MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE

College of Criminology
Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter presents some foreign and local

literatures and studies which the researchers are deemed

relevant with the present study. Such literatures and

studies cited paved the way in determining the extent of

how far researcher has gone through along the area under

investigation.

Related Literature

Foreign Literature

Crime Prevention

In the book of Smith (2012) entitled Crime Prevention

Program wrote about crime, law and society and their

relationship in a community. He closely dissected such

relationships by examples and case studies. He noted that

society always relates to law and crime incidences in a

community where people reside and live.

According to Jones (2011) in his book entitled Crime

Prevention and Community Policing cited the following

statement of philosophy which the police department must

have in order to establish workable community relations:

The mutual advantages of a friendly relationship between

the people of a community and their police force should be

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widely understood and more fully appreciated. The success

of a police department in the performance of its duties is

largely measured by the degree of support and cooperation

it receives from the people it serves. It is of paramount

importance, therefore, to secure for this department the

confidence, respect and approbation of the public. The

cultivation of such desirable attitudes on the part of the

public is dependent upon reciprocal attitudes on the part

of the police department.

According to Skew (2013) in his book entitled

Community-Oriented Policing further said that fundamental

to the concept of Community-Oriented Policing (COP) is the

formation of a cohesive, working partnership between the

police and the community to address both crime problems and

quality of life issues which may have an impact, indirectly

on the crime situation. Community-Oriented Policing

aggressively solicits input from the citizenry regarding

their perceptions of neighborhood problems, both

individually, through one-on-one street contacts and

collectively through regular community council meetings,

church groups, schools, recreation centers, etc.

According to Whitenand (2012) in his book entitled

Community Policing discussed police relationship with the

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community, citing that police work depends largely on its

relationship with the community. He noted that without

community assistance, law enforcers would be hampered by

bottlenecks, wrong turns and obstacles on their crime-

solving missions.

According to Walker (2013) in his book entitled

Police Visibility Patrol stated that the police are the

most visible entity of the criminal justice system. This by

design, as the police is one of the few public service

organizations responsible in handling emergencies. High

visibility allows rapid recognition of law enforcement

officers by innocent citizens as well as criminals. There

are positive aspects to this visibility. The readily

identifiable badge and uniform allow the officer to assume

command of a situation quickly, thus, eliminating the time

consuming procedure of producing identification to verify

that the person is a police officer.

Local Literature

Police Visibility

According to Peace and Order Councils (2014), the

reorganization of the Peace and Order brought about by

Executive Order No. 309 shows the critical importance of

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the participation of the citizenry in the peace and order

situation of the community. The Peace and Order Council

which is a measure to counteract the threat of peace and

order posed by criminality, insurgency and subversion

requires the dedicated efforts of all government officials

and the citizens.

According to Campos (2011) in his book entitled

Police Visibility Patrol regards social service

activities as one good motivating factor to attract public

participation. These social service activities include

emergency medical care, assisting the helpless, eliminating

physical hazards, giving directions, counseling of

juveniles, providing legal aid, relief and mercy

operations, disaster control, etc.

According to Coronel (2013) in his book entitled

Crime Prevention Crime prevention is one of the foremost

duties of a police officer. Success and effectiveness of

police work is hardly measured by the number of cases

solved nor by the number of criminals prosecuted.

Criminality is best combated through prevention of crime

occurrence. Crime prevention, however, rests or depends

largely upon intelligence and effective patrol, yet much of

the success of the intelligence lies on the scope and

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variability of informants. Of all sources of intelligence

data, the civilian public is the most effective owing to

its wide mass base. A good relationship with the public

therefore, affords the police agency with an intelligence

source that could effectively lead the police not only to

successful crime prevention, but also to solution of

crimes.

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Community Relations

According to Gonzales & Maghamil (2012) in their study

entitled Community Participation states community

participation is an expression of a deep sense of

commitment of the people involved in the community. People

are more aware and more socially skilled than the other

sectors in the community. The Community Extension Services

(CES) is a component of La Salle's development framework

which conveys its commitment to service, and is driven by

humanitarian and Christian ideals. It is providing service

to peoples, groups, and communities inside and outside the

University.
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According to the study of Martin (2013) entitled

Police Community Relations in support to Crime Prevention

states that the academic people are in the position to

recognize social problems and take effective steps to solve

the problems. As a group, they are supposed to be trained

and experienced in social criticism and thus be able to cut

through rhetoric and apologetics to the roots of problems.

They are granted 'academic freedom' which should enable to

unfetter creative thinking and bold experimentation towards

the solution of social problems. Finally, the academics are

supposed to be self-reflective, to critically examine their

own ideas and actions.

