry, Biology and in philosophy certain extent. He was the fir He used opium as an anesthesia for the very firs He prepared ethyl alcohol by the proces: He gave the classification of living and non- AL:BERUNI (973A.D — 1048A.D) tone who classified elements int ots got non cto a Eee Chemistry. Jditferent medicines. ncentrated on the baser metals and The Muslim Scientists were |stuaying their properties.) Aithough they Were enable to achieve thei 1stimate goal ii id'ete, which have great importance in fabor: JXLWBK : (1728A.D ~ 1799.4.D) repared the carbondioxide gas (CO;) and studied its propertie. iii) J. RRESELY: (1733A.D ~ 1804A.D) iv) v He discovered the sulphurdioxide (SO.), oxygen (O.) anc hydrochloric (HCl) gases. SHELEY: (1742A.D — 1786A.D) He prepared chlorine gas. CAVENDISH: (17314.D — 1810A.D) He discovered and prepared hydrogen (H:) 925.Ww <= MERITORIOUS House of Education, yy — Main Campus: 17, P16 Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi ise eee este N at Msios21 8232196, e-mall: meritorious pib@hotmaite,, Main C Gulshan Campus: a-1 Block19-C Gulshan-e-labal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi Seen ee vjolosat 8232186, e-mail: meritorious_guishan@hotmay, Guishal rious.com.pk 0) ht mated an este of, Webswwew.n jl vi) LAVOISER: (1734A,D ~ 1794A.D) (-« a Naelings plenty «He determined the percentage of oxygen gas in air. He gave a very ELEME important law known as LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS re simpler. vii) D= JOHN DALTON: (1766A. 1844A.D) EI * He gave all the famous theory known as “Dalton’s Atomic,Theory”, element + Even having some drawbacks; this theory gave @ new direction to Reeeren erie. CU GENERAL DESCRIPTION: they fon In this period several achievements have been observed through mM different scientists. Rutherford and Neil Bohr giving their atomic models. identity. Radioactivity is the another phenomenon of high appreciation which was being they give discovered. aa CONCEPT RELATED TO EXPERIMENTS: “V Sat: then the OBSERVATION: i) Inc ‘A group of data collected after performing several experiments is know, '!) Ele! as Observation. Observation is a very rough calculation to a certain approach, iii) Spe ace HYPOTHESIS: iv) Cor Hypothesis is an idea which the scientists derive from their observations. It is very much imaginary and it could be amended anytime. MIXTUF Hypothesis is next step to observation. y they forr THEORY: . ) Ina Theory is a statement which is also a result of observations taken from il) Ele the experiments. Theory is less flexible as compared to Hypothesis. Itis basically iii) Sim next step to Hypothesis. my LA iv) Mix a i v) Mix The next step to theory is known as Law. It has got maximum evidence 1. as compare to theory, hypothesis and observation. It has derived from a number of practical experiments. HOMO “t + Hor Chapter # 2 CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS thei BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY: ° Exe ATOM: “The smallest particles of an element is known as atom” . ___ Atom is the fundamental particle which is the basic concept of chemistry. itis a hypothesis that atom constitutes all the substances which are known as matter, eler70N4) MERITORIOUS House of Education otmaiie, Main Campus: 17, PIs Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masiid, Karachi Z chi “Ph: 021-34940423, 0300/0921 -6232196, e-mail: meritorious. [email protected] Dhotma.< Guishan Campus: A.1 Block13-C Gulshan-0-iqbal, Opp. Fedoral Urdu University, Karachi Ph: 021-24829072, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious, [email protected] mistry Web:waw.meritorious.com.pk 1X Chemistry ELEMENT: lement is the smallest substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances.” Element consists of a large number of atoms. Ina little amount of an element there could be thousands of atoms. MOLECULE: When two or more than two atoms chemically combine together then they form a molecule.” Molecules are composed of several atoms. These atoms lose their identity when they form a molecule. When several molecules combine together then a they give rise to a compound. COMPOUND “When two or more than two elements chemically combine together then they form a compound.” i) In Compound elements lose their individual properties known |) Elements could not easily be separate from compounds i it) Special chemical processes are required to separate constituent elements from a compound. iv) Compounds can be represented by a chemical formula MIXTURE: “When two or more than two elements physically combine together then they form a mixture”. i) Ina mixture elements retain their individual properties. n from i) Elements could easily be separated from mixture. “ally ili) Simple physical properties are required to separate constituent elements from a mixture. iv) Mixture can not be represented by a chemical formula. v) Mixtures divided into following two types. dence 1. Homogenous Mixture 2. Heterogenous Mixture ber of HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE: “A mixture having uniform composition is known as Homogenous Mixture.” . Homogenous mixture does not have visible boundaries of separation between their elements. + Examples of Homogenous Mixture are sugar solution, salt solution, air ete. HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE: “A mixture of non uniform composition is known as Heterogeneous Mixture”. ry: + Heterogeneous mixture has visible boundaries of separation between their 5 matter, elements. + Examples of Heterogeneous Mixture are mixture of iron and sand, mixture of sand and salt.~—* MERITORIOUS House of so 17,18 Colony, en re teat hong, FE M oz1-24940123, See, (Opp. Federal Urdu University, Kareen Minin Gs 15 Oe Cima meritorious guaherast Ma Guishan Main Campus: Pn Gulshan Campus: A.1 Block12-C Gulshan-e Oxygen Flourine Ph: 021-24829072, 0300/0321 Web. www meritorious.com Pk 7s ‘hem, ‘sty ATOMIC NUMBER: i: "The no. of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is KNOWN as Atomic Number.” . itis represented by Z dicate For example: Atomic Number of Carbon is 6 which shown it has 6 protons ,, its nucleus eval i VALENCY: 5 ” "The combining power of an element is known as its valency”. : SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS: iv) S.No| Common Names Latin Names Symbols 01 | Hydrogen -] H 02 | Helium =f - te maleut 03 | Lithium = = Li be 04 | Beryllium E ‘i Be 05 | Boron Ss 3 i 06 Carbon a 07 | Nitrogen i- 08 | Oxygen 5 09 | Flourine molecule 10 | Neon i 11_| Sodium fe iy 12 | Magnesium fe a 13_| Aluminium (ee Z MOLE: 14_| Silicon el 15 | Phosphorus _ aa i 16_| Sulphur Pi : e ii 17_| Chlorine i iy 18 _19 | Rota FORMU 20 21 ee The Uni AVAG: Atomic No. | Name of Elements | EV 1 Hydrogen H iF 2 Helium [a teHe. 3 Lithium [ian ORM 4 | Beryllium Be g 5 Boron 6. | Carbon Ei Nitrogen BALAI é () 9O; *) MERITORIOUS House of Education Campus: 17, P16 colony, Near KM Park Opp: Faraan Mas}, Karachi om Ph: 021-34540123, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] me Guishan Campus: 4.1 Biock13.C Guishan-e-tgbat, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karaehl misty Web:www meritorious.com.pk 1X Chemistry 3 ATOMIC MASS: “The mass of an atom measured in comparison with the mass of standard C" (Carbon 12) is known as Atomic Mass” — OR af ONS in “Th sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nugloygof an atom is known as Atomic Mass” g Ww i) Atomic Mass is also known as “Mass Number” | “| a ii) Itis'measured in atomic mass unit (a.m.u) - iii) The atomic mass of oxygen is 16 a.m.u iv) The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 a.m.u MOLECULAR OR ACTUAL. FORMULA! “The formula that represents actual ratio among the atoms ina molecule is known as Molecular Formula”. i) The Molecular Formula of Glucose is Cs H;2. Ov. ii) The Molecular Formula of ethane is C3 He. EMPERICAL FORMULA: “The formula that represents simplest ratio amoung the atoms ina molecule is kiewn as Emperical Forma” i) The Emperical formula of glucose is CHz0. ji) The Emperical formula of ethane is CH3. = MOLE: “Gram atomic or. gram molecular mass of a substance is known as Mole”. i) 1 mote of NaCI contains 58.59. ji) 1 mole of H20 contains 189. 2 iii) 1 mole of H2SQ« contains 98g. FORMULA: Mole = Mass in gram Atomic / Molecular Mass The Unit of mole is mol. AVAGADRO'S NUMBER: 1 mole cf any substance contains 6.02 x 10” particles. This is known as Avogadro's number. “It is represented by Na FORMULA: . - No. of particles = No. of moles x Na. OR No. of particles = No. of moles x 6.02 x 10” — BALANCING OF CHEMICAL REACTION. a (a) NajSO,+H20~___* NaOH + H2SO4 The following data can be used from this equation. 9 we ieee” © meriroriovus House of Educatiox) yy 2 Main Campus: 17, Pip colony, Near KM P napa kt ese po. 7¢ Rim Coteny, Nene regaat #232108, eal: mertorious_pb@hoind Main Cs Federal Urdu University, Karach} Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-c Gulshan-e-labal Op: ulahane aeszige, email: meritorious. guishen@hom Gulshan rk Opp: Fara Ph; 021-34828072, 0: : www meritorious.com-P ag IX Chemis, REACTANTS I PRODUCTS Na: 2 Nad i S:1 i Sit ’ 0:5 joree i= ia He I eee standard Inthe above chemical reaction Sodium and hydfagen are ynbal . ic jium in tHe produ Spare We use a coefficient 2 before NaOH to balance Sod} @ product ; Walco) io 2 NP AN i “REACTANTS PRODUCTS _ iii j Na: 2 = = Ky — i aban _ = ze ate —— ie Fagmanrea nee Now for balancing hydrogen we use 2 before H,0 In the reactant size, motacule NazSO, + 2H20 = 2 NaOH H2SO« i — i) __REACTANTS - : [ % molecule is completely balanced. i Hence the above chemical Equation CHEMICAL REACTION: ‘* shemical chang, “When one or twéithan one substances undergoes 2 C! ‘ha process is known as ) and produce one or more than’one substances then suc! $4 i) Chemical Reaction”. iii) s 4 CHEMICAL EQUATION: help of chemica; FORMU, 3 ~ = oo Fngrepresentation of chemical reactions with the rom thBreactants and products is known as Chemical Equation”. », ¥ The Unit \IYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: “There are seven types of Chemical Reactions which can be reduced avaGa five types, in@fPadition or Synthesis ii) Simple Decomposition iii) Simple Displacement Double Displacement. (Neutralization, Hydrolysis) FORMU: as Av % iv) v) Combustion 1. Addition or Synthesis: BALAN “When two or more than two substance combine together and form; single product then the reaction is known as the Addition or Synthesis Reaction. (2) 10itioZ) — MERITORIOUS House of Education @hotmy Main Campus: 47, PiB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karach! carach| Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious, [email protected] m@hoim Gulshan CAMPUS: A-+ Block13.C Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachl Ph: 021.34829072, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious. gulshan@hotmallieom hemig, Web:www.moritorious.com.pk IX Chemistry g ATOMIC MASS: “The mass of an atom measured in comparison with the mass of lé standard C"? (Carbon - 12) is known as Atomic Mass" OR af “The sum of number of protons and neutrons Present in the nucleus of : an atom is known as Atomic Mass” 7 \s 1) Atomic Mass is also known as “Mass Number” Pa ii) Itis measured in atomic mass unit (a.m.u) ; ¥ iil) The atomic mass of oxygen is 16.mu Ns v) The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 a.m.u duct sig MOLECULAR OR ACTUAL FORMULA! “The formula that represents actual ratio among the atoms in a fant size, molecule is known as Molecular Formula”. ‘ i) The Molecular Formula of Glucose is CsH:2.0s- ) ii) The Molecular Formula of ethane is Ci Heo.“ EMPERICAL FORMUL. “The formula that represents simplest ratio amoung the stoms ina olecule is kriown as Emperical Formula”. i) The Emperical formula of glucose is CH20. ii) The Emperical formuta of ethane is CH. MOLE: -al chang, “Gram atomic or.gram molecular mass of a substance is known as Mole”. 1OWN as i) 1 mole of NaCI contains 58.5g. ii) 1 mole of h,0 contains 18g. iii) 1 mole of H,SQ, contains 98g. hemicay FORMULA: 5. “i } Mole’ Mass in gram “seal Atomic /Molecular Mass The Unit of mole is mol. NUMBER: gf mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 10” particles. This is known as Avogadro's number. “itis represented by Na reduced VAGADRO' FORMULA: , No. of particles = No. of moles x Na. OR No. of particles = No. of moles x 6.02 x 10” ind formyBALANCING OF CHEMICAL REACTION Reaction” (a) Naz2SO4+ H20 NaOH + H2SO4 The following data can be used from this equation. 9<% MERITORIOUS House of Ecucatio,» ~~ M 1 K.M.c Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi MPa Fe e-mail: MerOriOUs PIDDrotmyy x4. SD tai atop, Federal Urdu University, Karagy) | Matis C3 Main Campus: 17, Pip Colony, New ph: 021-24940123, 03001 Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13.c Gulshan-e-1a) IS: Act BOER Catt e atin, eal maMOMOUS.SUISPOME Mm Cutstran Wobswerw.meritorious.com-PK 1X Chemig, REACTANTS | __ PRODUCTS feet t - Examples | Sif S1 5 ampl O:5 t 0:5 Hz I 4:3 as | Inthe above chemical reaction Sodium and hydfogen a7 ynbal at We use a coefficient 2 before NaOH to balance Sodjtim in th product sig2, Simpl Roo 2ngon gis. ft ee oe pexcTANTS | PRODUDTSS YW we, __Na:2 i ss [eS af Examples L 9:5 = mez! = a how for balancing hydrogen we fise 2 before Fiz0 in the reactant sizq Na;SO. + 2H,0 —___—»_ |? NaoH+ H2SO4 . 3. Simple recause o Reaction” Examples CHEMICAL REACTION: “When one or tw6 thar or more than/one substances then such a process is known ag none substances undergoes a chemical chang)’-2Oubl and produce one Chemical Reaction”. 18 ach other 3 displacem CHEMICAL EQUATION: xamples 3 Figseherrensaton of chemical reactions with the help of chemica, formulalof there: ene and products is known as Chemical Equation”. \TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: “There are seven types of Chemical Reactions which can be reduceg, five types, leutraliz i@fAddition or Synthesis é ji) Simple Decomposition uch area iii) Simple Displacement xamples iv) Double Displacement. (Neutralization, Hydrolysis) v) Combustion 1. Addition or Synthesi “When two or more than two substance combine together and formdydrolys single product then the reaction is known as the Addition or Synthesis Reaction"17, PIB Colony, Noar K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, K chi 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, ‘e-mail: [email protected] 'qbal, Opp, Federal Urdu University, Karacht Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 8232196, e-mail: meritorious_guishan@notmallleom hemisy Web:www.meritorious.com pk IX Chemistry Examples sD SHeeke * 2NHs ii) C+ 2H, * CH. iii) Ca0 + CO, *caco; adiuct sig2. Simple Decomposition \e “When a single reactant is broken down into tw 9 or more.products by eating it or using some other methods is known as SimplalDecomp: pion Reaction a qv Examples 7 ‘ i) Caco, —* CaO coz f } ii) 2KClo, * 2KOf +30; tant size iii) Ca (OH)2 — —» CaO0+H,0 ‘ \ 3, Simple Displacement: “When an atom or a group of atom replaces’ another atom or group of atom ecause of electro negativity or electro positivity is known as Simple Displacement Reaction”, hue) Examples: } ss i) 2HBr + CL; ———> ‘2HCh+Br, ii) ZnChz+ 2Na_ —> “wgnack + zn iii) Ca (OH)2* 2K —* — 2KOH+Ca _ 1. Double Displacement: sal chang, C¥“e Sisplacement 10wn ag “The reaction in which two different atoms or group of atoms replace ach other or interchange each other then such a reaction is known as Double displacement Reaction” amples: ‘hemical i), CaC6s+NazSO, —— Na,CO; + CaSO, ii) MgCiz + 2Na NO; + Mg(NOs)2 + 2NaCL ili) 2KBr + Zn(HCO:). ———* 2KHCO; + ZnBr2 Double Displacement Reactions can be classified into: leutralization e reduced gi “When an acid reacts with a base then it produces salt and water and uch a.reaction is known as Neutralization Reaction”. xamples: : NaOH +HCl_ —————* Nac +H,0 ii) Ca@GH)2 + H2SO, —____, CaSO, +2H20 iil) KOH + HNO; ——___+ KNO,+H,0 and forma ydrolysis: Reaction", “When a salt reacts with water and produces acid and base then it is known as Hydrolysis”. it mr a errr creerW & meritorious Hous e of Educatig, woieinn K 1asjid, Karact » M Main Campus: _ 17, PIs Colony, Near KW. c Park Opp: rarean Mees nt I pro vobnssesores, o200N321 9237100, 67 rious_plb@horme”** vTabal, opp. Federal Urdu University, Karaghy | Main C@ i meritorious GUIshaMenyy Gulshan Campus: 4:1 Biock124 As elggz9072, 030000321 8232196, Web:www.meritor Gulshan TX Chemiy Examples: i) ZnChz + 24,0 ————* Zn(OH)2* Bul ° noe ee Esse Pj explana NON OD eC a aa sot HCO A, y - \ called a" 5_COMBUSTION: 4 with HCl cWhen a substance react with oxyge” atgomospish temdePeture te noted do produce oxides Is known as Combustion Reaction” \e ne Py Examples: f I Examples! 14,420, ———>_CO:* 210 Nae ' Equstio )CRCH =. emaenies iii) 2CcHe + 502 ——> 4CO; +/6H20 fy 4Nat Or ——» 2N220 WO Ny Conelu: eo, * = LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: aan DIAGR: STATEMENT: at “matter can neither be created\nor be destroyed” WOR © she total masg,of reactanis 1s always equal to the mass of products 2 EXPLANATION: i) Burning of Carbon: >< “When carb6h stich as coal is combusted then only ash is left behing use the remaining coa, The mass of ash is less than the mass of coal. This is becat has been conyert@¢h tojarbondioxide (COz), hence the mass of ash and the mag of carbon oiveote total mass of coal. a c#o, — co: i > ii) Rusting of Iron: STATE £ piece of iron when gets rusted becomes heavier than the original «) piece. Thigis because of addition of mass of oxygen to that piece of iron. ersniss 2Fe +0, > 2FeO EXAMI : aes LANDOLT EXPERIMENT: (VERIFICA TION) Mater Introduction: in labo js Fe E This law was the presented by German Chemist H. Landolt for a verification of faw of conservation of mass. ; : . M 12tig. 4, MERITORIOUS House of Education hrotm,”** carachy’ Main CAMPUS: 17, PIB Colony, Near K.N.G Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi onto, Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] Gulshan Campus: a.1 Biock13.c Gulshan-e-Iabal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karach! hemig Ph: 021-34820072, 030010321 -8232196, e-mail meritorious_gulshan@not Weob:www.meritorious.com.pk 1X Chemistry ’ | Explanation: In this experiment an H. Shaped tube is used one arm of this tube wi \ called ‘A’ and other arm was called ‘B’ ~ ‘A’ was filled with AgNO; and ‘8 was fiffed “] with HCI. The'whole apparatus is shown above. Now, its masgwas measu' nda tureto. noted down, Now, the tube was shaked and its mass was m sivas ging The mass before and after the process was equal. ~ ; Mad Ne Equation: 3 Equation: ‘ The white precipitates of AgCl reflected the chemical reaction as: AgNO; + HL ——». AgCI+ HNO3 i White ppt Conclusio: Thus, total mass of the substance before.reaction is equal to the total mass of the substance after reaction. oe DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTION: 4 ~~... ‘products left behing sina | nd the mas “\e \ LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION: STATEMEN: “Different samples of same compound always contain ‘he same he original eiements combine together in the same proportion by mass” on. EXAMPLES Water: Water is obtained from sea, river, ponds, lake rain and can be prepared in laboratory and its ratio can be conserved which may be shown as: Formula H20 Mt for Elements +0 Atomic Ratio a3 Mass Ratio 2gm : 16gm OR 1gm: 8gm 13- ®, MERITORIOUS House of Educatiy, “ME tenn Main Campus: _ 17, Pi8 Colony, Near KM.c Park Opps F 2 Masjid, Karachi se on Pi lany Mes tier azszree, ermal MOMOOUS-DIP@homm nfain Car Gulshan Campus! As siock13-¢ Gutsnan-e-tebal, pp. Fever, Urdu University, Karner Suleman oe mall MertorOUS_Sulshondhm Gulshan ( Ph: 024-34829072, Wod.wew.meritorious.com PK = Chem 2, Formatic 1rago} 2 Cal nat Bomate: niche usually found astimestone, marble calcite, 8 sgonig obtained through different sources and its ratio can Be conserved which cary \comPound shown as: Water (HC Formula CaCO; , \tydrogen Elements Calcium + Carbon + Oxygen Chg MH) Atomic Ratio 14:3 oe zo ere Wee Mass Ratio 4ogm : 12gm: 48gm ¢ Ne z ? ILLUSTRATION OF THE LA Gl This Law was first justrated by Swedis#Chemist J.J Berzelius CONCLL Berzelius illustrated the law by heating Jead (Pb) and sulphur (S) in aes different composition. f ) ionitenen pbs gn oe 11.56 : 11.56 + 8g of Pb remained tipused. STATEN 11.56 + 1g of Siremained unused. ae LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION: he ee Ea a ee er STATEMENT: e y EXAMPL varewo elements EBmpbine to from more than are compounds, the iy c masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of other element are in th, P Je ratio” | : ratio of small whole numbers.or simple multip| 3% q ts EXAMPLES: 1. Formatiot por CO and CO; [ Broun [mass of Carbon (C) | Mass of Oxygen (0) “Ratio of Oxygen |_Carbon Monoxide (CO) 12 16 1 | Carbon dioxide (CO2) 12 32 2 Here we can see that the mass of Oxygen varies. | ie 16:32 1:2 14tiga, %) MERITORIOUS House of Education hom Main Campus: 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi! 2n@hoy Gulshan CAMPUS: A.1 Block13-C Gulshan-0-Iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321.-8232196, e-mail: meritorious. gulshan@hotmaikeom hemi, Web waw.meriterious.com.pk Leom IX Chemistry tion of HO and H;03: ragonit, : carts {Compound | Mass of Hydrogen (H) | Mass of Oxygen (0) | Water (H20) | 2 16 \Hydrogen Peroxide A | a (H20) / Here we can see that the mass of Oxygen varies ie. 16: 32 1:2 jus CONCLUSION: r (S) in Thus, in all the compounds if mass of ofieatom is fixed and the other atom show a simple whole number ration. } A LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTION: a he ee STATEMENT: “When two different elements\separately combine with the fixed mass of the element, the proportions in which they combine with ‘one another shall be either in same ratio or some simple multiple of it”. EXAMPLES. s, the i) Carbon and Oxygen separately combine with Hydrogen to form CH, and HzO are in the respectively. The reciprocal ration of the above two elements is also presented between Carbon and Oxygen in form of CO2. ii) Carbon and Sulphur separately combine with oxygen to form COz and SO2 respectively in a simple ratio. The reciprocal ratio of the above two elements is also presented between Carbon and Sulphur to form CS2. 15, & MERITORIOUS House of Educati,, ~ ME ohne jcm.c Park opp: Faraan Masjid, Karacht Ms Pa Pp. mall: meriorios. plbGhoy 000977 opp. Federal Urdu University, aren Mtain Car “aba OEP mal: martorious_gUIshanto yy mtorious.comk ‘@reicuishan ( IX Chem, Main Campus: 17, P18 Colony. Ne. ph: 021-94940123, Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-¢ Gulshan Ph: 021-24829072, 030/032 Web www.maritoriou Chapter # 03 : 2 Arrcor OLD DEFINITION: cif “All mater consists of very small indivisible partic! les aise toms: Z i Definitios MODERN DEFINITION: ¥. ‘ oy 2 1 “Atom consists of other sub-atomic particlesealle tron, Proton a and Neutron” | : DALTON ATOMIC aa | INTRODUCTION: Pe a, apes Hl “This theory was presented by an£nglish ScHoo! teacher john Dat ! 1808". om ‘Charact pe SIGNIFICANCE: aa | “This theory explain the chemical rd of matter and existance of _ iii) atom”. e{s iv) 7 > : v) MAIN POSTULATE: nf “This theory wal based on the following points. PROTO! i) - Matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. feats ii) Atoms can neither béigreated nor destroyed in chemical reaction, _ petinitic iii) Atoms of a given elements are identical in size, shape, Mass and all othe iscove properties. iv) Atoms of morgithafione element combine in a simple whole number rati MODERN ATONNc THEORY: 7) } Atom i8a,cdmplex organization consisting of sub-atomic particles calfeg,, Protons and Neutrons... Zharact i be created destroyed or charged. oms'6f same elements are identical in size, shape and chemical ii) préperties but they may differ in their atomic masses. Such atoms of an iment_are known as Isotopes. iv)xg@lAtoms of one element can be changed it process of radioactivity. ¥) Atom (matter) can be converted in to Energy E=me* vi) The fate between atoms of different elements in organic compound is ppotints simple. into atoms of other element by the by Einstein’s equation, discov 16Atig~ 4 % MERITORIOUS House of Education ~ohoe Chetmngain CAMPUS: 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Mas}id, Karachi Karachi ph: 031-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: moritorious.pit@notmall. com Bho yishan Campus: A.1 Blockt3.C Gulshan-e-iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karacht : Ph: 021-34828072, 0900/0321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious. guishanq@notmalleom hemi Web www meritorious. com pk 1X Chemistry 4 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF ATOM: \ELECTRON: toms" ° Definition: , ¢| , It is negatively charged particles moving DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION: as sub at STRUC' cathode | DIAGR/ ~ WORKIN WORK i) The circuit is completed and potential difference is created. At this mom jy ___ nothing seems to be happened in discharge tube. ii) The pressure inside the tube is reduced constantly. 0 iii) At very low pressure cathod rays can be observed moving from cathode to anode. 18atiy. Ls MERITORIOUS House of Education eneNtain Campus: 17, PIs Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi Karach) Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] '®hacuishan Campus: A-1 Block:3.C Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachl Phy: 021-34829072, 030010321 -8232186, e-mall: meritorious [email protected] ‘Web www meritorious.com.pk Shem 1X Chemistry PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS: )) These particles are negatively charged, A ii) These rays are parallel to each other. iil) They rays can produces shadow of non-transparentt™ e iv) They have mass equal to mass of electron (1/1837 of lighter,than hydrogen atom) } B 3CTRg ov) ‘The charge to mass ratio (e/m) is equal to e/m of electron (¢ 76 x 10° pag ate sta PES ; y ) of elecyCONCLUSIO! ? ? The existence of cathode particles is independent to the/nature of gas present inside tube. The properties of cathode particles are also independent to the nature pe. of metal of electrode. “Electrons are the sub atomic particles of all atom” ») and b ANODE RAYS EXPERIMENT ecrease SIGNIFICANCE: This experiment provides a confident evidence of existence of protons as sub atomic particles. STRUCTURE OF DISCHARGE JUBE: Point 1 to § same as cathode rays experiment. The electrode serving as cathode is perforated (having pares) in structure. DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION: WORKING: tthismom j) Circuit is completed and pressure inside the tube is reduced. At this stage cathode rays appear between electrodes. ii) The gaseous atoms present between electrodes are ionized due to cathode particles. These image particles flow toward perforated cathode and pass through the canals of cathode. m cathodeVv eda e. tA <“ MERITORIOUS House of Educat;, “+ ME Main Campus: 17, PIB Col Near K.M.C Park OPP: Faraan Masjid, Karachi 2 colony, Near a Be 10 re Gaee res maunest! Szi21 00. ca Sen ros ba - Gulshan Campus: a1 slock13-c Guishan-e-lghnl OPP. Fern re noc, ar Main Cas Bi o21-34029072, 030010321 8232196. ° 8 gUshone Web cwnvermeritorious.com™-K Gulshan ix Chey PROPERTIES OF ANODE RAY: i) These particles are positively charged. DARN i) These rays are parallel to each other: ’ eee iii) These rays can also produce shadow of non transparent object. U iv) They have mass equal to mass of nuclei of different 8 Wy) The charge of anode particles is equal fo mute chargé of proton CONELUSION: Ng yo \ These anode rays consist of particles identiedl © proton of atom, “protons are the sub atomic particles of cell atoms: ‘gpd wpresent }ejatomic ny (z) of an element DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON OR/CHADWICK EXPERIM) OBSER\ INTRODUCTION: . aS : The total mass of the proton and electron i” each atom is not sure to account for the atomic masses of different elements. This shows that there y i rh : ii iil) be another heavy particles in the atoms! BY DISCOVERY: ? . In 1932, James Chadwick discover neutral particles called neutron as PERU result of artificial radioactivity. ) «He bombard Alpha péfticlas on the beryllium atom fo produce neutron, ii) ‘Alpha ~ particleS'Beryllium atom + Carbon * Neutron WD 2 + sBe® p eC"? + on" s ey CHARACTERISTICS? 7) This patticle haSheutral nature. PRAWE (0% kg) | Its mass, equal to the mass of proton (1.67 x 1 7) RUTHER FORD ATOMIC MODEL aa SIGNIFICANCE: §Rutherford represents an atomic model i.e. mutual position of sub. atomic pafticles EXPERIMENT: Arrangement: Rutherford arrangement following apparatus in a sequence. An alpha gun for firing of alpha particles. Slit to check the path of alpha rays. IMPOR ) Gold foil —~» acting as barrier. Fluorescent screen ——> made of zinc sulphide to check destination ii) @particles. (Diagram) 20Ca vi “, MERITORIOUS House of Education enone Main Campus: 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi Kara Phe 024-34840123, 0300/0921 -8232"96, emall: moritorious_plb@hotmal Bic uishan Campus: Ax Biock13-c Gulshan-44abal, Opp. Federal Uedu University, Karachl on Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 -02321896, e-mail: meritorious. [email protected] en Web www meritorious.com.pk 1X Chemistry DIAGRAM RERESENTATION: 2 { ct u f pOton, * e f atom, tomic ny -RIME, “ not sup 2ESERVATIONS: ‘ 3 3) Most of the alpha particles pass through gold foil without any deviation. ii) Few alpha particles were deviated slightly from this original path. iii) Very few alpha particles were completely deviated. at there m tron ag PESWLT: utron *8¢ i) The major portion of an atomis empty. ii) The total mass of at n nucleus. oneume y) ss of atom is present in nucleus. ii) The size of the nucleus is very small as compared with the size of atom. iv) The positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus. v) The electron anode around the nucleus. DRAWBACKS (DEFECTS) According to classical Electromagnetic theory, i) _ “Electron'will'lose energy continuously during its revolution and | ultimately it will fall on the nucleus which will result in destruction of an © atom." ii) \[f electrons are losing energy continuously then continuous spectrum on of sub. should obtain but the spectrum produced is the line spectrum. + Neutron BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL SIGNIFICANCE: : This atomic model provides solution for the defects present in oe Rutherford's atomic model. IMPORTANT POSTUCATES: Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific pathways called orbits or destination energy level. ii) During revolution around the nucleus electron does not emit energy and its energy remain found. 24se of Educati,, “ ME aie park opp: Farsan Maciid, Karach! . HG Pars gins, eal: meritorious PID Urdu University, Kaagg@iain Ca 2 OP mal: merttoious _gUlshanty ulshan C -0-iqbal, OPP: Fed js.com.Pk 1X Chem, 9) <2 MERITORIOUS How Loto 47, pie Colony, Ne: n> 024-34940123, Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-¢ Gulshan, Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 Web-wivw meritorious Main Campu: con itjumps to a higher and stdcle, ectri ‘ack to its original orbit. iii) When energy is provided to an © (iskes the axiraervouncorensiay "607 iv) Each line in spectrum represents 07 orbit which is produced due to, OBSEF downward jumping of electron. The a7rou"™ of energy radiated is ebjuay '* 25 © difference of energies between orbits: z J = Som Ieneray of lower orbit is Ey, and higher orbit is E; thoneie | + Som Echv s + Som v) The angular momentum of an electron revolving around ieucletis is eqy integral multiple of reduced Planck's constant. CONC: mVr=oh F) > The 22 f call where, + The m=mass of electron call V= Velocity of electron + The r= Radius of orbit 5 nat n= number (1, 2, 3,4) h=Planck’s constant ag 3 h Al RADIOACTIVITY: ~ 2 nF Alpha DEFINITION. ; "The elements ha¥ing atomic number greater than 82 spontaneously ey like he radioactive rays. These eleme! 