According to the study of Fishbein and Ajzen (2012)

entitled Community Relations with the Police states that

a person's beliefs, a representation of the information a

person has about an object or a situation, can determine

attitude, which can then have an effect on one's behavior

towards an object or situation.

According to the study of Myers (2013) entitled

Organization of Local Police in the Community states that

battled for the most important resources of any

organization and personnel. He covers well the nature of

personnel administration from handling personnel problems,

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diagnosing organizational stability, building and

maintaining work teams and finally wages and work

administration plus employee services and programs. To this

author, management is personnel administration, for no

organization can operate without personnel, as the warm

bodies. Even with the coming of robotics, personnel must

program and operate the robots in factories. Personnel

administration must be the concern of all.

According to the study of Harris (2012) entitled

Intensified Police Community Relations states that the

speed by which police respond to distress calls by the

public is perhaps the single, most important measure on the

effectiveness of a police organization. Harris outlines the

impact of time within which police response to calls for

police action as follows: a) Police car is able to

apprehend the offender while in the act of committing the

crime, b) a hot pursuit is facilitated as offenders scamper

to their escape, c) police is able to obtain fresh and

vivid information from available witnesses.

According to the study of Jenning (2012) entitled

Strengthened Community Relations states that tribute to

the benefits that timely police response against

criminality gain for the police in the performance of its

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law enforcement functions. He said that police standing in

the community is boosted positively with their ability to

respond quickly to information concerning ongoing criminal

offense. Jenning particularly emphasized the need for

immediate police action and timely arrival at scenes of

muggings, robberies, extortion, gang wars, and juvenile

violence, among others. Timely arrival of police at the

scene of ongoing criminal offenses has been instrumental in

saving lives of victims of violence especially stabbing and

gunshots. Police trained in basic life-saving skills have

been reportedly responsible for saving lives of violence

victims prior to the arrival of paramedics. Domestic

violence accounted for nearly 36% of calls for police

action in the United States. Of these crimes, close to 72%

of victims are women and about 23% landed up in hospitals

for serious injuries. Early arrival of policemen to

intervene in domestic violence incidents was reportedly

crucial in saving the lives of some 2.4 million battered

wives in the United States.

According to the study of Medduterron (2013) hailed

French Gendarmes Quick Reaction Force for their sterling

performance in dealing with crisis situation incidents

within the bounds of the City of Paris during the period

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2010-2013 on his book, Gendarmes for Emergency.

Medduterron specifically pointed out to two strategic means

by which the French Police in Paris dealt with emergency

situations involving criminal acts, such as: a) assignment

of mobile patrol units for the sole purpose of responding

to crisis calls, day and night; and b) use of modern

technology in communication enabling the Gendarmes

Headquarters to communicate with field units under any

weather conditions. Such capabilities are what police needs

in dealing with citizen calls for help and assistance under

threat of crime victimization.

Local Studies

Police Visibility in the Community

According to the study of Mercado (2012) entitled

Strengthened Relationship between the Barangay and the

PNP states that worked on the Relationship between the

Barangay and the PNP. In his findings, he pointed out the

role of the tanods and the rondas in helping the police

maintain law and order in the community.

According to the study of Santos (2013) entitled

Strengthened Police Visibility of Manila Police

Department studied the problems of crime prevention of the

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Manila Police Department. He presented the problems in the

implementation of a good crime prevention program. His

study threshed-out that there were problems encountered

along budgetary support and lack of trained men to

implement the program. In the light of these problems, he

recommended for full logistic support and good training

along crime prevention and assistance for other government

agencies. He also suggested the participation of the non-

government sector.

According to the study of Magtibay (2013) was on a

Comprehensive Coverage of the Causal Factors of Crime in

the Country. In his study entitled Causal Factors of

Crimes in the Community studied, he sought for the

relationship of crime and society enumerating the various

significant factors of crime occurrence. He found out that

the development of delinquency was based on the following;

biological, psychological and environmental.

According to the study of Padua-Pontanal (2012)

entitled Community Relations with Minors focused on

analyzing trends and patterns in police management of cases

in conflict with the law for a certain period; discussing

the policies, programs and projects of the government at

the police level for children in conflict with the law.

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Padua-Pontanal stressed the PNP as premier law enforcement

agency responsible in protecting the rights of the people

and promoting the welfare of children in conflict with the

law.

Synthesis

The related literature and studies, foreign and local

herein discussed are both related in a way that it deals on

the police visibility, community relations and crime

prevention program of the police.

The above-cited literatures and studies were cited

because of its bearing to the present study. The

literatures discussed have similarities of the present

study because it sought to assess the police visibility of

the local police in relation to crime prevention like the

study made by Santos (2013) and Mercado (2012). However,

they differ on the setting and locale of the study.