8, are)known as "RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS" ang they h phenomenon is called RADIQACTIVITY.” ee EXPERIMENT:- -- The h Apparatus:. » y, sed in which vacuum was present. Alead| charg In this expérimeht.a’chamber was u cavity was drilled. In this cavity a radioactive element was was us placed &nd ap eléétric field was applied across it. A photographic plate was placed infront ofi Their is mi 2em 22atic. *) MERITORIOUS House of Education ehomN in Campus: onal 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Patk Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi Kar Ph: 021-34940123, 0800/0321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] Dh yishan CAMPUS: A-1 Block13.c Gulshan-e-Iabal, Opp. Fot Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 8232196, o- hemi, Web www meritorious. com pk IX Chemistry sudde, it e OBSERVATION:- s ogy it was observed that:- + Some rays deflected towards the negative side of electric field. NE] + Some rays deftected towards the positive side of electri¢ field ‘ m = Some rays continued on their path without any deflection. is 8 g’Seq4 CONCLUSION:- % ff + The rays which were deflected towards the negative)side of tha field were called as alpha rays and they had positive charge on them. + The rays which were deflected towards the positive side of the field were called as beta (/3) rays and they had negative charge on them. + The rays which remained undeflected were called a3\gamma () rays they were natural. 4 PROPERTIES OF ALPHA BETA‘AND GAMMA RAYS. ALPHA RAYS | BETA RAYS” | GAMMA RAYS _ | : () NATURE 2 a T T Alpha particles are just Beta’particlé is just like | | Gamma rays are eously ey like helium nucleus i.e. We electron. | electromagnetic waves. es they have two protons | and) and two neutron. | | The have positive | They have negative | __They are neutral waves. nt. Aleaq| charge. charge. \ ent was, a Les = 4 wes 8 E ie tT (3) SPEED \ ae =r —o— 4 Their speed is 1/100 Their speed is 1/10 \ Their speed is equal to | time's the speed of | time's the speed of | speed of light. light. \ ight. : | PENETRATING POWER Their penetrating power| Their penetrating power\ Their penetrating power| is minimum which 1 to is greater than alpha | is maximum. 2 cms inair. | rays but less than \ | gamma rays whichis 3. | to 4 min air. \ \ 23tA & merrrorious House of Educatiy, ) ME Main Campus: _ 17, 18 Colony. Near K MC Pte faraan Mas}, Karachi ae Fre re pasos), 62000921 225278 “samail: meritorlOus_p/b@hoen”*” p. Federal Urdu University, Karacyy Main Ca sutshan-e-tqbal, OPI isnan-0-!abal OPP ail: meritorious_guIshan@roy Gulshan Campus: A-t Blockt2-¢ 6: S. o71.94879072, 0300/0328 £2921 So ror meritorious. com-Pk slater’ 1X Chem - () IONIZATION POWER = e Their ionizatio, sea Alpha rays have the Their ionization power ic me oa Kk n is greater than gamma is minimum. rays. 2 . { ae = CA © h285, 236 a ee ne ( pena = O} GHARACTERISTIC EQUATION Bs. 2. ty} number but different may DEFINITION:- ; i The atoms of same elements having similar atomic nur number are called ISOTOPES.” ey ae | ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN:- There are three isotopes of hydrogen” e 1, Protium. 8 ¥) 2. Deutrium im - vi) 3. Tritium - ; Protium: e, > Cees ® “The isotope of hydragen which contains one proton and one electron THE F no neutron is called PROTON.” « _ Protium has nogtomic number of one and mass no of one aswell, DEFINI + Z=1and ee a groups , Deutrium:- % of The, SBtope of hydrogen whic! | one.néiifron called DEUTRIUM.” + \\the atomic number of deutrium is one and its mass number is two. Z 3 1 andA=2 fh contains one proton and one electron ; AL-RA DOBE! "The isotope of hydrogen which contains one proton and one electron, two neutrons is called TRITIUM." + The atomic number of tritium is one and Z=4andA=3 Introdu its mass number is three. masses Stater ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN: . There are three isotopes of oxygen. 20% 407 407 equal t : al Oxygen atom has also three isotopes having mass number 16, 17, 18. 4 24atir. *, MERITORIOUS House of Education b@hom'”** Karen Main Campus: 17, Pip Colony, Near KM. Park Opp. Faraam Mt. nara Ph: 024-24940123, 03000321 8232198, e-mail: meritorious plbg@hotmallcom Gulshan Campus: a1 giock13-c Guishan-e-iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachl Ph: 021-4829072, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious. [email protected] Web www.meritorious.com.pk 4, Karacht Chemj IX Chemistry There are three common isotopes of Uranium with numbérs 234, 235, 236 respectively. sy nl U5 5 ; = s 3 4 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION: ‘ ‘ — DEFINITION: . i) “The arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atofn in different characteristies shells is called electronic Configuration”. ji) The circular orbit are designated asd K, L, M, N»O, P orbit and represented >rent mag 3 by1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 starting from 1 nearest to the nucleus. iii) The maximum number of electrons in the given shell is governed by the formula: 2n? ‘ a Where, n is the number of orbit (shell or energy level) iv) The first orbit can have maximum of 2electrons (n = 1) v) The second orbit can have maximum of & electron (n= 2) vi) The third orbit can have maximum of 18 electrons (n = 3) Chapter #4 PERIODICTY OF ELEMENT electron; THE PERIODIC TABLE well. DEFINITION: Itis a table in, which elements are arranged into different periods and groups according to théir atomic numbers. » efecto PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION: : AL-RAZI CLASSIFICATION: istic | “According to Al-Razi, “There are two classes of elements, metals and non-metals.” DOBEREINER'S TRIAD: e electro "introduction: A scientist, Dobereiner, classified elements accor: ing to their ato three. asses and presented a group of three elements known as triad. Statement: He stated that: “In a group of three elements the atomic mass of middle element is equal to the average of atomic masses of extreme elements”. 16, 17, 18. Example: 25e of Educatiy | a asia, Karachi ~ ME iI: meritorious plb@hoy Main Car Do ¢ RY _ MERITORIOUS Hous Main Campus: 17, Pip colony. ea Pa ba ph: 021-24940123, Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-¢ Guishan-0-tabal, OPP: te fs a 4 a A Rare eonse ee i vacanew.mentorious.com™ PK x Chem 4% Triad: 7 Elements AtMass ~ asd Lithium 7” + Men Sodium 23 7239"23 eg. thi Potassium 39 + Men 2! Triad . cy vale Chlorine 35. * . The Bromine 79.9 a5.cmegee= Ne Hi Iodine 126.9 < d oe iE + Ele This law is not applicable to all the ‘elements me” itis discarded. ps apy, NEWLAND'S OCTAVES i 4 els ) Me Introduction: ii) Ifel ere = Ne onaerérincFbasing atomic masses, Newland arranged elements in 6 3 Statement: / eat periodically once after each eig He stated that: “The properties of elemelits Pp element according to increasing atomic masses”. ie s Au iv) Lai Example: First three octavesare given below: ai dise. \Seaggrks p10! (Naw MoiwAlegasioe > © cro K Ca & Sti mn Fe T does not reseffible\C and Si Mn does not resentple N and P Fe does not resemble S and O , i foto all the elements the ow o" is not applicabl , “ 4 MENDELEEV’S CLASSIFICATION MENDEL nereasi , INTRODUCTION: a in order of increasing atomic mass! ‘Mendeleev classified elements i and pregented “Periodic Law”. STATEMENT: He stated that: “The properties of elements are perio refore it is discar mene sumber dic function of its atomic mas SROUI ments which were not i) ADVANTAGES: ; Mendeleev left vacant spaces for the ele! discovered at that time. ii) © On the discovery of noble gases it is found that they posses same prope ; iii) 26ati;n a : ‘2 MERITORIOUS House of Education Hb@hou ain CAMpuUs: — 17, PIB Colony, Ne: Karacy : K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi 021-34940123, 00/0521 8232196, e-mail: meritorious, plb@hotmallcom 2 Act Block13-C Gulshan-e-labal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachl Ph: o2t34020072, 030000021 8232106, e-mail mertorous, gushangrotmallgam Chem, Web -wiew.meritorious.com.pk 1X Chemistry as described by Mendeleev. + Mendeleev corrected the atomic masses of different elements. e.g. He corrected the atomic mass of Berrylium and placed it between lithium and Boron. + Mendeleev described the group number of each element as the maxirhugy (a valency of an element, * a + The properties of elements of group I, II, Ill ete are simijar to Keletberie of elements of group I, II, IV etc respectively. i + Elements exhibit periodic properties according to inereasin: ic masses, ‘ded. DISADVANTAGES: } Mendeleev's periodic table has following defects. i) Mendeleev's periodic table gives no idea about position of isotope: ii) Ifelements are arranged according to increasing atofpic mass then. masses, Potassivim (K™) should place bef Be sonar") Nickel (Ni**) should place before col alt(co™) But, Se Argon (Av “) is present before Potassium. reach cjg) Cobolt (Co™) is present before Nickel. iii) Mendeleev arranged alkali metals (hijNa, k) ete with coinage metals (Cu, Ag, Au) etc but there is a large differance ‘between their properties. iv) Lanthanides and Actiqides have been arranged in periodic table which is against periodic Law. + v) The difference of atomigi plaerer between two successive elements is not constant therefore it is difficult fo determine missing elements. vi) This table gives no,jdea about structure of atom. MODERN. PERIODIC TABLE OR MODERN PERIODIC LAW: Ya, is disca TRODUGI TION: \Theimodern periodic law was proposed by Moseley according to ncreasing atomic numbers. 7 3TATEMENT: ddan je stated that: SIXTH P Rubidium Rb f i Cesium @ cs o) Francium rr } HD v) They all are metals, (except hydrogen) p vi) They are highly reactive and usually form jonic bonds. iv) GROUP ILA: = y Q i) This group is hen ‘as “Alkaline Earth metal”. BEVENT ji), Thélr valency 1s “+2” 7 iti) * ThBy,flave two electrons in their outer most orbit. i) iv) | The.eléments of this group are: Ca +2 Mg") a } \ t “e i PERIODS; : ‘There are seven periods in the modern periodic table. The salient My) features,6f periods are as under. FIRST PERIOD; DEFINI i) It certain two ii) _ Itis the shortest period in the pe! iii) This.period correspond to the k-shel ‘elements Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) riodic table. i 11 or first orbit. p called tomic r 28at: ty MERITORIOUS House of Education ! neroe Main Campus: 17, PIB Colony, Near KM Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi Kars Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0921 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious pib@hotmall Ph: 021-34829072, 030010321 -8232196, 0. ntorious.guishan@notmall om IX Chemistry Chem Web www meritorious.com.pk SECOND AND THIRD PERIOD; i) * Second and third period are called short periods. ii) Each periods carries eight elements iii) Second period starts from Lithium and end at Neon, Elements of seco, period have two total no. of orbit. a iv) Third Period starts from sodium and end at Argon . have three total no. of orbit. °° ®t OURTH AND FIFTH PERIOD; i) Fourth and fifth period are called Long Period. i) Each period carries eighteen elements. dashes) ili) Fourth period starts from “K" and end at = have four no. of orbit iv) Fifth period starts from “Rb” and eqd at “ five total no of orbit. lements'6f third period s ‘lements of fourth period v) _ Ineach period, eight elements are norntal while ten elements are transition elements. \ SIXTH PERIOD; ¢ ) Sixth period is referred to.a3 longestperiod. ii) This period consist of 32 ele nth iii) Sixth period starts from ‘Cs' and end at ‘Ro’. Element of sixth period have six no of orbit.” © Bs iv) _ In this period, eight glemegtsjare normal, 10 outer transition element and 14 inner transition element known as Lanthanides or race earth metal. SEVENTH PERIOD; a i) Seventh period referred to as in.complete period. ii) This period starts from ‘Fs’. Elements of seven period have seven total no ) of orbit on 7) i Uptill now cight normal elements, 10 outer transition elements and 14 inner transition elements known as Actinides. iv) “Tae element with atomic numbers 109 and 110 has also been discovered. he salient ATOMIC RADIUS; DEFINITION; 5 The distance between the nucleus and the extent of electrons in orbit 3 called atomic radius. OR Half of the distance between the nuclei of two similar atoms is called tomic radius of both the atoms.@ A <% MERITORIOUS araan Ma Main Campus: __17, P18 colony. near Kane Pa 2F5, eal eee . ge ado sre sqhal opp. Federal Urdu University, Kage, Main Cai oe 406, email: meritorious_gulshangn Gulshan (0300/032+ £232 ;s.com.pk Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13.© Ph: 021-34829072, Wob.werw.mertorios eum UNIT; ae It ts measured In Angstrom unle(1A’ = go TREND | FACTORS ON WHICH ATOMIC RADIUS. DEPENDS: ss increase i S ratomferachaa depence uponevo ¢ ri a )) Number of shells ~— f ii) Nuclear charge 2 yo Y TREND | TREND IN PERIOD; ih fd \s decreases b From left to right in a period the atomienad Cause Jocroase 1g in same orbit. number of electrons are increasin: [ Eleven [ Na | Mg torical a =e i ears tal Sto ea TREND IN GROUP; ¢ Se From top to bottom in graup, thewitomic radium increases becauseEFINIT number of electrons are increasing with increase a neal of orbit. Pe rer ectrons Jotential INIT; sere a é =x! © pL ECTRONEGATIVITY: 2XPLAI DEFINITION: i Thélfndéncy of an atom in a molecule to attract shared pair of ey } electro totseregs called electronegativity: FACTORS. ONWHICH ELECTRONEGA TIVITY DEPENDS; “lectronegativity depends upon the following factors. i ) mic size ii) Atomic number i jij) ~ Electron Affinity i ‘ iv) Jonization potential energy *ERIO. CHARACTERISTICS; ‘BRIO. negativity than any other group in periodic croasc Jue i.e. 4 which is stander iROUI * Group VII-A are more electro! + Fluorine posses the highest electron ¢ Elements with high LE and large E.A jegative val have high E.N value Icrease 30rat: ) MERITORIOUS House of Education hg (Cam pus:..-17, 16 Coton, Near BALE Pant OE Pall aespa Rareeee Yara Ph: -024-34940123, 0300/0321 8232196, o-mail: [email protected] @h Guishan Campus: A-t Biock13-C Gulshan-e-iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karacht Gs Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 -6232186, e-mail: meritorious guishen@notmallicom + Chen, \Web-werw.moritorious.com.pk IX Chemistry TREND IN PERIOD; From left to right in a period, electronegativity increases because of increase in force of attraction of nucleus. Oxygen = 3.5 ; a Nitrogen = 3.0 y Carbon = 2.5 TREND IN GROUP; From Top to bottom in a group, “ye +4 0 ae of b 'eCAUse Jecrease in force of attraction of nucleus. ELEMENT Fx ch Br i IONIZATIONPO? ENTIAL; s becauseJEFINITION: is “The amount of energycequiret z release the most loosely bonded Hectrons from the outer most orbit c ag. atom (in gaseous state) is called ionization rotential (Ionization energy)it ®, \ 5 Ais leis measured in kiJo Joule/mole or electron volt (e¥) per atom. JNIT; LLLiitt EXPLANATION; 3 1312 kJ/mole,énergy is required to remove an electron from an atom. [pair of go WM+e H = 1312 kJ/mole ‘ % Similadly lonization energy of sodium is { Nat. Nate H = 495 kJ/mole \_ The Teaction is endothermic in nature due to absorption of energy JACTORS ON WHICH I.P DEPENDS; {The ionization energy depends upon two factors. ) 6 {Nuclear Charge ii) ~ Atomic Size 2ERIOD TREND; Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period because in periodic tycrease the nuclear charge and decrease in atomic size. h is standan, ROUP TREN. . Ionization energy decrease from top to bottom in a group because jcrease in atomic size. 31fAY y < MERITORIOUS House of Educay, ‘4 ME ebay a Une nc Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Ka Pus: 17, PIB Colony, Near K " race 2 1 nese ssoqg22t 2232186, e-mail meritorious pike Moin Car Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-C ‘Gulshen-s-iqbal, opp: Federal Urdu Univers ve ‘ain 8: At Bloc Crore 4232196, mel MerHOMOUS.Gulehemd shan ( Web,wwew.meritorious.com.PK mgcutsha 1X Che, ELECTRON AFFINITY; ’ DEFINITION: Re The amount of energy releases during addition ef an electron f Affinity” outermost orbit of an atom is called Electron RB EFINITIC UINT; Itis measured in KJ/Mol or e.v per ator” : toms toge CHARACTERISTICS: fe ie a 7) Electron affini’y for the addition of first clectronjsinegative i.e.lenergy j, released. N | sriem ool TATEM i) Butfor further addition of electron it is positive pecdyse energy has to _—_, ‘between negative ion and electron. 1 their ou added to overvome repulsion Ore —* 0 O-+e—* oO” VITYSDEPENDS: FACTORS ON WHICH ELECTRON ARFINITYDEP. — Electron Affinity dependsupon : EA =-1242 Ks/mol (EX. o,stiermie) EA = +7810 KuJ/mol (Endo thermic) two factors. )) Atomic size ster mos ii) Nuclear Charge s & * veriodié table, E.A decreases because the addition GROUP TREND; Down a group in new shell decreases its forcé attraction. EA in KJ/mol ae EFINIT. ES 324 z wan 295 je to tra avi _ Mg"? + 07 f AELTING figh SOLUBII Summary of Reaction: } FOL UB IL Mgit# 07 22s pte COVALENT B ood eon DEFINITION: e ; -- 1. The force of attraction between two.OrT re atoms which is produg, due to'sharing of electrons is called oa gen I ohne EXPLANATION: is Single aa ef Double 4. Formation of Hydrogeh Molecule: ; Tripple a The electronic confugration, of hydrogen atom IS given below: ° H: (At. No. 1): K fis i ii) Two hydrogen atomsycome closer to each other and share their electra, Hence a covalent bobd is produced between hydrogen atoms, Hex HorHe 2efinitic Hit x H 2. steeiiced ecw, * Thaformation of covalent bond between one carbon and four hydregey) sharin atomto produée methane may be given-as: ‘xampl \ av) > Hx xHorCHs definiti > sharir xamp 34', MERITORIOUS House of Education jain Campus: 17, P18 colony, Near KAM Pork Opp: Faraaa Masjid, Karacht fo ‘stot, 200037123218, eel meri pgneonagl Sulshan Campus: A.1 Block13.C Guishan-e-labal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachl Ph: 024-24829072, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] Wob-waw.meritorious.com.pk 1X Chemistry DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND en A IONIC COMPOUND | COVALENT COMPOUND i (B srate: They are hard crystalline solids | They are found in the for ‘2 | (amorphous) liquid or gas) AELTING AND BOILING PoInT: _| figh Low (i.e. why calfed volatl SOLUBILITY: \ | soluble in water | nsotube iv \ 2ONDUCTION POWER: (pou \ 500d conductor of heat and electricity \ Bad Lane off.eat and electricity ‘. @ ee etal Saw is Produc, TYPES OF COVALANT BOND: According to No. of bonds. Single covalent bond Double covalent bond Tripple covalent bond te F * According to polarization + Non-polar covalent bond cir lect, + Polar covalent bond :. SINGLE COVALENT BOND: 2 lao oe Itis a'type of covalent bond which is produced between two atoms due r hydrogen? sharing of single pair of electron. efinition: ‘xample: «a AL CL Clor Ch, H- Cl or HCl H-N-HorNH3 | oo : DOUBLE COVALENT BOND: Yefinitio It is a type of covalent bond which is produced between two atoms due > sharing of two pairs of electrons. ixample: O=O0o0rQ, 35Z* 5a MERITORIOUS House of Educa, i Leh ie Tiata\Gacapies: _47;ris colony timc CPSC late marten ame i ont TeE cata Meas aes antes, ial maroc nagar M Gulshan Campusy ac ouerise ouenersal OPP Coser mantonoue, solapeate: Oat I at Blesz9072, 030000321 292196, aula Ore anew mentrious.com Ph , xq ‘hey uishan ( a » or cons (Ethane) H- O=C=OorCOz a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND: PEFINITI Definition: “ teh It is a type of covalent bond which is eravend bi woolen Baiccie te to sharing of three pairs of electrons. ? } DEFINITI Example: ~d or Nz = H C2H2 (Ethane) H-c ls COVALENT BOND: cs NON-POLAR C' ts DEFINITION: ‘ , It is a type of covalent bond which iepPoauel d between two simy il) 4 ‘atoms having no difference between their lectronegativities. wm y EXAMPLE: a) wie’) Hz, Cl, O2, N2 ete. \ as LENT BOND: pone POLAR COVA! DEFINITION: ®., Itis a type of covalent bond which is produced between two dissin atoms having a small difference of electronegativities between them (differeng, be less than 2) HGla, NH;,*Water (H20), HF f y ; \®* wa DIPOL oeenlcit» an % fecule having partially positive and negative charge atoms : dipole. ; 5 Pe miticr: , Chlorine js more electronegative than hydrogen therefore jt 7 itself. HAPE partially attracts shared pair of electrons towards 36eat, att . a Masjid, Karachi i: [email protected] Irdu University, Karachh ‘[email protected] i pn: 024-24840123, 0200/0321 -6292196, Sulshan Campus: A.1 Biockt3.c Guishan-e-Iabal, Opp. F IX Ch, Ph: 021-24829072, 0200/0321 8252196, ma 4q Web-www meritorious .com.pk IX Chemistry DIPOLE - DIPOLE INTERACTION: EFINITION: The fore af atracton beeen 9 apes nolcule having pg se Ind -ve charges) produced due to their partial +ve and -ve nature is called dip. > i. CO-ORDINATE COVALENT BON Ae ys 2EFINITION: ~ f Ny } The force of attraction between two or more atoms whigh,is produced Jue to sharing of electrons but electrons for sharing are provided By 9 simple atom. :XPLANATION: he two sim, i) Atom which accepts electrons is called acceptor, iii) Co-ordinate covalent bond is representedjby and arrow whose head represent the direction of donation of electron iv) Both the ordinary and co-ordinate covalent bond containing compounds eh have similar properties. { s ve ‘XAMPLE: hg i) Atom which provides both electrons for sharing x Donor. 1) mI 4 1 £0 dissin | (differency HAPE OF METHANI je atoms is) © hemical formula: CHs +. Structural formula: H~C-H . Dot and cross model: Hx.C.XH + Lewis model: H- C-H therefore it” Plape HAPE OF AMMONIA: * Chemical formula: NH3 . Structural formula: H—N—H . Dot and cross model: H x .Nx.H » + Lewis model: H~N-H + Shape. 37LAR SS MERITORIOUS Main C: 2 colony, Neat KM. P a ee gaearks, 0200087! syishan-0-1ab3! 00/0321 823 jark Opp: Faraan Mi Mh52196, e-mail: meritorious. pi ee pp. Fedoral Urdu University Kay 98. e-mail: meritorious_guish Revain Cat ann sck13-C Gi Gulshan Campus: 4-1 Bio Sj. oan 90020072, 03 a, 9072 ey mertorous.co™ TX Che Sulshan | hen SHAPE OF WATER: . Chemical formula: H20 * . Structural formula: o-H . thapter Dot and cross model: :0 x H Lewis model: :O-H . ‘Shape bs HYDROGEN * DEFINITION: “od } “The force of attraction which is present tween electropositive hydrogen atom and neighbouring electro negative atom fegcienconeica atom, neighbouring molecule) is known as “HYDROGEN BOND” » Solid” ap EXPLANATION: ‘ JQUID: Consider a molecule of HF. In, HP hydrogen has a partial positive ¢ Vine. Fluorine has a partial regaled liq due to less electro negativity as compare te fuer charge. s ¢ e ‘, SAS: The partial positive hydrogen atom starts attraction the neighborin luorine atom. This force of attraction between two molecules 4.1.4 s partial negative fi partial is known as “HYDROGEN BOND” EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN.BOND: ting and boiling point. i) Hydrogen bond incr yses the mel ji) _ Due to presencesof hydrogen bonding some covalent compounds hagarticle and volatile Jiquid state. bey pos liquid state inStead/of gaseous 2OMMC a ' ranger » \o@ METALLIC BOND: ee OLID ich is developed between the atoms or} ud is known as “METALLIC BOND”, », nother psition perinir 10) e\force of attraction wh! to presence of electronic clo! a metal 1QUIL heir p ave ar yan in 38“a. . % MERITORIOUS House of Education PIDChog ty. Karagytain CAMPUS: 17, PIB Colony, Near KM. Park, Opp: F 9 Masjid, Karacht shangan Ph; 021-34940123, 03000321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] SSuishan Campus: A.1 Block13-c Guishan-e-4abal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi X Chen, Pht G21 S4sag07E, IOMOIET -STIAIEE g sOMe McMSrEoe alge nae Wob-www.mer rious.com.pk IX Chemistry . hapter # 06 STATES OR MATTER: AATTER. penk Ss “Matter is any thing that ‘yas mass & occupied space” “ 7 MMON STATES OF MATTER: N There are three common states of matter i.e me Liguid, aid Gas. positive SOLID: d ? tive atom, “The type of matter that has definite shape, & definite volume is call Solid” e IQuiD: ‘epee positive g “The type of matter that has definite yalumedbut no definite shape is rartia| negel!@4 tui \ anton tA! _ n ie a borin, “The type of matter that has neither definite shape no definite volume is cules dajjed as gas” \» KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY: IMON FEATURES OF SOLID, LIQUID, GAS: According to kinetic molecular theory matter is composed of very tiny pounds hayarticles, which are called as molecules. These molecules are always in motion and rey possess kinetic energy. The three states of matter depend upon the rrangements, motions and force of attraction between these particles. The ifference between solid, liquid & gas is explained as follows. OLID STATE: je atome ory In solid state the molecules or particles are tightly packed with one 5 BOND” ther and tliey have only back & forth motion (Vibrational notion) about their fixed ositions. % IQUID STATE: In liquid state the molecules are not tightly packed with one another. heir position are not fixed & they can move in all directions. Hence Liquid does not ave any definite shape. But in liquid state, the kinetic energy of molecules is less jan in the gaseous state. 39{A} Ww _*, MERITORIOUS House of Educat; Main Campus: _ 17, p16 cotony, Near KM. Part OF rarnan Manis Karachi ME Ph vos fisaaeOT es, (ose! Sone o, leritorious.pib—ep, Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-C Gulshan-e-tabal, OPP- Federal Uda Univeaty, at" So alccaoars, oxp00321 822196, outshone 2072. a mertorious.co™-PK ieee TX Chen, mc Par n Car GASEOUS STATE: ee rc aseod away from one another an, In gaseous state move in all directions easily. The cones! are free to move about in all directions. FuSIO! Cie : if particles in When a solid is heated, the Kinetic enera) o setbnslt cas i Saprssed SG al sntinued upto ce! H forces holding particles of solig jp /-FUSIC e Fi ae Sy FFUSI molecules are lying in gas are negligible ana jg MEF ive forces i becomes hot. If heating is co becomes enough to overcome the attractiv fixed position & it starts melting. MELTING OINT: f fusion of molar m ‘is called melting pg,ample, H Definition: “The temperature at which solid Yortsyenel ti nditions. Explanation: their fixed positions as well as their arrangemy- USC ia, At mieltinig point the temperature Of Solid & jj Inrough heat. It means in this condition ye Ole Siquid m drtate from solid to liquid & this change, Imi of w. At this point solid particles lose thus solid is converted into liqui remains same until all solid is melte rise in temperature is used in chang called fusion. Ss. 5 % )} whole v EVAPORATION: a! the Kinetic energy of liquid molecules increay When liquid is heated, Due to the increase of kinetic nergy certain molecules start escaping from the [RODU les is called Evaporation” surface of liquid and thisescape of molecu! y 7, durit es Ya, BOILING POINT: ENT h vapour pressure of @ liquid becomes ‘4618 the temperature at whic! equal to) eee applied on liquid. bunt is Boiling: >LaNy is the process in which the Iiquid changes to gas at its boiling poi, VAPOURIZATION: sy At boiling point the temperature of the liquid remains same until ag AMPLI the liquid is evaporated or vaporized through heat. ‘The rise in temperature is used the change of state from liquid to ga vendec this change is known as vaporization’ ugh pa powe: fom zig 40Cat; ; > MERITORIOUS House of Education phew ty, Kara Nshany fain Campus: 17, Pip Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi Ph sIshan Campus: (021-34940123, (0300/0921 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious pib@hotmallicom ‘4-1 Block13. Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi 232196, e-mal: moritorious. guishantahotmall€om Chen {ous.Com pk 1X Chemistry er an 2 and ght/EFUSION: , The spreading of a substance through a medium like air or liquids Wied diffusion. i The rate of diffusion of a substance depends upafits molag maegler\y Ses gpnsity. } e é nei 7) : wad fsolg wHEEUSION OF GASES, ~d AS A Scottish chemist, Thomas Graham in 1846 studied the Fate of fusion of different gases & formulated Graham's law. This law states that, ‘The rate of diffusion of gas is inversely'proportional to square root of molar mass or density. * In other words, ighter gas diffuses much faster than heavier one. For elting pjzmele, Hydrogen gas diffuses four timcs faster than oxygen gas at similar inditions rrangeme£EUSION OF LIQUIDS: i sora i Liquid is intermediate between gaseous & solid states. Like gases, dition thlid Molecules are able to move and.thus flow and diffuse. The rate of movement is change {1/4 molecules is smaller than gases. For Example; 2 or 3 drops of blue ink in im! of water in beaker. It is seen that blué colour of ink spreads slowly in water & whole water becomes bluish after some time. | BROWNIAN MOVEMENT: | from the RODUCTION: { This property first of all observed by British Botanist, Robert Brown in 7, during the movement of pollen grains in water by microscope. FINITIONS “ele ‘ “A Continuous, rapid, zig-zag motion of suspended particle through the tium is called Brownian motion’ 1 becomes, boiling poin Ifa drop of liquid with particles suspended in it, is observed under a roscope, it is seen that particles are not at rest but they are moving in all A s - ee ps me ctigns in zig-zag motion. This motion is called as Brownian movement. me until alle AMPL. | liquid to ga Mix some powdered sulphur in water and stir it, after stirring filter the 2ended sulphur some of the sulphur particles are very small & they can pass ugh pares of filter it. Now put a drop of this filtrate on slide and examine it under powered’microscope. It is observed that sulphur particles perform rapid Jom zig-zag motion through the medium & this motion is called Brownian motion. 41<2.) MERITORIOUS House of Educay) yz itt arkm.c Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, ssg0r0921 -8232198, e-mail: merit ‘pal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, k, "32196, e-mail: meritorious _guisp, oeculshan 1us.com.pk. Main Campus: 17, PIB Colony. Ne: Main Car Ph: 021-94940123, 0300709" Gulshan Campus: 4-1 Block13-c Gulshan-e-l% Pun: 021-34028072, 0300/0321 82 Web-www.meritorio IX Che, , Chapt GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION: ae GRAHAM’ 3 STATEMENT: In 1 Tie rate of aifrusion of a gas fs Inversely proporignal £0 the fee hydro ofits molar mass or density. iy By ow MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION: a Rate of diffusion « _1_——— s HW Moh Mass or Density aa In other words, lighter gas can diffuse fastegznan hea ercases ae jumber is Exampl vedio than dkygen 92s at simigCCURE Hydrogen gas diffuses four times Itis conditions. composes Abc et wi puna s 1.11% hy ompoun a a DUST. See “oke St Su Mie Wh ie afte Syster jquatio X 20 C ; ‘ydroce fi aah Genleved A- 1Gr ad’ , quatior 4. By Electrolysis of Watefey * | When electricity is passed through water containing few drops of acido, —2N. J Hz and O2are liberate. Equation: if ca 2H:0 Electribity 2H: + O2 Reid jBase : With | Po! a PHYSICAL P. OPERTIES OF HYDROGEN: rmed. { ‘All those properties of a substance that can be identify by over five sen skampl called physical properties. : Chem Webware meritorious.com pk IX Chemistry 1d reacysHAMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN: Following are some important chemical properties of hydrogen. Detomposition of Hydrogen Molecule: b When 104 Kcal are supplied to a molecule of hydrogen 1000 k, decompos: to atomic hydrogen. H; 100k _, H+H AH = 194 Keal/mol reir oxygen. “ in y Ne #500'c ,. Reducing Agent: a }40d ea, When hydrogen reacts with metallic oxide it reduced the oxides by removing e ely: rs ‘quation: Cuo +H Cu +H,0 Hydrogenation: The addition of H2 to other compounds Is called hydrogenation. lack ang quation: CO+2H: 2moz CH; ~ OH ‘ ‘ ns yi 409°C (Methyl Alcohcl) te FP When hydrogen reacts with metal metallic oxide hydrides are formed. quation: wy sofacidg, | 2Na+H;———-—*2NaH!* ; (Sodium hydride) Cat+tH: ———* Caley (Calcium hydrides) With Non* Metals: When hydrogen reacts with non ~ metals, non metallic oxide,hydrides a8 rmed. + five senseample? 2H2+Q2 —Igniton 2H,0 2N+ 3H, Fe,0) | 2NHs 500°C i to Matric 21-82 3213 MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 45y ey <2 MERITORIOUS House of Educat;, tnd oPing Main Campus: _ 17, pip colony. Neat it ) ME Gon pn Tosrsepsote3, 03000928 $0 a, a julshan Campus: A-1 Block!3-C om bal, . muse atmo mcm tr ete ong Cm reborn mertorious.com™-Pk ert 1 Chem, USES OF HYDROGEN: rant uses of hydrogen Jeutitiun Following are some impo! wa ii ttis used to purity metals. jy) Itis used in making hydrogen fore “ i. itha ; ‘eh Bill) Itis iv) It's s v) Itis used in weather Balloons. NASCENT HY! ‘during chemical reaction DROGEN: we ig in atomié form is ¢, al The hydrogen produced Nascent hydrogen. me a i Example: 5 ‘ Zn + 2HC] ——> ZnClz + 2H] (Nascent hydrogen). REACTIVITY OF NASCENT HYDROGEN: } ‘As the atomic (Nascent) hydrogen is highly. séacted so it immediately fo RITIUM ‘ded it is produce during the m — Itis i) It's hydrogen molecules therefore whenever itis nee ii) Ith reaction. ‘ Example: a iii) Itis FeCl; + [H] zicl FeCl + HC! iv) It’s (Nascent Hydroge?) (Ferrous Chloride) Y ISOTOPES: having same charge number but ‘of hydrogen are example of it. All the elements: pifersn’ mass nina called Isotopes. Isotopes j ISOTOPES‘OE HYDROGE! Itis ofdit hydrogen and have following features. i) Its at jumber is 1 and mass number is also 7 ji) Ithas 1 proton in the nucleus and 1 electron in the orbit. iii) It is Stable hydrogen. . lissolve iv) It's structure is as follows. . otain fr rough ti n Boi Ww spands MERI’ 17, PB pECars € School System (Montessori to Matric) 1y, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32196 Vf 46 17a |» MERITORIOUS House of Education y Kangytain CAMPUS: 17 P18 Colon Jar K.MLC Park Opp: Fat '021.34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, o-mail: m Sulshan Campus: A.1 Biock13-C Guishan-e-tqbal, Opp. Fe + Chery ral Urdu University, Ki Ph: 02434829072, 030010321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious gulshan@hotn Web-werw meritorious.com.pk IX Chemistry Deutitium: It is a heavy hydrogen and have following features. i) It's mass number is 1 and charge number is 2. ; i) Ithas 1 proton and I neutron in the nucleus and 4 electron in the orbit LB ii) Itis also a stable hydrogen , y iy) It's structure can be shown as follows. 5 . 5 rm is cam s li * 9 ‘ately fog FM P ml yg It is radio active hydrogen and has fol!owing features. ing the It’s charge number is 1 and mass number is 3 ii) It has 1 proton and 2 neutrons in the nucleus and 1 electron in the orbit. iii) Itis unstable hydrogen. ; iv) It's structure can be shown as follows. 's number a i ( ; WATER: JTRODUCTION: eet i Water igmost abundant compound in nature and is a universal solvent as well jissolves almost every substance) therefore, it do not exist impure form. The water stain from natural sources is called natural sources water and the water obtained rough'some treatnicnt is called “treated water”. Distilled water is purest water. n Boiling: ntoot When water is boiled from O%- 4°C it contacts and from 4°C - 100°C it spands. to Matric) -82 3219§ MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196<% MERITORIOUS Foes. ee ah sae roses espe ra DES Main " nmac Park Campus: 17pm cole Measnganae, smal motors pag ro Unvarany gata: CA Gulsha Te aspabonse abel OPP» Foner Campus: A tock>c Quart asstee, ome MerMorout ines ulshan C eng, se mareasmereessoweeorn en On Freezing: tract and fro “ith When water is freezed from 100°C — #¢ itcont m.4°C~ oF we carb expands. 7 Conclusion: fquation: ‘Aa the behaviour of water on boiling ‘and freezing is ape therefore c+H vith Silic conclude that water has anofhalous behaviour ? Whei 2 PHYSICAL PERTIES OF WATER: a SOF WA cal properties fate ® sie Following are some i i) The density of ws or at °C is one gm/ent } Vith Quic ii) It’s freezing point is oC. Whe Jil) It’s boiling point is 100°C ; ‘\ iv) It is universal solvent. i } quation \ a0 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER: i Following are some important chemical pike ties of water. Jtrous C With Metals. A ~~ Whe Water reacts with metals in following to WAYS: N20 With More Electropositive Metals: ? (ATER | up 1A and I! A it will from the yay Due ) ied When water reacts with element of gro! of these metals. e ) ii) Itis a ry fii) Mar ‘2Na + 2H;O ————f 2NaOH +H: Ca+2H,0 ——yrCa (OH)2+ He e Int sbstanc With Less Electropositive Elements: en, ‘réact with group Ill A elements. ystalliz xampl MgO + Hs D Dest cakes it jetal: 4 has three different reaction with non - metal. With Chlorine: When water reacts with chlorine it forms HCI. Example: es Ch+Hz0 —————+_ HCI + HClO a GIO HCI + [0] MERI’ cere Eni Care School System (Montessori to Matrig lony, Karachi, Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 M 48 17,Cat, - .. » MERITORIOUS House of Education re Main CAMPUS: 17, P10 Colony, Near KMLC Part Opp: Farad Man Karseht wy Rag pm aan sensory, eS00032" 4222104. eomeht metaroes poghetmel com “MR, uishan CAMPUS: A.1 Biocks3.c Ouiehan-e-lgbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karsh! Pr G21 aenavard,ebeausiy-SuaTt8e, ema memortoce Xx Chey Wed wwe mertonous com ph IX Chemistry vith Carbon, Ch When carbon .eacts with water it form water gas ’ quation: { C= HO efore . With Silicon fs: ae co+Ms When water reacts with silicon it form it oxide, Si*H:0 + SIO+H, ee ) 4 \ Yith Quick Lime: When quick lime reacts with water forms shacked |j quation: CaO +H; —+ ca(oH: 2 itrous Oxide. Ks When nitrous oxide reacts with water it dissol¥gs it ‘0 from neutral solution: N,O + H,0 * Neutral He ( /ATER AS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: oa mm the iy Due to following features is Known agyuniversal solvent. e Yi i) it dissolves majority of ionic compound and the covalent compound. ii) Itis electric in natureland a polar. iii) Many of the gases like Ammonia, Carbondiovide etc are soluble in water. ry WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION: In molecules of water trapped in between the crystals of the crystalline sbstances during the evaporation o/ the saturated solution is called the water of ystallization. xample: During the evaporation of separated solution of copper sulphate five olecules of Water are trapped between the crystals of copper sulphate which fakes it colour blue. juation: CUSO,+5H,0 —~—~—~—«CuSo4 5H20 (Blue Colour) On further heating we will get anhydrous white colour copper sulphate. CuSO, . 5H20 CuSO, + 5H20 * (white Colour) to Mat 1-82 aaa MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 49“= MERITORIOUS House ie Main Campus: 17, Pi6 Colony. Nese rT ertnaeiere ee tay - ME cen sassors3, 03 N eee rederal Urdu Universiy, evil. CARD Gulshan Campus’ a1 secrta-c Summer Sian, sma merorous penne uishan C mas Rasnora ene SS SS reo mentor 1K Che soFT WATER: wore dissolves carbonate, b Se nionee hoon ood Ea ater is the universal solvent tr As wi chloride, sulphate of calcium and magnesiv® Definition: > whieh produces more lather soap S05! called soft water, gi lon Exc » This HARD WATER: f scence of ation: is called hard water. CAUSES OF HARDNESS. MgCl “As water dissolves many substances Ih? carbbndioxide and atmospyy calcium, magnesium on following through their beds and'produces carbonay) By Usi ates of calcium and magnesium Whig” produces Hardness in water. or yich is in bicarb TYPES OF HARDNESS: There are two types of hardness . qation )) Temporary Hardness ii) pérmarient#Hardness Mg i), Temporary Hardness By Usit The hardness in water due to Bres db of bicarbonate of Ca.and Mgigg in th Temporary hardness e ches all uation ii) Permanent Hardness: * ), The hardness in water dllle to presence of chloride and sulphabof calcjy 9S Ca. Magnesium is'permanent hardfess. OPER 2 METHOD'S OF REMOVING HARDNESS: gihardness which areas follows; j) It’ is of removin: These are two ; Ore or By rps i. By Heating: 7 p i Témpo. rdness can be removed by boiling water as it contains, ss Bicarbohate 8fCaand Mg which changes into carbonate of Ca and Mg are ing) a vi) It J vil) Wei (CO). ———*_ Cay + CO2* H20 DROS (Insoluble) | af ii) Clark's Method: damn ition Ic Temporary hardness can be removed by clark’s method in which shacke,, (Ca (OH)2) is dissolved in water which converts bicarbonates Ca and Mg intod respective carbonates. PEERED Care School System (Montessori to Matric > Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 19 ME 50 17,3Cay a » MERITORIOUS House of Education S2etaain Campus: ity, Guienan-e-tabal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi ri #29072, 62000321 4232196, email: mertonoun, gurshangrormel : won putanandh OX Che Web ware mernorious.com ph ‘v IX Chemistry te, by eal Ca (HCO); * Ca(OH); + 20aC0, + 24,0 Mg (HCO); + Ca (OH): + MyCO; + Caco, + H,0 > m t #) lon Exchange Method: ator This method is used to remove permanent hardness which is due to tt esence of chloride and sulphate of Ca and Mg. In this method laws of Ca ahd, le removed By using washing soda Zeolite and sodium whi ude ation: 8 aS. + Nay * Caco, + CaSO. + Naco CaCO; + Na:SO. i (Insoluble) MgCAs + Na + a co. MgC; + 2NaCl } carbonay) By Using Caustic Soda in water, In this method caustic soda is added 4 Sc a hydroxide of Mig sich is in soluble in water. quation: » ~d MgSO, + 2NaOH * Mg (OH)+ Na;30. JA (wealuple) By Using Zeolite: ¢ Ind Mg igg In this methed water is passed throUgh'fevsin of sodium Zeolite which ches all Ca and Mg and.makes witagsotp uation: ahof calc, C#SO. + Sod. Zeolite WN \, Carzeolite + Na:SO. Ca. Zeolite + NaCI Li -' Sod. Zeolite-+ CaCl; OPERTIES OF HEAVY WATE! ollows: {) It’s density is 1.19nven’. ji) It’s malting point is 3.8/C fil) It’s boiling pointis 101.4°C v) It's Vapour presence is less than ordinary water. {Mg areinsy) t's refrattive index is less than ordinary water. Vi) Itis used as a tracer in biological method. fii) Iti:used as Moderator in Nuclear friction reaction. DROSCOPIC SUBSTANCE: All substance that has tendency to absorb mixture when exposed to Sees sPrere. These substance some times from their solution and some tirnes the jtion loses it's concentration. All the substance are called hydroscopic vhich shackstance, ind Mg into tt ‘ontains Mc : x aan MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 SdSUAMERITO ROU ae suas aga relive ‘mall: MOritOrious, yj .doral Urdu Universit, fail: meritorious. gutg i: meritorious. gursy SS a 3 Near KMC PS us: 17, PIB Colon, ar na ph: 021-34940123- 0300/0324 82: wtjain Can a Gulshan Campus: A+ Ph: 021-34829072, TX gy, vishan ¢ hey INTRODUCTION: st _ Sir ic thie i tial compound forte every living thing neeg hapter | Dee ee bce ,d of water. Water available is used in ver) ved 1% body is composed © : ; it v an purpost of vital significanc' water is con: impurities like sewage wate polluted. ixture wi ormatio The jal m domestic, ag es { oq WrBoDu POLLUTED WATER! ES fle, can itis contaminated b of per dered to be poluted when I contaminated by Sever, i! 1, industrial water agriculture pesticides Pei curren J py mancourren ea f4 Cart : ER POLLUTA: amond, CLASSIFICATION OF WAT ; TANTS: i) Oxygen = Demandin: Waste: } ic sewage, indus’ triakwaste; slaughter houses ang ieauses danger for human 2 ‘tateri ‘At includes domesti ¢ substances contamina! al calle¢ pulp all thes‘ athracite aquatic animals. y ii) Synthetic Organic Gompound:,§ & a B ‘ These includes all man made chemical like pesticides, insecticides, 14 Cart detergents, paints, fibers, plastic etc ‘makejwater polluted and harmful for ee well. ing Waste. iii) Diseasing Causi > \ When micro-organisms through ‘sewage and industrial waste dissolve, usffor life and cause diseases: j water become very dangero! iv) Agriculture Water flution: ‘As to enhance ena yields farmer are using fertilizers, pesticides gfferen Spmakes polluted and dangerous for life. or organicywaste whic! wy Cryste QUALITY. OP DRINKING WATER: funicipalwater is used for ‘domestic and drinking purpose. This was, af ss ! 4 led protable water. Amor Portablets Properties: a) 7e important characteristic for protable water as follows. , °) i) It should be colourless, odorless and tasteless. ° Ca it should be free from all kinds of pollutants. tel iii) It's PH ranges from 7 to 8.5. fice at iv) It's hardness should not be above than 150. v) It should not stain clothes. ye T Care School System (Montessori to May , PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 52 1 mM 1%,— <*» MERITORIOUS House of Education BY, Kengain CAMPUS: 17, PIB Colony, Near KC Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi ‘ng Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, @-mall: meritorious [email protected] TX gy, ulshan CAMPUS: A+ Blockta-c Gulshan-e-tabal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi he, Phy: 024-34829072, 0300/0321 -8232196, o-mall: meritorious. guishan@hotmalcom Weorwivw meritorious.com pk IX Chemistry M4 CARBON: a Carbon is the 16 abundant element in the earth’s crust and belongs Up yf A ot periodic table and has 4 electrons in its outermost sil. \% ral = tem courrence: j s Fie Carbon exists in free and combined state in natilresdA pure Tron Itioccurs as Tg, Zo Grephite and Buckrnster.n combined state, ifexet oe and its = ES: ixture with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc. J Ney >rmation of Coal: < : ‘ The first stage in the formation of coal is peat. It is soft, brown, spongy or hi . 7 “man waterial made by partial decomposition of plants. Peat thafh converts into brown al called lignite, than a soft coal called Bitumenjand finally into hard coal called athracite. uses ang, ‘ a 1e Carbon Contents and Energy Values mful for hy = os i 2 . FUEL CARBON CONTENT | ENERGY VALUES | wa [5% rw 19800 KJ/Kq = See DL 18700 KJ/Kg _ \ te dissolve, ‘Lignite | % 61, |__ 20900 - 25700 KJ/Kg |__ Bitumen | | 32100 KJ/Kg \ _ Anthracte er ea Tse 32600 KJ/Kg | pesticides afferent Form of Carbon? In Free State, carbon occurs as following forms; Crystalline Form: e. This way 2) Diamond, b)Graphite c) Bucky Ball Amorphous Form: ‘ a) Lamp Black b) Wood Charcoal c)Coal d) Animal Charcoal e) Gas Carbon * Carbon exist as carbon Black, it is produced when metiane is heated at high temperature. - * Coke is a pure form of carbon obtained when coal is heated strongly in absence of air. + In combined form, it exists as natural gas and petroleum. + Carbon also exists in the form of CO and CO; in the atmosphere. + Carbon also exists in the form of CaCO; which occurs as marble. VS. sori to Mat 0321-82 321 MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 53<2 MERITORIOUS House of Educag,, ‘% ME Jark Opp: Faraan Masjid, Kara 47, P1B Colony, Near KM.C Part. oa a ere ouonmnat eesaten, sa: mertorious oh : Gulshan Campus: A-1 Biock13-C S atgnan-0-iqhal, opp. Federal Urdu University, Ky lain Cam 8: At Block ISS Gapgyoany 4252196, mal MrHErOUS. BUlthay .s.com.pk BS ulshan C IX Cha, esi Pine Main Campus: Web www.meritoriou Allotropy: rms of the same element in the, J “the existence of two or more different fo Thes state is called allotropy. h are as follows; Allotropic Forms of Carbon: : forms of carbon whic There are three allotropic i) Diamond: 2 i itis the crystalline form of carbon and is found in South Afric } : i o6 Brazil and India. Properties: 7) Itis the hardest natural substance. gm/em’. ii) Its density is 3.51 jij) Itis a bad conductor of electricity. C iv) Its melting point is 3500°C. _ v) Its refractive index is 2.54 ii) Graphite: g % Final Jt occurs as plumb ago solid and found mS iberia, Canada and Srilanka, rystal late Properties: os! Bale) j) Itis a dark grey crystalline solid. itera i) It is a soft and greasy — [a iii) its density is 2.2 gms/Gm’. Le iia g iv) Its melting point is 300°C. _ oo. v) It is a good conductor felectricity. In 1985, a angfleghery made by two English scientists who vapour, graphite and got game Ergnts of Cw and found thet lt fs.2 different form of Gay which seems,exactly likéia ball therefore they named it bucky ball. This is the fg, Carbon soluble iorganic compounds. Structure df,Diamond: Theicrystal of diamond is octahedral in shape but the basic crystal is tetrahedral ih shape in which C-atoms are co-valently bonded as shown below, a tale las wi a distar ucture vee of t nducto JEERIT Care School System ” Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 54 (Montessori to Matric) pry AC: \ . “t) MERITORIOUS House of Education hae PleQyytain CAMPUS: 17, PID Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Maslid, Karachl oe Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, o-mall: meritorious, [email protected] ‘Shana uishan CAMPUS: A. Biock13.c Gulshan-e-labal, Opp. Fedoral Urdu University, Karachi Ph: 021-34029072, 0300/0321 -6232196, email mortor 3 , mall: moritorious_guishan@notmal € Chey Wob:weaw.meritorious.com.pk * IX Chemistry tin the, J These basic tetrahedral units together will form an indefinite giant as shown pelowe) Finally this brings strength and uniformly bonded atoms to form a hardest Srilanka, rystal later. The bond length between two C-atoms ig 1-54 A° and bond energy is 47 KJ/mol. \ tructure of Graphite: In graphite the C-atoms from aflat basi ic hexagonal ring. It can be viewed as a .._ 40 dimensional layer lattice as shown below; © vapour } ym of Car, P is is the fq stal is wn below. Inigraphite the C-C bond length is 1.42A°. They have strong covalent bonds as sil as which are responsible for high melting point. The two successive layers are a distance of 3.35A°. The inter layer bonding is very low therefore it is soft. The ucture of graphite is more open therefore it is less denser. Unlike diamond only ‘ee of the valence electrons out of four are in bonding therefore it is a good nductor of electricity. to Matric) 82 32 196 MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 55<2 MERITORIOUS House 0% eine ooheiie Main Campus: 17, PIB Colony, Near Ke! cc Park Opp: Faraan Masiic en Te Pib otony Menstegn 252180, oral mertorovs Si Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-c Gulshan e- {qbal, opp. Faderal Urdu University, Kart Ss 3an79072, 030000921 “6232196, ious guished Oo ev mertorious.co™P ®uishan C TX Chey ME Stain Can aan Masjid, Karachi sotropes of Carbon. By X-ray oreta ‘except coal which occurs rs. 7j) Combin red as follows; “Athi Amorphous Forms of Carbon: its al The amorphous forms are not like graphite Observed that they all have structure naturatly In urines. The other amorphous form C2” be prepa’ Ce al i). Coa Coal is originated by decomposition of plants and cers under sro 3 eam le: they decompose in absence of air under pressure and CO2, Witer andp c+ ae cz liberated laving behind material called Coal. ome ii) Coke: Coke can be obtained by destructive distillation ae In a we va ii) Reduc: upto 1300°C in absence of air so that all the volatileimpubities are nhoved, Carb In these volatile impurities coal tar and coke arevabtained in which coke, & Whe used as a fuel. 2 os ee iii) Charcoal: N. {i xample: it can be obtained by heating wood, nut shells, Bones, sugar etc in very), Be supply of air. ae ae bt 2Pbi Properties of Carbon: 2Cu Physical Properties: ‘Ne, 1) React i). Except diamond, all allotropes Srearbon are in Black or grayish colour, ee ii) Carbon is odorless afd t tasteless. pip nurS iii) Its melting point is very ‘high ie. 3000°C. Cr. jv) Itis insoluble in commdnsolvent (water, acid, alcohol) cw Chemical Properties: 4 ; | Cateni Following are sofe important chemical properties of carbon. The )p combustion polices There are'two ‘Gombustion reactions of carbon; Laster ~ Bes of dn Exedes of Al Fol Wileg catéén is burned in excess supply of air COz and heat energy are 1h produced. 4 i) 3 c+0 Excess co, + sHasesKiimol 4) & aie iv) G — vy) G In Limited Supply of Air: vival When carbon is burned in limited supply of air incomplete combustion ta Vi) Mt and produced carbon monoxide (CO) vili) It 20 + Oz limited 2co bd 7G Air : x) iG xi) C MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric @ Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 19§ ME 56 17“ati, » _ % MERITORIOUS House of Education pi 7 ne yiain CAMPUS! 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Farsan Masjid, Karacht y fara Ph: 021-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, @-mail: [email protected] ®ouishan CAMPUS: A- Block13.c Gulshan-e:\qbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachl Chey Ph 021-34828072, 0300/0321 -£232196, e-mail: moritorlous. guishan@hoUmnall 4m Web: wwew.meritorious.com.pk aya IX Chemistry curs) Combination Reaction: ws} Athigh temperature carbon combines with elements like hydrogen, sulphur, Zalciim, aluminum forms their compounds. rth Whexample: c fC +22 High tomp CH. (methane) E a +28 High temp CS2 (Carbon disulphide) a bd \ Cis Peay il Reducing Agent: 4 ve heat 4 “ 3 wved, | Carbon has great ability to react with 02, therefor® ¢arbon aets) 1STeducing oh coke ent: When Carbon reacts with metallic oxides, 3 a a ee a § mperature and convert them into free metals. xample. Fe;03 3-30 Sa 2zn0+¢ == —————> LAIR I) Saez LEO. 2Fe +3CO 2Zn + COz 2Pb + CO,” 2Cu + CO; 7) Reaction with Oxidizing Agents } colotn When carbon reacts with strong oxidizing agent such as nitric acid and ulphuric acid and gets oxidized to liberate CO. C+ 4HNOs Hot. CO; + 4NO; + 2Hz0 ( C+2H2SO, ___Hot 5 CO2+ 280, + 2H,0 | Catenation: \_' aye j The property of carbon/in which it has tendency of forming long chain and ag-like structures, therefore it is known as catenation. _ ses of Carbon», Following are Some important uses of carbon; i) Diamonds fare used as gems and precious stones. nergy are ji) 'Black diamonds are used in drilling. iii) Tiny particles of black diamonds are used for polishing tools. iv) Graphite is used as lubricant. v) Graphite is also used in making high-grade steel. Visit is also used for making electrodes. rbustion tal Vil). It is used in lead pencils. vill) It is also used as neutron moderator. ix) Coal and coke are used as a fuel. x) Coke is also used in extraction of metals. xi) Charcoal is used as domestic fuel. /mol to Matrio -82 3219§ MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 57tA) <% MERITORIOU Main Campu: rN '921.94940123, 0 Iqbal, OPP. 196, roar km Park Opp: F 47, PIB Colony, NOMr FEMS 75292798, ae sip area i atrone a 2 ey Uk Une a Seis rtoroue ouch com.pk TX Chen, decolorizing Sugar xii) Animal charcoal is used for i xiii) Carbon Black is used in mar xiv) Itis also used Is making shoe PO xv) Carbon fiber is used in making plas! SILICON: tic bags: Introduction. ‘on lies between metals and Nomis, metalloids. It belongs to Group IVA of the period fica (SiO2) carbon. In ancient time, it is known 2s sil ic Example ‘Sand. In 1823, Berzelius named it as amorph Occurrence: Taaeveeans thas sand, cur in the form of silica SU@ Silicon acct jartz and flint an‘ etc. Pure crystalline form is qu: metals therefore, itis kndbedosy ous solid “Silicon” ° g rubber tyres iter ink. table and comes a ) 5 i quartz, flint, kieselguhr, , ga palforms are kieselguh, and agate. In combined from it occurs ‘as complex sil _ > a ————— —__ fai ['S.vo| Name of Silicates | __ ~ Formula ih ne Uses | 1 Feldspar __| Kz0 ALsO3 6sio: j Ceramics, glass, pottery, abrag, 2. | Kaolin (China clay) | Alz0s Bio, 2Hio | _ eeicrosker le Electrical insulator resistance, 3 Mica high temperature (4 | Tale (Soapstone) 310 4Si02 HzO Ceramics) Cal Asbestos Cad 3iigo 48/02 Heat insulation, fire proofing Properties of Silicon:, Physical Properties: i) Itis brown Colour powder. ii) Its specitf@gravity is 2.35. ‘stallinesSilicon is grey in iv) Ithas Dea pion melting point i.e. 1410°C v) Its Boint of boiling is 2600°C. soluble in water. ad conductor of electricity. Chemi€al Properties: Following are important chemics i) Reaction with Alkali: When Silicon is dissolved in hot Na Hydrogen. al properties MERIT Care School System 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0. se olour having specific gravity 2.49. of silicon; OH it forms its silicates and liberate (Montessori to Matric 123, 0300/0321-82 32 19 S House of Educatj ’® ye! Main Guls! ferri your forn sub deh Jel. abs pre Be‘ati 4) MERITORIOUS House of Education ibGh, «Main Campus: 17, ip colony, Near KM.C Park Opp: Faraan Mas), Karachl Kata Ph: ‘02t-34940123, 0300/0321 -8232196, mall: [email protected] shang Gulshan Campus: -1 Biock13.C Gutshan-e-Iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi = Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 -8232198, o-mail: [email protected] cl Web-www.meritorious.com.pk ? Rey 1X Chemistry Equatio! Na:CO; + SiO; H Naz SiO; +CO, + (Sodium Silicate) Now the Na,Si is dissolved in boiling water under high pressure to form a viscous liquid water glass and it looks like ordinary glass. Uses of NazSiO, (Water Glass): ‘Ne i) Itis used for sizing of paper. s ii) Itis used for fire proofing. . ing chemical gi iii) Itis used for making glue. Ne iv) Its also used for preserving eggs. V) The dilute solution of NaSiO3is used for maki Chemical Garden: } he selguhr, Make a dilute solution of water glass.(NazSiO.) in @ ass trough. Add ras sala "8 crystals of coloured salts. Such as cobalt chloride, nickel stiiphate, copper sulphate, ‘guhr ferric chloride etc. Leave them for few days withoubtouUéhing the tough. You will find your chemical garden grow with colourful plants of chemical. This is because of the formation of insoluble metal silicates. ee Cu* SO* sia) + Naz*’ Si? Oajaq) | CUSIO3 (5) + Naz Sa (acy “(Blue ppt) aa | © Silica Jel: a When an acid is added in’ solution of water glass. It turns into a jelly like © Proofing substance known as jel. Thejformula for this jel is SiOz nH20. On complete dehydration of this get by heating, a had porous material is obtained known as Silica Jel. gf i ; Due to its large Tie area, silica jel is used as good absorbent. Itis oe to absorb gases and'vapour Small bags of silica jel are kept in medicine packing preventithe medicines. being spoiled by water vapours in the atmosphere. 2 i Is from industrial effluents and in the Itlis alsO\used to recover valuable vapours from reefing of petroleum. ‘, \d liberate to Matric MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) e 6 1-82 32 19 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 191 4 naof Education ~ __ 14) ME “+ MERITORIOUS House enon. Main Campus: 17, pip Colony, Near KM.C Park OPE ee pen F sn Tb colony. Nea Per, inl: merorlvt BOGMIMAg yfain, CA Gulshan Campus: a+ plock13-¢ Guishane0b8 oe nee re nae 8: A Blockt3-C Cuterosnt 237106, oma z mata usher Web www.meritorious compe IX Chemistry Equation: A 103 + He m4 +2NaOH _ Hot »Naz SiO: Lanter Combustion in Air: er > When silicon is strongly heated in air silica |S produced. Si+ Oz + SiO; silica Introducti Preparation of Silica: y Nitro po a8 manned it Method 1. , family havi When pure dry sand and Mg are heated in absence. or sitigo ie gormed. ee S102 + Me heat _, Si+ 2MgO 3 2CCURR nas ‘HCI so, that the unreacted Mg and Mgo Rave Now the mixture is dissolved in dilute ad settle down inthe container and remaining mass. In c convert into MgCl which is insoluble . .q S/O; the content is dissolveq amorphous silicon is separated. To remove unreacte in hydrogen fluoride as shown below; —> Sif + 2H:0 Dalcium ar natter suc SiO; + 4HF — , ‘ (silicon tetra fluoride) Preparatt Method n \ From A When the vapours of silicon chlor are passed over heated sodium or The potassium, silicon is produced. , fF liquid ai SiCi,+ 4Na Heat ‘Si + 4NaCl ‘ractioné SiCh+4K _ Heat sit 4KCI Clee Method 3: * } irther co When the Silica (Si0,) i$ heated with coke in an electric furnace, crystals of pd then a silicon are produced. : ver. Argc ith boilin SiO; + 2C. Heat Si+2CO Electricfurnace crystals JAGRA\ Following are some important uses of Silicon; ; i) Itis used in alloys of bronze and steel to increase their strength. 5 ii) Itis.used in making semi-conductors. iii) Itis used as a lubricant. " iv) Itis Used as a water repellent. V) Itig\tsed in paints, varnish and polishes. Sodium ate or Water Glass: Water glass is prepared on strong heating of two parts of silica with one part of sodium carbonate. It is obtained as a colourless glass with melting point 1090°C. MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) ME # 7, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 toe 59MERITORIOUS House of Education "ailcoq Main CAMPUS: 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karacht om Ph: O21-24540123, 0300/0921 4232186, email: morionises,nib@ghotmallcom matgg Gulshan CAMPUS! 4.1 Bioct3-c ou Ishan-e-Iqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi Ph: 021-34829072, 030010321 -#232196, email: meritorious gurchenephotme istry Web-waw.meritorious.com.pk On ~ a IX Chemistry Chapter #13 “NITROGEN AND OXYGEN” P “= ROGEN'AND OXYGEN” NITROGEN: Introduction: Nitrogen was discovered by Scottish Protanist, Daniel, manned it Nitrogen. It belongs to group VA of the periodic t ‘amily having five electrons in valence shell. DCCURRENCE: Mgo Nitrogen occur in free state as Nz gas in air upto 78% by volumma and 75% by aining ass. In combined state nitrogen occur in the earth crust as nitrates f sodium, oIved 1 Zalcium and potassium as well as ammonium, salt. Nitrogen is also found in organic patter such as Protein, Urea and Vitamin 8 Compound. ?reparation: ) From Ai : The commercial method of producing nitrogen gas is the fractional distillation f liquid air. In this process air liquefied and then fractionally distilled. ‘ractional Distillation of Liquid Air: 7 Clean air is compressed and then cooled by refrigeration of expansion it is irther cools and liquefies. The liquid air is filtered to remove carbon dioxide solid sof id then distilled. Nitrogen is the most\volatile with boiling point-496°C, distilled ver. Argon which boils at4857°C and liquid oxygen, the least volatile component ith boiling point-183°C collected at the bottom. IAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION: 11 e part 090°C, 4 MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) te 17, PIB Co'ony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 61& MERrToRIOUS House of Educatig, | Boe 1 ME ek opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachl arinall: meritorious pIb@hotm 232196, 1 Urdu University, Karach, 1B Colony, Near KM.C Par "34940123, 0300/0324 Main Cam Main Campus: _17,P! Ph: 021 Sereda Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-¢ Gulsnan eu ioer Foti moritorlous_gulshangn 03000321 em Gulshan C Ph: 021-34829072, Sat Wob www.meritorious-< TX Chemigy Ammonium Nitrate. Ammoniysnon-metals ‘ae with Sodium nitrate. ji) Laboratory Preparation. 5 ined by heatin In laboratory nitrogen is obtal Nitrate is fucec ti onium Chloris <3 rate is produced by reacting Amm ac Equation: i NH,CI + NaNOz ——————* NH.HO2 + NaCl volume of a NANO? __ heat___, Na+ 2H20 ? \ Liquetac ary fe) Airis Physical Properties: of 200atm a i) Nitrogen is colourless, ordourless and tasteles7 92°) labial ii) Pure nitrogen is slightly soluble in water. since Fractio iii) Itis slightly lighter than air. : iv) Its boiling point is 196°C 2 v) Its melting point is 210°C \ iqui 202. One d £185 7°C Chemical Properties: if x Nitrogen directly combine with hydrogeM oxy: ahd magnesium to form indor a pre their compounds. i aborato: i) With Hydrogen: he ci Oxy: When nitrogen reacts with hydrogen, Ammonia is formed. srr 2kC Equation: N2+3H2 450°C 2NH3 ‘hysical 200-250 ator, i) Oxy ii) With Oxygen: J Ones ‘Nitrogen combine with oxygen ‘at 2000°C to form nitric oxide. a i is fas Equation: $ v) It lic 3g + No—ced hot WgsN2- © nariiee OXYGEN: With M Introduction: intr! , Whi Oxygen was discovered by Scheel in 1772 and Priestley in 1774 and Lavoisig, named it oxygen. It is the most essential for all living thing. It belongs to VIA group quatior of periodic table and first member of family having 6 electrons in valence shell. an ° i Occufrence: id arth, it occurs both in free and \ wie : ‘Oxygen is the most abundant element on e Pombinedatate In jree state [tis presentas diatomic gas /n atmosphere alr Upto 21% by volume and 33% by mass. In combined form oxygen accounts 50% by massyuatio) of earth crust. It constitutes about 88.8% by mass ofwater.Inmostabundant || s4 compound it is presentas silica, silicates, carbonates and oxides of both matals aac GEERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) , PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 #2 196 MI LZ, 62tig, Shy MERITORIOUS House of Education bam ie camarent 417, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi rac Ph: 021-349401%9, 03000921 8297796, malt monrernie plb@hotmall com ‘2m Gulshan CAMPUS: A.1 Biock13.c Guishan-e-lqbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi onl Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: meritorious. guishan@hotmall. com y Wob-www meritorious.com.pk IX Chemistry NOniyanon-metals to make up clays, rocks and sand. {solation or Preparation of oxygen: ‘he oxygen is isolated by fractional distillation of air, lume of air. The process includes the following two steps. Liquefaction of Ai Air is passed through caustic soda to remove CO: present in it. At a pI of 200atm air id compressed, then cooled and allowed to expand rapid jozz/e in a region at low pressure to cool further. The procegs is rep igain due to which temperature reaches to 200°C and air.Jiquefie: 1s oxygen form 21% by é Eons ‘again and tt Ne i) Fractional Distillation of Liquid Air: Liquid air is led into fractionating tower through alfilter to weds traces of 302. One distillation Nitrogen is called at 196°C then in't t 185 7°C and at last liquid oxygen is dried, compres: middle Argon is collected sed aid stored in steel cylinder > form \nder a pressure about 100 atmosphere. } aboratory Preparation: ‘eo ‘Oxygen can be prepared in laboratory by, ther hlorate with little MnO; as catalyst. fal 2KCIO; ——+ 2KCI+302 w' decomposition of potassium ‘hysical Properties: te, > i) Oxygen is colourless, ordourless and tasteless gas. ii) Itis neutral to moist litrius papers iii) Itis slightly soluble in water iv) Gaseous oxygen is about 1.1 times denser than air. v) It liquefies at 183°C. | hemical Properties: With Metals: “~~ When oxygen reacts with metals, metallic oxides are formed. oy | : d Lavoisig, uation: 3 VIA groupl“ 2ca02 2¢a0 shell. Lit 200; With\Non-Metals: ee and \ "When oxygen reacts with non-metals, their oxides are formed. air upto 1% by massquatio: F dant $+0, ——— So: 7 h metals am C+ 0; ———» CO Matric) 2196 MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 6B<<. MERITORIOUS House of Ee CUCU) ME ‘araan Masjid, Karachi Main : ar K.m.c Park OPP: F : Campus: 17,210 Colony. Meas 11232196. paseo ee Main Cam Gul tee or ee ae aad shan Campus: a Beane Gute gEs213, emt meritorious. dulshantiag, Gulshan C ( ; itorious.com-P! Wob.werw.meritor DE Chemig i) With Other Compounds: compounds, forms meir respective Oxides Properties hen oxygen reacts with other Se Equation Equation CH, + 202 CO; + 2H:0 2H.S + 302 © SOx+ 2H:0 4FeS +702 > Fe:0; +4502 2 2 eA , Oxides: j an ES merits excepéro: Oxygen is very reactive and ‘combined with all 4 ee. c Pg joble gase, ‘4 ‘and halogens and formed their binary compounds calle’ } ¥ yi sao f 2 S Classification of Oxides: we Peaster example: ‘On the basis of valency or oxidation state of OXY xides are classifiey, 4A! * follows. 2Zn- { 5 > : i) Normal Oxide: . Ne y a 2ropertie: ‘All the oxides in which valency Or oxidation)sta' slumber is-2 are normal vor i oxides. Normal oxides are classified as follows. ) Witte A Whe _/ Basic Oxide: baton The oxides of metals are know#ilas basiioxides. iquation: 4 ALO Example:: 2nQ ‘4Na +0; ———>_ 2Naz0 2Ca + 0, "20. ) Witte E Whe Properties of Basic Oxide: i ; i) They are soluble in water and produce their hydroxides. quation Equation: g Alz0 Naz0 + H20. -2NaOH cae Ca + HO, Ca (OH)2 2 eutral C ii) They aso reacts with acids to produced their salts aa ion: 4 Equation: ». prvs i MgO + 2He| —— MgClz + H20 CaO +2HNO3 ——+Ca (NOs)? + H20 xample : Ww a 2 ic Oxide: eroxide The oxides of non-metals are called acidic oxides. All yrmal ox Example: é S+0, cample C+O,. Ns MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) ME , PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32196 17 , ot itio) MERITORIOUS House of Education yrollEyrain CAMPUS: 17, PIB Cology, Near KML Park} ot an Cahmpucn«ceemelts, en00ai! -asr186 cnaitet es aghotmallcom "@he Ishan CAMPUS: A-1 Biock13.c Guishan-e-\qbal, Opp. Feds ral Urdu University, Karacht "ot, Gu Ph: 021-34829072, 0300/0321 -8232191 ¥e 8, e-mail: [email protected] ‘emigy Web www meritorious. com. pk PP: Faraan Masjid, Karachi 1X Chemistry properties of Acidic Oxides: xides, They react with water to produce acids. Equation: SO:+H,0—+ 4,50, % €02+H,0-—+ H,c0, They react with alkali to form salt and water. ation: ~CO2*2Na0H __, Na,C0, +H,0 $03 + 2KOH_.,50,+H,0 Amphoteric Oxide: The oxides of .\I2 Zn etc are called amphoteric oxi sified a 4Al+302——* 2A1,0; ‘ 2Zn + 02 ———» 2Zno “a 2roperties of Ampiroteric Cxide: i i Dr 5 i mal witte Acid: an, “a When they react with acid salt and water is formed. iquation: “_ Alz03 + 6HC| ————+ 2AIC1J# 3H20 2n 0 +H:SO, ——*_ZnS04+ H20) OT Witte Base: z When they react with base|and water is formed. Alz03 + 2NaOH ae 2NaAlOz+ HzO Zn O + 2NaOH we Naz ZnO2+ H20 eutral Oxide: All the oxides Which are neither acidic nor basic and are neutral to moist mus paper are neutral oxide. ? xample: i) Water (H20) _ ii) Nitric oxide (NO) iii) Carbon monoxide (CO) 2roxide: All the oxides that contains higher proportion of oxygen as compared to rmal oxides are called peroxide. 8804+ M202 Ises: Industrial Preparation: On large scale hydrogen peroxide is prepared PY oxidation of isopropyl} As Ant alcohol. Bi ‘eaning v Equation: CH; CH 21H; + 02 Hz02 + CH - © - CHa As Ble oH ° Hy ol, feat Physical Prope! aterials. i) Itisjpale blue syrupy liquid. ii) ‘eis soluble in water. Rest iii) Its boiling point is 150°C fi ua iv) Its freezing point is 0.9°C yntings v) It decomposes our boiling LAs Fe Liq ace roc MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 ME 66 TmBhotm, Campus: + Mj Main CAMPUS: | 47, PIB Colony, Near KM.C Park Opp: Faraan m ach) 021-24940923, 03000321 -823 : , 0300/0321 -8232196, e-mail: [email protected] Ghom Guishan CAMPUS: A.1 Biocki3.c Gulshan-e-iqbal, Opp. Foun nai ea Ph: 021-34629072, 0300/0321 -8232196" ean Lemigy [email protected] Web: www.meritorious.com.pk Chemical Properties. 1X Chemistry i) Degomposition: When hydrogen peroxide is exposed to air it decomposes into water and loxygen # Equation: 2H;02 — ” 2H:0 + 0; +Heat \ ji) As Oxidizing Agent: { e Hydrogen percxide is a sirong oxidizing agent asi accept electron aclily ¥ oxygen or Equation: | % W202 ~» H20 + O (donation of oxygen) ie wa, #O8*2H + 20° —__.2H.0 (acceptor of electron ii) As Reducing Agent: . ‘ : en or Hydrogen per oxide behave as reducing agention reaction with more powerful ample: A oF ois id on 1202 reduces acid KMnO, solution by.decolonizing the colour of KMnO« iquation: ; 2KMNOs + 3H,S0, + 5202 K2SO, + 2MnSO, + 8H,0 + 502 Ises: f fe ‘opyl _As Antiseptic: 3 Hydrogen peroxide is\used as a wild antiseptic in mouth wash as well as for eaning wounds. J _As Bleaching agent: 7 TaN : A ps 4 Hydrogen peroxide is used as bleaching agent in bleaching materials like silk, dol, feathers and human hairs. It removes colour from fabrics, hair or other aterials. ) Restoring Paintings: : Liquid hydrogen per oxide is used for Restoring painting. Lead carbonate of intings Blacken when expose to atmosphere. | As Fuel Component: Liquid hydrogen per oxide is used for providing oxygen for burning fuel in ace rockets, It is also used for burning Diesel in engine. Matric) 32 196 MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric} 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 67House of peucatie. 4 “+ MERITORIOUS i wmopireamuntaranas, 2 ME Main, Can KM Pi tony, Near MC Pa 406, i ‘edoral Urdu University, Kara Federal UI ty, Karacy, igen, Op? Fear orout aul "Phe yishan C Main Campus: 17, Pi6 ¢ ph: 021-34940423, ¢ Guishi Gulshan Campus: 4-1 Block134 Sj. bon pas20072, 08000082 ox web wre meri 1X Chemis ¥) Other Uses: FO Itis used in preparation of soaiurn Pr arenie mais used (cuca _— fed polymerization reaction. jing but Comple1 Oxidation and Reduction: Oxidation and Reduction: 7 ti involve two oppos! Oxidation and reduetion react ere ‘singly, that is Bry oxidation’ processes. There processes can Ne ee ead i accompanied by its opposing process reduction and the rence ‘gghrow|id Reduc Redox Reaction. ~wG Y Xe i oe Oxidation: } > example: ne F) ar i) Oxidation as addition of oxygen: OE ios ‘ 2H i) dition of oxyden: ‘elements is called oxid: ‘A reaction in which oxygen combine with other wa lation and it produces oxides. » \ Asu Example: on, educed is S_4Fe + 302 —+ 2Fe203 i Asu 2Mg + Q2 —» 2MgO ‘reas xidize is . i Ast ii) Oxidation as removal of Hydrogen: Mes Ast The removal of hydrogen is also known ‘as oxidation. :xample Example: ANE HSH Cl ea Int MnO, + 4HC] pg yinGl: # Cle + 2120 av ‘ : si iii) Oxidation as removal or loss. of electrons: ; ot ‘A reaction whichgecurs by the loss or removal of electrons is called oxidation. ; oe Example: fa eh Sn? + 2e Jecurre Suter) 28) | of Al "Al? + 3 % alieved' Reduction: paver A'feaction just opposite to oxidation is called Reduction. re in op repara i) Reduction as removal of oxyge! Oz cygen. Reduction means the removal of oxygen. Example: quati CuO + He ——+ Cu+H,0 a MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) M. 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 68 17,*, MERITORIOUS House of Education 17, PIB Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi Ph 021-24940123, 0200/0321 -8232196, mall a n 032 e-mail: [email protected] "Pho yishan Campus: A.1 Biocks3.c Gulshan-e-qbal, Opp. Fed Urdu University, Karachi Ph: 021-34820072, 020070321 -€232186, e-mail: meritorious. guishang@notmal GO Web.swww.meritorious.com pk IX Chemistry ji) Reduction as Addition of Hy eduction also means addition of hydrogen. xample: emer HS +Ch —_, $+ 2HCI j n a g known) Reduction as gain of electrons: y A reaction in which substance gains elactron is called reductiOR| yy Ar?+3% ——> ay CHE ne ee } cat “so Oxidizing and Reducing Agent: A substance which is oxidizing because it causes Fosse tobe educed is called as reducing agent. Nacsa A substance which it self is reduced and éases the other substance to xidize is called as oxidizing agent. “oR A substance which gains electronsare called oxidizing agent. A substance which losses electrons are called reducing agent. ots ample: eX 4NH; + 6NO ————» 5N2+6H,0/ t In this reaction NH, oXidizes-to-Nz-Se-NH, is reducing agent. In this reactiagNO reduces tolN2, So NO is oxidizing.agent i eg et Ozone: In 1839 Schonbein discovered ozone and in 1886 J. Soret demonstrated that zone as an allotrope of oxygen. lecurrence:. ‘Ozone.exists in a layer at a height of about 20 Km above the earth where it is lieved to protect the earth’s surface from too much ultra violet radiatious of the un. Very Small amount of ozone produced around electrical machineries when they -e in operations. Ozone can be prepared from oxygen by passing electric discharge through 2NH4 ‘Ozone dissociates readily forming reaction oxygen t > } ‘ Equation: O> Pe. aH= agrkstmo! f fi) With PbS: a When ozone reacts with PbS, lead sulphates ntroduct . Int9 Equation: \X vpand Het PbS +40; ____, PbSO«+402 equired ir iii) With HeS: 1. >rocess: When ozone reacts with HSsulpgurig acid is formed. Fr 7 olume is Equation: . To HS + 20) ——————r. ,HzSQ4 4 2 ressure ¢ With SO.: 2quired. With SO;: When ozone reacts{witht SO2 sulphur tri oxide fs formed. Equation: S02 +O; = $0; + Or With KI: When ozone reacts with KI in presence of H2SOx K,SO2and Iz are formed, Equation: 2K £0; +H2S0, ————> KzSO4tl2* O2+H20 Uses. Jb i) Itis used in treatment of domestic water. ij) Itis used as bleaching agent. It is used in preparation of synthetic fiber. iv) it is used in pharmaventuals. MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) | yy) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi, Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32196 | | 1 17, 70.“ios, MERITORIOUS House of Education tm Mai CAMPUS: 17, PIB Colony, Near KARE Park Opp a Campa 212450783, ea00 321 tase "hoy, Gulshan CAMPUS: A-1 Blockss.c Gu'shan-elgbal, Opp. Federal Urdu University, Karachi Ph: 024 024-34829072, 030010321 -8232196, “e-mail: meritorious. guishane@hotal. 6m emi Web-www.meritorious.com.pk Faraan Masyid, Karachi ‘e-mail: [email protected] IX Chemistry Ammonia: Ammonia is a very important chemical in industry. In nature ammonia is produced during decay of nitrogenous matter in the absence of air. pe {Preparation: | In laboratory ammonia is prepared by heating ammonium chloride wit Sprected ine Equation: a: B 4 2NHACI-+ Ca(OH), 2NHs + Cal ep 20 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION: F i Bock soscn cn: BOSCH-PROCESS: introduction: } In1908, Firtz Haber worked out the reaction.gonditions for the combination of 4zand H: {o make ammonia. Carl Bosh did the necessary engineering work equired in the process. 2rocess. In this process a mixture of pure nitrggen and hydrogen in the ration 1:3 by olume is allowed to react. To get maximum yield of ammonia the optimum condition of temperature and ressure are 400 ~ 450°C and 200 — 250 atm. Fe20;, Al203, CaO and K;0 are also 2quired. Ammonia thus obtaliied i is liquefied by cooling. uation hee N2* 3H2 400 = 450?C/ 200 - 250atm 2NH3 AH =- 92KJ/mol pepe nae formed, Matric | MERIT Care School System (afontessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 | a<& MERITORIOUS House of Educatj ear K.MIC Pa werk 9232196, ©! urdu University, Karacy,S Mai Cam Main Campus: _ 17, Pie Colony. euee pr: oss-sanentes, 03000921 020° 1 ulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-C ‘Guishan-e-tabal, OPI eat: ‘meritorious._gulsi USE At eg70072, 03000324 S232108 Ht: meritorious SulShanGhe, chan Ci svepewerw.mentorious.com™ PK an emg Physical Properties: ’ vi) With Cz i) Ammonia is a colourless 9° with pungent smell: pom ii) Itis a poisonous gas ral uation: iii) Itis highly soluble in water- a a gure iv) It is liquefied at room temperature. ‘12 Ises: ; )) Itisu v) thas density about 0. 8ogmicm. ji) itis u ' , iil) Itis u Chemical Properties: parse i) With Air (oxygen) Yai Ammonia does not burn in air but Equation: Yee, te oduct ‘4NH; + 302 > 2N2 + 6H20 ~~ troducts : é In 16 ii) With Water: A —_ hemical. ‘Ammonia is soluble in water to fofmammonia hydroxide. i aborator Equation: Ps 5 Nitri NH; +Hz0 ————» NH.OHS © id. iii) With Acid: a ‘quation When ammonia reacts with acid to form salt. KNO Equation: idustria ‘2NH, +H2S0. “ae (NHs)2 SOs ; * »stwald’ iv) With Chlorine: ~@ Ino When dtifionthreacts with chlorine, itfirst reduces chlorine and produces hydrogen chloride, then hydrogen chloride react with excess of ammonia to prod ten td: ammonium chloride. inge atinum ¢ Equation: \ ‘2NHge 3Cl2 Na+ GHCL quatior 6NH; + 6HC| ————* 6NH, Cl Bil v) As reducing agent: fen | “Ammonte reduces heated! copper oxide to free copper metal. Inc Equation: quatios 3Cu0 + 2NH3 Heat 3Cu + Nz + 3H20 2N MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) 10/0321-82 32196 MI A 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 030 17, 2tig, ; ‘, MERITORIOUS House of Education Dota ygain Campus: 17, PIB Colony, Ne: 2rach) 2 KM. Park Opp: Faraan Masfid, Karact home ylshan CAMPUS: A. Block13.C Guishan-e-ig -e-4qbal, Opp, Federal Urdu University, Karacht Ph: 021-2429 E torious.guishan@h a 1072, 0300/0321 -8232196, I: meritorious [email protected] Wob-warw moritorious.com.pk IX Chemistry vi) With Carbondioxide: finmonia reacts with CO, at high temperature to produce Urea. e ation: i [fore 1a . (NHa)2 CO + H:0 4 © \se: i) Itis used in softening temporary hard water, i ii) Itis used for removing grease and oil. iii) Itis used as a cooling agent. iv) It is used in preparing Nitric acid. v) It is used in manufacture of fertilizers. Nitric Acid: atroduction: ay sally In 1685 Glauber prepared nitric acid an importantiaboratory and industry hemical. y aboratory Preparation: A Nitric acid is prepared by heating solid potassium nitrate with ionic Sulphuric sid. , } ‘quation: ‘ KNO3 + H:S0, ———S>—*) KHSO, + HNO3 idustrial Preparation: /°* istwald’s Method: In Ostwald process nitric acid is prepared by catalytic oxidation of ammonia. sroduces § : , a to progyfeP td: ‘ In\catalytic chamber firs ammonia react with excess of air in the presence of atinum catalyst at 600°C and producer NO. quation:, 4NHy$ 502 Pt 4NO+6H:0 —-95.5KJ/mol § 6o"e tep #2: In oxidation chamber nitric oxide is mixed with excess air to produce NO2. quation: 2NO +02 *2NO2 Matric) 232196 MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 3® meritorious House of Pouca sanopp: Farman ssid, Karachi ot ME! Main Campus: Near KMS Ps ‘e-mail meritorious oe us; 17, Pim Colony. 332196, Pas: Vgpysansor23, 0300032" 20 pegeral Urdu University, Kary in Cam) Gulshan mI Guisnen-otabah ‘e-mail; meritorious _9i Campus: 4:1 moors Ssoomsat 423216 or mien tehan Ci wes www 1% Cheng Step # 3: wrectly dissolved in water to 1 nitrogen per oxide 1s a Equation: In absorption tower nitrogen P ne produce nitric acid. i) With Alh Equation: ae ‘3NO; + H,0 2HNOs + NO eat concentratee whictwctn b ic acid obtain % concentrat this process is 65: ii ed in concentrated further by passing over cone H: Ny ji) With Mi Figure: } — iquation: } PbO} v) With M Wher Equation: Cac “LAs Oxi Nitric xidizing p >mperatur J2, HNO; b i) With A Hot iquation c+. si+ S# se Pe h+ Physical Properties: i) Nitric'acid isa colourless fuming liquid. ii) Itha®sourtaste and chocking smell. iii) (The'boiling point of nitric acid is 83°C iv) Its freezing point is 41.6°C v) Its Specific gravity is 1.41 vi) Its Boiling point when 65% pure is 121°C vii) [8 Gensity is 1.52gm/cm’. Lala vii) Ris eas in ee wih Cor Chemical Properties: BS ne 1) As an Acid: With C Nitric acid ionizes completely in water. Cu 3ct MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-8232196 | ME 4 | 17,t; ty a “%) MERITORIOUS House of Education 17, PtB Colony, Near KALC Park Opp: F eraan Masi, Se ae SSS Seta a shan 4-1 Biock13.¢ Gulshan terete ap enced i Phca2t-sauzvera, 2000337 SEE seen eee ery. very 96, email mernonous, gushangnormal Web wera martortous.com pu 1X Chemistry Equation: NOs + H:0 + 1,0" + NO; Alkali. When it reacts with alkali form salt and water \:quation: HNO, + NaOH i) With, *NaOH, +H:0 \ ji) With Metal Oxictes: When réact with metal oxides forms salt and wave? equation: PbO + 2HNO; —__. Pb (NOY), + 1.0 v) With Metal Carbonate: When react with metal carbonates to form salt’ =quation mt CaCO, + 2HNO; * Ca(NOy);+CO;+ ng +) As Oxidizing Agent: Nitric acid is a powerful oxidiziNg agent’as it can accept electrons. This xidizing property depends upon cotini eragtion, nature of reducing agent and ter. mperature. Due to this Property it gives variety of productions like NO;, NO, N20, Jz, HNO2, NH.NO3 ® ) i) With Non-Metals: fit F } Hot nitric acid reacts with non metals to form their oxides and acids. 4 ‘quation: # C+4HNO3\__#" __, ¢0, + 4NO, + 2H,0 Si+4HNO, “"____, si0, + 4NO2 + 2H20 S+4HNO; ) ____,- 0, + 4NO2+ 2H:0 S+6HNO;\ 1,80, + 6NO2 + 2H:0 PSHNO9# ——————> HsPO4 + 5NO2 + H,0 I, + 10HNO,; ————*_ 2HI0; + 10NO; + 4H,0 ji) With'Metals: Conc.e as well as did nitric acid oxidize man metals. Cone HNOs librates NOz as, while reaction of dil. HNO; depend upon nature of reducing agent. With Copper: Cu + 4HNO3 » Cu (NOs3)2 +-2NOz + 2H20 3Cu + 8HNO; ____, 3Cu (NO); + 2NO2 + 4H20 Matric) 32196 MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 aeS$ House of EU CE A), ME Faraan Masjid, Karachi eer var K.MC Park Ope: yritorios 7 2g232196, e-mail 1us_pib@hy ain Cam 130/032! ‘Federal Urdu University, wae Sitmertoroun oushanage, Gulshan C Zz) <<. MERITORIOU: Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-¢ Gulshan a9 Main Campus: 6, em Pn: 021-34820072, 03 tam Wab-wrww meritorious 1% Chem ii) With Lead: - + 2NO2+ 2H:0 PoeARNG) = PRINCE aio chapter # 3Pb +8HNO; ———> 3PP (NO;)2 + 2N' 7 iii), With Zine: . INTRODUC ZaaFINOs — 5 Zn (NOs)2* 2NO2 eee . Sulph Gp eOHINO, ———r 420 (NOs)2* NHNO3* 32 number is 1 es ermicidal ¢ vill) With H,S Q ne Conc. nitric oxidizes HS to S Sulph Equation: ae F) 7 HG 2 HNO; = Sigh Bree “& ip i } iii) ix) With FeSQu: ferric sulphate. J Cone. nitric acid oxidizes ferrous SUIPRCTC toferric $1 . Some sp, we ees Equation: \ a on EERE OHNO; HSON eeemerear nel (SQ + 2NO + 4420 lel rates x) With SO.: ¢ 2reparatic Cone. Nitric acid oxidizes SO; f0 H2SQ#0n heating. TRher 7 i) Prep Equation: . ? ii) Filter S02 + 2HNOs 2, Hz8O4+ 2NO2 iii) Allov A bh, iv) Final Nitration Reaction: Fi ‘ Hot cone. Nitric acid reabts with benzene and replace hydrogen with NO2 aqtructure this replacement in oxygen compounds is called nitration. lpg e olecule c Equation: stahedral CsHe + HNOs CoHsNO2 + HzO (Dra 5 Aqua Regia: | Monoc dcone. HClin the ratio of 1:37 calledagy itis. The mixture of conc. Nitric acid an regia. This-aqua regia dissolves metals like, gold and librates chlorine. Leagan Equation: noel ——+No+Cl, Au+3cl—— AuCh ii) Allo iii) Whe iv) Pou v) Ren Suly (Montessori to Matric) ME ERE. Care School System , PIB Colony, Karachi, Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 17,5 76‘ig) MERITORIOUS House of Education 2Potm aio COMERS: ‘raan Masjid, Karachi Crna mertorous photic Sr. Federa rau aay, rac eal mortorous guichangotn remy Web-www.meritorious.com.pk 2 IX Chemistry Chapter #14 “SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS” Sulphur is the second member of Group V1 A. Its symbol is “S”. Its at gumber is 16 and atomic mass is 32. It is known before 1000 BC for its med rermicidal effect. Allotropic Forms of Sulphir: * Sulphur exist in several allotropic forms out of whl i) Rhombic Sulphur (<- Sulphur) fi) Monoclinic sulphur (p- Sulphur) ~ iii) Plastic Sulphur (r— Sulphur) ) Rhombie Sulphur: Free sulphur exists in nature as rnomble sulph the most stable form of ulphur. It is obtained as pale yellow crystal aint jon yellow powder. reparation of Rhombie Sulphur: 4 Rhombie sulphur can be prepared by following steps; i) Prepare a saturated solution of powdered sulphur in carbon disuiphide. ii) Filter the solution using filter paper to remove insoluble impurities. iii) Allow the filtrate to evaporate slowly. iv) Finally the octahedral ctystals of sulphur (rhombic) are produced. h NO2a,ttucture of Rhombic Sulphur: In structure of rhombic sulphur it comprising and molecule in which each olecule contains and sulphur atom which are covalently bonded and forms an stahedral structure. ~ @” (Draw figure44.1.(a) from book Page # 74) | Monoclinic Sulphur: called agy Its another crystalline form of sulphur. Itis stable upto 96 to 119°C and finally sanges into Rhombic sulphur. it comprises of dark yellow needle-like crystal. ceparation of Monoclinic Sulphur: Monoclinic sulphur can be prepared as follows, i) “Heat sulphur so that t converts into molten form. ii) Allow the molten sulphur to cool slowly. iii) When crust is formed make two holes in it. iv) Pour off remaining molten sulphur. * v) Remove the crust Long needle-like structure are obtained which is monoclinic Sulphur, Matric) WIERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) S208 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32196 q \ .e of Edu ~ Hous Cati~®), ME raraan Mad, Karach) ss. Te meronole oemiyraln CAxx 1 Urdu University, ka #4 Guishan C “ — MERITORIOUS ishan-e-1ab3l, joroa2t -82321 ic park OPP: 24 -8232198, ‘opp. Federal 96, eval Main Campus: 17, P18 Colony, ph; 021-34940123, Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block13-¢ Grn Ph: 021-24829072, 030 Web www.merito meritorious _guishany 1X Chem, Chemical | Structure of Monoclinic Sulphur: “ecule, these Ss molecules, unite together with oth ‘ clinic sulphur. ee Reactior Itconsists of “Se” M0! ructure of mor molecules andi forms necdie— like 55 i (Draw figure 14.2 from book, page #75) anh Plastic Sulphur: Fe+s jij) Plastic Sulphur: itis a super cooled and non-crystalline form of sulphur A oan H : Reactio preparation of Plastic Sulphur : Plastic sulphur can prepared PY following LoD J M nes 9) Ordinary sulphur is heated upon its boiling Porn Pe saiah ii) The molten sulphur is poured into very coal Yat ‘s ae iii) Soft sulphur (plastic) which js like a ball is produ a (Draw figure 14.3 from book, Page #75) tn Occurrence’of Sulphur: ‘ ieee ie This a non-metal and makes Upto 0.1% ofearth’s.crust. An ree state, itig feo found in Japan and New Zealand, in ) With Ce found in Sicily, Mexico and U.S.A. 11/5 ron, zinc, lead, copper etc." Pakistany Sulb! combined form it is fund a sulphates of i zine, lead, copper, sulphates are 9/52 ortind and its deposits are at Koh —I~ Syijrbon dist and is Kalat. ¥ c+2 Extraction of Suiphut: s With C. ‘Sulphur can be extracted by a process called “Frasch Process” introducey Sulp Herman Frasch. |} 28+ Reactic diameter is drilled in the beds of sulphy, — Sulp ‘An outermost pipe (200M) 1S SUNK upto, S +6 is sunk a little above the deposits, Frasch Process: In this process a hole of 30.¢m in e bore. Concentric paper is sunk into th sulphur deposits, The next inner pipe (10cm) I . ‘Super heated water at 175°C at 100 ‘atmospheric pressure is forced through the React d air at 15 atmospheric pressure is forced throug) Sulp outermost pipe. Flot compresse' up molten sulphur and the sulphur (molten), Sa the innermost pipe which will pump then solidified in wooden moulds and this sulphur is 99.5% pure. f 3 es of S Physical Properties of Sulphur: po Following are the physical properties of sulphur; ii) Itis | i) Sulphur is a yellow solid. fi) Ig ii) Itis insoluble in water. paul iii) It is a non-metal. iv) It is a bad-conductor of heat and electricity. v) Its melting point is 113°C to 119°C. Be ustry. It din me ERIE Care School System (Montessori to Matrie) ME , PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196) 17, ptig) ’ MERITORIOUS House of Education >hoy Main CAMPUS: | 17, PIB Colony, Hoar K.MLC Park Opp: Faraan o2t-s4a4or29, 09000921 8202006, Karachi IX Chemistry chemical Properties of Sulphur: Othe, Reaction with Metals: Supt, Combines with many metals and form their sulphides. ; e+ 5 ae > Fes 2NA+S —__, Nas Reign \ Reaction with Non-Metals: : J )) With Oxygen: Sulphur burns in air bright blue flames to form 68 $302 aes SO, \ | With Hydrogen: ‘ At 60°C to 66°C sulphur combines with) H2+S ——_, $ yydrogen t0 from H.S. te, itis Sean vand, jy -With Carbo ‘\ akistanyy Sulphur combined with Carbon in air electric furnace to form colourless = I~ syygrbon disulphide A ul C+2S ——_. cs, €) With Chlorin ntroduceg Sulphur combine with cz on high heating and form di-sulphur-dichloride. 28+Ch “> S.C \ Reaction with Fluorine: } >f Sulphy, Sulphur combine with Fi2 are high heating to produce sulphur hexafluoride. ink uptoy, S+6F ——— “SF, fi a i Reaction with Acids: ned ll Sulphur oxides (6°S02 when warm with conc. HSO. Sit 2H2S04 3 380, + 2H20 r(molten, >.< es of Sulphur: ) [tis Used in manufacturing of Sulphuric acid. ii) Itis used for bleaching wood pulp. iii) It i used in vulcanizing rubber. iv) Itis used as disinfectant in houses. Sulphuric Acid (H,SO,): itis the one of the most important compound that is used in laboratory and ustry. It is the chemical that is used to identify the economy of a country. It is d in many industries and process. 0 Matric!) MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 82 32 196 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 72House of Educati,4) MEI * park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karachi HI eee eae vicus, plbahgys Main Cam <<. MERITORIOUS KM Pe oar Nigga -8232196, Main Campus: _ 17, p18 colony.) peariarite: pn:' o2t-34940123, du University, Karaa rane Gulsh; or pa eiackt9-c Gulshare! Feder meritorious quishangyn Gulshan Ca an CAMPUS: ba Saqzors on Wbswewe meritorious 1K Chem, Industrial Preparation of H,SOs: o methods. physical Pt in indugtry HaS0.can be prepared DY pee Eoweose {Follow contact Process I Lee ITY anc gives Sulphuric acid af i) Pures Paeeer eet process Ta viemcsle cn iy her highest purity. iii) It spec iv) It is cc Contact Process: 4 Chemical F Introduction: i d.is pro; ‘Sulph This process was developed in Germany in 19 vegary an — Perty us, In 1962, This method comprises of following steps aAsAnA Sulph Preparation of SO2: é b H;SO. in this step SOM is prepared by burning sulphur imgur or by burning Iron evil a i) With Alk ‘$+ O02 ——» SO % , When on reo” ‘ and sulphat NaOt Purification of SQ2: “eagetg it NaHS In this step SOM is passed through dust chamber where itis filtered So thay, dust is removed. ~ Po 1) With Mi Washing of SO: Se Hi ashing 0} . is M ‘in this atop SOB is passed through washing chamber where gas is washed) ig0 settle down further impurities) 2 As am r} Drying of SO2: ee ley ne Taghinelepitne posesgeiicc ah of H2SOs in drying chamber, 2/4 Natur ) Contact Tower: A z The dried and wastied gas through contact tower where in presence of. , Whe It catalyst it is oxidized to SOs. ¥ ye 250; 802, =y20- 280: a ea Ses cus Absorption of SOs: ‘ eee In this step the SOB is produced is absorbed in 91% ion Sulphuric acid to ) Oxidat produce a very thick oleum. ue SOs+ HzSQ, H2S207 J Preparation of H,SO. i) Oxida In oleum is diluted by dissolving it in water to produce H2SOx of the require HS concentration. E HS HySO4+H20 ____, 2H2SQ42- 2Hi MERIT Care School System (Montessori to Matric) ME , PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021:34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32196) 17,1 80hs MERITORIOUS House of Education Main Campus: 17, Pia Colony, Near K.M.C Park Opp: Faraan Masjid, Karacht 292198, e-mail: meritorious_gulshan@hotmall. com Wob:www.meritorious.com.pk ’ may IX Chemistry physical Properties OF H,50,: Following are the physical properties of H,SO« i) Pure Sulphuric acid is colourless, ordourless liquid, ii) The melting point is 10.5°¢ iil) It specific gravity is 4.04 jy) Itis corrosive Chemical Properties of 50, Sulphuric acid behave in three different ways. rty us, a) As An Acid: Sulphuric acid isa dibasic acid disassociate when Bissolving inf water. H:S0.+ 1,0 SS poy igo, Iron 280, j) With Alkali: When Sulphur acid react with alkali it product all of hydrogen sulphate and sulphate. ag NaOH + H:S0, + WaHS04+ 1.9) NaHSO, + NaOH —__ aa SO thay, ape Nappe +hiQi +i) With Metal Oxides: eis When Sulphuric acid reacts with, netal oxides forms metallic salt and water. + = a vaste MSO + H:S04 MgSO, + H,0 ) As am Oxidizing Agent!) \ The oxidizing agents property of H2S04 depends upon concentration of air, ‘cid, nature of metal and temperature. amber, ace ) oxidizing Metal: © of When/Sulphuric agprescts with metal and dilute and conc. Some produces alt and H2 ga and'H,03 Zi, + HO ZnSO, + He CuSi, + Hz acid to Oxidation of Non Metals: Hot conc. Sulphuric acid oxides non metals into their oxides and any oxides. C +2H2SO4 CO; + 280, + 2H,0 i) Oxidation of the compounds: H2SO, oxides H2S and HI to $ and! H,S + H,SO, —_, $ + SO, + 2H:0 2HI + HzSO, —__ I + SO + 2H20 cU + 2H.80), 1e requires matric) MERIT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 32 196 17, PIB Colony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 . 8 endad MERITORIOUS House of eS eae ME! 47, pip Colony, Near KM.C PA OF raraan mass, Karachl me 18 Colon year KM Pig7a7196, oman torious_pib@hoy ‘ 200 eal OFF res anni, ar” pies 13-0 Guleinry 7786. @ Sa non ca Mc Main Campus Pn Gulshan Campus: A-1 Block Ph; 021-24029 Pee Wwabewwrwameritorious.cO oo hy, c) As Drying Agent: me 1 water from varies compound y aD CHO _, 126+ 111420 at Write a HCOOH Secor bn. (Tho Ho Uses of H2SOQx s [ noble f Sulphuric acid is the most chemicay compound and is. (Gxtensivély used in) Arabi industries. The progress and the prosperity of any nation can be estiffiated in the ed te terms of the amounts of Sulphuric acid consumed annually. It is therefore, refusec bnometer of industrial and economical progress of 2 COUpHY- It’s Important usey ie tru are as follows 4 rrophe i) _ Tis used in the manufacture of fertilizers aboubone quarter of H2S04 establi worked is consumed for she production of two main ea a in the produced in th fertilizers di hydrogen etc: \ us plastic and detergents. i) whet the Rayon pape? ii) Itis used too manufacture iii) Itis used as manufacture in paints and pigments. Es. When | iv) _ Its used in the making of cellulose film and fabrids- eae v) Itis usedin steel picking. “ ferven vi) It is used for Finning of petroleum. (S.A.W - This n as “Hi 3 Onwi id. When r € circun found princi = School Syste Es chool Systen, ».. E tojis XR i 22 oa esult @ Karachi Board O1g 2: | fake: 45% students achieved A-1Grad df 45% students achieved A- Grade a 10% students achieved below A-Grade ie The) A of Al M3 ERT Care School System (montessori to Matric) 5 ‘olony, Karachi. Ph: 021-34 94 0123, 0300/0321-82 32 196 82